Article(id=1199335050840994466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2345.2023.0328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667750400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1670947200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-12-14, onlineDate=1763873358688, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873358688, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873358688, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873358688, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199335049175859209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873358291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874044185, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337926086721596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337926086721597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=272, endPage=279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199335052057342635, articleId=1199335050840994466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Analysis of disease burden of testicular cancer in China from 1990 to 2019, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the burden and changing trend of testicular cancer in China from 1990 to 2019. Methods Based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Database (GBD 2019), analyze the incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and their variation trend of testicular cancer in Chinese population from 1990 to 2019. Evaluating changes in age standardized rate (ASR) by calculating annual estimated percentage change (EAPC). According to the age grouping, analyze the age distribution characteristics of testicular cancer disease burden by age group. Results In 2019, the incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rate, and age-standardized mortality rate of testicular cancer in China were 17.17×103, 1.21×103, 2.39/105, and 0.16/105, respectively. Compared to 1990, incident cases, deaths, and age-standardized incidence rate increased obviously in China, which was consistent with the global change trend, while the increase was higher than the global level. However, both Chinese and global age-standardized mortality rate showed a downward trend. From 1990 to 2019, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs of testicular cancer increased by 29.66%, 9.83% and 720.91% respectively in China. The two age groups, 0-15 years group and 30-35 years group, were with highest incidence of testicular cancer, while the highest disease burden of testicular cancer was 30-35 years. Conclusion From 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of testicular cancer in China showed an upward trend. Adolescents and young adults should be the priority population for screening and prevention due to their higher incidence and disease burden.

, correspAuthors=Xian-Tao Zeng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 分析1990-2019年中国睾丸癌疾病负担及变化趋势。方法 基于2019年全球疾病负担数据库(GBD 2019),分析1990-2019年中国人群睾丸癌的发病、死亡、伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLLs)、伤残损失寿命年(YLDs)及其变化趋势。通过计算年估计变化百分比(EAPC)评估年龄标准化率(ASR)的变化。按照年龄分组,分析睾丸癌疾病负担的年龄分布特点。结果 2019年中国睾丸癌发病例数为17.17×103例,死亡例数为1.21×103例,年龄标准化发病率为2.39/10万,年龄标准化死亡率为0.16/10万。与1990年相比,发病例数、死亡例数、年龄标准化发病率均明显增加或增高,与全球变化趋势一致,而增幅均高于全球水平,但中国和全球年龄标准化死亡率均呈现下降趋势。1990-2019年,中国睾丸癌的DALYs、YLLs、YLDs均明显上升,分别增加了29.66%、9.83%、720.91%。0~15岁和30~35岁是睾丸癌高发的两个年龄段,30~35岁是我国睾丸癌疾病负担最重的年龄段。结论 1990-2019年中国睾丸癌的疾病负担整体呈上升趋势。儿童和青壮年发病率较高、疾病负担较重,应作为睾丸癌的重点筛查及防治人群。

, correspAuthors=曾宪涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曾宪涛,E-mail:
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唐诗迪,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿外科相关疾病的基础与临床研究

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唐诗迪,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿外科相关疾病的基础与临床研究

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唐诗迪,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿外科相关疾病的基础与临床研究

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J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(32): 3561-3573., articleTitle=Testicular cancer in the cisplatin era: causes of death and mortality rates in a population-based cohort, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199352823197565554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=30, issue=05, pageStart=328, pageEnd=335, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=訾豪, 彭谋, 王江宜, journalName=医学新知, refType=null, unstructuredReference=訾豪, 彭谋, 王江宜, 等. 1990-2017年中国膀胱癌疾病负担分析[J]. 医学新知, 2020, 30(05): 328-335., articleTitle=1990-2017年中国膀胱癌疾病负担分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199352823256285811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=4, pageStart=249, pageEnd=256, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=李路遥, 郑忠立, 甘信利, journalName=医学新知, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李路遥, 郑忠立, 甘信利, 等. 1990年与2017年中国8种消化道疾病的疾病负担分析[J]. 医学新知, 2021, 31(4): 249-256., articleTitle=1990年与2017年中国8种消化道疾病的疾病负担分析, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1199352818676105781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Development and Reform Commission and the National Health Commission Difficult Disease (Tumor Direction) Diagnosis and Treatment Capacity Enhancement Project (Development and Reform Office Social [2018] No. 347), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199352818743214649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家发改委、国家卫健委疑难病症(肿瘤方向)诊治能力提升工程项目(发改办社会[2018]347号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1199352812585976222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199352812594364831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, companyId=1199352812585976222, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199352812602753440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, companyId=1199352812585976222, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1武汉大学中南医院泌尿外科,湖北武汉 430071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1199352812674056613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199352812682445223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, companyId=1199352812674056613, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199352812690833832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, companyId=1199352812674056613, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2武汉大学中南医院循证与转化医学中心,湖北武汉 430071)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199352816583148043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends in the incidence and mortality of testicular cancer in China and globally from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=2V/fsIVm3nQceODmPLIuCg==, figureFileBig=s/OfCmHpIFWwMt/S8tjG0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352816700588559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990-2019年中国和全球睾丸癌发病例数和死亡例数变化趋势, figureFileSmall=2V/fsIVm3nQceODmPLIuCg==, figureFileBig=s/OfCmHpIFWwMt/S8tjG0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352816809640467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trends in DALYs, YLL, and YLDs of testicular cancer in China and their age standardized rates from 1990 to 2019, figureFileSmall=YQXNqd7htA35mvXNcRFIRQ==, figureFileBig=8rvK/egiHaNccnE6EE2pZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352816893526550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990-2019年中国睾丸癌DALYs、YLLs和YLDs及其年龄标准化率变化趋势

DALYs. 伤残调整寿命年;YLLs. 过早死亡损失寿命年;YLDs. 伤残损失寿命年;A. DALYs、YLL和YLDs变化趋势;B. DALYs、YLL和YLDs年龄标准化率的变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=YQXNqd7htA35mvXNcRFIRQ==, figureFileBig=8rvK/egiHaNccnE6EE2pZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352816956441113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The proportion of four common urogenital system tumors DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs in China in 1990 and 2019, figureFileSmall=Hgpb/7IWoZUT00OUD4LxqA==, figureFileBig=CNebU6x6YrppuM2j7Iq33w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352817019355676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1990年和2019年中国4种常见泌尿生殖系统肿瘤DALYs、YLLs和YLDs占比

DALYs. 伤残调整寿命年;YLLs. 过早死亡损失寿命年;YLDs. 伤残损失寿命年

, figureFileSmall=Hgpb/7IWoZUT00OUD4LxqA==, figureFileBig=CNebU6x6YrppuM2j7Iq33w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352817078075935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Incidence, mortality, DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs of testicular cancer in different age groups in China in 2019, figureFileSmall=BxQYjJ1jwz0xLwhBglqscQ==, figureFileBig=KYRsIUIRXN57+y56dKDkoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352817166156323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2019年中国不同年龄段的睾丸癌发病、死亡、DALYs、YLLs、YLDs情况

DALYs. 伤残调整寿命年;YLLs. 过早死亡损失寿命年;YLDs. 伤残损失寿命年

, figureFileSmall=BxQYjJ1jwz0xLwhBglqscQ==, figureFileBig=KYRsIUIRXN57+y56dKDkoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199352817250042405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Analysis of incidence and mortality of testicular cancer in China and world in 1990, 2015, and 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标全球中国
发病例数(千例)
199051.89(41.49~61.39)3.23(2.56~4.40)
200575.88(63.47~87.09)7.16(6.13~8.61)
2019109.31(93.37~129.45)17.17(13.72~21.57)
总体变化率(%)2.115.31

年龄标准化发病率
(1/10万)

19901.93(1.56~2.23)0.56(0.45~0.75)
20052.29(1.91~2.62)1.12(0.95~1.37)
20192.79(2.36~3.33)2.39(1.90~3.00)
EAPC(95%CI)1.31(1.28~1.34)5.38(5.23~5.54)
死亡例数(千例)
19907.22(6.79~7.91)0.78(0.65~0.91)
20058.47(8.03~9.33)0.92(0.82~1.06)
201910.84(9.96~11.90)1.21(0.96~1.47)
总体变化率(%)1.501.54

年龄标准化死亡率
(1/10万)

19900.31(0.29~0.33)0.16(0.13~0.18)
20050.28(0.26~0.30)0.15(0.13~0.16)
20190.28(0.26~0.31)0.16(0.13~0.19)
EAPC(95%CI)-0.33(-0.42~-0.24)-0.42(-0.63~-0.22)
), ArticleFig(id=1199352817375871529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990年、2005年、2019年中国和全球睾丸癌发病及死亡情况分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标全球中国
发病例数(千例)
199051.89(41.49~61.39)3.23(2.56~4.40)
200575.88(63.47~87.09)7.16(6.13~8.61)
2019109.31(93.37~129.45)17.17(13.72~21.57)
总体变化率(%)2.115.31

年龄标准化发病率
(1/10万)

19901.93(1.56~2.23)0.56(0.45~0.75)
20052.29(1.91~2.62)1.12(0.95~1.37)
20192.79(2.36~3.33)2.39(1.90~3.00)
EAPC(95%CI)1.31(1.28~1.34)5.38(5.23~5.54)
死亡例数(千例)
19907.22(6.79~7.91)0.78(0.65~0.91)
20058.47(8.03~9.33)0.92(0.82~1.06)
201910.84(9.96~11.90)1.21(0.96~1.47)
总体变化率(%)1.501.54

年龄标准化死亡率
(1/10万)

19900.31(0.29~0.33)0.16(0.13~0.18)
20050.28(0.26~0.30)0.15(0.13~0.16)
20190.28(0.26~0.31)0.16(0.13~0.19)
EAPC(95%CI)-0.33(-0.42~-0.24)-0.42(-0.63~-0.22)
), ArticleFig(id=1199352817442980396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of DALYs, YLL, and YLDs for Chinese testicular cancer patients in 1990, 2015, and 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目DALYsYLLsYLDs
例数(千人/年)年龄标准化发病率(1/10万)例数(千人/年)年龄标准化发病率(1/10万)例数(千人/年)年龄标准化发病率(1/10万)
199039.45(33.11~45.47)6.43(5.42~7.41)38.35(31.87~44.37)6.25(5.25~7.22)1.10(0.70~1.65)0.18(0.12~0.27)
200543.20(38.84~49.83)6.06(5.47~6.94)39.77(35.58~46.23)5.53(4.99~6.35)3.43(2.26~4.96)0.53(0.34~0.77)
201951.15(42.02~61.19)6.70(5.52~7.90)42.12(34.01~51.17)5.45(4.44~6.58)9.03(5.88~13.18)1.25(0.80~1.83)
总体变化率(%)129.66-109.83-820.91-
EAPC(95%CI)--0.25(-0.46~-0.05)--0.93(-1.15~-0.72)-7.19(6.98~7.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1199352818529305135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050840994466, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990年、2005年和2019年中国睾丸癌患者DALYs、YLL和YLDs对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目DALYsYLLsYLDs
例数(千人/年)年龄标准化发病率(1/10万)例数(千人/年)年龄标准化发病率(1/10万)例数(千人/年)年龄标准化发病率(1/10万)
199039.45(33.11~45.47)6.43(5.42~7.41)38.35(31.87~44.37)6.25(5.25~7.22)1.10(0.70~1.65)0.18(0.12~0.27)
200543.20(38.84~49.83)6.06(5.47~6.94)39.77(35.58~46.23)5.53(4.99~6.35)3.43(2.26~4.96)0.53(0.34~0.77)
201951.15(42.02~61.19)6.70(5.52~7.90)42.12(34.01~51.17)5.45(4.44~6.58)9.03(5.88~13.18)1.25(0.80~1.83)
总体变化率(%)129.66-109.83-820.91-
EAPC(95%CI)--0.25(-0.46~-0.05)--0.93(-1.15~-0.72)-7.19(6.98~7.39)
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1990-2019年中国睾丸癌疾病负担分析
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唐诗迪 1, 2 , 訾豪 1, 2 , 朱聪 1, 2 , 王永博 2 , 曾宪涛 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(3): 272-279
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(3): 272-279
1990-2019年中国睾丸癌疾病负担分析
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唐诗迪1, 2, 訾豪1, 2, 朱聪1, 2, 王永博2, 曾宪涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉大学中南医院泌尿外科,湖北武汉 430071
  • 2武汉大学中南医院循证与转化医学中心,湖北武汉 430071
  • 唐诗迪,硕士研究生,主要从事泌尿外科相关疾病的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

曾宪涛,E-mail:
Analysis of disease burden of testicular cancer in China from 1990 to 2019
Shi-Di Tang1, 2, Hao Zi1, 2, Cong Zhu1, 2, Yong-Bo Wang2, Xian-Tao Zeng1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
  • 2Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2345.2023.0328
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目的 分析1990-2019年中国睾丸癌疾病负担及变化趋势。方法 基于2019年全球疾病负担数据库(GBD 2019),分析1990-2019年中国人群睾丸癌的发病、死亡、伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLLs)、伤残损失寿命年(YLDs)及其变化趋势。通过计算年估计变化百分比(EAPC)评估年龄标准化率(ASR)的变化。按照年龄分组,分析睾丸癌疾病负担的年龄分布特点。结果 2019年中国睾丸癌发病例数为17.17×103例,死亡例数为1.21×103例,年龄标准化发病率为2.39/10万,年龄标准化死亡率为0.16/10万。与1990年相比,发病例数、死亡例数、年龄标准化发病率均明显增加或增高,与全球变化趋势一致,而增幅均高于全球水平,但中国和全球年龄标准化死亡率均呈现下降趋势。1990-2019年,中国睾丸癌的DALYs、YLLs、YLDs均明显上升,分别增加了29.66%、9.83%、720.91%。0~15岁和30~35岁是睾丸癌高发的两个年龄段,30~35岁是我国睾丸癌疾病负担最重的年龄段。结论 1990-2019年中国睾丸癌的疾病负担整体呈上升趋势。儿童和青壮年发病率较高、疾病负担较重,应作为睾丸癌的重点筛查及防治人群。

睾丸癌  /  疾病负担  /  发病率  /  死亡率  /  伤残调整寿命年

Objective To analyze the burden and changing trend of testicular cancer in China from 1990 to 2019. Methods Based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Database (GBD 2019), analyze the incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and their variation trend of testicular cancer in Chinese population from 1990 to 2019. Evaluating changes in age standardized rate (ASR) by calculating annual estimated percentage change (EAPC). According to the age grouping, analyze the age distribution characteristics of testicular cancer disease burden by age group. Results In 2019, the incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rate, and age-standardized mortality rate of testicular cancer in China were 17.17×103, 1.21×103, 2.39/105, and 0.16/105, respectively. Compared to 1990, incident cases, deaths, and age-standardized incidence rate increased obviously in China, which was consistent with the global change trend, while the increase was higher than the global level. However, both Chinese and global age-standardized mortality rate showed a downward trend. From 1990 to 2019, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs of testicular cancer increased by 29.66%, 9.83% and 720.91% respectively in China. The two age groups, 0-15 years group and 30-35 years group, were with highest incidence of testicular cancer, while the highest disease burden of testicular cancer was 30-35 years. Conclusion From 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of testicular cancer in China showed an upward trend. Adolescents and young adults should be the priority population for screening and prevention due to their higher incidence and disease burden.

testicular cancer  /  disease burden  /  incidence  /  mortality  /  disability-adjusted life years
唐诗迪, 訾豪, 朱聪, 王永博, 曾宪涛. 1990-2019年中国睾丸癌疾病负担分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (3) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2345.2023.0328
Shi-Di Tang, Hao Zi, Cong Zhu, Yong-Bo Wang, Xian-Tao Zeng. Analysis of disease burden of testicular cancer in China from 1990 to 2019[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (3) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2345.2023.0328
睾丸癌是年轻男性的常见恶性肿瘤之一[1-2]。最新癌症统计显示,睾丸癌发病例数在男性肿瘤中排名第8位[3],在<5岁儿童肿瘤中排名第3位[4]。据预测,睾丸癌的疾病负担在未来15年仍将进一步加重[5],成为威胁男性健康的重要公共卫生问题。睾丸癌的发病机制尚未完全明确,但隐睾症被认为会显著增加其发病风险,患有隐睾症的男孩罹患睾丸癌的概率是正常男孩的3倍[6-7]。此外,尿道下裂、少精子症、遗传因素、环境因素以及一些不良生活方式也被认为是睾丸癌的高危因素[8-11]。随着医疗综合诊治水平的不断提高,睾丸癌的预后通常相对较好,5年生存率可高于90%;但伴随疾病产生的经济压力和身心压力仍可造成严重的疾病负担[12-13]。因此,对我国睾丸癌进行流行病学研究将有利于疾病的科学防控及相关卫生健康政策的制定。本研究基于2019年全球疾病负担数据库(Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,GBD 2019),对1990-2019年我国睾丸癌的疾病负担及变化趋势进行分析,以期为我国睾丸癌防治政策的制定提供参考依据。
本研究数据来源于GBD 2019数据库,所有数据通过GBD官方网站的全球健康数据交换查询工具获得(https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results)。GBD 2019采用标准的、可重复的方法,全面、科学地评估了全球204个国家和地区的369种疾病的伤害和87种危险因素所引起的健康损失[14-15]。对于中国的疾病负担评估,GBD 2019利用了多种数据来源,死因数据主要来自中国疾病监测点系统死因监测和中国疾病预防控制中心死因登记报告信息等,发病数据则来自文献的系统回顾等途径[16-17]。根据国际疾病分类第9版(the 9th International Classification of Diseases,ICD-9)和第10版(ICD-10)的分类,睾丸癌的编码包括C62-C62.9、D29.2-D29.8、D40.1-D40.8、186-186.9、222.0、222.3、236.4[14]
提取GBD 2019中1990-2019年全球及中国的睾丸癌数据,运用发病率、死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)、过早死亡损失寿命年(years of life lost,YLLs)、伤残损失寿命年(years lived with disability,YLDs)及其年龄标准化率(age-standardized rate,ASR)对中国人群睾丸癌的流行病学趋势进行描述。YLLs为死亡人数(N)与死亡年龄的标准预期寿命(L)的乘积,即YLLs=N×L;YLDs为患病人数(P)与伤残权重(DW)的乘积,即YLDs=P×DW,而DALYs是将YLLs与YLDs结合起来综合评估疾病负担的重要指标,DALYs=YLLs+YLDs[18]。同时依据GBD 2019提供的年龄分组,每5岁作为为一个年龄组,将睾丸癌患者分为15个年龄组进行亚组分析。为进一步阐明中国睾丸癌的疾病负担,在GBD 2019中另选取3种常见的泌尿生殖系统肿瘤(膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌)进行对比分析。
关于GBD 2019疾病负担评估的方法学及详细评估过程参见文献[14-15]。ASR= i=1AaiWii=1AWi×100 000,其中ai代表ith年龄组的ASR,Wi代表所选参考标准人群中同一ith年龄组的人数(或权重),A代表年龄组的数量[19]。此外,使用年变化百分比(estimated annual percentage changes,EAPC)评估ASR在一定时间段内的变化趋势,年估计变化百分比衡量指定时间内标化率的时间变化趋势,以评估当前预防策略的有效性。其计算方式为:以年份作为自变量x,率的对数作为因变量y,拟合直线,即y=α+βx+ε,进而计算EAPC。EAPC=100×[exp(β)-1]。当EAPC及其95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)均大于0时,表明ASR呈上升趋势,反之ASR呈下降趋势[20-21]。所有统计学分析和数据可视化使用R软件(4.0.5版)和Microsoft Excel(2019)完成。
2019年中国睾丸癌发病例数为17.17×103例,死亡例数为1.21×103例,分别占全球发病例数(109.31×103例)和死亡例数(10.84×103例)的15.71%和11.16%。与1990年相比,2019年中国睾丸癌发病例数增加了431.58%,死亡例数增加了55.13%;全球睾丸癌发病例数增加了111.07%,死亡例数增加了50.14%。中国睾丸癌发病例数及死亡例数增幅均高于全球水平(表1),且中国及全球睾丸癌发病例数及死亡例数自1990年以来均呈逐年上升趋势(图1)。
与1990年相比,2019年中国年龄标准化发病率由0.56/10万增至2.39/10万,EAPC为5.38(95%CI 5.23~5.54),年龄标准化死亡率维持0.16/10万,EAPC为-0.42(95%CI -0.63~-0.22) (表1)。近30年,中国及全球的年龄标准化发病率均呈逐年上升趋势,虽然中国年龄标准化发病率始终低于全球同期水平,但增幅明显高于全球水平,EAPC为全球的4.11倍,2019年中国睾丸癌年龄标准化发病率已接近全球水平。中国和全球的睾丸癌年龄标准化死亡率均呈下降趋势(表1图1)。
中国睾丸癌DALYs、YLLs仅在2000-2010年间呈下降趋势,1990-2000年、2010-2019年则均呈上升趋势,而YLDs于1990-2019年呈逐年上升趋势(图2A)。与1990年对比,2019年中国睾丸癌DALYs、YLLs、YLDs均上升,分别增加了29.66%、9.83%和720.91%(表2)。
年龄标准化DALYs率及YLLs率2000-2010年呈下降趋势,其余年份呈上升趋势,而年龄标准化YLDs率则30年间呈现逐年上升趋势(图2B)。与1990年相比,仅年龄标准化YLDs率呈上升趋势,EAPC为7.19(95%CI 6.98~7.39),年龄标准化DALYs率及YLLs率均呈下降趋势,EAPC分别为-0.25(95%CI -0.46~-0.05)和-0.93(95%CI -1.15~-0.72) (表1)。
在膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌4种泌尿生殖系统肿瘤中,睾丸癌DALYs、YLLs、YLDs均占比最低,2019年分别占比2.36%、2.11%、5.25%。与1990年相比,2019年睾丸癌DALYs和YLLs占比降低,分别降低了49.46%和55.01%,而YLDs占比增高,增高了22.95%(图3)。
30~35岁是我国睾丸癌疾病负担最严重的年龄段。0~15岁和30~35岁是睾丸癌高发的两个年龄段,而死亡率则随着年龄的增加逐渐增高。30~35岁和>80岁是DALYs率和YLLs率较高的两个年龄段,DALYs率和YLLs率在0~30岁及>60岁年龄段逐步增高,在35~60岁年龄段逐步降低。而最高的YLDs率出现在30~35岁年龄段(图4)。
本研究基于GBD 2019数据库分析了1990-2019年我国睾丸癌疾病负担及其变化趋势,结果显示,与1990年相比,2019年我国睾丸癌的发病例数、死亡例数和年龄标准化发病率均明显增加或增高,而年龄标准化死亡率呈下降趋势。30年来,我国DALYs、YLLs、YLDs均明显上升,总体疾病负担增加,但年龄标准化DALYs率及YLLs率略有下降。中国4种常见泌尿生殖系统肿瘤疾病对比分析显示,2019年睾丸癌DALYs和YLLs占比下降,YLDs占比增高。30~35岁是我国睾丸癌疾病负担最严重的年龄段。0~15岁和30~35岁是睾丸癌高发的两个年龄段,而死亡率则随着年龄的增加逐渐增高。
1990-2019年中国睾丸癌发病例数和年龄标准化发病率明显增加或增高,与全球趋势一致。既往研究也表明,睾丸癌在全球及中国的发病率均持续上升[22],2020年全球及中国睾丸癌的新发病例分别达到74 500例和4502例[23],与本研究结果一致。睾丸癌流行的确切原因尚未完全阐明,但其不可避免受到全球人口基数增长的影响。此外,医疗设施及医学水平不断提高,多元化的检查手段如超声诊断技术、穿刺活检技术、肿瘤标志物测定等应用于睾丸癌的筛查及诊断,均提高了睾丸癌的检出率[24]。1990-2019年,全球和中国的发病例数分别增长了111.07%和431.58%,年龄标准化发病率的EAPC分别为1.31及5.38,中国的增幅明显高于全球水平。睾丸癌发病率存在显著的地区异质性,欧洲是睾丸癌的高发地区[23],非西班牙裔白人的睾丸癌发病率最高[25],反映出该疾病的种族和遗传倾向。中国不属睾丸癌的高发地区,其发病率不断上升可能是因为随着中国经济社会不断发展,人们健康意识提高和体检观念得到普及使得睾丸癌筛查人群逐渐扩大、检出率不断提高;同时也可能与西方化的生活方式、环境改变及化学物质和药物的暴露有关[23]。因此,需要因地制宜的健康策略及有效的防治政策来控制睾丸癌疾病的流行。
近30年,虽然中国睾丸癌死亡例数呈上升趋势,但年龄标准化死亡率的整体趋势为下降。年龄标准化死亡率下降可能与众多因素相关:第一,药物治疗疗效不断提高。以铂类药物为基础的化疗方案的应用显著提高了睾丸癌患者的生存率,5年生存率已从20世纪50年代的<30%上升至现在的>95%[26]。第二,睾丸癌多学科综合治疗的发展。随着手术、放疗、化疗和综合治疗水平的不断提高,不同分期、不同类型睾丸癌患者的预后均有所改善[7]。第三,睾丸癌早期诊治降低了其病死率[27]。对于诊断为Ⅰ期的睾丸癌,其5年生存率接近100%,但转移性睾丸癌的复发率高且预后差,睾丸癌脑转移患者1年生存率甚至<50%[28]。值得注意的是,从逐年变化趋势来看,1990-2010年年龄标准化死亡率下降,2010-2019年出现上升,表明我国睾丸癌患者的年龄标准化死亡率近年来有反弹上升趋势,因此仍需进一步加强睾丸癌的预防、早期筛查和疾病相关知识的普及。更重要的是对于睾丸癌的诊疗体系仍需完善及探索,以此进一步改善我国睾丸癌患者的预后。
1990-2019年,中国睾丸癌疾病负担明显上升,虽然2000-2010年DALYs和YLLs出现下降,但DALYs、YLLs、YLDs总体均呈现上升趋势。睾丸癌具有发病年龄较早、预后相对较好的特点,所以生存期的延长、心理负担和经济负担的加剧可能是疾病负担增高的重要原因[23]。随着生存期延长,疾病治疗周期也随之延长,治疗所需费用、收入损失和劳动力损失也将逐步增多,导致患者的直接经济负担和间接经济负担加重,尤其是接受多周期化疗的晚期睾丸癌患者[29-30]。中国睾丸癌患者住院治疗的平均支出为1577.7美元/次,门诊治疗的平均支出为109.7美元/次[31],而因睾丸癌死亡而产生的生产力损失更是高达每人66 583美元[32]。此外,治疗相关不良反应、并发症(如性功能障碍和不孕症)、焦虑和对肿瘤复发的恐惧也会造成严重的心理压力和隐形经济负担,并且随疾病治疗周期的延长而逐步加重[33-34]。因此,睾丸癌疾病负担仍是我国医疗保健系统需面对的重要问题。2000-2010年DALYs和YLLs下降的确切原因仍未明确,可能与我国患者健康意识增强、术后管理改进以及相关危险因素暴露减少有关[35]。有研究表明,虽然不同临床分期的治疗方案不同,但术后主动监测与定期随访都是疗程中的重要组成部分;尤其对于临床分期较晚的患者,良好的主动监测能及时针对病情变化调整治疗方案,从而改善预后和降低疾病负担[36]
通过对年龄组分析发现,与大多数肿瘤不同,睾丸癌在儿童和青壮年时期高发,这一结论与全球睾丸癌的流行病学特点相似。既往研究表明,睾丸癌是14~45岁男性较常见的恶性肿瘤[23]。这主要是源于睾丸癌不同的病理分型及其病理学机制。根据WHO 2016年对于睾丸癌的分型,睾丸癌绝大多数(>95%)为生殖细胞肿瘤(TGCTs)[37]。Ⅰ型TGCTs通常发生于青春期之前,而Ⅱ型TGCTs更多发生于成年期[38-39]。此外,本研究还发现,老年睾丸癌患者的病死率明显更高,这与既往研究结论一致[40-41]。日本泌尿外科协会的一项涉及274家医疗机构、共纳入1137例睾丸癌患者的研究显示,与年轻患者相比,老年患者的睾丸癌预后较差[40]。这可归结为以下两点主要原因:首先,老年患者对睾丸癌治疗的耐受性较差,如3种主要化疗药物顺铂、博莱霉素和依托泊苷对老年人的毒性更大[42-43];其次,老年睾丸癌患者有更多的基础疾病及并发症,其非肿瘤原因的死亡更多[44]
本研究存在一定的局限性:第一,GBD数据库中不包括中国各省份的详细数据,对于各省份之间的疾病负担差异及变化趋势暂无法分析及阐述[45-46];第二,睾丸癌的不同病理亚型和临床分期尚未细分,不同分型和不同分期可能导致疾病负担存在较大差异;第三,本研究疾病负担结果非真实观测值,其准确性仍需进一步验证。因此,未来我国可进一步开展全国性的大规模流行病学研究以验证及分析全国各个地区的睾丸癌疾病负担。尽管存在以上局限性,但本研究仍可为评估我国睾丸癌疾病负担提供重要参考依据。
综上所述,1990-2019年,我国睾丸癌疾病负担日益严重,发病例数、年龄标准化发病率、死亡例数均呈快速上升趋势,而年龄标准化死亡率无明显变化。与1990年相比,DALYs、YLLs、YLDs均明显上升,年龄标准化DALYs率及YLLs率呈下降趋势,年龄标准化YLDs率呈上升趋势。30~40岁是我国睾丸癌疾病负担最严重的年龄段,发病负担在0~15岁及30~35岁年龄段较高,死亡负担及伤残负担最高出现在>80岁年龄段。因此,进一步加强我国睾丸癌的防治工作刻不容缓,同时也需加强对于高发人群的筛查、完善睾丸癌诊治体系、制定合适的医疗保障制度来降低我国睾丸癌的疾病负担。
  • 国家发改委、国家卫健委疑难病症(肿瘤方向)诊治能力提升工程项目(发改办社会[2018]347号)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2345.2023.0328
  • 接收时间:2022-11-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-07
  • 录用日期:2022-12-14
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National Development and Reform Commission and the National Health Commission Difficult Disease (Tumor Direction) Diagnosis and Treatment Capacity Enhancement Project (Development and Reform Office Social [2018] No. 347)
国家发改委、国家卫健委疑难病症(肿瘤方向)诊治能力提升工程项目(发改办社会[2018]347号)
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    1武汉大学中南医院泌尿外科,湖北武汉 430071
    2武汉大学中南医院循证与转化医学中心,湖北武汉 430071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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