Article(id=1199335106709127927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1705.2023.0619, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1660060800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1666108800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-10-19, onlineDate=1763873372007, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873372007, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873372007, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873372007, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199335100786766058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873370596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874072387, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199338044361896535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199338044361896536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=177, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199335107426353945, articleId=1199335106709127927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Efficacy of comprehensive optic canal decompression for traumatic optic nerve injury with no light perception, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of total optic nerve canal decompression in the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) without photoreceptor. Methods The clinical data of 67 patients with no photoreceptor TON admitted to Department of Neurosurgery of the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2015 to December 2021 were selected for retrospective analysis, in which 37 cases in observation group received total optic nerve canal decompression surgery and 30 cases in control group received non-total optic nerve canal decompression surgery. Both groups received high-dose glucocorticoid therapy and oral administration of methylcobalamin before surgery. The visual acuity changes and complications after admission and treatment were examined and recorded in both groups. The effective rate, unblinding rate and complications after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences between observation group and control group in terms of age, gender, time from injury to surgery, preoperative GCS score, operative time, and intraoperative bleeding volume (P>0.05). After treatment, the effective rate of observation group was 54.1% and the unblinding rate was 35.1%, while the effective rate of control group was 46.7% and the unblinding rate was 33.3%; there was no statistically significant difference between the effective rate and unblinding rate of the two groups (P>0.05). No serious complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, epilepsy, and intracranial infection occurred in both groups after surgery. In observation group, the effective rate after treatment was significantly lower in those with optic nerve canal fractures than that in those without optic nerve canal fractures (P<0.05); the effective rate was significantly higher in patients with injury-to-operation time ≤7 d than that in patients with injury-to-operation time >7 d (P<0.05). Conclusion Total optic nerve canal decompression can improve the visual acuity of patients without photoreceptor TON and reduce the blinding rate, which is an effective surgical treatment method.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Lin Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 评估全方位视神经管减压治疗无光感外伤性视神经损伤(TON)的疗效。方法 选取2015年1月-2021年12月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院神经外科收治的67例无光感TON患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中观察组37例接受全程全方位视神经管减压手术治疗,对照组30例接受非全方位视神经管减压手术治疗。两组术前均接受大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗及甲钴胺口服治疗。检查并记录两组患者入院与治疗后的视力变化及并发症发生情况。比较两组治疗后的有效率、脱盲率和并发症发生情况。结果 观察组与对照组的年龄、性别、受伤至手术时间、术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)分值、手术用时、术中出血量等比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组有效率54.1%、脱盲率35.1%,对照组有效率46.7%、脱盲率33.3%;两组有效率和脱盲率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后均未出现脑脊液漏、癫痫、颅内感染等严重并发症。观察组中,视神经管骨折者治疗后有效率明显低于无视神经管骨折者(P<0.05);受伤至手术时间≤7 d的患者有效率明显高于受伤至手术时间>7 d的患者(P<0.05)。结论 全方位视神经管减压可改善无光感TON患者的视力,降低致盲率,是一种有效的手术治疗方法。

, correspAuthors=郭智霖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭智霖,E-mail:
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李新宇,硕士研究生,主要从事视神经损伤治疗方面的研究

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李新宇,硕士研究生,主要从事视神经损伤治疗方面的研究

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Neurosurgery, 2000, 46(4): 1018-1021., articleTitle=Pre- versus post-anterior clinoidectomy measurements of the optic nerve, internal carotid artery, and opticocarotid triangle: a cadaveric morphometric study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1199364096685600888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, awardId=JYZZ076, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamental Research Program of Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(JYZZ076), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199364096782069885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, awardId=JYZZ076, language=CN, fundingSource=上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院基础研究助推计划(JYZZ076), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1199364093325963307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199364093342740524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, companyId=1199364093325963307, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai 201999, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199364093351129133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, companyId=1199364093325963307, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院神经外科,上海 201999)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199364096375222386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of basic data between two groups of patients with traumatic optic neuropathy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床特征 观察组(n=37) 对照组(n=30)
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 37.8±13.6 40.8±14.9
性别[例(%)]
34(91.9) 26(86.7)
3(8.1) 4(13.3)
受伤原因[例(%)]
车祸 24(64.9) 24(80.0)
坠落伤 10(27.0) 4(13.3)
重物砸伤 2(5.4) 2(6.7)
爆炸伤 1(2.7) 0
眼眶骨折[例(%)]
31(83.8) 25(83.3)
6(16.2) 5(16.7)
视神经管骨折[例(%)]
10(27.0) 9(30.0)
27(73.0) 21(70.0)
筛窦/蝶窦积血[例(%)]
8(21.6) 5(16.7)
29(78.4) 25(83.3)
受伤至手术时间[例(%)]
≤7 d 24(64.9) 22(73.3)
>7 d 13(35.1) 8(26.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1199364096509440118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335106709127927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组外伤性视神经损伤的基线资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床特征 观察组(n=37) 对照组(n=30)
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 37.8±13.6 40.8±14.9
性别[例(%)]
34(91.9) 26(86.7)
3(8.1) 4(13.3)
受伤原因[例(%)]
车祸 24(64.9) 24(80.0)
坠落伤 10(27.0) 4(13.3)
重物砸伤 2(5.4) 2(6.7)
爆炸伤 1(2.7) 0
眼眶骨折[例(%)]
31(83.8) 25(83.3)
6(16.2) 5(16.7)
视神经管骨折[例(%)]
10(27.0) 9(30.0)
27(73.0) 21(70.0)
筛窦/蝶窦积血[例(%)]
8(21.6) 5(16.7)
29(78.4) 25(83.3)
受伤至手术时间[例(%)]
≤7 d 24(64.9) 22(73.3)
>7 d 13(35.1) 8(26.7)
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全方位视神经管减压治疗无光感外伤性视神经损伤的疗效
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李新宇 , 杨西涛 , 郭智霖 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(2): 177-181
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(2): 177-181
全方位视神经管减压治疗无光感外伤性视神经损伤的疗效
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李新宇, 杨西涛, 郭智霖*
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院神经外科,上海 201999
  • 李新宇,硕士研究生,主要从事视神经损伤治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

郭智霖,E-mail:
Efficacy of comprehensive optic canal decompression for traumatic optic nerve injury with no light perception
Xin-Yu Li, Xi-Tao Yang, Zhi-Lin Guo*
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine, Shanghai 201999, China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1705.2023.0619
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目的 评估全方位视神经管减压治疗无光感外伤性视神经损伤(TON)的疗效。方法 选取2015年1月-2021年12月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院神经外科收治的67例无光感TON患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中观察组37例接受全程全方位视神经管减压手术治疗,对照组30例接受非全方位视神经管减压手术治疗。两组术前均接受大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗及甲钴胺口服治疗。检查并记录两组患者入院与治疗后的视力变化及并发症发生情况。比较两组治疗后的有效率、脱盲率和并发症发生情况。结果 观察组与对照组的年龄、性别、受伤至手术时间、术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)分值、手术用时、术中出血量等比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组有效率54.1%、脱盲率35.1%,对照组有效率46.7%、脱盲率33.3%;两组有效率和脱盲率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后均未出现脑脊液漏、癫痫、颅内感染等严重并发症。观察组中,视神经管骨折者治疗后有效率明显低于无视神经管骨折者(P<0.05);受伤至手术时间≤7 d的患者有效率明显高于受伤至手术时间>7 d的患者(P<0.05)。结论 全方位视神经管减压可改善无光感TON患者的视力,降低致盲率,是一种有效的手术治疗方法。

外伤性视神经损伤  /  视神经管减压  /  治疗  /  预后

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of total optic nerve canal decompression in the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) without photoreceptor. Methods The clinical data of 67 patients with no photoreceptor TON admitted to Department of Neurosurgery of the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2015 to December 2021 were selected for retrospective analysis, in which 37 cases in observation group received total optic nerve canal decompression surgery and 30 cases in control group received non-total optic nerve canal decompression surgery. Both groups received high-dose glucocorticoid therapy and oral administration of methylcobalamin before surgery. The visual acuity changes and complications after admission and treatment were examined and recorded in both groups. The effective rate, unblinding rate and complications after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences between observation group and control group in terms of age, gender, time from injury to surgery, preoperative GCS score, operative time, and intraoperative bleeding volume (P>0.05). After treatment, the effective rate of observation group was 54.1% and the unblinding rate was 35.1%, while the effective rate of control group was 46.7% and the unblinding rate was 33.3%; there was no statistically significant difference between the effective rate and unblinding rate of the two groups (P>0.05). No serious complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, epilepsy, and intracranial infection occurred in both groups after surgery. In observation group, the effective rate after treatment was significantly lower in those with optic nerve canal fractures than that in those without optic nerve canal fractures (P<0.05); the effective rate was significantly higher in patients with injury-to-operation time ≤7 d than that in patients with injury-to-operation time >7 d (P<0.05). Conclusion Total optic nerve canal decompression can improve the visual acuity of patients without photoreceptor TON and reduce the blinding rate, which is an effective surgical treatment method.

traumatic optic nerve injury  /  decompression of optic nerve canal  /  treatment  /  prognosis
李新宇, 杨西涛, 郭智霖. 全方位视神经管减压治疗无光感外伤性视神经损伤的疗效. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (2) : 177 -181 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1705.2023.0619
Xin-Yu Li, Xi-Tao Yang, Zhi-Lin Guo. Efficacy of comprehensive optic canal decompression for traumatic optic nerve injury with no light perception[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (2) : 177 -181 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1705.2023.0619
外伤性视神经损伤(traumatic optic neuropathy,TON)是一种严重的颅颌面损伤并发症[1]。TON的典型临床表现包括患侧视力下降、视野缺损、色觉障碍,甚至出现相对传入性瞳孔障碍,可对日常生活造成严重影响。据报道,在钝性头部外伤中TON的发病率为2.5%~10.0%[2-3];其常见致病原因包括交通事故及高处坠落等,以中青年男性居多[4]。根据损伤机制不同,TON可分为直接TON与间接TON。直接TON的发病率较低,但预后不佳。临床上TON以间接TON为主,它是由于头部(常在前额)遭冲击后骨折片移位或血肿对视神经造成压迫,影响视神经的血供,甚至启动视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)的凋亡过程。TON的治疗方法目前尚无明确的共识,常见治疗方案有使用糖皮质激素及手术治疗[3]。前期研究认为,糖皮质激素治疗的有效率为4.3%~44.0%,而手术联合糖皮质激素治疗的有效率为60.9%~71.1%[5-7]。目前,相关手术方案大多为切除管壁周径1/2的范围(暴露视神经管的上外壁)[1,8]。笔者认为,TON患者视力丧失的原因在于外力造成的视神经缺血肿胀及其引起的细胞凋亡,故及时充分的减压是TON治疗的关键。目前,360°减压视神经管的研究尚未见系统性报道。自2018年以来,笔者尝试将TON患者的手术治疗由减压管壁周径1/2改为全程全方位(360°)视神经管减压治疗。本研究回顾性分析以往治疗无光感TON患者的临床资料,比较全方位减压对治疗TON患者的临床效果,旨在为后续TON患者的手术治疗提供新的思路。
选取2015年1月-2021年12月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院神经外科收治的67例TON行视神经管减压术的患者进行回顾性分析。其中2018年及以后收治的37例接受全方位视神经管减压治疗,其余30例接受管壁周径1/2减压治疗。本研究获上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院医学伦理委员会批准(SH9H-2023-T28-1)。所有患者及家属均自愿签署知情同意书。
纳入标准:(1)头面部外伤史,尤其是额、颞部外伤史;(2)明确的视力下降,无光感;(3)出现瞳孔散大,直接对光反射消失或者延迟,间接对光反射存在;(4)接受了全方位视神经管减压手术治疗。排除标准:(1)患者不配合眼科及影像学检查;(2)严重多发伤,颅内压明显增高;(3)开放性视神经损伤,视神经完全断裂者;(4)眼球破裂或者合并动眼神经损伤者[9-10];(5)存在颈内动脉假性动脉瘤或颈内动脉海绵窦瘘。
共纳入TON患者67例67眼。所有患者入院时均进行头颅CT影像学检查,并由眼科医师采用标准对数视力表进行视力检查,记录受伤后的视力。由于患者视力多为无光感,完善术前检查后均急诊行视神经管减压术,并记录术后视力、手术时间、出血量及并发骨折的情况。
视力分级采用世界卫生组织(WHO)的低视力和盲目分类标准,将视力分为:0分(无光感),1分(光感),2分(手动),3分(指数),4分(视力大于0.05)。术后每天进行视力评估,出院后随访至少1个月,最后记录的视力被视为最终结果。术后最终视力较术前提高1分及以上为有效,提高2分及以上为显效(脱盲)[8]。有效率=(术后视力提高≥1分的例数/总例数)×100%;显效率(脱盲率)=(术后视力提高≥2分的例数/总例数)×100%。
所有患者入院即给予大剂量糖皮质激素(甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠注射液500~1000 mg/d)冲击治疗及甲钴胺口服治疗。由于本次研究中TON患者往往伴有脑创伤,故手术方法采用显微镜下开颅视神经管减压术。手术由同一神经外科医师(郭智霖主任医师)完成。
采用翼点开颅后,通过磨钻磨除蝶骨嵴外侧达到眶上裂外缘部分,在显微镜的帮助下观察视神经管并取出骨折片,磨去蝶骨小翼暴露视神经管的顶壁和外侧壁,达到开放视神经管周径1/2的范围。
采用高速磨钻于眶上裂处垂直视神经走行方向磨除蝶骨嵴,然后通过向内侧磨除至筛窦侧壁来暴露视神经顶部。磨除视柱游离视神经下侧壁。再将前床突的后根磨除,游离视神经的外侧。从颅口到眶口磨除视神经管骨质,完成视神经管的骨性减压。视神经管上壁后方是由硬脑膜反折形成镰状韧带,该韧带可在视神经上形成压迹,是固定视神经的位置所在。该韧带在TON中往往对肿胀的视神经造成损伤,所以切开镰状韧带后可完成对视神经的韧带减压。在视神经内上方全程纵行切开视神经鞘膜和总腱环。同时清除血肿,骨面及硬膜表面止血,并用适量明胶海绵填塞。明确止血(避免使用电凝电灼),庆大霉素-盐水反复冲洗创面。术后静脉滴注头孢曲松预防感染和地塞米松(30 mg/d)、血管解痉剂和神经营养药(甲钴胺)。有皮下引流者于24~48 h拔出。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,患者术前术后视力为等级资料,组间比较采用配对比较秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
观察组37例中男34例、女3例,年龄19~67(37.8±13.6)岁。受伤原因中,车祸24例,坠落伤10例,重物砸伤2例,爆炸伤1例。眼眶骨折31例,视神经管骨折10例,筛窦/蝶窦积血8例。入院格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)9~12分。受伤至手术时间1~30 d,平均3.1 d。平均手术用时 84 min,术中平均出血量526 ml。对照组30例中男26例、女4例,年龄18~66(40.8±14.9)岁。受伤原因中,车祸24例,坠落伤4例,重物砸伤2例。入院GCS 9~12分。患者受伤至手术时间1~21 d,平均2.7 d。平均手术用时76 min,术中平均出血量547 ml。两组的年龄、性别、受伤至手术时间、术前GCS分值、手术用时、术中出血量等比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
观察组治疗后视力为无光感17例,视力提升20例,其中视力提升2分及以上13例;观察组有效率54.1%,脱盲率35.1%。对照组治疗后视力为无光感16例,视力提升14例,其中视力提升2分及以上10例;对照组有效率46.7%,脱盲率33.3%。两组有效率和脱盲率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组患者均未出现脑脊液漏、癫痫、颅内感染等严重并发症,随访期间也未出现视力恶化的情况。
观察组中,视神经管骨折患者治疗后的有效率明显低于无视神经管骨折患者[40.0%(4/10) vs. 59.3%(16/27),P=0.037];受伤至手术时间≤7 d患者的有效率明显高于受伤至手术时间>7 d患者[66.6%(16/24) vs. 30.7%(4/13),P=0.036];筛窦/蝶窦积血患者的有效率与无积血患者比较差异无统计学意义[50.0%(4/8) vs. 55.2%(16/29),P>0.05];眼眶骨折患者的有效率与无眼眶骨折患者比较差异无统计学意义[54.8%(17/31) vs. 50.0%(3/6),P>0.05]。
TON是头面部外伤患者视力下降的常见原因[11]。主要致伤原因为车祸或高空坠落,且多发于青年男性[12-13]。在外力作用下,视神经管可发生变形、骨折、出血和水肿,进而导致视神经损伤。因此,研究视神经管的解剖特点和治疗原则对TON患者具有重要意义。从解剖结构看,视神经管位于蝶骨小翼与蝶骨体的交界处,内有视神经与眼动脉穿过。视神经管从颅口到眶口呈现自内上侧向下外侧走向,该走向与视神经管中部和颅骨额颞部的连线约呈90°。因此,即使外力不大,也会经颅骨传递至视神经管造成视神经损伤。视神经管的上壁为前床突的前根,下壁为视柱的上表面,外侧壁为前床突根部,内侧壁为蝶窦和筛窦的壁。在管内段视神经的位置相对固定,且有镰状韧带、视神经鞘膜和总腱环等结构附着,使得视神经的活动空间小,容易在外力作用下造成视神经的直接或间接损伤;相关统计显示管内段损伤占各段损伤的71.4%[14]。目前,TON的具体发生机制尚不明确,多数研究认为视神经管骨折或周围血肿压迫视神经,继而视神经发生肿胀变性,视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)启动凋亡过程;由于视神经本身再生能力弱,轴突也会发生退化并造成细胞凋亡,最终可导致TON患者部分或全部视力的丧失。因此,对于TON患者须尽早实施干预,尽量解除视神经的压迫和减轻视神经水肿,以最大限度避免RGCs的减少。
目前尚无大型的前瞻性队列研究来确定统一的TON治疗方案。早期相关研究中,研究者利用糖皮质激素的抗氧化和抗炎作用来减轻水肿和细胞凋亡,促进视神经功能的恢复[15]。一项研究认为,在中枢神经损伤的患者受伤后8 h内使用糖皮质激素并持续使用2 d可获得较好的治疗效果[14]。但后续多项相关研究认为,大剂量使用糖皮质激素并不能改善TON患者的视神经功能[16-17];也有研究认为,可利用促红细胞生成素促进视神经轴索功能恢复和RGCs再生[18]。由于糖皮质激素等药物的主要作用在于减轻水肿和抑制凋亡[19],因此不能从根本上为视神经提供减压。通过手术治疗可有效去除骨折碎片和血肿,一般对于伤后视力<0.1或视野缺损>50%的TON患者应进行手术治疗。目前的手术方式可分为开颅视神经管减压和神经内镜视神经管减压,但仍缺乏系统研究评价不同手术方式治疗TON的临床效果[20]。有研究通过对40篇文献的3199例TON患者进行分析认为,开颅视神经管减压术的视力改善率高于内镜视神经减压术[21];也有研究认为开颅视神经管减压术与内镜视神经减压术的视力改善率无明显差异[6]。笔者认为,不同手术方式的目标都是去除视神经压迫,因此探究不同程度的减压范围对TON患者的预后具有重要意义。
目前的相关研究普遍采用减压范围为管壁周径1/2的手术方式,关于全方位减压的研究较少。本研究中,全方位减压手术有效率为54.1%,脱盲率(显效率)为35.1%,与非全方位视神经管减压(有效率46.7%,脱盲率33.3%)差异无统计学意义。分析可能的原因,一是本研究纳入的病例数较少,因此需要在更大规模的人群中进行分析;二是本次仅随访术后1个月的视力,时间较短,而多项研究提示TON患者出院后视力也会随时间延长而逐渐恢复[9,12],所以在更长的随访时间内TON患者的脱盲率可能还会提高。上述结果显示,全方位视神经管减压可有效改善TON患者的视力,利于患者术后视力的恢复。从患者日常生活的角度出发,较好的视力改善率对患者术后康复和回归社会的帮助作用更大[22]。两种手术方式术后均未出现脑脊液漏、癫痫、颅内感染等严重并发症,患者的视力在随访期间也未发生恶化,提示全方位减压的术后并发症发生率较低,不增加手术风险,且全方位减压术的手术用时、术中出血量均与对照组相近,手术难度提升不大,利于神经外科医师的快速掌握。
在国内外相关研究中,视神经管减压术后有效率为57%~82%,脱盲率为22%~39%[9,20],但研究对象并非全部为无光感TON患者。多项研究提示,术前视力是影响TON患者视力预后的重要因素。因此,笔者认为,对尚具有残存视力的TON患者进行全方位视神经管减压可取得更好的临床效果。此外,本研究中视神经管骨折的TON患者治疗后有效率偏低,与之前的研究结果一致[9]。有研究提示手术越早越有利于患者视力的康复。本研究中受伤至手术时间>7 d的患者有效率为30.7%,明显低于伤后7 d内手术的患者,提示TON患者尽早接受手术治疗更有利于保存视力;但本研究结果也显示,受伤7 d后进行手术依然有保存视力的可能。有研究认为即使在伤后7 d,仍应对TON患者积极行手术治疗[23]
目前,对眼眶骨折是否为TON患者视力预后危险因素的研究结论并不一致[24-25],有研究认为筛窦/蝶窦内出血为视力预后的危险因素[26],本研究中眼眶骨折和筛窦/蝶窦内出血对TON患者的视力预后影响不明显。这可能是由于纳入的TON患者受伤程度不一致造成的差异,后续仍需更大规模的队列研究分析相关因素的影响。
根据笔者的临床经验,全方位神经管减压手术操作时应注意以下几点:(1)早期硬膜外磨除前床突。磨除视神经管顶壁后可全程显露视神经管硬膜,再磨除视柱。相关动物解剖研究发现在磨除前床突并切开视神经管硬膜后,不仅增加了视神经对拉力的耐受度(提高了5倍),还增加了操作空间(第二间隙的长度增加了2倍)[27]。(2)认识镰状韧带的重要性。镰状韧带质地坚韧锐利,构成视神经上壁后部。视神经在此处易受到压迫,当视神经水肿时镰状韧带可加重视神经的损伤。因此术中切开镰状韧带非常重要。(3)关于视神经鞘膜和总腱环是否剪开尚存争议。有研究认为除非视神经鞘膜明显肿胀,否则只需切开镰状韧带和总腱环。本研究中对TON患者视神经外的鞘膜全程切开减压并剪开总腱环,部分患者可进行眶尖减压。但剪开鞘膜过程中应谨慎使用吸引器,避免加重视神经的损伤。(4)磨除视神经管时应及时使用盐水降温。(5)建议使用明胶海绵对视神经表面进行止血,使用双极电凝应谨慎并调小功率。
综上所述,经颅全程全方位神经管减压是一种治疗TON的有效、安全的手术方法,可同时处理合并的颅内损伤。接受手术时间越早,越有利于患者的预后。对于伤后>7 d的TON患者,手术治疗一定程度上仍可改善患者的视力。
  • 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院基础研究助推计划(JYZZ076)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1705.2023.0619
  • 接收时间:2022-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-10
  • 录用日期:2022-10-19
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Fundamental Research Program of Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(JYZZ076)
上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院基础研究助推计划(JYZZ076)
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    上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院神经外科,上海 201999

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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