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Article(id=1199335105887044311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1121.2023.1219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1695744000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-27, onlineDate=1763873371811, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873371811, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873371811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873371811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199335100786766058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873370596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874072387, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199338044361896535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199338044361896536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199335106189034209, articleId=1199335105887044311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Consensus of Chinese experts on electroencephalographic examination and identification criteria for military aircrew, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The electroencephalography (EEG) is an important method to evaluate epileptic seizure and brain functions, and it is of great significance for screening aircrew with potential risks of seizure and thus reducing the incidence of airborne incapacitation events. There are cases of epileptic seizure and seizure attack during flight among military aircrew both at home and abroad. However, currently there is no detailed EEG standards for the selection of aircrew applicants and physical examination of military aircrew. This consensus of Chinese experts on electroencephalographic examination and identification criteria for military aircrew was compiled jointly by experts in the fields of aeromedicine, neurology, epilepsy, and neuro-electrophysiology, from Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University and PLA General Hospital. This consensus was formulated based on 287 relevant literatures from PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP, combined with guidelines in the fields of epilepsy and EEG and the clinical experiences of Chinese experts. The objectives of the consensus are to further clarify the definition of "normal EEG", "borderline EEG" and "abnormal EEG" for military aircrew, unify the criteria of EEG identification for military aircrew with high risk of incapacitation, and standardize the criteria of EEG examination for aeromedical identification for military aircrew. This consensus includes four sections: applicable population and quality requirements for EEG monitoring, standards for EEG interpretation, standards for medical decision based on EEG, and the treatment of "temporarily unqualified" aircrew, which aim to literature supports and practical expert opinions for the standardization and accuracy of aeromedical qualification of EEG in military aircrew.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Yu Sheng-Yuan, E-mail: ;
Jiang Wen, E-mail: ;
Zheng Jian-Yong, E-mail: ;
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脑电图检查是评估癫痫发作及脑功能的重要方法，对于筛查有潜在癫痫发作风险的高危人群、减少飞行人员空中失能事件意义重大。国内外飞行人员均有一定的癫痫检出率及空中癫痫发作的案例，然而，我军现行招飞医学选拔及飞行人员体格检查标准中尚无脑电图航空医学鉴定的详细标准。为进一步明确军事飞行人员“正常脑电图”“界线性脑电图”及“异常脑电图”的定义范围，统一军事飞行人员高失能风险的脑电图判别标准，规范军事飞行人员脑电图检查及航空医学鉴定标准，空军军医大学西京医院联合解放军总医院共同组织航空医学、神经病学、癫痫病学及神经电生理学等相关领域专家，通过检索PubMed、中国知网、万方及维普数据库共筛选相关文献287篇，并结合癫痫及脑电图相关指南及我国专家经验，共同制定本共识。本共识包括脑电图检查适用人群及质量要求、脑电图判读参考标准、脑电图评定标准及关于“暂时飞行不合格”飞行人员的处置四部分，旨在为军事飞行人员脑电图航空医学鉴定的规范性及精准性提供文献支持证据及实用性专家意见。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于生元，E-mail：；
江文，E-mail：；
郑建勇，E-mail：
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军事飞行人员脑电图检查及鉴定标准中国专家共识
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中国军事飞行人员脑电图检查及鉴定标准专家组
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2024,49(2): 123-130
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2024, 49(2): 123-130
军事飞行人员脑电图检查及鉴定标准中国专家共识
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中国军事飞行人员脑电图检查及鉴定标准专家组
作者信息

通讯作者:

于生元，E-mail：；
江文，E-mail：；
郑建勇，E-mail：
Consensus of Chinese experts on electroencephalographic examination and identification criteria for military aircrew
Expert Consensus Group on Electroencephalogram Examination and Qualification Criteria for Chinese Military Aircrew
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出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1121.2023.1219
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摘要
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脑电图检查是评估癫痫发作及脑功能的重要方法，对于筛查有潜在癫痫发作风险的高危人群、减少飞行人员空中失能事件意义重大。国内外飞行人员均有一定的癫痫检出率及空中癫痫发作的案例，然而，我军现行招飞医学选拔及飞行人员体格检查标准中尚无脑电图航空医学鉴定的详细标准。为进一步明确军事飞行人员“正常脑电图”“界线性脑电图”及“异常脑电图”的定义范围，统一军事飞行人员高失能风险的脑电图判别标准，规范军事飞行人员脑电图检查及航空医学鉴定标准，空军军医大学西京医院联合解放军总医院共同组织航空医学、神经病学、癫痫病学及神经电生理学等相关领域专家，通过检索PubMed、中国知网、万方及维普数据库共筛选相关文献287篇，并结合癫痫及脑电图相关指南及我国专家经验，共同制定本共识。本共识包括脑电图检查适用人群及质量要求、脑电图判读参考标准、脑电图评定标准及关于“暂时飞行不合格”飞行人员的处置四部分，旨在为军事飞行人员脑电图航空医学鉴定的规范性及精准性提供文献支持证据及实用性专家意见。

军事飞行人员  /  癫痫  /  脑电图

The electroencephalography (EEG) is an important method to evaluate epileptic seizure and brain functions, and it is of great significance for screening aircrew with potential risks of seizure and thus reducing the incidence of airborne incapacitation events. There are cases of epileptic seizure and seizure attack during flight among military aircrew both at home and abroad. However, currently there is no detailed EEG standards for the selection of aircrew applicants and physical examination of military aircrew. This consensus of Chinese experts on electroencephalographic examination and identification criteria for military aircrew was compiled jointly by experts in the fields of aeromedicine, neurology, epilepsy, and neuro-electrophysiology, from Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University and PLA General Hospital. This consensus was formulated based on 287 relevant literatures from PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP, combined with guidelines in the fields of epilepsy and EEG and the clinical experiences of Chinese experts. The objectives of the consensus are to further clarify the definition of "normal EEG", "borderline EEG" and "abnormal EEG" for military aircrew, unify the criteria of EEG identification for military aircrew with high risk of incapacitation, and standardize the criteria of EEG examination for aeromedical identification for military aircrew. This consensus includes four sections: applicable population and quality requirements for EEG monitoring, standards for EEG interpretation, standards for medical decision based on EEG, and the treatment of "temporarily unqualified" aircrew, which aim to literature supports and practical expert opinions for the standardization and accuracy of aeromedical qualification of EEG in military aircrew.

military aircrew  /  epilepsy  /  electroencephalography
中国军事飞行人员脑电图检查及鉴定标准专家组. 军事飞行人员脑电图检查及鉴定标准中国专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (2) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1121.2023.1219
Expert Consensus Group on Electroencephalogram Examination and Qualification Criteria for Chinese Military Aircrew. Consensus of Chinese experts on electroencephalographic examination and identification criteria for military aircrew[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (2) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1121.2023.1219
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癫痫是神经科常见疾病之一，具有突发性、反复性及不可预知性等特点，飞行人员如患有癫痫将严重威胁航空安全[1]。军事飞行常有高过载、高过载增长率、高角加速度、高认知负荷等特点[2]，飞行人员可能面临高空急性缺氧、睡眠剥夺、昼夜节律紊乱、过度疲劳及视觉刺激等挑战，这些风险因素均可增高癫痫发作的概率[3-4]。因此，精准评估飞行人员的脑功能并预判癫痫发作风险对保障飞行安全并提升战斗力具有十分重要的意义。
实时、无创性脑电图检查是脑功能评估及癫痫诊断的重要手段[1,5]。1987年，我国空军首次将脑电图检查应用于招飞医学选拔。据统计，每年因脑电图不合格而被淘汰的候选者平均占2.7%[6]。癫痫、癫痫发作及异常脑电图在我国空军招飞医学选拔及飞行人员医学鉴定中均被认定为不合格。1995年，欧洲航空安全组织也将脑电图检查作为招收飞行人员必需的筛查工具，并制定了欧洲联合航空条例《飞行人员执照医学标准》，该共识强调如脑电图有癫痫样阵发性活动，候选人将被取消飞行资格[7]。美军招收飞行人员仅对有癫痫家族史、单次癫痫发作史、意识丧失史或头颅外伤史等的候选人进行脑电图检查，并未将脑电图作为常规筛查手段[8]。
我军现行飞行人员体格检查标准虽然对癫痫及脑电图异常进行了严格限定，但无脑电图鉴定的详细标准，使得脑电图判读及相关航空医学鉴定可能出现标准不一及认识偏差，给军事飞行人员的招收及体检鉴定带来一定困难。为进一步明确军事飞行人员“正常脑电图”“界线性脑电图”及“异常脑电图”的定义范围，统一军事飞行人员高失能风险的脑电图判别标准，规范军事飞行人员脑电图检查及航空医学鉴定标准，空军军医大学西京医院联合解放军总医院，邀请国内航空医学、神经病学、癫痫病学及神经电生理学等相关领域的58位专家组成共识小组，依据国内外临床研究及指南，检索PubMed、中国知网、万方及维普数据库(外文检索词：pilots、aircrew、seizure、epilepsy、convulsion、electroencephalogram、EEG；中文检索词：飞行、癫痫、抽搐、脑电图)，最终共筛选出137篇英文文献及150篇中文文献，结合癫痫及脑电图相关指南及我国专家经验，共同制定本共识，旨在规范脑电图检查在军事航空领域的临床应用。
1 飞行人员脑电图检查适用人群及质量要求
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1.1 适用人群
我国招飞医学选拔及航天员选拔体检时要求行常规脑电图筛查。此外，飞行人员年度体检、改装体检及因病体检也可能需要评估脑电图。常规脑电图检查时间一般为30 min，由于癫痫发作具有发作性及短暂性的特点，因此短时间的常规脑电图往往很难捕捉到癫痫样放电[9-10]。既往研究表明，对于癫痫患者，首次常规脑电图可检查出29%~55%的发作间期癫痫样放电(interictal epileptiform discharges，IEDs)[11]，而24 h长程脑电图可将IEDs检出率提高至85%~89%[12-13]。对于有癫痫家族史、临床可疑癫痫发作或影像学检查存在潜在致痫风险病灶的人群，长程视频脑电图监测能够同时提供患者的临床发作表现，以及发作期及发作间期的脑电图特征，已广泛应用于临床。
推荐意见：招飞医学选拔、改装体检、因神经科相关疾病体检及航天员选拔体检等，需行常规脑电图检查；对于有癫痫家族史、临床有可疑癫痫发作或影像学检查存在潜在致痫风险病灶的飞行人员，需行长程视频脑电图监测。
1.2 脑电图检查资质
我国头皮脑电图记录推荐常规使用10-20系统，放置21个脑电电极，包括19个记录电极及2个参考电极[14]。当怀疑有颞叶前部或基底部病变时，推荐将记录电极增加至25个[15]。一份合格的脑电图报告应由经验丰富的临床医师及脑电图技师共同完成。国际抗癫痫联盟(International League Against Epilepsy，ILAE)及国际临床神经生理学联盟(International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology，IFCN)建议长程脑电图监测应由神经电生理技师完成，他们需要经过规范培训并认证合格，并且具备癫痫发作管理、药物抢救及临床评估等专业知识[16]。中国抗癫痫协会(China Association Against Epilepsy，CAAE)要求从事脑电图检查的人员应完成脑电图专业相关培训，并通过脑电图初级及以上水平考试或神经电生理专业(脑电图)技术职称考试[17]。
推荐意见：常规脑电图检查需在二级及以上医疗机构或疗养院完成，检查设备为质量合格的脑电图仪；常规脑电图报告由1名具有中级及以上职称并且从事神经科工作3年以上的医师，以及1名从事脑电图工作3年以上的技师共同完成。长程视频脑电图监测需在三级医疗机构完成，配置的视频脑电图仪需具有至少19个记录电极；长程视频脑电图报告由1名具有副高级及以上职称的神经科癫痫专业医师，以及1名从事脑电图工作3年以上并且获得相应合格证书的中级及以上职称的技师共同完成。
1.3 脑电图记录时长及诱发试验
脑电图检查以常规脑电图及长程视频脑电图为主。目前我国招飞医学选拔、改装体检、航天员选拔体检及其他各类体检中均无脑电图检查的标准化流程。军事航空飞行中，视觉刺激(强烈的阳光、直升机螺旋桨转动产生的眩光及夜间飞行中的强光等)可增加癫痫发作的风险，间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验可提高此类光敏性癫痫的检出率[18]。一项关于英国13 658名空军学员的脑电图研究结果显示，69名(0.5%)有癫痫样放电，其中44名仅在闪光刺激时出现[19]。因此，间歇性闪光刺激已成为招飞医学选拔中脑电图检查的重要诱发试验。
有研究发现，少于20 min的脑电图记录可能会降低异常波形的检出率[20]。欧洲航空安全组织建议常规脑电图记录时长为30 min，包括3 min过度换气试验、闪光刺激试验(刺激频率为1~60 Hz)，同时进行睁-闭眼状态诱发[7]。我军招飞医学选拔及空军飞行人员常规脑电图检查一般采集30 min无伪差记录，包括睁-闭眼试验、3 min过度换气试验及间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验[21-22]。当常规脑电图检查不能明确发作性事件的性质时，推荐给予长程视频脑电图监测[23]。长程视频脑电图的监测时间取决于需要解决的临床问题。根据我国临床实际，结合清醒-睡眠的完整自然周期，推荐进行24 h长程视频脑电图监测，更有利于监测到癫痫样放电及癫痫发作。
推荐意见：常规脑电图检查记录时长为30 min，长程视频脑电图监测时长为24 h，均需要进行睁-闭眼试验、3 min过度换气试验及间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验。
1.4 脑电图结果判定及鉴定结论
脑电图异常程度的判定并没有严格定量的统一标准。成人脑电图分为正常脑电图、界线性脑电图、异常背景脑电图(轻、中、重度)及阵发性异常脑电图。目前我国军事飞行人员体格检查中仅描述正常脑电图及异常脑电图。由于脑电图检查主要用于动态、实时反映脑功能状态，缺乏病因特异性，因此脑电图结论需要与临床紧密结合[14]。鉴于此，临床专科医师应掌握脑电图知识，参与脑电图评估，指导临床诊断。
推荐意见：飞行人员接受常规脑电图或长程视频脑电图检查，结果判定为“正常脑电图”“界线性脑电图”或“异常脑电图”；当飞行人员脑电图结果判定为“界线性脑电图”“异常脑电图”需要进一步医学鉴定时，需副高级及以上职称的癫痫专业医师参与鉴定。
2 飞行人员脑电图判读参考标准
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脑电图报告的模式各国间尚未完全统一，部分分级判读标准过于繁琐，降低了临床可操作性，难以普及推广。因此，本部分参考国内外相关研究及书籍，对脑电图判读进行标准化分类，并制定相应的参考标准[14,24-25]。
健康成年人清醒闭眼时后枕部α节律的频率为8~13 Hz，波幅通常<50 μV，成人α节律的主频段通常在9~11 Hz[24,26]。α节律在左、右枕区可有轻度的波幅差，生理性不对称的波幅差一般不超过30%；频率在两侧半球对应区域内的变化范围不超过0.5~1.0 Hz，全头部不超过2 Hz。健康成年人清醒时只有少量θ活动，主要分布在额、中央区，一般不形成节律。中央区μ节律是指在清醒安静状态下出现于一侧或双侧中央区的一种梳状节律。λ波是在视觉探索时出现在枕区的双相或三相尖波，与神经或精神疾病没有相关性[14,26-29]。在任何情况下，正常脑电图均不能出现阵发性异常活动。
推荐意见：正常脑电图需同时符合以下条件：(1)清醒期以α节律为主，通常在9~11 Hz，枕区为优势；(2)双侧基本对称，双侧半球相应部位的波幅差≤30%；(3)清醒期全头部各区α波频率差≤2 Hz；(4)同时段内左右两侧α波频率差不超过0.5 Hz，有正常调幅；(5)θ活动≤5%，波幅≤30 μV；(6)无阵发性异常电活动；(7)过度换气、间歇性闪光刺激等诱发试验无异常反应。
界线性脑电图介于正常脑电图与异常脑电图之间，可见于正常脑电图的变异，也可见于非神经系统疾病、情绪紧张或中枢神经系统疾病的恢复期，临床通常无明确的诊断意义[14]。
吴逊等[26]通过分析115名健康成人及244例神经科住院或门诊患者的脑电图发现，8 Hz节律优势在健康成人中仅占1.00%，而在神经科住院或门诊患者中高达50.82%。这种枕部慢α节律可见于一些中枢神经系统疾病，也可能与药物有关。因此，脑电图监测有慢α节律时，即使无明显体征或病史，也应考虑有轻度脑功能障碍的可能，需结合临床资料综合分析。欧洲国家军事招飞医学选拔时需要进行常规脑电图筛查，一项纳入495名位候选人员的常规脑电图报告显示，7.7%的候选人存在良性变异型脑波，包括前头部θ波活动、后头部慢波、α节律变异及小棘波[30]。这些变异型波形与癫痫发作无明确关系，也可出现在其他神经系统疾病或健康成人中[18,30-32]。此外，14.1%的候选人在过度换气时出现脑电图慢波，15.2%在间歇闪光刺激时出现生理性光驱动[30]。
睁-闭眼试验中，若睁眼超过1 s后α节律才被阻滞称为潜伏期延迟；闭眼超过1.5 s后α节律才出现称为后作用延长，这两种情况均属于非特异性表现。过度换气试验中，换气开始后的最初前30 s内出现慢波反应称为慢波早期出现，在成人中属于非特异性表现，反映脑血管调节功能不良。间歇性闪光刺激试验中，若无其他脑电异常，仅出现轻度波幅不对称(<50%)的节律同化反应属于正常现象；过度节律同化或明显不对称的节律同化，可能提示皮质兴奋性增高或局部结构性损坏，需结合临床实际综合考虑[14,27,29]。
推荐意见：界线性脑电图符合以下一条即可：(1)α节律不规则，调节、调幅欠佳；(2)慢α节律为主调，波幅>100 μV或波幅<20 μV；(3)双侧半球相应部位波幅差>30%，且<50%；(4)中等波幅β活动分布广泛或数量>40%；(5)额区低波幅θ活动轻度增多；(6)低波幅δ活动轻度增多；(7)良性变异型或临床意义不确定的波形；(8)睁-闭眼诱发试验出现潜伏期延迟、后作用延长、α阻滞不完全或完全不抑制；(9)过度换气诱发试验出现慢波早期出现；(10)间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验出现过度节律同化或明显不对称的节律同化。
异常脑电图分为背景活动异常及阵发性异常，其中背景活动异常包括正常节律改变、慢波性异常、快波性异常、爆发-抑制、低电压及电静息等。持续弥漫性慢波活动可在许多病理情况下出现，包括各种病因的意识障碍、脑炎、神经退行性疾病、癫痫发作后状态、代谢及中毒性脑病等，通常提示存在弥漫性脑损伤，且慢波的程度及数量反映了弥漫性脑损伤的严重程度[14,28]。脑电图癫痫样放电通常与癫痫发作密切相关[33]。既往研究表明，脑电图出现散在癫痫样放电、周期性放电及频率>2 Hz的周期性/节律性波形等均与后续癫痫发作风险独立相关[34-35]。此外，诱发试验可提高癫痫样放电及癫痫发作的检出率，诱发试验异常也属于异常脑电图。
推荐意见：异常脑电图符合以下一条即可：(1)基本节律明显减慢，背景以θ或δ波为主；(2)广泛性α活动；(3)双侧显著不对称；(4)癫痫样放电；(5)较多散在3 Hz左右中等波幅的δ活动；(6)背景节律的波幅及频率无规则，失去节律性；(7)周期性波；(8)持续低电压；(9)节律性爆发(除外良性变异型)；(10)睁-闭眼诱发试验诱发出癫痫样放电或癫痫发作；(11)过度换气诱发试验出现慢波延迟消失、慢波重建、明显不对称的慢波反应、癫痫样放电或癫痫发作；(12)间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验出现光阵发性反应或光惊厥反应。
3 飞行人员脑电图评定标准
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脑电图出现癫痫样放电可增加飞行作业时的突发失能风险。有资料显示，无癫痫病史但存在脑电图癫痫样放电的飞行人员在职业生涯中出现癫痫发作的概率为25%[1]。欧洲联合航空条例《飞行人员执照医学标准》规定，如果脑电图检查发现癫痫样阵发性活动，应取消飞行人员候选人资格[36]。我国空军空中战(技)勤人员体格检查标准明确指出，除了6岁前的偶发热性惊厥及脑电图良性一过性波形外，癫痫发作、癫痫或异常脑电图在医学选拔及体检鉴定中均为不合格；对于轻度异常脑电图，体检结论为个别评定。
推荐意见：对于临床无可疑癫痫发作，脑部无结构性异常者。(1)脑电图结果为“正常脑电图”时，神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行合格”；(2)常规脑电图结果为“界线性脑电图”及“异常脑电图”时，应行长程视频脑电图监测；(3)长程视频脑电图结果为“界线性脑电图”时，结合临床及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(4)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为以下任一条：①双侧显著不对称；②较多散在3 Hz左右中等波幅的δ活动，结合临床及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(5)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为过度换气诱发试验出现以下任一条：①慢波延迟消失；②慢波重建；③明显不对称的慢波反应，推荐行头颅磁共振血管成像、计算机体层血管成像、数字减影血管造影等检查，并结合临床及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(6)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为节律性爆发(除外良性变异型)，神经专科鉴定结论为“暂时飞行不合格”；(7)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为以下任一条：①癫痫样放电或癫痫发作；②背景以θ或δ为主；③广泛性α活动；④波幅及频率无规则、失去节律性；⑤周期性波；⑥持续低电压，神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行不合格”。
对于临床有可疑癫痫发作者，必须谨慎评估明确该事件是否为癫痫发作，并判断其复发风险[37]。既往研究表明，成人首次无诱因癫痫发作后，脑电图正常者癫痫再次发作的风险为27.4%，脑电图有癫痫样异常者癫痫再次发作的风险为49.5%[38-39]。在军用喷气式飞机飞行人员中，背景脑电图、闪光刺激诱发试验或过度换气试验出现异常脑电图时，无须考虑临床表现，几乎所有飞行体检都判定为不通过；若临床症状可疑，即使脑电图为正常或轻度异常时，仍需综合考虑认知、性格、训练、反应速度等因素后得出最终医学鉴定结论[40]。美国神经病学会总结了与癫痫复发风险相关性最高的4种临床因素，即脑电图癫痫样异常、既往远期脑损伤(如卒中或头部创伤)、明显的脑影像学异常及夜间癫痫发作[41]，但最终癫痫发作风险必须个体化评定。
推荐意见：对临床有可疑癫痫发作，不伴脑部结构性异常的飞行人员。(1)长程视频脑电图结果为“正常脑电图”或“界线性脑电图”时，结合临床及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(2)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为以下任一条：①双侧显著不对称；②较多散在3 Hz左右中等波幅的δ活动，神经专科鉴定结论为“暂时飞行不合格”；(3)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为以下任一条：①癫痫样放电或癫痫发作；②节律性爆发(除外良性变异型)；③背景以θ或δ为主；④广泛性α活动；⑤波幅及频率无规则、失去节律性；⑥周期性波；⑦持续低电压；⑧过度换气试验出现慢波延迟消失、明显不对称的慢波反应、慢波重建，神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行不合格”。
在飞行人员医学鉴定过程中，对于有脑外伤、颅脑术后或脑血管意外(无严重神经功能缺损)等影像学检查存在潜在致痫风险病灶的人员，即使无可疑癫痫发作，仍需进行长程视频脑电图监测。大量研究表明，约1/3的严重创伤性脑损伤患者会发展为癫痫[42]，而且癫痫与创伤后机体功能恢复程度密切相关[43]。Giraldi等[44]分析了丹麦连续10年内的首次开颅手术且术前无癫痫发作史的病例，结果发现术后1年内及5年内的癫痫发作风险分别为13.9%及20.4%，提示绝大多数癫痫发作出现在术后1年内。一项纳入21 548例脑卒中患者的Meta分析结果表明，卒中后癫痫发作在卒中1年内的发生率最高，急性期出现癫痫发作(<7 d)及早期出现癫痫样放电或周期性放电是其主要危险因素[45]。脑膜瘤是最常见的颅内良性肿瘤，易导致癫痫发作及癫痫。既往无癫痫发作的脑膜瘤患者术后出现癫痫发作的概率为5.0%~19.4%[46-49]，且多数发作出现在术后1年内[50]。颅骨修补术后癫痫发作的概率为3.35%~36.4%[51-58]，且多见于颅骨修补术后数周内[55]。需要注意的是，缺口效应是指在颅脑外伤、手术或颅骨疾病所致颅骨缺损或缺损区修补后，由于相应部位失去了正常颅骨的电阻抗作用，在缺损区或修补区记录到波幅增高、波形尖化的脑波，这种异常脑波有时与癫痫样异常鉴别困难，但属于良性变异[59]。
推荐意见：对于临床无可疑癫痫发作，影像学检查存在潜在致痫风险病灶的飞行人员。(1)神经外科颅脑术后，长程视频脑电图仅见缺口效应，或缺口效应伴局灶性慢波，结合临床表现及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(2)神经外科颅脑术后，长程视频脑电图见缺口效应，伴癫痫样放电，脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行不合格”；(3)长程视频脑电图结果为“界线性脑电图”时，结合临床表现及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(4)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为以下任一条：①双侧显著不对称；②较多散在3 Hz左右中等波幅的δ活动，神经专科鉴定结论为“暂时飞行不合格”；(5)长程视频脑电图结果为“异常脑电图”，表现为以下任一条：①癫痫样放电或癫痫发作；②背景以θ或δ为主；③广泛性α活动；④波幅及频率无规则、失去节律性；⑤周期性波；⑥持续低电压；⑦过度换气试验出现慢波延迟消失、明显不对称的慢波反应、慢波重建，神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行不合格”。
脑结构性异常是癫痫的常见病因，包括先天性脑发育异常(如脑皮质发育不良、灰质异位等)及后天获得性异常(如脑卒中、外伤、感染、肿瘤及手术等)[60]。存在脑结构性异常的患者在首次癫痫发作后，癫痫再次发作的风险非常高[61]。
推荐意见：对于有脑部结构性异常的飞行人员，临床上有可疑癫痫发作时，如脑电图检查为“界线性脑电图”或“异常脑电图”时，神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行不合格”；如脑电图检查为“正常脑电图”时，应综合临床、脑电图及其他辅助检查进行个别评定。
4 关于“暂时飞行不合格”飞行人员的处置
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对于“暂时飞行不合格”飞行人员，需要进行一定时间的地面观察，并复查24 h长程视频脑电图。根据当前临床操作实际及疾病发展规律，结合各专家意见，进行以下推荐：
推荐意见：(1)脑部有结构性异常时，经地面观察1年后复查24 h长程视频脑电图；脑部无结构性异常时，经地面观察3~6个月复查24 h长程视频脑电图；(2)如地面观察期内无可疑癫痫发作，复查脑电图结果为“正常脑电图”或“界线性脑电图”，结合临床及相关辅助检查，进行个别评定；(3)如地面观察期内出现癫痫发作或复查脑电图结果仍为“异常脑电图”，最终神经专科鉴定结论为“飞行不合格”。
本文中名词定义：
(1)光阵发性反应：也称光敏性反应，为间歇性闪光刺激诱发出局灶或广泛性癫痫样放电。(2)光惊厥反应：为节律性闪光刺激诱发出癫痫样放电，并伴有临床发作。(3)慢波延迟消失：过度换气停止30 s后仍有明显慢波活动。(4)慢波重建：过度换气结束后20~60 s连续的慢波出现，持续30 s以上，且波幅不下降。(5)过度节律同化：间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验时出现双侧对称的极高波幅节律同化，常波及全脑，也可表现为低频(<5 Hz)或高频(>25 Hz)闪光刺激诱发出节律同化反应。(6)明显不对称的节律同化：间歇性闪光刺激诱发试验时两侧节律同化的波幅明显不对称达50%以上。
执笔作者：江文(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；刘永红(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；胡耿瑶(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；冷秀秀(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；陈蓓蓓(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；杨方(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；张迁(空军军医大学西京医院空勤科)；王湘庆(解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科)
专家组成员(按姓氏拼音排序)：毕晓莹(海军军医大学第一附属医院神经内科)；曹秉振(解放军联勤保障部队第960医院神经内科)；陈会生(北部战区总医院神经内科)；陈贤(西部战区空军医院神经内科)；陈阳美(重庆医科大学附属第二医院神经内科)；陈勇胜(空军特色医学中心航空生理鉴定训练研究室)；邓兵梅(南部战区总医院神经内科)；邓艳春(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；丁晶(复旦大学附属中山医院神经内科)；范进(西部战区总医院神经内科)；葛庆波(南部战区空军医院神经内科)；韩军良(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；侯晓华(哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院神经内科)；江文(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；金丽日(中国医学科学院北京协和医院神经内科)；黎冰梅(广州医科大学附属第二医院神经内科)；黎红华(中部战区总医院神经内科)；李劲梅(四川大学华西医院神经内科)；李玲(解放军联勤保障部队第925医院空勤科)；李文平(空军特色医学中心神经内科)；林卫红(吉林大学第一医院神经内科)；刘国平(解放军联勤保障部队第960医院空勤科)；刘红巾(空军特色医学中心空勤科)；刘娟(陆军军医大学陆军特色医学中心空勤科)；刘仕勇(陆军军医大学新桥医院神经外科)；刘晓蓉(广州医科大学附属第二医院神经内科)；刘新峰(东部战区总医院神经内科)；刘学武(山东大学齐鲁医院神经内科)；刘永红(空军军医大学西京医院神经内科)；龙莉莉(中南大学湘雅医院神经内科)；卢强(中国医学科学院北京协和医院神经内科)；罗本艳(浙江大学附属第一医院神经内科)；罗国刚(西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科)；彭希(重庆医科大学附属第二医院神经内科)；任连坤(首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科)；邵晓秋(首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心癫痫科)；万东君(解放军联勤保障部队第940医院神经内科)；王群(首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心癫痫科)；王爽(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院神经内科)；王湘庆(解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科)；王小珊(南京医科大学附属脑科医院神经内科)；王秀明(北部战区空军医院空勤科)；王玉平(首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科)；吴原(广西医科大学第一附属医院神经内科)；肖波(中南大学湘雅医院神经内科)；杨俊(新疆军区总医院神经内科)；于生元(解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科)；张丹(南部战区空军医院空勤科)；张光运(空军特色医学中心神经内科)；张家堂(解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科)；张迁(空军军医大学西京医院空勤科)；赵传胜(中国医科大学附属第一医院神经内科)；郑建勇(空军军医大学西京医院空勤科)；周东(四川大学华西医院神经内科)；周新红(新疆军区总医院空勤科)；周振华(陆军军医大学第一附属医院神经内科)；朱遂强(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经内科)；庄建华(上海长征医院/海军军医大学第二附属医院神经内科)
基金
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  • 空军军医大学军事医学提升计划项目(2020JSTS26)
  • 空军军医大学军事医学提升计划项目(2020JSTS21)
  • 空军军医大学航空医学重大课题(2019ZTB03)
  • 解放军总医院军队后勤重点项目(145BHQ090003000X12)
文献
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1121.2023.1219
  • 接收时间：2023-08-22
  • 首发时间：2025-11-23
  • 出版时间：2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-22
  • 录用日期：2023-09-27
基金
Military Medicine Promotion Program of Air Force Medical University(2020JSTS26)
空军军医大学军事医学提升计划项目(2020JSTS26)
Military Medicine Promotion Program of Air Force Medical University(2020JSTS21)
空军军医大学军事医学提升计划项目(2020JSTS21)
Aviation Medicine Major Project of Air Force Medical University(2019ZTB03)
空军军医大学航空医学重大课题(2019ZTB03)
Key Military Logistic Project of Chinese PLA General Hospital(145BHQ090003000X12)
解放军总医院军队后勤重点项目(145BHQ090003000X12)
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于生元，E-mail：；
江文，E-mail：；
郑建勇，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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