Article(id=1199335055886742316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2426.2023.0419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668700800000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1672156800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-12-28, onlineDate=1763873359890, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873359890, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873359890, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873359890, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199335049175859209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873358291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874044185, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337926086721596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337926086721597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=335, endPage=342, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199335056624939845, articleId=1199335055886742316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research advances in diagnosis and treatment for war trauma to lower urinary tract and external genitalia, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, with the continuous innovation of modern war mode, weapons and protective equipment, the mechanism and mode of war trauma have also produced great changes. The widespread use of bulletproof vest and improvised explosive devices has led to increasing incidence of genitourinary trauma. The pattern of genitourinary trauma has also transformed from internal structures (kidney, ureters, bladder) to external structures (scrotum, testes, penis, urethra), suggesting that the research focus of genitourinary system war trauma should be gradually transformed to trauma research of lower urinary tract and external genitalia. This article reviews the incidence, treatment and prognosis of genitourinary trauma in several modern wars, and mainly describes the relevant conditions of lower urinary tract and external genitalia trauma and the relevant progress in the treatment in recent years.

, correspAuthors=Qing Yuan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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近年来,随着现代战争模式、武器及防护装备的不断革新,战创伤的发生机制、模式发生了很大变化。防弹衣及简易爆炸装置的广泛使用使泌尿生殖系统战创伤发生率逐渐升高,且泌尿生殖系统战创伤的模式也发生了改变,即从内部结构(肾脏、输尿管、膀胱)转移到外部结构(阴囊、睾丸、阴茎、尿道),提示应将泌尿生殖系统战创伤的研究重点逐渐转移到下尿路及外生殖器创伤。本文就数次现代战争中泌尿生殖系统战创伤的发生率、治疗以及预后进行综述,主要阐述下尿路及外生殖器战创伤相关情况及其诊疗的相关进展。

, correspAuthors=袁清, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
袁清,E-mail:
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杨国荣,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿生殖系统战创伤及良性前列腺增生研究

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杨国荣,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿生殖系统战创伤及良性前列腺增生研究

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杨国荣,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿生殖系统战创伤及良性前列腺增生研究

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下尿路和外生殖器战创伤及其诊疗研究进展
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杨国荣 1, 2 , 吕凯凯 1, 2 , 吴洋洋 1, 2 , 宋涛 1 , 袁清 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(3): 335-342
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(3): 335-342
下尿路和外生殖器战创伤及其诊疗研究进展
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杨国荣1, 2, 吕凯凯1, 2, 吴洋洋1, 2, 宋涛1, 袁清1, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第三医学中心泌尿外科医学部,北京 100039
  • 2解放军医学院研究生院,北京 100017
  • 杨国荣,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿生殖系统战创伤及良性前列腺增生研究

通讯作者:

袁清,E-mail:
Research advances in diagnosis and treatment for war trauma to lower urinary tract and external genitalia
Guo-Rong Yang1, 2, Kai-Kai Lyu1, 2, Yang-Yang Wu1, 2, Tao Song1, Qing Yuan1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Senior Department of Urology, the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
  • 2Graduate School, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100017, China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2426.2023.0419
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近年来,随着现代战争模式、武器及防护装备的不断革新,战创伤的发生机制、模式发生了很大变化。防弹衣及简易爆炸装置的广泛使用使泌尿生殖系统战创伤发生率逐渐升高,且泌尿生殖系统战创伤的模式也发生了改变,即从内部结构(肾脏、输尿管、膀胱)转移到外部结构(阴囊、睾丸、阴茎、尿道),提示应将泌尿生殖系统战创伤的研究重点逐渐转移到下尿路及外生殖器创伤。本文就数次现代战争中泌尿生殖系统战创伤的发生率、治疗以及预后进行综述,主要阐述下尿路及外生殖器战创伤相关情况及其诊疗的相关进展。

泌尿生殖系统损伤  /  下尿路  /  外生殖器  /  战创伤  /  诊疗

In recent years, with the continuous innovation of modern war mode, weapons and protective equipment, the mechanism and mode of war trauma have also produced great changes. The widespread use of bulletproof vest and improvised explosive devices has led to increasing incidence of genitourinary trauma. The pattern of genitourinary trauma has also transformed from internal structures (kidney, ureters, bladder) to external structures (scrotum, testes, penis, urethra), suggesting that the research focus of genitourinary system war trauma should be gradually transformed to trauma research of lower urinary tract and external genitalia. This article reviews the incidence, treatment and prognosis of genitourinary trauma in several modern wars, and mainly describes the relevant conditions of lower urinary tract and external genitalia trauma and the relevant progress in the treatment in recent years.

genitourinary injury  /  lower urinary tract  /  external genitalia  /  war injury  /  diagnosis and treatment
杨国荣, 吕凯凯, 吴洋洋, 宋涛, 袁清. 下尿路和外生殖器战创伤及其诊疗研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (3) : 335 -342 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2426.2023.0419
Guo-Rong Yang, Kai-Kai Lyu, Yang-Yang Wu, Tao Song, Qing Yuan. Research advances in diagnosis and treatment for war trauma to lower urinary tract and external genitalia[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (3) : 335 -342 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2426.2023.0419
从美国南北战争到伊拉克战争、阿富汗战争,泌尿生殖系统损伤(genitourinary injuries,GUI)的致伤机制及发生率发生了较大改变。美国南北战争时期GUI几乎全部由枪伤导致[1],而在伊拉克及阿富汗战争中,所有GUI中爆炸伤比例高达56%~98%,而枪击伤比例仅为14%~44%[2-3]。简易爆炸装置(improvised explosive devices,IEDs)导致的爆炸伤已经成为伊拉克和阿富汗战争的标志性损伤[4-6],且2009年美军地面部队执行任务增多,2010-2011年IEDs的伤害增加了近5倍[7]。因此,随着战争模式的改变以及先进的防护背心和凯夫拉头盔的应用,GUI总发生率开始上升,且主要损伤部位发生了明显改变,相关研究指出,GUI的模式从内部结构(即肾脏、输尿管、膀胱)转移到外部结构(阴囊、睾丸、阴茎、尿道)[8-9],并且二者的致伤机制存在明显的区别,外部GUI主要由IEDs导致,其比例为53%~67%,枪伤比例为33%~47%;而内部GUI中爆炸伤比例仅为17%~22%,枪伤比例为78%~83%[10]。本文对历次现代战争中GUI的相关情况及近年来的诊疗进展进行综述,以期为我国泌尿系战创伤的研究及发展提供依据。
美国南北战争期间,GUI发生率很低,但大多数GUI均导致了难治性的尿道狭窄、尿瘘、尿失禁及勃起功能障碍等[1]。波黑战争期间GUI总发生率为2.5%,其中肾脏损伤占38.5%,膀胱损伤占13.6%,阴囊损伤占26%,阴茎损伤占9.5%,尿路损伤占5.3%,输尿管损伤仅占3.6%;关于致伤机制,其中52.9%为爆炸伤,47.1%为枪伤[11]。在伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争中,美军GUI的发生率在5%左右,其中52.3%~68%为外生殖器损伤[12],但也有报道称,在战争的后3年GUI发生率从7.2%上升至12.7%[13],而腹部损伤和骨盆骨折伤员的GUI发生率达到了18%[10],其中肾脏损伤占6%~22.9%,膀胱损伤占48.8%~21.3%,阴囊损伤占29%~55.6%,阴茎损伤占9.2%~31%,尿道损伤占0.8%~12%,睾丸损伤占9.1%~56%,输尿管损伤仅占3%左右[2,7,9-10,14]。与男性相比,2001-2003年,美军GUI中女性仅占1.4%,部位分布依次为肾损伤60%,外阴损伤15%,阴道损伤15%,会阴部损伤5%,膀胱损伤5%[15]
常见的GUI并发的非泌尿生殖系统损伤主要包括腹内损伤、经股动脉创伤性截肢、经胫骨创伤性截肢、脊髓损伤、骨盆骨折及颅脑损伤等[9,14]。而在腹部损伤中,直肠、结肠和小肠是较多累及的腹部器官[11,16],内脏器官受累率高的原因除解剖定位外,可能是高速子弹或弹片引起的腹部暂时性空洞,使得腹腔突然扩大进而导致肠道气体扩张而引起肠破裂[11]
伊拉克和阿富汗战争中GUI合并截肢的发生率较高,发生GUI的美国男性军人中,近1/3合并一个或多个肢体截肢[17]。截肢似乎与睾丸损伤存在关联性,截肢伤员中56.1%合并睾丸损伤,而未截肢的伤员中仅22.3%合并睾丸损伤;在严重程度方面,截肢伤员中42.3%有严重的睾丸损伤,而非截肢伤员则为10.7%。但是否截肢与GUI总发生率并无明显关联,接受下肢截肢的伤员中有60%合并GUI,而在没有截肢的伤员中这一比例为67%[18]
野战医院处理LEI的原则,重点在于出血控制、尿液控制或分流,以及保存组织以供后续器官重建[19],其中大多数外科手术是保守的,其目的为保留器官或残余组织。
耻骨上区的物理穿透伤、瘀伤以及压痛是膀胱损伤的信号,而肉眼血尿、下腹痛、排尿频率增加或排尿困难则预示了膀胱破裂的发生[20]。膀胱破裂可分为腹膜外膀胱破裂和腹膜内膀胱破裂,由于两者处理方式不同,因此对膀胱损伤的准确诊断非常重要,其中经尿道膀胱造影是诊断创伤性膀胱损伤的主要手段[20-21]。对于腹膜外膀胱破裂,单纯置管引流被认为是主要治疗手段,但应当对此类保守治疗的患者随访膀胱镜检查,以确保在拔管前损伤已解决[20-21];而腹膜内膀胱破裂通常认为是手术介入的绝对指征,并且在膀胱修复后应使用亚甲蓝或靛蓝胭脂红膀胱内注射来识别是否仍有泄漏,在第一次膀胱修复后常规在7~14 d再次行膀胱造影以评估能否拔出尿管或引流管[20,22];但也有研究认为,对腹膜内膀胱破裂伤进行导管引流保守治疗,部分患者治疗效果良好,但遗憾的是对于患者选择方面没有可行的标准[21]。此外,无论是否对破裂膀胱进行手术修补,导尿管引流都是二者的标准护理方式,但应将置管时间限制在14 d内,因为研究发现插管时间超过这一指标的患者并发症发生率更高[23]。在保守治疗及膀胱修补手术均无法控制漏尿时,经皮膀胱假性憩室闭塞术是一个可能的选择[24]。在治疗膀胱损伤时,医师必须认识到膀胱损伤常合并尿道或输尿管损伤,应考虑泌尿生殖道的完整性和范围[25]
对于前尿道损伤,大多数情况下建议一期修复;而对于后尿道损伤,若伤员血流动力学稳定,可通过一期重建手术进行治疗,但对于血流动力学不稳定的患者或没有经验丰富的泌尿外科医师时,单独耻骨上膀胱造瘘术和延迟修复可能是更好的选择[210]。在尿道修复方面,颊黏膜的应用已经取得了良好的效果[26-28]。此外近期研究发现,地塞米松局部尿道冲洗可显著降低尿道狭窄的发生率和严重程度,且不会增加患者的不适和感染风险[29]
外生殖器损伤治疗中软组织损伤的探查、清创和修复是常见的治疗方式[30]。对于阴茎损伤,最常见的是阴茎皮肤表浅撕裂,这类损伤仅需要较小的手术干预,包括冲洗、清创和皮肤缝合;严重的损伤包括阴茎的大量皮肤脱落、龟头撕裂和部分龟头离断以及阴茎的完全离断等[31],这类损伤的处理涉及皮肤移植及器官重建,在战场环境下重要的处理是尽可能保留阴茎或残余组织的完整性。此外,还存在会阴部和(或)阴茎钝挫伤导致的阴茎血管损伤,进而发生阴茎异常勃起的情况,这样的病例虽然罕见但诊断较为困难,应当考虑血气分析和超声检查,对于难治性病例可考虑动脉栓塞术[32]
对于任何睾丸损伤的怀疑,都建议早期超声检查以排除睾丸破裂[33]。在睾丸抢救过程中,必须将睾丸放在腹外,以避免其温度上升,影响未来的生育能力,且有可能导致恶性肿瘤[34]。此外,“大腿袋”也属于禁忌,损伤的睾丸组织放入袋中附睾和输精管会遭受挤压,从而排出潜在的可存活和可挽救的精子[6]。1例病例报告中提出,在单个睾丸白膜不足以用于修复时,可尝试将两个睾丸缝合在一起,虽然该做法可能产生抗精子抗体进而损害患者的正常生育能力,但保留了正常间质细胞的功能,可以维持正常的激素水平[35];也可考虑使用睾丸鞘膜皮瓣进行白膜的修补[36]。尽管外科医师对于挽救睾丸做了很多努力,但睾丸损伤后切除率仍达到50%,甚至更高[11,30]
虽然LEI很大程度上并不致命,但可能会使幸存者终身残疾,因为其很可能造成尿路瘫痪,导致性功能障碍、性心理障碍、储尿和排尿功能障碍、尿失禁或大便失禁、生育能力丧失、睾丸激素缺乏等一系列严重影响伤员生活质量的并发症,并且需要进行复杂的手术修复重建[9,37-41]。而遭受骨盆骨折和LEI女性的性交障碍发生率高达56%~100%,剖宫产率接近80%[42-44]
在LEI涉及的各器官中,睾丸的状态与预后的关系最为密切。一方面,睾丸损伤通常级别很高,涉及显著的组织丢失,这在阴茎或尿道损伤中并不常见,而且睾丸损伤是下尿路损伤中与IED损伤相关倾向最为显著的,因此其发生率也相对较高[7];另一方面,睾丸存在迟发性的损伤,使得伤员的预后难以估计,研究发现暴露在爆炸冲击波中但没有明显物理创伤的睾丸可能会随着时间的推移经历实质性的变化,并最终发生萎缩[17]。睾丸的损伤还会引起激素的变化,但睾酮的减少似乎导致了双面的影响。从正面而言,睾酮的减少可降低败血症的风险,有研究显示睾酮具有免疫抑制作用,可增加个体对败血症的易感性[45];对GUI患者死亡情况进行统计发现,死亡率最低的是双侧睾丸丢失的患者[6]。从负面而言,睾酮分泌的缺失可影响骨骼肌的生长,对重建肢体的恢复产生不利影响,进而导致受伤军人住院及恢复时间延长、康复效果变差[17]。因此,在伤员度过急性期后有必要补充睾酮。Williams等[46]提出对睾丸阴囊损伤患者术后监测睾酮恢复速度来判定是否需要进行人工干预,即人为补充睾酮。此外,动物研究发现,虾青素对睾丸的缺血再灌注损伤具有良好的保护作用,这为未来提高再植睾丸的存活率提供了依据[47]
阴茎的损伤尤其离断伤会对伤员的心理产生严重的影响。临床发现即使伤员同时合并截肢的情况下,外生殖器的损伤也往往是伤员首先询问的问题[31]。一项对9例因阴茎癌而接受部分或全部阴茎切除术患者的调查发现,他们与大多数在战斗中遭受生殖器损伤的男性一样,均面临着如何面对自己受伤的现实,如何应对其影响,以及如何应对自我形象的巨大变化,从而对其与配偶和家人的关系产生不利影响[48]。Williams等[31]也观察到年轻男性军人更加关注自我形象和男子气概问题,因此外生殖器毁容性损伤对年轻男性军人产生的不良心理影响更为严重。
目前LEI的诊断主要依靠影像学检查,主要包括超声、CT、MRI等。但如何更加恰当地选择这些影像学技术仍是一个重要问题。影像医师只有选择合适的检查方案,才能使影像学在识别此类损伤时具有高度的准确性,并为损伤分类和治疗计划提供指导;这可能需要培训专业化的泌尿外科影像医师,使其熟悉LEI的发生机制、临床表现以及各种CT特征,进而能够及时识别需要进一步检查的患者[49]。对于膀胱损伤,美国泌尿外科协会和欧洲泌尿外科协会都建议对有肉眼血尿和骨盆骨折的血流动力学稳定的患者进行逆行膀胱造影,无论是常规膀胱造影还是CT膀胱造影[50];对于尿道损伤,顺行和逆行尿道造影是术前的基本评估,但不能准确评估尿道间隙长度、前列腺侧移位程度、尿道与周围结构的解剖关系或尿道周围问题。为了弥补尿道造影的这些局限性,MRI将是更好的选择,其具有良好的软组织对比度,可清晰地显示尿道和尿道周围组织,且不受辐射的影响,从而使临床医师能够预测延迟吻合尿道成形术所需的辅助技术,并预测延迟吻合尿道成形术后的功能结果,如勃起功能和尿失禁等[51]
考虑到野战医疗环境下进行影像学检查的困难性,开发用于诊断LEI的尿液或血液学指标具有重要意义。近期研究发现,金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂2(tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 2,TIMP-2)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白7(insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7,IGFBP-7)可准确预测48 h内的急性肾损伤,且与损伤后透析治疗需求独立相关[52]。类似的,乳酸、1-甲基烟酰胺和甘氨酸可作为预测肾脏创伤后伤死率和肾脏替代治疗的生物标志物[53]。然而,目前LEI的诊断与预后预测并没有特异性的标志物。虽然有研究报道,8-羟基-20-脱氧鸟苷(8-OHDG)可作为膀胱缺血的尿液标志物,但其可能更适合于膀胱慢性缺血的诊断[54]。此外,目前睾丸的迟发性损伤也没有合适的检测指标来监控其发生发展状态,这也是未来LEI研究的热点。
器官的离断伤在LEI中主要涉及阴茎和睾丸,但野战医疗环境并不允许立即进行离断器官的再植手术,因此离断器官的保存成为重要的难题。
保肢策略中提到,紧急情况下可使用聚四氟乙烯假体血管以及剩余有限的自体静脉进行紧急选择性血运重建,从而在一定程度上恢复断肢的血运,达到断肢存活的最低标准,进而达到保肢的目的;虽然此类假体血管会带来很多后续的麻烦,但对于保肢而言仍然利大于弊[55]。与肢体类似,离断的阴茎和睾丸同样可通过类似的方法进行紧急血运重建来达到暂时保存的目的。
此外,体外灌流(ex vivo perfusion,EVP)也是一个很好的选择。临床中心脏EVP和肺EVP可分别长达8 h和12 h,且与静态冷藏保存相比,EVP保存的器官移植后的效果明显更好[56-57]。肢体EVP也在动物实验中展现出了良好的效果。Kueckelhaus等[58]建立了一种便携式体外膜式氧合器,以便于使用含氧去细胞液灌流截肢肢体;进一步研究发现,体外灌注组在保存过程中和再植后的组织损伤都轻于静态冷藏组,显示了体外低温充氧机灌流保存离断肢体的可行性和优越性,其保存效果明显优于传统的静态冷藏,显著延长了创伤性断肢再植的缺血时间。后续研究也发现,肢体低温去细胞EVP 24 h可获得与常规静态冷藏4 h相当的组织保存效果,并可减少肢体再植时的肌肉损伤和全身反应[59]
基于EVP的各种优势,Kaltenborn等[60]提出开发一种便携式EVP设备来解决战场环境下离体器官保存的难题,该设备可帮助离体器官克服关键的缺血期,同时可对离体器官进行抗生素治疗、再植前准备等操作,可将器官再植工作从高度紧急、危及生命的野战环境中转移到高度有条不紊、准备充分的医院中进行;毫无疑问,该设备可显著降低军人的残疾发生率。但来自动物模型的数据显示,目前的技术只能维持24 h的有效EVP,该时间不能满足伤员从一线战场转移至三级医疗中心,所以该设备未来的主要研究方向为如何尽可能地延长有效EVP时间。
虽然目前并没有离体阴茎或睾丸EVP的相关实验开展,但此项技术在肢体保存及心肺器官保存中的良好效果已经显示了EVP技术在LEI领域具有很好的应用前景,并且阴茎及睾丸体积小、所需血供少,因此开发针对离体阴茎和睾丸的便携式EVP设备或许更为容易。
阴茎和睾丸损伤会对患者心理产生严重影响,因此阴茎和睾丸的重建具有重要意义。目前对于阴茎及睾丸的重建主要包括器官移植和正在兴起的生物工程两类方法。
传统的阴茎修复主要依赖于自体皮肤移植物,该疗法对于较轻的阴茎损伤可取得较好的治疗效果,但对于严重的阴茎损伤或离断伤却很难取得满意的疗效,且泌尿系统和移植物相关并发症的发生率较高,相较之下,同种异体移植可重建真正的阴茎组织,可能是患者更好的治疗方案[61]。目前虽然阴茎移植方面的报道较少,但都取得了较好的效果。例如,Cetrulo等[62]为1例因阴茎癌行阴茎大部切除术的患者进行了美国的首例阴茎移植,术后效果良好;中国也有1例阴茎移植,虽然术后2周因患者及其妻子严重的心理障碍切除了移植物,但在这两周内移植物存活良好,且病理检查未发现排斥反应[63]。以上病例报道在一定程度上证实了阴茎移植的可行性,尤其在战场环境下或许可利用已故个体进行伤员的阴茎重建。也有研究发现,采用高压氧治疗对于阴茎再植后移植物的生存具有潜在益处[64],而阴部外动脉的吻合术有助于防止术后阴茎皮肤坏死[65]。以上研究结果表明,阴茎移植技术正在被不断发展和完善,未来可能成为外生殖器毁容性损伤军人的有希望的选择。
生物工程已经在泌尿系重建中悄然兴起,并且在动物模型中取得了较好的进展。组织生物工程的尿路修复材料可通过结合细胞、诱导因子和充当支架来模拟尿路的自然微环境[66],这样的支架适合细胞生长并起到机械支撑的作用,是细胞迁移和聚集的桥梁,可促进尿路进行近似自然的修复[67]。已有研究报道,通过简单球形支架可以重建膀胱,管状支架可用于重建尿路[68-69]。对于尿道修复材料,Tan等[67]认为微观核壳结构与宏观层状结构的结合可能是尿路修复材料一个很有前途的发展方向。对于阴茎重建,Andrew等[70]提出阴茎的生物组织工程研究应该集中在两个主要策略上:第一,纠正形态缺陷,以保持结构的完整性,能够使患者在站立状态下排尿;第二,实现勃起功能,能够使患者顺利进行性活动。虽然目前没有实际的研究成果应用于临床的阴茎重建,但以细胞为原料的3D生物打印技术提供了希望;3D生物打印技术可在一个步骤中同时处理多个细胞和生物材料,以生产具有复杂结构的移植物[71]。这种高度控制生物组织三维结构的能力正是泌尿系统组织工程所必需的。然而,睾丸的生物工程相关研究进展并不乐观,性腺组织中的细胞、激素、各类化学物质,以及其他因素之间的相互作用方面存在理论空白[72],因此性腺的生物工程重建仍需要探讨。
此外,可生物降解的支架在输尿管战创伤的治疗中也展现出良好的应用前景。目前已经有可生物降解的支架被引入泌尿外科,用于预防术后尿潴留和尿路狭窄[73]。尽管没有较多的文献支持其应用效果,但动物实验已经证实可生物降解的支架可完成保持输尿管开放和引流的任务,并在完成任务后自主降解,消除了支架取出的程序,同时输尿管损伤部位则被正常输尿管上皮所覆盖,损伤恢复良好;而且这种支架不会引起太大的组织反应,慢性刺激程度也较低[74-75]。与输尿管类似,此类可生物降解的输尿管支架在尿道损伤中也可能发挥很好的作用,但具体效果仍需要未来研究进行验证。
下尿路损伤导致死亡的主要原因是会阴部位血管损伤导致的失血性死亡[10,76];并且由于其部位的特殊性,无法进行常规的压迫止血。而对于填塞止血,大多数止血材料必须在12 h内从患者体内取出,这限制了它们在复杂情况下的适用性,在取出时还可能导致额外的出血[77]。因此,研发功效显著、生物相容性好、安全可靠、稳定性高的止血材料是一项极为迫切的任务。
目前各类止血材料中,对于会阴部位止血最具有应用前景的是形状记忆聚合物泡沫塑料(shape memory polymer foams,SMPF)。SMPF具有良好的生物相容性、高比表面积、快速引发血液凝结的能力,以及快速形状恢复以填塞伤口的特性[78]。动物模型实验发现,相较于美军目前使用的主流止血材料,SMPF使实验动物的6 h存活率提高了37%以上[79]。此外,为了解决止血材料必须从患者体内取出的难题,研究者还开发了可降解的SMPF;这些止血材料在动物实验中也展现出了良好的应用前景[77-78]。而Du等[80]将酚酸引入SMPF中,使得SMPF不仅具有其本身的止血效果,还获得了酚酸的抗菌和抗氧化性能,可以使伤员获得更多的益处。与此类似,Landsman等[81]将一种易于与元素碘络合的水凝胶复合物与SMPF相结合来改进SMPF,进一步研究发现,相较普通的SMPF,改进SMPF的吸液率提高了19倍,可快速恢复形态填塞止血,还可快速吸收水分、浓缩血液进而加快凝血进程;同时元素碘的加入使改进后的SMPF具有了良好的杀菌功能。
Gao等[82]介绍了一种多肽混合止血剂(hemostatic agent via polymer peptide interfusion,HAPPI),主要成分为胶原结合肽、血管性血友病因子结合肽以及透明质酸,其可直接于伤口内注射。HAPPI可选择性地与活化的血小板结合,并促进血小板于伤口处聚集,从而达到加快凝血的目的;而且冻干后的HAPPI可在室温下稳定保存数月,在很大程度上增加了其应用场景。在小鼠尾静脉撕裂模型中,HAPPI使出血时间和失血量均减少了97%以上;而在小鼠下腔静脉创伤模型中,HPPI使小鼠存活时间延长了284%;表明HPPI在浅表血管破裂和深部血管破裂的情况下,均具有良好的止血效果。
对于外生殖器等浅表部位出血,止血纱布是一个很好的选择。Yu等[83]研发了一种新型止血纱布,其是将胰蛋白酶固定在沸石纱布表面来达到止血的目的;动物模型已经证实,这种止血纱布在缩短止血时间和减少失血方面的止血性能优于目前大多数的止血敷料。
鉴于2009年以来伊拉克战场上LEI逐渐增多,尤其在徒步巡逻中遭遇IED的士兵有可能受到毁灭性的下肢和骨盆损伤,包括外生殖器损伤,美军为一线服役部队配发了骨盆保护系统,该系统包括一件防护内衣及一件凯夫拉外套[12-13,84],但目前没有明确的统计数据说明这一防护系统的具体防护效能。良好的防护是对战创伤有效的预防,虽然目前已经开发出了骨盆保护系统等针对LEI的防护装备,但受限于材料其舒适性仍较差,希望未来可开发出集舒适和保护功能于一体的防护装备。
英国已经提出并实施了在军事行动前进行精子冷冻保存的计划[9],对于被确认有较高的生殖器和会阴损伤风险的士兵(如参与地面巡逻的陆军部队),广泛的先行获取精子进行冻存可能是一种可行且有必要的选择[85]。此外,在伤情发生时也要主动地进行抢救性的精子冻存,尤其是睾丸严重损伤并估计无法重建时,而在没有睾丸或足够的睾丸组织的情况下,可以在精囊中尝试寻找精子[86]
GUI的损伤模式已经从内部结构逐渐转变为外部结构,LEI已成为GUI的主要构成部分,而目前对于LEI的治疗效果仍不尽人意,睾丸损伤后的切除率高达50%以上,阴茎毁容性损伤后也未有令人满意的治疗手段。而且LEI导致的死亡中会阴部血管损伤依然是主要因素。
未来GUI研究应逐渐将重心移向LEI。第一,小型便携的EVP装置以及用于会阴部的有效止血剂的研发迫在眉睫;第二,虽然目前阴茎移植案例很少,但在战争情况下利用已故个体进行器官移植可能是一个有希望的选择,因此有必要不断改进和完善移植程序,进而努力提高移植物的存活率;第三,目前生物工程技术已经在LEI后器官重建中展现出巨大的应用前景,不论是下尿路还是阴茎、睾丸,未来都有可能在生物工程技术及3D生物打印技术的结合下顺利完成重建;第四,对于年轻男性军人,LEI所带来的心理影响很大,因此必须建立完善的战后心理服务体系,为此类军人进行恰当的心理干预。
  • 联勤保障部队军事理论科研重点项目(JJ2022A06-B014)
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2024年第49卷第3期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2426.2023.0419
  • 接收时间:2022-11-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-18
  • 录用日期:2022-12-28
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Key Project of Military Theoretical Scientific Research of the Joint Logistics Support Force(JJ2022A06-B014)
联勤保障部队军事理论科研重点项目(JJ2022A06-B014)
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    1解放军总医院第三医学中心泌尿外科医学部,北京 100039
    2解放军医学院研究生院,北京 100017

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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