Article(id=1199335050442535585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1494.2023.0427, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657123200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1659110400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-30, onlineDate=1763873358592, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873358592, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873358592, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873358592, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199335049175859209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873358291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874044185, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337926086721596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337926086721597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335049175859209, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=288, endPage=296, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199335051583386278, articleId=1199335050442535585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Role of PNEC and GABA in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the role of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) and γ‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) in patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNET). Methods The pathological specimens of 29 cases of PNET treated in the eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from October 2018 to January 2022 were collected. The morphological characteristics were observed by HE staining, and the expression levels of synaptophysin (Syn), chromogranin A (CgA), CD56, Ki-67, CD86 and CD163 were observed by immunohistochemical staining. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67 in different types of PNETs were detected by double antibody immunofluorescence co-staining, and the correlation between GAD65/67 positive PNEC and macrophage polarization was analyzed. Results The results of HE staining showed that all four types of PNET tissues had neuroendocrine (NE) characteristics: rosette structure and organ nesting or palisade pattern, but they were different, and the proportion of mitotic cells from low to high was typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive expression rate of Syn and CgA and the positive degree of Syn, CgA and CD56 in carcinoid (TC and AC) were significantly higher than those in LCNEC and SCLC (P<0.05). The Ki-67 indices of the four types of PNET are: TC <5%, AC 5%-20%, LCNEC and SCLC >75% respectively. The number of PNEC in carcinoid was significantly higher than that in LCNEC, SCLC and paratumoral tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the number of PNEC between LCNEC and SCLC and para-tumor tissues (P>0.05). The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of GAD65/67 positive cells co-expressing GAD65/67 in 95%PNEC was significantly higher than that in LCNEC, SCLC and para-tumor tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between LCNEC and SCLC GAD65/67 positive cells and para-tumor tissues (P>0.05). The results of immunohistochemical staining also showed that the number of CD86 positive M1 macrophages was significantly higher than that of CD163 positive M2 macrophages in para-tumor tissues (P<0.05), while M2 macrophages were significantly more than M1 macrophages in AC, LCNEC and SCLC (P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the number of GAD65/67 positive PNEC cells in PNET was negatively correlated with the number of CD163 positive M2 macrophages in tumor stroma (r=-0.6336, P=0.0174). Conclusions PNEC is the main source of GABA in lung tissue and plays an immunomodulatory role in the lung, which may be involved in the progression of PNET.

, correspAuthors=Tao Zhang, Li Xiao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Xiao Li , E-mail:
Zhang Tao, E-mail:
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目的 探讨肺神经内分泌细胞(PNEC)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)在肺神经内分泌肿瘤(PNET)患者中的作用。方法 收集2018年10月-2022年1月解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部胸外科收治的29例PNET患者的病理标本,采用HE染色观察形态学特征,免疫组织化学染色观察突触素(Syn)、嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)、CD56、Ki-67、CD86和CD163的表达水平,双抗体免疫荧光共染检测不同类型PNET中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)65/67的表达情况,并分析GAD65/67阳性PNEC与巨噬细胞极化的相关性。结果 HE染色结果显示,4种类型的PNET组织均具有神经内分泌特征——玫瑰花样结构和器官嵌套或栅栏状图案,但各有差异;有丝分裂细胞占比由低到高为典型类癌(TC)、不典型类癌(AC)、大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNEC)、小细胞肺癌(SCLC)。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,类癌(TC和AC)的Syn、CgA阳性表达率及Syn、CgA、CD56阳性程度均明显高于LCNEC和SCLC(P<0.05)。4类PNET的Ki-67指数分别为:TC<5%,AC 5%~20%,LCNEC和SCLC均>75%。类癌的PNEC数量明显高于LCNEC、SCLC和瘤旁组织(P<0.05);LCNEC和SCLC的PNEC数量与瘤旁组织比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,95%的PNEC共表达GAD65/67;类癌GAD65/67阳性细胞数明显增多于LCNEC、SCLC和瘤旁组织(P<0.05);LCNEC和SCLC的GAD65/67阳性细胞数与瘤旁组织比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫组织化学染色结果还显示,瘤旁组织中CD86阳性 M1巨噬细胞明显多于CD163阳性 M2巨噬细胞(P<0.05);而在AC、LCNEC和SCLC中,M2巨噬细胞均明显多于M1巨噬细胞(P<0.01)。相关性分析显示,PNET中GAD65/67阳性PNEC细胞数与肿瘤间质中CD163阳性M2巨噬细胞数呈负相关(r=-0.6336,P=0.0174)。结论 PNEC是肺组织中GABA的主要来源,在肺中发挥免疫调节作用,可能参与PNET的进展。

, correspAuthors=张涛, 肖漓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
肖漓,E-mail:
张涛,E-mail:
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赵小琼,硕士研究生,主要从事呼吸系统疾病的基础研究

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2解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部研究所/北京市器官移植与免疫调节重点实验室,北京 100091, bio={"content":"

赵小琼,硕士研究生,主要从事呼吸系统疾病的基础研究

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赵小琼,硕士研究生,主要从事呼吸系统疾病的基础研究

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A. 典型类癌(n=4),细胞核“盐和胡椒”染色质,无明显核仁、坏死和有丝分裂;B. 不典型类癌(n=3),核分裂象高和(或)有点状坏死;C. 大细胞神经内分泌癌(n=11),玫瑰花环和栅栏状图案,可见泡状染色质和突出的核仁,其他区域可见粉刺样坏死和高核分裂象;D. 小细胞肺癌(n=11),弥漫性小圆形、梭形细胞,胞质稀少,核仁不明显或缺失,核染色质细小,其他部位可见局限性坏死和高核分裂象

, figureFileSmall=phn40wXOOSQgjNxy7h0wYA==, figureFileBig=/1D+CplQw5UXGu/vXceb5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335058755646398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=CD56, CgA, Syn, Ki-67 in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (immunohistochemical staining ×200), figureFileSmall=AjB4K3AO50UUf+g0PwTDIg==, figureFileBig=PRzoEkPI+qqmpoNEEE9J1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335058923418566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肺神经内分泌肿瘤中CD56、CgA、Syn、Ki-67的表达情况(免疫组织化学染色 ×200)

TC. 典型类癌;AC不典型类癌;LCNEC. 大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC. 小细胞肺癌;Syn. 突触素;CgA. 嗜铬粒蛋白A

, figureFileSmall=AjB4K3AO50UUf+g0PwTDIg==, figureFileBig=PRzoEkPI+qqmpoNEEE9J1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335059036664781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Distribution and number of CGRP-positive PNEC in paratumor and four types of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (immunofluorescence staining ×400), figureFileSmall=2pF0/DzgppZLiHr+la6AKA==, figureFileBig=PlEZIOQQ75/k6A7AS2cNWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335059229602774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=CN, label=图3, caption=瘤旁组织和4类肺神经内分泌肿瘤中CGRP阳性PNEC的分布及数量(免疫荧光染色 ×400)

TC. 典型类癌;AC. 不典型类癌;LCNEC. 大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC. 小细胞肺癌;CGRP. 降钙素基因相关肽;PNEC. 肺神经内分泌细胞;箭头所示为若干PNEC聚集形成的神经上皮小体;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001;****P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=2pF0/DzgppZLiHr+la6AKA==, figureFileBig=PlEZIOQQ75/k6A7AS2cNWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060362064865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution and quantity of GAD65/67-positive cells in paratumor and four types of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (immunofluorescence staining ×400), figureFileSmall=qgm0AVlYwQPD+fPkHjuwWQ==, figureFileBig=Js9NyAqvPLDSpM3ufaZ8Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060445950946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=CN, label=图4, caption=瘤旁组织和4类肺神经内分泌肿瘤GAD65/67阳性细胞的分布及数量(GAD65/67与CGRP共定位的免疫荧光染色 ×400)

TC. 典型类癌;AC. 不典型类癌;LCNEC. 大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC. 小细胞肺癌;GAD. 谷氨酸脱羧酶;CGRP. 降钙素基因相关肽;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=qgm0AVlYwQPD+fPkHjuwWQ==, figureFileBig=Js9NyAqvPLDSpM3ufaZ8Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060559197164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Expression of M1(CD86 positive) and M2(CD163 positive) macrophages in paratumor and four kinds of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor stroma, figureFileSmall=UTroPlYFgKLNcgSoMWVp5w==, figureFileBig=UkEfbslW3Tr6hwRz1gdUdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060689220592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=CN, label=图5, caption=瘤旁组织和4种肺神经内分泌肿瘤间质中M1(CD86阳性)和 M2(CD163阳性)型巨噬细胞的表达

TC. 典型类癌;AC. 不典型类癌;LCNEC. 大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC. 小细胞肺癌;*P<0.05;**P<0.001;***P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=UTroPlYFgKLNcgSoMWVp5w==, figureFileBig=UkEfbslW3Tr6hwRz1gdUdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060794078195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation between GAD65/67-positive PNECs and CD163-positive M2 macrophages in PNET (n=29), figureFileSmall=KdagSjwribR9lzSzTPQ9sg==, figureFileBig=ItXOJVkpO24h8Ll/l/Nklg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060894741497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PNET组织中GAD65/67阳性PNEC数与CD163阳性M2 巨噬细胞数的相关性(n=29)

PNET. 肺神经内分泌肿瘤;PNEC. 肺神经内分泌细胞;GAD. 谷氨酸脱羧酶

, figureFileSmall=KdagSjwribR9lzSzTPQ9sg==, figureFileBig=ItXOJVkpO24h8Ll/l/Nklg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199335060991210495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of Syn, CgA and CD56 positive expressions in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肿瘤类别SynCgACD56
类癌(n=7)6(85.71)6(85.71)7(100.00)
HGNET(n=22)17(77.27)(1)16(72.73)(1)22(100.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1199335061083484160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335050442535585, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肺神经内分泌肿瘤中Syn、CgA和CD56阳性表达率比较[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肿瘤类别SynCgACD56
类癌(n=7)6(85.71)6(85.71)7(100.00)
HGNET(n=22)17(77.27)(1)16(72.73)(1)22(100.00)
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PNECGABA在肺神经内分泌肿瘤中的作用
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赵小琼 1, 2 , 陈文 2 , 孙玉洁 2 , 蔺晨雨 2 , 岳渊 1, 2 , 李蕊 2, 3 , 张涛 1, * , 肖漓 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(3): 288-296
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(3): 288-296
PNECGABA在肺神经内分泌肿瘤中的作用
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赵小琼1, 2, 陈文2, 孙玉洁2, 蔺晨雨2, 岳渊1, 2, 李蕊2, 3, 张涛1, * , 肖漓1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1佳木斯大学基础医学院,黑龙江佳木斯 154007
  • 2解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部研究所/北京市器官移植与免疫调节重点实验室,北京 100091
  • 3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北张家口 075000
  • 赵小琼,硕士研究生,主要从事呼吸系统疾病的基础研究

通讯作者:

肖漓,E-mail:
张涛,E-mail:
Role of PNEC and GABA in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors
Xiao-Qiong Zhao1, 2, Wen Chen2, Yu-Jie Sun2, Chen-Yu Lin2, Yuan Yue1, 2, Rui Li2, 3, Tao Zhang1, * , Li Xiao1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China
  • 2Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation and Immunology Regulatory, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
  • 3Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1494.2023.0427
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目的 探讨肺神经内分泌细胞(PNEC)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)在肺神经内分泌肿瘤(PNET)患者中的作用。方法 收集2018年10月-2022年1月解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部胸外科收治的29例PNET患者的病理标本,采用HE染色观察形态学特征,免疫组织化学染色观察突触素(Syn)、嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)、CD56、Ki-67、CD86和CD163的表达水平,双抗体免疫荧光共染检测不同类型PNET中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)65/67的表达情况,并分析GAD65/67阳性PNEC与巨噬细胞极化的相关性。结果 HE染色结果显示,4种类型的PNET组织均具有神经内分泌特征——玫瑰花样结构和器官嵌套或栅栏状图案,但各有差异;有丝分裂细胞占比由低到高为典型类癌(TC)、不典型类癌(AC)、大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNEC)、小细胞肺癌(SCLC)。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,类癌(TC和AC)的Syn、CgA阳性表达率及Syn、CgA、CD56阳性程度均明显高于LCNEC和SCLC(P<0.05)。4类PNET的Ki-67指数分别为:TC<5%,AC 5%~20%,LCNEC和SCLC均>75%。类癌的PNEC数量明显高于LCNEC、SCLC和瘤旁组织(P<0.05);LCNEC和SCLC的PNEC数量与瘤旁组织比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,95%的PNEC共表达GAD65/67;类癌GAD65/67阳性细胞数明显增多于LCNEC、SCLC和瘤旁组织(P<0.05);LCNEC和SCLC的GAD65/67阳性细胞数与瘤旁组织比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫组织化学染色结果还显示,瘤旁组织中CD86阳性 M1巨噬细胞明显多于CD163阳性 M2巨噬细胞(P<0.05);而在AC、LCNEC和SCLC中,M2巨噬细胞均明显多于M1巨噬细胞(P<0.01)。相关性分析显示,PNET中GAD65/67阳性PNEC细胞数与肿瘤间质中CD163阳性M2巨噬细胞数呈负相关(r=-0.6336,P=0.0174)。结论 PNEC是肺组织中GABA的主要来源,在肺中发挥免疫调节作用,可能参与PNET的进展。

肺神经内分泌细胞  /  γ-氨基丁酸  /  巨噬细胞  /  肺神经内分泌肿瘤

Objective To investigate the role of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) and γ‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) in patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNET). Methods The pathological specimens of 29 cases of PNET treated in the eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from October 2018 to January 2022 were collected. The morphological characteristics were observed by HE staining, and the expression levels of synaptophysin (Syn), chromogranin A (CgA), CD56, Ki-67, CD86 and CD163 were observed by immunohistochemical staining. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67 in different types of PNETs were detected by double antibody immunofluorescence co-staining, and the correlation between GAD65/67 positive PNEC and macrophage polarization was analyzed. Results The results of HE staining showed that all four types of PNET tissues had neuroendocrine (NE) characteristics: rosette structure and organ nesting or palisade pattern, but they were different, and the proportion of mitotic cells from low to high was typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive expression rate of Syn and CgA and the positive degree of Syn, CgA and CD56 in carcinoid (TC and AC) were significantly higher than those in LCNEC and SCLC (P<0.05). The Ki-67 indices of the four types of PNET are: TC <5%, AC 5%-20%, LCNEC and SCLC >75% respectively. The number of PNEC in carcinoid was significantly higher than that in LCNEC, SCLC and paratumoral tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the number of PNEC between LCNEC and SCLC and para-tumor tissues (P>0.05). The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of GAD65/67 positive cells co-expressing GAD65/67 in 95%PNEC was significantly higher than that in LCNEC, SCLC and para-tumor tissues (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between LCNEC and SCLC GAD65/67 positive cells and para-tumor tissues (P>0.05). The results of immunohistochemical staining also showed that the number of CD86 positive M1 macrophages was significantly higher than that of CD163 positive M2 macrophages in para-tumor tissues (P<0.05), while M2 macrophages were significantly more than M1 macrophages in AC, LCNEC and SCLC (P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the number of GAD65/67 positive PNEC cells in PNET was negatively correlated with the number of CD163 positive M2 macrophages in tumor stroma (r=-0.6336, P=0.0174). Conclusions PNEC is the main source of GABA in lung tissue and plays an immunomodulatory role in the lung, which may be involved in the progression of PNET.

pulmonary neuroendocrine cell  /  γ-aminobutyric acid  /  macrophage  /  pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor
赵小琼, 陈文, 孙玉洁, 蔺晨雨, 岳渊, 李蕊, 张涛, 肖漓. PNECGABA在肺神经内分泌肿瘤中的作用. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (3) : 288 -296 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1494.2023.0427
Xiao-Qiong Zhao, Wen Chen, Yu-Jie Sun, Chen-Yu Lin, Yuan Yue, Rui Li, Tao Zhang, Li Xiao. Role of PNEC and GABA in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (3) : 288 -296 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1494.2023.0427
肺神经内分泌肿瘤(pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor,PNET)起源于肺神经内分泌细胞(pulmonary neroendocrine cells,PNECs),可分为典型类癌(TC)、不典型类癌(AC)、大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNEC)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC) 4种亚型[1-2]。其中LCNEC和SCLC可归为高级别神经内分泌肿瘤(high-grade neuroendocrine tumor,HGNET)。PNEC分泌的γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)能够刺激杯状细胞增生,加重哮喘,但其如何影响免疫细胞的功能尚不清楚[3]。巨噬细胞上存在GABA能受体,可促进巨噬细胞向M2型极化[4]。在肿瘤微环境中,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)极化为M1或M2型巨噬细胞,行使不同的功能[5-6]。因此,肿瘤微环境中TAMs的代谢变化对肿瘤进展及治疗研究有重要意义,可能成为新型抗肿瘤药物的潜在靶点[7]。不同亚型PNET的治疗选择不同,其准确分类至关重要[8-9]。本研究探讨PNEC、GABA在PNET患者中的作用,以期为临床提供更为有效的病理学依据。
选取2018年10月-2022年1月解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部胸外科收治的29例PNET患者作为研究对象。PNET的诊断标准参照《中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南(2021版)》。从解放军总医院第八医学中心电子病历系统获得入选患者的性别、年龄、病理诊断、肿瘤分期、治疗过程及生存时间等临床及病理资料。患者年龄60(45~77)岁;其中TC 4例,AC 3例,LCNEC和SCLC各11例。本研究经解放军总医院第八医学中心伦理委员会批准(309202106021005)。
一抗:CD86/CD163单克隆抗体购自美国Proteintech公司;重组Anti-S100A12/降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)抗体购自英国Abcam公司;鼠抗人谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)65/67抗体购自美国Santa Cruz 公司。二抗:羊抗鼠 IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 647)、羊抗兔IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488)购自英国Abcam公司;含4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)的封片剂、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的鼠兔通用型二抗及DAB显色液均购自北京中杉金桥公司。
收集患者术中部分病理标本,甲醛溶液固定、石蜡包埋、切片,将切片置于烤片机上70 ℃烘烤1 h;二甲苯、梯度乙醇脱蜡至水。苏木精染细胞核,伊红染细胞质,脱水后中性树胶封片,显微镜镜检,采集图像并分析。
收集患者术中部分病理标本,甲醛溶液固定、石蜡包埋、切片,将切片置于烤片机上70 ℃烘烤1 h,采用罗氏免疫组织化学染色仪行免疫组织化学染色,加入抗Syn、CgA、CD56和Ki-67抗体(稀释度1︰150),抗CD86抗体(稀释度1︰700),抗CD163抗体(稀释度1︰3000)。取阳性表达的胎盘组织为阳性对照,PBS 代替一抗作为阴性对照。每张组织切片在400×光镜下随机选择3个肿瘤区域拍照,根据阳性标记的显色程度评分:无色,提示为阴性(-),0分;淡黄色,提示为弱阳性(+),1分;棕黄色,为中等度阳性(++),2分;棕黑色,为强阳性(+++),3分。由两位资深病理医师对Syn、CgA和CD56的染色结果及阳性程度分别进行半定量评估并打分。以Ki-67阳性细胞占同类细胞的百分比为Ki-67指数。TAMs主要浸润在间质区域,计算位于间质区域的TAMs;每张组织切片在400×光镜下随机选择3个肿瘤间质区域拍照,由两位资深病理医师对CD86和CD163的染色强度分别进行评估并计数,取3个高倍镜视野下的平均值。
收集患者术中部分病理标本,甲醛溶液固定、石蜡包埋、切片,将切片置于烤片机上70 ℃烘烤1 h;二甲苯、梯度乙醇脱蜡至水;将切片放入pH值6.0的0.1 mmol/L枸橼酸钠缓冲液中微波加热进行抗原修复;0.2% TritonX-100破膜,10%山羊血清封闭,去除封闭液,滴加一抗工作液CGRP(稀释度1︰100)、GAD65/67(稀释度1︰100),4 ℃孵育过夜,复温,滴加荧光二抗工作液羊抗兔(稀释度1︰1000),羊抗鼠(稀释度1︰500)IgG H&L,避光孵育1 h;滴加DAPI工作液,加盖盖玻片封片,于荧光显微镜下观察并采集图像,每张组织切片在400×光镜下随机选择3个区域拍照并计数。以GAD65/67阳性为GABA表达的指标。
采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布时以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用 ANOVA 单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Tukey检验;方差不齐的计量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间采用 Kruskal-Wallis H检验。计数资料以(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。对GABA阳性PNET细胞数与CD163阳性M2型巨噬细胞数行Spearman相关性分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
HE染色显示,4种类型的 PNET组织均可见神经内分泌特征——玫瑰花样结构和器官嵌套或栅栏状图案,而有丝分裂象细胞占比由低到高依次为TC、AC、LCNEC、SCLC。TC肿瘤细胞较小,形态一致,多呈圆形、卵圆形,染色质细而分布均匀,核仁不明显,分裂象罕见或无,分化良好,器官样结构明显,无坏死。AC肿瘤细胞分化较差,核多形性且伴有深染,细胞巢内可见坏死。LCNEC细胞体积大,核质比低,染色质粗大,核仁增多,常有坏死。SCLC细胞体积小,胞质稀少,核质比高,染色质呈细颗粒状,核仁缺失或不明显,且存在广泛的坏死(图1)。LCNEC与SCLC有一定的形态差异,但有时二者难以区分。
免疫组织化学染色结果显示,与类癌(TC和AC)组织比较,HGNET(LCNEC和SCLC)组织Syn、CgA阳性表达率均明显降低(P<0.05,表1)。类癌Syn、CgA、CD56的阳性程度也明显高于HGNET(P<0.05,图2)。Ki-67指数分别为TC<5%,AC 5%~20%,HGNET>75%(图2)。
免疫荧光染色结果显示,所有PNET组织均为CGRP阳性。绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)阳性细胞定位于呼吸道上皮;GFP阳性细胞既有孤立细胞,也有成簇细胞——神经上皮小体(neuroepithelial body,NEB)(图3箭头所示)。PNEC或NEB多位于近端细支气管或远端呼吸性细支气管交叉口处。与瘤旁组织比较,PNEC数量在TC和AC中均明显增多(P<0.01),而CGRP在TC和AC中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在PNET中,类癌的PNEC数量均明显高于HGNET
(P<0.05,图3)。
对PNET切片的免疫荧光染色结果显示,在呼吸道上皮单个细胞和NEB中均检测到GAD65/67,同时这些细胞均共表达CGRP;合并染色结果显示95%的GFP与红色荧光蛋白(red fluorescent protein,RFP)免疫反应性细胞重叠,细胞颜色为黄色。与瘤旁组织比较,类癌细胞的GAD65/67阳性率明显增高(TC vs. 瘤旁组织,P=0.0084;AC vs. 瘤旁组织,P=0.0010),而HGNET与瘤旁组织比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与类癌比较,HGNET细胞的GAD65/67阳性率明显降低(P<0.05,图4)。
免疫组织化学染色检测肿瘤间质中的TAMs显示,瘤旁组织中CD86阳性 M1巨噬细胞明显多于CD163阳性 M2巨噬细胞(P<0.05);TC中M1与M2巨噬细胞数量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在AC、LCNEC和SCLC中,M2巨噬细胞均明显多于M1巨噬细胞(AC,P<0.0001;LCNEC,P=0.0002;SCLC,P<0.0001;图5)。所有标本CD86/CD163比值为0.09~3.89,各组CD86/CD163比值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
各组同一患者切片中的GAD65/67阳性PNEC数与CD163阳性M2型巨噬细胞数呈显著负相关(r=-0.6336,P=0.0174,图6)。
肺癌是全球与肿瘤相关死亡的主要原因之一[10-11]。PNET约占肺原发肿瘤的20%,其中类癌约占2%,LCNEC约占3%,SCLC约占15%[2,12]。根据有丝分裂象占比和坏死的存在,类癌可分为低度神经内分泌肿瘤TC和中度神经内分泌肿瘤AC,AC比TC更具侵袭性,并有转移的趋势。TC术后预后良好,5年总生存率为87%~100%;AC的5年总生存率相对较低,为40%~90%。SCLC和LCNEC在临床行为、预后和遗传背景方面相似,二者分化差,恶性程度高,进展迅速、预后差,总生存率相近;其中SCLC有限期5年总生存率为10%~13%,扩展期为1%~2%[13]
2015年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)对肺部肿瘤的分类建议将Syn、CgA和CD56作为神经内分泌标志物,并建议将Syn和CgA作为第一选择[14]。与HGNET相比,类癌中CgA和Syn多呈强烈而弥漫的染色[15]。本研究结果显示,Syn、CgA、CD56等3种标志物在类癌中的阳性程度高于HGNET,CGRP在类癌中的阳性程度同样高于HGNET,即CGRP与Syn、CgA、CD56在PNET中的阳性程度表达趋势一致。CgA和Syn为高特异性的神经内分泌标志物,当肿瘤分化差时呈弱表达或不表达。CD56蛋白表达于神经元、神经胶质细胞、造血细胞和骨骼肌等,特异度较低,但敏感度较高,当肿瘤分化太差不表达其他标志物时,CD56则是有效的诊断指标。因此,CgA和Syn是类癌较好的诊断标志物,CD56可作为HGNET的诊断标志物。总之,形态特征与3种神经内分泌标志物相结合有助于对PNET进行诊断。但也存在以下不足:(1)不适合用于精准区分类癌和HGNET;(2)多数HGNET至少有一个或多个标志物呈阳性,但也有所有标志物均为阴性的情况;(3)上述几种标志物的阳性反应无明确界值;(4)Ki-67指数可反映细胞的增殖能力,虽用于区分类癌和HGNET的实用价值较高,但无法区分TC和AC[16-18]
PNET起源于PNEC。PNEC于1954年首次被发现,是肺中唯一受神经支配的气道上皮细胞。PNEC在胎儿和新生儿肺中相对较多,出生后随着年龄增长而逐渐减少,成年后逐步趋于稳定[19]。PNEC数量稀少,不足肺上皮细胞总数的0.5%[20]。研究显示,在婴儿猝死综合征、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病及SCLC等疾病中PNEC的数量高于正常肺,但未见对其进行定量分析的报道[21-22]。PNEC受到刺激后可释放神经肽、胺类化合物等致密核心囊泡,引发免疫反应;此外,PNEC是肺中GABA的唯一来源[23-25]。研究显示,PNEC在呼吸道上皮损伤后可反应性增生,同时也可作为干细胞分化为纤毛细胞、棒状细胞等促进损伤修复[26-28]。TC和AC属于低中级别神经内分泌肿瘤,分化程度较好,其CGRP阳性PNEC的数量多于瘤旁组织和HGNET。随着肿瘤恶性程度的增高,CGRP阳性PNEC逐渐减少,可能是因为分期较早的肿瘤细胞与正常神经内分泌细胞的形态、功能相近,而肿瘤分化较差时,单个细胞和细胞数量的变化使整个组织形态结构发生改变,逐步失去神经内分泌特征,PNEC数量也逐渐减少。本研究显示,上皮细胞增殖活性可能影响PNEC的数量,Ki-67指数由TC的<5%,AC的5%~20%到HGNET的>75%,而PNEC数量随肿瘤恶性程度的增高而逐渐减少;细支气管上皮中Ki-67指数与PNET中PNEC的数量大致呈负相关,因此,CGRP可能是一种有前途的神经内分泌诊断指标。
PNEC可对一系列刺激产生反应,如缺氧、高碳酸血症、花粉、尘螨和尼古丁等,分泌胺类、嘌呤类、肽类、功能性蛋白和神经内分泌相关分子,在肺神经免疫调节中发挥重要作用[29]。PNEC多位于呼吸道分支点,分叉处是吸入性物质聚集的位置,因而易受到多种物理及化学性刺激[27]。PNEC分泌的GABA是哺乳动物体内主要的抑制性神经递质之一,而GAD是GABA的合成酶。GAD仅表达于神经组织和少数特定组织,因此关于GABA在生理或病理过程中的功能研究多集中于神经系统。除大脑外,已在肠道、脾、肝和胰腺中检测到GABA,因此GABA除了在神经系统中发挥重要作用外,还可能参与了其他器官、组织的多种生理功能[30]。本研究免疫荧光染色显示,95%的PNEC特异性表达GAD65/67,且CGRP与GAD65/67存在共定位。
神经系统和免疫系统之间存在分子相互作用,研究显示多种免疫细胞(如T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等)表面存在GABA受体[31];GABA可影响免疫细胞的功能和特征,如激活GABA受体可抑制T细胞增殖[32-33],通过GABA代谢通路上的一些中间代谢物可介导巨噬细胞极化[13];GABA还可介导小鼠树突状细胞的体外迁移[34],调节多种细胞因子的产生和分泌[35]。GABA的潜在抗炎作用可能是通过GABA分流途径影响巨噬细胞极化,降低M1型巨噬细胞的功能,使其更有利于向M2型巨噬细胞分化而实现的。
肿瘤免疫代谢领域的研究显示,代谢串扰可影响抗肿瘤免疫潜能。TAMs是肿瘤微环境中一种具有可塑性的异质细胞群体,甚至占肿瘤体积的50%,可对肿瘤微环境产生广泛影响[36]。巨噬细胞的不同亚型在肿瘤进展中功能不同,基本的二分法观点将M1型巨噬细胞归类为促炎表型,可产生活性氧以杀死病原体,并可介导抗肿瘤过程;而M2型巨噬细胞被认为是抗炎型[37],能够分泌血管内皮生长因子和转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)-β,促进血管生成和肿瘤细胞生长。在肿瘤发生发展过程中,TAMs更倾向于极化成M2型,M1/M2 TAMs比值已成为评估极化现象的主流参数[38]。在肝癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌等癌组织中,M1/M2比值较高时对化疗或放疗更敏感,往往也预示癌症患者的预后更好[39]。从表观调控入手抑制M2极化,促进M1极化,进而引起TAMs功能重塑,已逐渐成为肿瘤治疗的一个新兴策略。
本研究显示,在瘤旁间质中,以M1型巨噬细胞为主,而在AC和HGNET中,以M2型巨噬细胞为主;随着肿瘤恶性程度增高,M1表型逐渐向M2表型转化。在AC和HGNET中,CD86/CD163比值<1,M2型巨噬细胞浸润明显,患者预后更差、总生存率更低。尽管神经内分泌特征低的肿瘤微环境中免疫浸润率增高,但M2型TAMs数量增多可能与某些免疫抑制分子的表达有关,如ANXA1、CXCR2、CD70和ITGB6等,未来有望针对这些免疫抑制分子寻找新的治疗靶点[40]。在神经内分泌特征低的HGNET中免疫细胞浸润增多,相反,TC和AC中免疫细胞浸润减少,因此,神经内分泌特征低的 SCLC 患者更可能对免疫疗法产生反应[41]
HGNET恶性程度高、分化差,神经内分泌特征不明显,PNEC数量及GABA水平低于低中级别PNET。本研究观察到PNET中的GABA阳性细胞数与M2型TAMs呈负相关;而其他体外研究显示GABA可促进TAMs向M2型极化。究其原因:(1)本研究观察的是确诊PNET肺组织中GABA和M2型巨噬细胞的伴随表达情况,两者之间是否存在直接或间接作用尚不清楚;(2)在健康成人中PNEC比例不足肺细胞的1%,当发生PNET后,增加的PNEC数量有限,其分泌的GABA能够发挥的作用可能不明显;(3)组织中巨噬细胞的极化机制复杂,涉及内、外和组织微环境刺激,包括细胞因子、生长因子、microRNA、lncRNA、外泌体、脂肪酸和双歧杆菌等,其诱导途径和受调控的生物过程复杂,且原始极化在微环境改变时可逆转。
综上,本研究显示,PNEC是肺分泌GABA的主要来源;PNEC在类癌中数量增多,因其参与肺的免疫调节,可能与PNET的恶性进展相关;PNEC在HGNET中数量减少,并伴随M2型巨噬细胞显著增多,可能是PNET实现肿瘤免疫逃逸的机制之一。但本回顾性研究采用的临床标本数量有限,结论可能存在一定偏倚。
众多研究显示,PNEC是肺生理功能和发病机制的重要参与者[27-28]。鉴于PNEC数量在PNET中的失调,认识并充分利用PNEC的潜能可能为预防和治疗PNET提供新的思路。因此,建议未来对PNEC维持肺免疫稳态的作用开展更为深入的研究,其与PNET疾病进程和预后的相关性需要大规模多中心研究的进一步验证。
  • 军队医学科技青年培育计划项目(18QNP035)
  • 黑龙江省卫健委立项课题(20210202040058)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1494.2023.0427
  • 接收时间:2022-07-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-07
  • 录用日期:2022-07-30
基金
Project of Military Medical Science and Technology Youth Cultivation Plan(18QNP035)
军队医学科技青年培育计划项目(18QNP035)
Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Health Commission(20210202040058)
黑龙江省卫健委立项课题(20210202040058)
作者信息
    1佳木斯大学基础医学院,黑龙江佳木斯 154007
    2解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部研究所/北京市器官移植与免疫调节重点实验室,北京 100091
    3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北张家口 075000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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