Article(id=1199334727678259273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0532.2022.1114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646841600000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1657814400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-15, onlineDate=1763873281640, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873281640, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873281640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873281640, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199334721185477563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873280092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874025072, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=482, endPage=488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199334728450011252, articleId=1199334727678259273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of the cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in the world, and many advances have been made in various types of tumor research in recent years. With the deepening understanding of tumors, the microenvironment for tumor cell growth has attracted more and more attention for its impact on the development and progression of cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as the most important components of the tumor microenvironment, can release cytokines, exosomes, and so forth in many ways to regulate immune microenvironment, remodel extracellular matrix and promote formation, migration, invasion, and resistance of tumors, while at the same time CAFs can be regulated by tumor cells. This paper attempts to explain the interaction mode between CAFs and tumors in the immune microenvironment and various ways in which CAFs can promote tumor proliferation, growth, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and other malignant biological behaviors. Finally, the possibility of using CAFs as an early screening technique and new treatment method for breast tumors is discussed.

, correspAuthors=Xi-Ru Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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乳腺癌是全球发病率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来肿瘤的各类研究均取得了诸多进展。随着对肿瘤认识的不断深入,肿瘤细胞生长的微环境对癌症发生发展的影响受到越来越多的关注。肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)作为肿瘤微环境的重要成分,受肿瘤调控的同时还可通过多种途径释放细胞因子、外泌体等参与调节免疫微环境、重塑细胞外基质,以及促进肿瘤发生、迁移、侵袭和耐药等过程。本文对CAFs在乳腺癌中作用的最新研究进展进行综述,阐述免疫微环境中CAFs与乳腺癌细胞的相互作用模式,以及CAFs促进乳腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭、转移、耐药等恶性生物学行为的多种途径,探讨以CAFs为靶点进行乳腺肿瘤早期筛查及治疗的潜在效能。

, correspAuthors=李席如, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李席如,E-mail:
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陈薏竹,硕士研究生,主要从事乳腺疾病的基础与临床研究

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CAFs. 肿瘤相关成纤维细胞;CXCL. 趋化因子;IL. 白细胞介素;MMP. 基质金属酶;IGF. 胰岛素样生长因子;FGF. 纤维细胞生长因子;TGF. 转化生长因子;VEGF. 血管内皮生长因子;FAP. 成纤维细胞活化蛋白;GPR. G蛋白偶联受体;CXCR. 趋化因子受体

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肿瘤相关成纤维细胞在乳腺癌中的作用研究进展
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陈薏竹 1 , 朱荔 2 , 韦禹帆 3 , 李席如 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(4): 482-488
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(4): 482-488
肿瘤相关成纤维细胞在乳腺癌中的作用研究进展
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陈薏竹1, 朱荔2, 韦禹帆3, 李席如2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科医学部,北京 100853
  • 3南开大学医学院, 天津 300071
  • 陈薏竹,硕士研究生,主要从事乳腺疾病的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

李席如,E-mail:
Research progress of the cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer
Yi-Zhu Chen1, Li Zhu2, Yu-Fan Wei3, Xi-Ru Li2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3School of Medicine of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0532.2022.1114
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乳腺癌是全球发病率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来肿瘤的各类研究均取得了诸多进展。随着对肿瘤认识的不断深入,肿瘤细胞生长的微环境对癌症发生发展的影响受到越来越多的关注。肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)作为肿瘤微环境的重要成分,受肿瘤调控的同时还可通过多种途径释放细胞因子、外泌体等参与调节免疫微环境、重塑细胞外基质,以及促进肿瘤发生、迁移、侵袭和耐药等过程。本文对CAFs在乳腺癌中作用的最新研究进展进行综述,阐述免疫微环境中CAFs与乳腺癌细胞的相互作用模式,以及CAFs促进乳腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭、转移、耐药等恶性生物学行为的多种途径,探讨以CAFs为靶点进行乳腺肿瘤早期筛查及治疗的潜在效能。

乳腺癌  /  肿瘤微环境  /  肿瘤相关成纤维细胞

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in the world, and many advances have been made in various types of tumor research in recent years. With the deepening understanding of tumors, the microenvironment for tumor cell growth has attracted more and more attention for its impact on the development and progression of cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as the most important components of the tumor microenvironment, can release cytokines, exosomes, and so forth in many ways to regulate immune microenvironment, remodel extracellular matrix and promote formation, migration, invasion, and resistance of tumors, while at the same time CAFs can be regulated by tumor cells. This paper attempts to explain the interaction mode between CAFs and tumors in the immune microenvironment and various ways in which CAFs can promote tumor proliferation, growth, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and other malignant biological behaviors. Finally, the possibility of using CAFs as an early screening technique and new treatment method for breast tumors is discussed.

breast cancer  /  tumor microenvironment  /  cancer-associated fibroblasts
陈薏竹, 朱荔, 韦禹帆, 李席如. 肿瘤相关成纤维细胞在乳腺癌中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (4) : 482 -488 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0532.2022.1114
Yi-Zhu Chen, Li Zhu, Yu-Fan Wei, Xi-Ru Li. Research progress of the cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (4) : 482 -488 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0532.2022.1114
肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)由细胞外基质、肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)、内皮细胞、上皮细胞、免疫细胞等组成[1],在乳腺癌的发生、发展、侵袭、转移及治疗中发挥着重要作用。其中CAFs来源于正常成纤维细胞、骨髓来源间充质干细胞、上皮间质化的乳腺上皮细胞等,都是TME最主要的成分之一。研究显示,CAFs通过与肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞相互作用,调控肿瘤免疫微环境从而促进乳腺癌进展;同时通过旁分泌细胞因子、外泌体,以及介导细胞外基质重构等方式在乳腺癌增殖、侵袭、迁移和耐药中发挥作用,并与乳腺癌代谢关系密切,为其提供营养支持。本文对CAFs在乳腺癌发生发展及治疗耐药中的具体作用机制,以及作为肿瘤生物学标志物在乳腺癌早期诊断、预后预测和靶向治疗中的潜在价值等进行综述,以期为乳腺癌的辅助治疗提供新方向。
TME在肿瘤增殖、侵袭、转移、血管生成、代谢、免疫抑制及药物抵抗等过程中发挥重要作用。研究发现,肿瘤细胞分泌的一些细胞因子参与了肿瘤炎症微环境的形成,可促进CAFs形成以及调控CAFs活性[2]
Strell等[3]发现,乳腺癌细胞可旁分泌JAG1因子,该因子通过作用于Notch2受体来调节血小板衍生生长因子受体(platelet-derived growth factor receptor,PDGFR),诱导形成低PDGFRα/高PDGFRβ表型的CAFs,这类CAFs与乳腺癌不良预后相关;也有研究发现,乳腺癌细胞可分泌CXC趋化因子配体12(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12,CXCL12),激活CXCL12/CXCR4信号通路,促进CAFs的募集和激活,从而调控肿瘤进展和癌细胞-肿瘤微环境的相互作用[4]。此外,乳腺癌细胞可分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β),诱导CAFs表达基质金属酶-9(MMP-9),MMP-9可降解Ⅳ型胶原纤维和层黏连蛋白,从而促进肿瘤增殖及转移[5]。由此可见,肿瘤细胞在维持自身微环境的同时,可促进CAFs的产生和激活,但在肿瘤发生和发展中起先导作用的究竟是CAFs还是肿瘤细胞仍未明确。
活化状态的CAFs可释放大量生长因子和炎性因子,这些因子与免疫细胞协同作用呈现免疫抑制微环境,为肿瘤细胞的生长及免疫逃逸提供了有利条件。调节T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)可参与免疫耐受形成过程,其中CD73+ γδTregs在乳腺癌免疫调节中起重要作用,可损害CD8+ T细胞的杀瘤功能。CAFs可分泌白细胞介素-6(IL-6),后者可通过IL-6/STAT3信号途径诱导正常乳腺组织中CD73+ γδTregs的分化,反之CD73+ γδTregs可通过腺苷/A2BR/p38MAPK信号途径促进CAFs分泌IL-6,形成IL-6-腺苷正反馈环,持续损害CD8+ T细胞[6]。Zheng等[7]发现,三阴性乳腺癌中的CAFs分泌的双糖链蛋白聚糖明显上调,导致CD8+ T细胞浸润减少,起免疫抑制作用。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor associated macrophages,TAMs)分为M1型和M2型,前者发挥抗肿瘤作用,后者则促进肿瘤进展。研究显示,CAFs可通过CXCL12/CXCR4信号轴募集Tregs,并诱导单核细胞向M2型TAMs分化,发挥免疫抑制效应[8]。Costa等[9]根据标志物不同将CAFs分为CAF-S1(CD29Med、FAPHi、FSP1Low-Hi、aSMAHi、PDGFRbMed-Hi、CAV1Low)、CAF-S2(CD29Low、FAPNeg、FSP1Neg-Low、aSMANeg、PDGFRbNeg、CAV1Neg)、CAF-S3(CD29Med、FAPNeg、FSP1Med-Hi、aSMANeg-Low、PDGFRbMed、CAV1Neg-Low)和CAF-S4(CD29Hi、FAPNeg、FSP1Low-Med、aSMAHi、PDGFRbLow-Med、CAV1Neg-Low) 4类,其中CAF-S1可分泌CXCL12,经多步骤机制提高T淋巴细胞存活率并促进其分化为CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs,从而对肿瘤发挥免疫抑制作用。
CAFs与肿瘤细胞相辅相成,共同形成肿瘤免疫微环境,促进肿瘤的发生、发展和免疫逃逸。因此,研究者除关注肿瘤细胞本身外,还应考虑其“土壤”环境造成的影响,而CAFs是最值得探索的间质细胞,其在形成免疫抑制环境中起着一定作用,这为乳腺癌的免疫治疗提供了新方向。
正常乳腺成纤维细胞对乳腺癌的作用尚不确定,但CAFs在体内外均可促进乳腺癌进程。CAFs促进乳腺癌细胞发生发展的最常见方式为旁分泌信号转导。上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是乳腺癌转移的基础。Ren等[10]发现,CAFs能够以旁分泌方式释放TGF-β1,激活长链非编码RNA HOTAIR转录,促进乳腺癌细胞发生EMT。Gui等[11]也发现,转移灶CAFs旁分泌的胰岛素样生长因子-2(insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF2)水平明显升高,可激活IGF-1R信号使下游蛋白磷酸化,增强乳腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。此外,研究发现乳腺CAFs可旁分泌成纤维细胞生长因子2(fibroblast growth factor 2,FGF2),激活FGF2-FGFR1信号通路,促进乳腺癌细胞增殖;而采用FGF2中和抗体处理后,乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移能力均减弱[12-13]。Avalle等[14]发现,STAT3基因可编码丰富的分泌蛋白,其中血管生成素样4、MMP-13和斯钙素等可促进乳腺癌生长。
CAFs可直接分泌多种细胞因子而促进乳腺癌细胞增殖,其中多种趋化因子起着重要作用。Tang等[15]发现,CAFs通过TGF-β1/miR-200s/DNA甲基转移酶3β调控环促进趋化因子CXCL12的分泌,激活乳腺癌c-Myc/cyclin D1信号,从而促进癌细胞生长。Singh等[16]采用乳腺癌类器官模型结合成像技术和分子分析,证实CXCL12可增加RhoA/ROCK/myosin轻链-2通路的活性,快速收缩胶原基质,促进乳腺癌细胞侵袭。乳腺CAFs中黏着斑激酶缺失可促进趋化因子配体C-C基序6(C-C motif chemokine ligand,CCL6)和CCL12的分泌,与癌细胞上的趋化因子配体C-C基序受体1(C-C motif chemokine receptor 1,CCR1)/CCR2蛋白结合而激活蛋白激酶A,促进肿瘤细胞糖酵解和生长[17]
CAFs分泌的白细胞介素家族与癌症发展密切相关。CAFs分泌的IL-6可通过IL-6/pSTAT3/HIC1轴下调乳腺癌中肿瘤高甲基化基因1的表达,改变TME,促进乳腺癌发生[18];IL-33可通过引发乳腺癌转移灶微环境中的2型炎症,介导嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞和炎性单核细胞向肺转移灶积聚,促进乳腺癌肺转移[19];此外,miRNA let-7b缺陷的乳腺CAFs可以IL-8依赖的方式促进乳腺癌细胞EMT,从而促进乳腺癌的生长[20]
由miRNA组成的外泌体信号途径也是CAFs与肿瘤间信息交流的方式之一。CAFs释放的外泌体可转移到乳腺癌细胞,释放其运载信息并靶向目的基因。CAFs可释放富含miR-21、miR-378e和miR-143的外泌体,增强肿瘤干性和改变EMT表型,从而促进肿瘤的增殖和转移[21]。CAFs还可分泌含有miR-181d-5p的外泌体,通过靶向尾侧型同源框2和下调同源框A5来促进乳腺癌细胞的EMT、增殖、迁移和侵袭[22]
肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移依赖充足的氧气和营养供给以及废物清除,乳腺CAFs可促进血管和淋巴管生成,为肿瘤生长和侵袭提供营养支持。研究发现,CAFs除分泌血管内皮生长因子外[23-24],还可分泌多种信号分子激活内皮细胞,从而诱导血管生成[25]。Al-Kharashi等[26]发现,高表达DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase 1,DNMT1)的乳腺CAFs可上调IL-8/血管内皮生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGF-A)的表达而促进血管生成,这与乳腺癌患者的不良生存率密切相关。Wan等[27]发现,高表达FOS样抗原(FOS like antigen 2,FOSL2)的乳腺CAFs可以不依赖VEGF的方式促进人脐静脉内皮细胞发芽,并在体内介导血管生成和肿瘤生长。与血管相比,淋巴管具有不连续的基底膜、松散的细胞间连接、较低的流速,以及高浓度的透明质酸,利于癌细胞的侵袭和运输。研究发现,CAFs能够产生过量的透明质酸,促进淋巴管生成及乳腺肿瘤生长,从而促进淋巴转移、降低生存率[28]
细胞外基质重构是癌症进展的重要特征,由CAFs介导的基质环境改变可促进癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。Bayer等[29]发现,CAFs可通过GTP酶激活蛋白1(GTPase-activating protein 1,Rap1)介导募集踝蛋白-1和丝裂原诱导蛋白2抗体蛋白,重组肿瘤间质边界处的胶原纤维,控制肿瘤硬度,促进乳腺癌肺转移过程。YAP/TAZ转录程序是公认的癌症进展和转移驱动程序,也是刺激组织再生的重要因素。Wang等[30]发现,定位于乳腺CAFs黏附灶的大脑海绵状畸形3蛋白(cerebral cavernous malformations 3,CCM3),可作为YAP/TAZ信号的调节因子,控制肿瘤进展和干细胞分化。该研究进一步分析乳腺癌小鼠模型发现,CAFs中CCM3特异性缺失可加剧组织重塑,同时作用于基质,激活肿瘤细胞中YAP/TAZ信号通路,促使肿瘤远处转移。
乳腺CAFs通过直接或间接分泌各种因子、外泌体以及改变免疫微环境来支持乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移(图1),然而这些信号间的串联途径和下游途径,以及肿瘤细胞与CAFs在癌症转化作用中的关系尚不明确。因此,仍需深入研究以加深人们对CAFs的认识,探讨CAFs与肿瘤细胞间的通信机制,为癌症治疗提供新方向。
乳腺癌常见的治疗方式包括手术治疗、放射治疗、内分泌治疗、化疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗等。综合治疗可显著改善乳腺癌的预后,但耐药问题仍是复发和转移性乳腺癌的治疗难点。研究发现,TME的CAFs与肿瘤细胞之间存在大量动态信息交互,并可通过分泌细胞因子、信号通路转导等影响肿瘤耐药[2]
Broad等[31]发现,CAFs可诱导干扰素(interferon,IFN)激活而使三阴性乳腺癌化疗耐药,并与化疗后患者的低生存率相关。有研究证实,CAFs分泌的CXCL12可通过CXCL12/CXCR4信号通路激活MAPK和PI3K途径,明显降低三阴性乳腺癌的化疗敏感性[32]。CAFs分泌的FGF5在HER2+乳腺癌的靶向治疗中发挥重要作用。CAFs可诱导乳腺癌细胞中FGFR2激活,介导c-Src重新激活HER2下游信号通路,导致HER2靶向治疗效果不佳。使用FGFR2抑制剂可使癌细胞恢复对抗HER2治疗的敏感性,并诱导耐药细胞凋亡[33]。三苯氧胺(tamoxifen,TAM)耐药是雌激素受体(ER)+乳腺癌内分泌治疗的巨大挑战。有研究发现,在TAM耐药的乳腺癌中,CAFs的G蛋白偶联雌激素受体(G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor,GPER)表达增加,TAM通过GPER/PI3K/Akt信号通路促进CAFs中高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)的表达和分泌,HMGB1可诱导MCF-7细胞自噬,最终增强TAM治疗的抵抗性[34]。Gao等[35]发现,CD63+ CAFs可分泌富含miR-22的外泌体,通过结合乳腺癌细胞的ER1和同源性磷酸酶-张力蛋白,使乳腺癌细胞发生TAM耐药。Sansone等[36]发现,CAFs分泌的外泌体可将miR-221转移至TME中,结合非癌症干细胞,抑制雌激素受体信号,并将非癌症干细胞转化为耐药肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell,CSCs),从而出现激素治疗抵抗。
CSCs又称为干细胞样癌细胞,是癌症中一个容易发生肿瘤耐药的群体,CAFs可通过维持CSCs干性引起乳腺癌耐药[37]。Su等[38]在乳腺癌细胞中定义了一个与化疗耐药和低生存率相关的CAFs亚群(CD10+GPR77+ CAFs),该CAFs亚群可激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号,促进IL-6、IL-8分泌,为CSCs提供干细胞巢,从而促进肿瘤形成和化疗耐药[38];他们还用抗GPR77的中和抗体靶向这类CAFs亚群,通过破坏CSCs生态位,延缓肿瘤形成并逆转化疗耐药。Yu等[39]通过靶向CD10抑制成骨生长肽水解及CSCs所需的脂质去饱和,显著提高了化疗疗效。
除引起常规治疗耐药外,CAFs还能引起免疫治疗抵抗。乳腺癌的免疫治疗是指通过改变TME,使机体原有免疫活动重新发挥作用,以实现杀灭乳腺癌细胞的目的。研究人员利用6种成纤维细胞标志蛋白[成纤维细胞活化蛋白(fibroblast activation protein,FAP)、CD29、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、人成纤维细胞表面抗原1(human fibroblast surface protein,FSP1)、PDGFRb和小窝蛋白-1(caveolin-1,Cav-1)]定义乳腺癌中4个具有不同特性和激活水平的CAFs亚群:CAF-S1、CAF-S2、CAF-S3、CAF-S4,其中CAF-S2(CD29Low、FAPNeg、FSP1Neg-Low、αSMANeg、PDGFRbNeg、CAV1Neg)和CAF-S3(CD29Med、FAPNeg、FSP1Med-Hi、αSMANeg-Low、PDGFRbMed、CAV1Neg-Low)与正常成纤维细胞相似,在正常组织中可被检测到;CAF-S1(CD29Med、FAPHi、FSP1Low-Hi、αSMAHi、PDGFRbMed-Hi、CAV1Low)和CAF-S4(CD29Hi、FAPNeg、FSP1Low-Med、αSMAHi、PDGFRbLow-Med、CAV1Neg-Low)仅存在于癌症和转移淋巴结中。CAF-S1通过多种分子吸引T淋巴细胞,使CD4+CD25+ T淋巴细胞的存活率增高并延长其存活时间,促进其分化,同时增强Tregs抑制效应T细胞的增殖能力,而CAF-S4无类似能力。因此,CAF-S1亚群可促进免疫抑制,参与免疫治疗抵抗,而其余CAFs亚群是否参与治疗抵抗尚未明确,有待进一步探究[9,40]。CAFs在不同亚型乳腺癌中的耐药机制各不相同,精准化治疗应对不同亚型乳腺癌患者的CAFs进行大样本量分析,以全面了解不同亚型CAFs的耐药谱特征。
目前,CAFs作为肿瘤检测标志物的潜能已成为研究热点。CAFs通常高表达α-SMA、MMPs和PDGFRα/β,同时伴有Cav-1低表达。一项荟萃分析发现,CAFs中α-SMA阳性率与乳腺癌患者总生存率和无复发生存时间呈负相关[41]。CAFs中PDGFRβ与乳腺癌患者的临床特征及预后均相关,且PDGFRβ高表达与乳腺癌患者的总生存期和无病生存期缩短明显相关;PDGFRβ低表达患者可从他莫昔芬治疗中明显受益[42]。MMPs也与乳腺癌预后相关,Cox回归分析显示,CAFs中MMP-11表达增高与无复发生存时间缩短明显相关[43]。CAFs中Cav-1表达与乳腺癌患者生存率的关系仍存在争议。Li等[44]采用荟萃分析发现,乳腺癌细胞基质中Cav-1表达缺失与预后不良明显相关。虽然CAFs中表达的标志物多具有优异的检测可行性,但均缺乏特异性。随着基因检测手段的发展,已有研究分析乳腺CAFs的基因表达谱。Huang等[45]对比原发乳腺恶性肿瘤的CAFs与正常乳腺基质细胞的基因表达谱,筛选出8个差异表达关键基因,有望从众多乳腺癌患者中筛选识别出预后较差的个体。近年来研究者试图描述CAFs的特异性标志物,绘制其遗传图谱,但仍缺乏针对CAFs的结论性和独特性定义,全面了解CAFs的亚型和基因特征对CAFs早期筛查和预后预测具有重要临床意义。
与基因不稳定且突变频繁的肿瘤细胞相比,肿瘤基质中基因更稳定的CAFs成为免疫治疗的最佳目标,靶向CAF成为抗癌治疗的新思路。靶向CAFs的实现依赖于其表面蛋白的特异性表达,其中FAP是CAFs最常见的标志物之一。Fang等[46]研究了一种靶向FAP的免疫毒素αFAP-PE38,其可通过消耗FAP+ CAFs,降低血管内皮生长因子、MMP‑9、趋化因子的表达,抑制TME中TAMs的募集;αFAP-PE38与紫杉醇联合治疗能有效抑制体内肿瘤的生长。Su等[38]发现,在乳腺癌患者来源肿瘤异种移植模型中,使用单克隆抗体阻断GPR77可明显降低CD10+GPR77+ CAFs的浸润和CSCs的比例,减少肿瘤发生,增加化疗敏感性。虽然越来越多的研究证实,靶向CAFs有较好的肿瘤免疫效果,但缺乏特异性标志物是CAFs疫苗应用于临床的限制因素,因此有研究尝试靶向CAFs分泌的效应分子。CXCR4/CXCL12轴在乳腺癌发展中起关键作用,研究发现CXCR4拮抗剂普乐沙福可减轻癌症纤维化,抑制血管生成,并明显降低细胞毒性T淋巴细胞浸润[8]。Jiang等[47]将血管阻断剂Combretastin A4与普乐沙福联用,明显提高了抗肿瘤效果,抑瘤率达91.3%;同时明显抑制了肿瘤的肺转移。乳腺CAFs分泌的肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)能通过多种途径促进乳腺癌转移。Singh等[48]通过靶向HGF-MET信号通路,阻止了肿瘤发生和肺转移。CAFs分泌的TGF-β与乳腺癌的多种恶性生物学过程有关,TGF-β1及其受体阻断剂可通过抑制乳腺癌内的TGF-β信号,有效抑制乳腺癌侵袭。研究发现,TGF-βR1的小分子抑制剂YR-290几乎完全阻断了乳腺癌转移,明显减少了肺结节数量[49]
Xing等[50]构建了一种双功能抗CD73-TGF-β结构,该结构可逆转EMT和间质纤维化,并诱导肿瘤细胞死亡。TGF-β抑制剂可抑制CAFs产生TGF-β,有效抑制了乳腺癌的侵袭、转移,为乳腺癌治疗提供了新策略。阻断TGF-β的单克隆抗体已进入临床试验[51]。一项前瞻性随机对照试验表明,与接受低剂量Fresolimumab联合放疗的患者相比,接受高剂量Fresolimumab联合放疗的患者具有更好的全身免疫应答反应,中位总生存期明显延长[52]
CAFs的表型具有很大的可塑性,可自发地由活动状态恢复到静止状态,研究人员根据这一现象,提出了新的治疗策略:将CAFs从促进肿瘤表型转变为抑制肿瘤表型。Sherman等[53]采用钙泊三醇治疗胰腺癌,可明显降低肿瘤基质中α-SMA的表达,使CAFs由活动状态恢复为静止状态。钙泊三醇联合吉西他滨化疗后患者瘤内吉西他滨浓度明显增高,肿瘤体积缩小,存活率较单纯化疗患者增高57%。另有研究报道了一种合成的非天然类维生素Am80,其可有效地将促癌CAFs转化为抑癌CAFs,提高了肿瘤化疗敏感性,增加了肿瘤血管面积,促进了肿瘤内药物释放。目前针对Am80与吉西他滨和白蛋白紫杉醇联合治疗晚期胰腺癌患者的Ⅱ期临床试验正在进行[54-55],但该治疗策略在乳腺癌中的应用仍有待进一步探究,深入了解CAFs的可逆途径和异质性亚型,有助于实现CAFs的重新编程。
此外,研究人员还制定了阻止CAFs产生这一治疗策略。Miao等[56]采用负载肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体的纳米颗粒修饰CAFs,阻止了TGF-β介导的CAFs分化过程。此外,Mpekris等[57]发现,使用维莫德吉等Sonic hedgehog通路抑制剂可减少CAFs的产生,某些情况下还可降低胶原蛋白和透明质酸水平,从而使TME正常化。
CAFs是乳腺TME中最重要的细胞之一,在乳腺癌的发生发展中作用广泛,如促进乳腺癌的发生、增殖、侵袭和脉管生成等。目前乳腺CAFs相关研究取得了一定进展,但距离临床应用尚有差距。现阶段,针对乳腺CAFs的治疗手段主要有:(1)针对CAFs的来源,包括阻断CAFs的来源,抑制CAFs的形成,促进CAFs的逆分化等,但CAFs起源尚不明确是该治疗手段的最大障碍。(2)靶向CAFs及其分泌的因子。目前该治疗手段已应用于临床,但存在缺乏特异性标志物及靶向效率不高等问题,仍有待完善。(3)促使CAFs转化为抗肿瘤分子。CAFs具有多向分化潜能,将促进肿瘤的CAFs转化为抗肿瘤成分或抑制肿瘤的CAFs亚型而发挥治疗肿瘤的作用,是未来研究的重点。目前,乳腺CAFs的起源、定义、生物学异质性等关键特征仍有待阐明,而对其进行深入研究将进一步阐明癌细胞与乳腺癌微环境组分之间的复杂联系,为乳腺癌的治疗提供新方向。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0532.2022.1114
  • 接收时间:2022-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-10
  • 录用日期:2022-07-15
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    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科医学部,北京 100853
    3南开大学医学院, 天津 300071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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