Article(id=1199334725778239511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0569.2023.1012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681833600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1688400000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-04, onlineDate=1763873281186, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873281186, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873281186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873281186, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199334721185477563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873280092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874025072, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=449, endPage=458, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199334726159921186, articleId=1199334725778239511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory impairment caused by chronic hypoxia in mice, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory impairment induced by chronic hypoxia in mice. Methods (1) A hypoxic model of the mouse midbrain dopaminergic neuron cell line MN9D was established using a hypoxia workstation. To observe the effects of hypoxia on the expression of TH, Ub-K48 and Ub-K63, MN9D cells were divided into normoxia group and hypoxia (12 h, 24 h and 48 h) groups. To observe the effects of MG132 on the expression of the above-mentioned proteins, MN9D cells were divided into normoxia group, hypoxia group and hypoxia + MG132 (25, 50, 100, 200 μmol/L) group. (2) A mouse model of memory impairment was established using a hypobaric chamber. To observe the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on the expression of TH, Ub-K48 and Ub-K63 in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) of mice, thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly and equally divided into normoxia group and hypobaric hypoxia (3 d and 21 d) groups, 10 in each group. To observe the effects of MG132 on spatial memory impairment induced by hypobaric hypoxia, twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomly and equally divided into normoxia group, hypobaric hypoxia 21 d group and hypobaric hypoxia 21 d+MG132 group, 8 in each group. (3) The protein expression levels of TH, Ub-K48, and Ub-K63 in MN9D cells which were either subjected to different durations of hypoxia treatment or pre-treated with MG132 prior to hypoxia treatment were detected using Western blotting (WB). The novel object recognition test was used to detect the memory function of mice. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the proportion of positive immunoreactive area of TH response in the SNc region. The expression levels of TH, Ub-K48, and Ub-K63 in the SNc region were detected by WB. Results (1) Compared with normoxia group, MN9D cells in hypoxia 24 h group showed increasing expression of Ub-K48 and Ub-K63 (P<0.05), and decreasing expression of TH (P<0.05), and MN9D cells in all hypoxia groups showed increasing expression of Ub-K48/TH and Ub-K63/TH (P<0.05). Compared with hypoxia group, MN9D cells showed decreasing expression of Ub-K48/TH and Ub-K63/TH in hypoxia + MG132 100 umol/L group and hypoxia + MG132 200 umol/L group (P<0.05). (2) Compared with the mice in normoxia group, mice in 3 d and 21 d hypobaric hypoxia groups showed decreasing expression of TH (P<0.001), and increasing expression of Ub-K48/TH and Ub-K63/TH (P<0.05) in the SNc region. Compared with normoxia group, the mice in 21 d hypobaric hypoxia group showed a lower new object recognition index (P<0.01), and the proportion of positive immunoreactive area of TH response in the SNc region (P<0.05). Compared with 21 d hypobaric hypoxia group, the mice in hypobaric hypoxia 21 d+MG132 group showed a higher new object recognition index (P<0.01). Conclusion The proteasome inhibitor MG132 could alleviate the memory impairment induced by chronic hypoxia in mice, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Ub-K63 and Ub-K48, which in turn upregulates expression of TH in dopaminergic neurons.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Feng Zhong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对慢性缺氧所致小鼠记忆功能损伤的作用及其机制。方法 (1)利用低氧工作站构建小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元MN9D细胞缺氧损伤模型。将MN9D细胞分为常氧组及缺氧12 h、24 h和48 h组,观察缺氧对MN9D细胞中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、泛素的K48链(Ub-K48)和Ub-K63表达的影响;将MN9D细胞分为常氧组、缺氧组、缺氧+MG132(25、50、100、200) μmol/L组,观察MG132对缺氧细胞中上述蛋白表达的影响。(2)利用低压舱建立低压缺氧小鼠记忆功能损伤模型。将C57小鼠随机分为常氧组、缺氧3 d组、缺氧21 d组,每组10只,观察低压低氧对小鼠中脑黑质致密部(SNc)TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响;将小鼠随机分为常氧组、缺氧21 d组、缺氧21 d+MG132组,每组8只,观察MG132对缺氧所致小鼠空间记忆损伤的影响。(3)采用Western blotting检测不同缺氧时长及MG132预处理再低氧处理的MN9D细胞中TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63的蛋白表达水平;采用新物体识别测试检测各组小鼠记忆功能,免疫荧光染色检测SNc区TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比,Western blotting检测小鼠SNc区TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达水平。结果 (1)与常氧组比较,缺氧24 h组MN9D细胞中Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达水平增高(P<0.05),TH表达水平降低(P<0.05);各缺氧组Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH表达水平均增高(P<0.05)。与缺氧组比较,缺氧+MG132 100 μmol/L组和缺氧+MG132 200 μmol/L组MN9D细胞中Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH表达水平降低(P<0.05)。(2)与常氧组比较,缺氧3 d组和缺氧21 d组小鼠中脑SNc区TH表达水平降低(P<0.001),Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH表达水平升高(P<0.05);缺氧21 d组小鼠新物体识别指数降低(P<0.01),SNc区多巴胺能神经元TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比降低(P<0.05)。与缺氧21 d组比较,缺氧21 d+MG132组小鼠新物体识别指数升高(P<0.01)。结论 蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132可改善慢性缺氧所致小鼠记忆损伤,其机制可能与抑制Ub-K48和Ub-K63,上调多巴胺能神经元TH表达有关。

, correspAuthors=钟志凤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
钟志凤,E-mail:
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董华平,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事高原医学相关的教学与科研工作

, authorsList=董华平, 李鹏, 李晓栩, 周思敏, 肖衡, 谢佳新, 黄沛, 吴玉, 钟志凤)}, authors=[Author(id=1199334729209180328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1199334729314037939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, authorId=1199334729209180328, language=EN, stringName=Hua-Ping Dong, firstName=Hua-Ping, middleName=null, lastName=Dong, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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董华平,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事高原医学相关的教学与科研工作

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缺氧12 h、24 h、48 h组分别以1% O2处理12 h、24 h或48 h;TH. 酪氨酸羟化酶;Ub-K48. 泛素的K48链;Ub-K63. 泛素的K63链;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=VkkcyjiTPHhTZ5DDHJZdUg==, figureFileBig=TlhrQzR3yM8/hd2J7XgQfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334734192013804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of MG132 pretreatment on the expression of TH, Ub-K48, and Ub-K63 in hypoxic MN9D cells of mice (Western blotting), figureFileSmall=uo3v24xOeiKgphPDwOV1sQ==, figureFileBig=+NLBIrFMy7vCNixHUTSOvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334734305260018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MG132预处理对缺氧小鼠MN9D细胞中TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响(Western blotting)

缺氧为1% O2处理48 h;TH. 酪氨酸羟化酶;Ub-K48. 泛素的K48链;Ub-K63. 泛素的K63链;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=uo3v24xOeiKgphPDwOV1sQ==, figureFileBig=+NLBIrFMy7vCNixHUTSOvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334734393340406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of hypobaric hypoxia exposure on learning and memory function in mice (NORT test, n=10), figureFileSmall=cB0sn7huU6Xh8v9z4EB5pA==, figureFileBig=9MeuDq5KtUfXOzFqrKh7FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334735517413879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=CN, label=图3, caption=低压低氧暴露对小鼠学习记忆功能的影响(NORT测试,n=10)

A. 新物体识别测试实验中动物轨迹行为热区图;B. 旷场中的总路程;C. 新物体识别指数;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=cB0sn7huU6Xh8v9z4EB5pA==, figureFileBig=9MeuDq5KtUfXOzFqrKh7FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334735722934779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of hypobaric hypoxia exposure on the expression of TH and the proportion of positive immunoreactive area of TH response in mouse SNc region(Immunofluorescence staining, n=4), figureFileSmall=I/DDGokh5lyZwb+u3ndK7w==, figureFileBig=NVK5uX6+ZLKLsiLuSDKj1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334735831986689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=CN, label=图4, caption=低压低氧暴露对小鼠中脑黑质致密部TH表达和阳性免疫反应面积百分比的影响(免疫荧光染色, n=4)

TH. 酪氨酸羟化酶;A. 免疫荧光染色;B. TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=I/DDGokh5lyZwb+u3ndK7w==, figureFileBig=NVK5uX6+ZLKLsiLuSDKj1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334735962010115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of hypobaric hypoxia exposure on the expression of TH, Ub-K48, and Ub-K63 in mouse SNc region (Western blotting, n=4), figureFileSmall=2SQacrnsRcl3RzjdmDI8DQ==, figureFileBig=Dx9IeQj1K9O/7LeUsFO+1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334736071062023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725778239511, language=CN, label=图5, caption=低压低氧暴露对小鼠中脑黑质致密部TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响(Western blotting, n=4)

TH. 酪氨酸羟化酶;Ub-K48. 泛素的K48链;Ub-K63. 泛素的K63链;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

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A. 新物体识别实验中动物轨迹行为热区图;B. 旷场中的总路程;C. 新物体识别指数;**P<0.01

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蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对慢性缺氧致小鼠记忆损伤的作用及其机制
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董华平 1, 2, 3 , 李鹏 1, 2, 3 , 李晓栩 1, 2, 3 , 周思敏 1, 2, 3 , 肖衡 1, 2, 3 , 谢佳新 1, 2, 3 , 黄沛 1, 2, 3 , 吴玉 1, 2, 3 , 钟志凤 1, 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(4): 449-458
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(4): 449-458
蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对慢性缺氧致小鼠记忆损伤的作用及其机制
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董华平1, 2, 3, 李鹏1, 2, 3, 李晓栩1, 2, 3, 周思敏1, 2, 3, 肖衡1, 2, 3, 谢佳新1, 2, 3, 黄沛1, 2, 3, 吴玉1, 2, 3, 钟志凤1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学高原军事医学系高原作业医学教研室,重庆 400038
  • 2极端环境医学教育部重点实验室,重庆 400038
  • 3全军高原医学重点实验室,重庆 400038
  • 董华平,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事高原医学相关的教学与科研工作

通讯作者:

钟志凤,E-mail:
Effect and mechanism of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory impairment caused by chronic hypoxia in mice
Hua-Ping Dong1, 2, 3, Peng Li1, 2, 3, Xiao-Xu Li1, 2, 3, Si-Min Zhou1, 2, 3, Heng Xiao1, 2, 3, Jia-Xin Xie1, 2, 3, Pei Huang1, 2, 3, Yu Wu1, 2, 3, Zhi-Feng Zhong1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine of PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0569.2023.1012
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目的 探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对慢性缺氧所致小鼠记忆功能损伤的作用及其机制。方法 (1)利用低氧工作站构建小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元MN9D细胞缺氧损伤模型。将MN9D细胞分为常氧组及缺氧12 h、24 h和48 h组,观察缺氧对MN9D细胞中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、泛素的K48链(Ub-K48)和Ub-K63表达的影响;将MN9D细胞分为常氧组、缺氧组、缺氧+MG132(25、50、100、200) μmol/L组,观察MG132对缺氧细胞中上述蛋白表达的影响。(2)利用低压舱建立低压缺氧小鼠记忆功能损伤模型。将C57小鼠随机分为常氧组、缺氧3 d组、缺氧21 d组,每组10只,观察低压低氧对小鼠中脑黑质致密部(SNc)TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响;将小鼠随机分为常氧组、缺氧21 d组、缺氧21 d+MG132组,每组8只,观察MG132对缺氧所致小鼠空间记忆损伤的影响。(3)采用Western blotting检测不同缺氧时长及MG132预处理再低氧处理的MN9D细胞中TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63的蛋白表达水平;采用新物体识别测试检测各组小鼠记忆功能,免疫荧光染色检测SNc区TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比,Western blotting检测小鼠SNc区TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达水平。结果 (1)与常氧组比较,缺氧24 h组MN9D细胞中Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达水平增高(P<0.05),TH表达水平降低(P<0.05);各缺氧组Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH表达水平均增高(P<0.05)。与缺氧组比较,缺氧+MG132 100 μmol/L组和缺氧+MG132 200 μmol/L组MN9D细胞中Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH表达水平降低(P<0.05)。(2)与常氧组比较,缺氧3 d组和缺氧21 d组小鼠中脑SNc区TH表达水平降低(P<0.001),Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH表达水平升高(P<0.05);缺氧21 d组小鼠新物体识别指数降低(P<0.01),SNc区多巴胺能神经元TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比降低(P<0.05)。与缺氧21 d组比较,缺氧21 d+MG132组小鼠新物体识别指数升高(P<0.01)。结论 蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132可改善慢性缺氧所致小鼠记忆损伤,其机制可能与抑制Ub-K48和Ub-K63,上调多巴胺能神经元TH表达有关。

缺氧  /  记忆损伤  /  蛋白酶体抑制剂  /  酪氨酸羟化酶  /  泛素赖氨酸48位点

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory impairment induced by chronic hypoxia in mice. Methods (1) A hypoxic model of the mouse midbrain dopaminergic neuron cell line MN9D was established using a hypoxia workstation. To observe the effects of hypoxia on the expression of TH, Ub-K48 and Ub-K63, MN9D cells were divided into normoxia group and hypoxia (12 h, 24 h and 48 h) groups. To observe the effects of MG132 on the expression of the above-mentioned proteins, MN9D cells were divided into normoxia group, hypoxia group and hypoxia + MG132 (25, 50, 100, 200 μmol/L) group. (2) A mouse model of memory impairment was established using a hypobaric chamber. To observe the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on the expression of TH, Ub-K48 and Ub-K63 in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) of mice, thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly and equally divided into normoxia group and hypobaric hypoxia (3 d and 21 d) groups, 10 in each group. To observe the effects of MG132 on spatial memory impairment induced by hypobaric hypoxia, twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomly and equally divided into normoxia group, hypobaric hypoxia 21 d group and hypobaric hypoxia 21 d+MG132 group, 8 in each group. (3) The protein expression levels of TH, Ub-K48, and Ub-K63 in MN9D cells which were either subjected to different durations of hypoxia treatment or pre-treated with MG132 prior to hypoxia treatment were detected using Western blotting (WB). The novel object recognition test was used to detect the memory function of mice. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the proportion of positive immunoreactive area of TH response in the SNc region. The expression levels of TH, Ub-K48, and Ub-K63 in the SNc region were detected by WB. Results (1) Compared with normoxia group, MN9D cells in hypoxia 24 h group showed increasing expression of Ub-K48 and Ub-K63 (P<0.05), and decreasing expression of TH (P<0.05), and MN9D cells in all hypoxia groups showed increasing expression of Ub-K48/TH and Ub-K63/TH (P<0.05). Compared with hypoxia group, MN9D cells showed decreasing expression of Ub-K48/TH and Ub-K63/TH in hypoxia + MG132 100 umol/L group and hypoxia + MG132 200 umol/L group (P<0.05). (2) Compared with the mice in normoxia group, mice in 3 d and 21 d hypobaric hypoxia groups showed decreasing expression of TH (P<0.001), and increasing expression of Ub-K48/TH and Ub-K63/TH (P<0.05) in the SNc region. Compared with normoxia group, the mice in 21 d hypobaric hypoxia group showed a lower new object recognition index (P<0.01), and the proportion of positive immunoreactive area of TH response in the SNc region (P<0.05). Compared with 21 d hypobaric hypoxia group, the mice in hypobaric hypoxia 21 d+MG132 group showed a higher new object recognition index (P<0.01). Conclusion The proteasome inhibitor MG132 could alleviate the memory impairment induced by chronic hypoxia in mice, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Ub-K63 and Ub-K48, which in turn upregulates expression of TH in dopaminergic neurons.

hypoxia  /  memory impairment  /  proteasome inhibitors  /  tyrosine hydroxylase  /  ubiquitin-lysine 48
董华平, 李鹏, 李晓栩, 周思敏, 肖衡, 谢佳新, 黄沛, 吴玉, 钟志凤. 蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对慢性缺氧致小鼠记忆损伤的作用及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (4) : 449 -458 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0569.2023.1012
Hua-Ping Dong, Peng Li, Xiao-Xu Li, Si-Min Zhou, Heng Xiao, Jia-Xin Xie, Pei Huang, Yu Wu, Zhi-Feng Zhong. Effect and mechanism of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory impairment caused by chronic hypoxia in mice[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (4) : 449 -458 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0569.2023.1012
缺氧可造成记忆功能减退,该损伤随氧浓度的降低和缺氧时间的延长而加重[1-2]。记忆功能减退过程需要蛋白质参与调控,主要涉及蛋白质合成、降解、转运及细胞定位等。泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)可调控翻译后修饰,是蛋白质降解的主要途径。UPS主要由泛素分子和一系列酶[如泛素激活酶(ubiquitin-activating enzymes,E1s)、泛素结合酶(ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes,E2s)、E3泛素连接酶(E3 ubiquitin ligases)和26S蛋白酶体]组成;其中,泛素分子包含7个赖氨酸残基(K6、K11、K27、K29、K33、K48和K63)、1个N端甲硫氨酸残基(MET1)和1个C端甘氨酸残基(Gly)。泛素的K48链(Ub-K48)目前研究较多,其可被蛋白酶体识别并作为蛋白质降解信号;Ub-K63可形成多聚链,调控蛋白质的内吞和转运等[3-4]。MG132是一种常用的蛋白酶体抑制剂,可通过抑制26S蛋白酶体活性来降低Ub-K48和Ub-K63的表达,进而促进其连接的蛋白质降解[5]。MG132也可通过抑制蛋白酶体活性调节突触可塑性,增强记忆功能[6-7]。在记忆功能损伤小鼠中,UPS途径异常表达,但其具体机制,特别是低氧所致小鼠记忆功能损伤的UPS相关调控途径仍不清楚[8-9]。关于低压缺氧对中脑多巴胺能神经元影响的相关研究也较少。MG132可显著逆转多巴胺转运体的降解[10],提示UPS可能参与中脑多巴胺神经递质调节。然而,缺氧所致多巴胺能神经元的损伤与Ub-K48和Ub-K63的关系尚不清楚。本研究观察缺氧后多巴胺能神经元与Ub-K48、Ub-K63的结合特点,以及MG132对缺氧所致小鼠记忆功能损伤的作用,旨在为缺氧所致记忆损伤提供新的理论依据和治疗策略。
雄性C57BL/6小鼠54只,体重20~25 g,购自陆军军医大学实验动物中心[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(渝)20170002]。实验前在温度(24±2) ℃、相对湿度45%~60%、光/暗周期12 h/12 h的动物房适应性饲养1周,自由饮水,标准饮食。本研究经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC2020727),动物饲养和实验操作符合国家和单位的相关规定,在实验过程中最大程度减少实验操作对动物的伤害。
小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元MN9D细胞购自重庆巴尔思生物科技有限公司,使用含有1%青霉素/链霉素和10%胎牛血清的高糖DMEM培养基进行培养。
蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132(S2619)购自美国Selleck公司;酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)(ab137869)、Ub-K48(ab140601)和Ub-K63(ab179434)一抗均购自英国Abcam公司;高糖DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司;胎牛血清购自美国HyClone公司。低氧工作站购自英国Baker Ruskinn公司;低压舱购自贵州风雷航空军械有限责任公司;电泳仪、电泳槽、电转膜、显影仪器均购自美国BioRad公司;激光共聚焦显微镜购自日本Olympus公司。
利用低氧工作站构建小鼠MN9D细胞缺氧损伤模型。(1)在观察缺氧对MN9D细胞中TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响时,将MN9D细胞分为4组:常氧组及缺氧12 h、24 h、48 h组。常氧组细胞置于21% O2条件下培养,各缺氧组均置于1% O2条件下培养。(2)在观察MG132对缺氧MN9D细胞中TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响时,将MN9D细胞分为6组:常氧组、缺氧组、缺氧+MG132(25、50、100、200 μmol/L)组。缺氧+MG132组在给予不同浓度MG132干预后与缺氧组共同置于1% O2条件下培养48 h。实验结束后收集细胞标本。
利用低压舱建立低压缺氧小鼠记忆功能损伤模型。根据不同实验目的采用随机数字表法对小鼠进行分组。(1)在观察低压低氧对小鼠中脑黑质致密部(SNc) TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63表达的影响时,将C57小鼠随机分为常氧组、缺氧3 d组、缺氧21 d组,每组10只。缺氧组小鼠置于模拟海拔6000 m的低压舱中分别饲养3 d和21 d,常氧组则在平原环境(海拔300 m,重庆)进行饲养。低压低氧暴露后,通过新物体识别测试筛选学习记忆下降的缺氧天数。行为学实验结束后,小鼠继续置于低压舱中饲养,第2天麻醉后取材。其中5只小鼠用4%多聚甲醛溶液灌注后用于免疫荧光实验,并于冰上取脑组织进行Western blotting检测。(2)在观察MG132对缺氧所致小鼠空间记忆的影响时,将小鼠随机分为常氧组、缺氧21 d组、缺氧21 d+MG132组,每组8只。从缺氧第17天开始,灌胃给予MG132,每两天一次,共3次。既往研究报道,皮下注射25 mg/kg MG132可显著抑制海马区蛋白酶体系统的活性,灌胃给药量一般约为皮下注射给药量的2~4倍[11-12]。故本研究采用的MG132灌胃剂量为50 mg/(kg.次)。
低压低氧暴露完成后对小鼠进行新物体识别测试(novel object recognition test,NORT)。新物体识别测试实验分为两个阶段:第一个10 min时,两个相同的物体(旧物体O)放置在旷场箱对角,小鼠自由探索;2 h后进行第2次10 min的测试,将其中一个旧物体O更换为新物体N(N大小与O相似,但形状和颜色不同),观察小鼠的记忆能力。然后用诺达斯软件Ethovision 11.5记录小鼠探索旧物体(tO)和新物体(tN)的时间,计算识别指数(discrimination index,DI),DI=(tN-tO)/(tN+tO)×100%。
行为学测试结束后,取小鼠中脑SNc组织,在冰上于RIPA裂解缓冲液中匀浆裂解。离心(15 000 r/min,4 ℃,10 min)裂解物后取上清,采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。将蛋白质样品在10% SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上100 V分离100 min,然后以400 mA在快转液中转移到PVDF膜上(20 min)。在室温下用蛋白封闭液封闭1 h后,将膜与Ub-K63、Ub-K48一抗(稀释倍数均为1:1000)4 ℃孵育过夜。然后TBST洗膜3次,将膜在室温下与对应的HRP标记的二抗(1:2000)共同室温孵育1 h。二抗孵育结束后用TBST洗膜并使用ECL发光液曝光。泛素抗体检测完毕后,使用Western一抗、二抗去除液将抗体去除,之后按照上述步骤孵育一抗(TH、β-actin一抗,稀释倍数均为1:1000)和二抗并曝光。使用Image J软件分析灰度值,用目标条带与β-actin内参条带的比值反映蛋白的表达水平。
行为学测试结束后,小鼠经心脏灌注后取脑。取出的大脑置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中(含20%蔗糖)充分固定脱水,后转移到含30%蔗糖的4%多聚甲醛溶液中充分脱水至大脑上浮。在冷冻切片机上连续切割厚度为30 μm的冠状脑片并浸泡于保护液中储存于-20 ℃冰箱。根据小鼠脑图谱选取脑片,用0.01 mol/L PBS漂洗3次,5 min/次以除去冷冻保护剂溶液。然后将切片与TH一抗(稀释倍数1:500)在4 ℃冰箱中孵育过夜。PBS清洗3次后,避光加入二抗Alexa Fluor 647标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(稀释倍数1:200),37 ℃孵育2 h。清洗后加入含荧光淬灭剂的DAPI进行封片。最后,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察并拍照。
采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析,用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件作图。计量资料方差齐且数据经检验符合正态分布时,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),进一步两两比较采用LSD法或t检验;方差不齐或不满足正态分布时以M(Q1Q3)表示,采用非参数检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与常氧组比较,缺氧12 h组、24 h组和48 h组MN9D细胞中TH蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(P<0.05);缺氧24 h和缺氧48 h组Ub-K48蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P<0.05);缺氧12 h组和24 h组Ub-K63蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P<0.05);缺氧12 h组、24 h组和48 h组Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH相对表达量均明显升高(P<0.05,图1)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与常氧组比较,缺氧组MN9D细胞中TH蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.05),Ub-K48和Ub-K63蛋白相对表达量明显增高(P<0.05)。与缺氧组比较,缺氧+MG132 200 μmol/L组MN9D细胞中TH蛋白相对表达量明显增高(P<0.05);缺氧+MG132 100 μmol/L组和缺氧+MG132 200 μmol/L组Ub-K48蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.05),缺氧+MG132 200 μmol/L组Ub-K63蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.05);缺氧+MG132 100 μmol/L组和缺氧+MG132 200 μmol/L组的Ub-K48/TH和Ub-K63/TH相对表达量也明显降低(P<0.05,图2)。
NORT测试结果显示,与常氧组比较,缺氧3 d组和缺氧21 d组小鼠在旷场中的总路程差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与常氧组比较,缺氧3 d组小鼠新物体识别指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);缺氧21 d组小鼠新物体识别指数较常氧组和缺氧3 d组均明显降低(P<0.01,图3)。
免疫荧光染色结果显示,与常氧组比较,缺氧3 d组小鼠SNc区多巴胺能神经元形态、结构及数量均无明显差异;缺氧21 d组小鼠SNc区多巴胺能神经元TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比明显降低(P<0.05,图4)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与常氧组比较,缺氧3 d组和缺氧21 d组小鼠中脑SNc区TH表达水平均明显降低(P<0.001),Ub-K48、Ub-K63、Ub-K48/TH 和Ub-K63/TH均明显升高(P<0.05,图5)。
NORT测试结果显示,3组小鼠在旷场中的总路程比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与常氧组比较,缺氧21 d组小鼠新物体识别指数明显下降(P<0.01);与缺氧21 d组比较,缺氧21 d+MG132组小鼠新物体识别指数明显升高(P<0.01,图6)。
低压缺氧对小鼠海马、皮质等多个脑区均有损伤作用[13-15]。近年的研究显示,海马传入神经的一个重要部分属于多巴胺能,并起源于中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)和黑质致密部(SNc),多巴胺参与调节海马体突触可塑性,并影响学习和记忆[16]。本课题组前期研究也显示,缺氧所致记忆功能减退与多巴胺能神经递质紊乱密切相关,可能是缺氧导致记忆功能损伤的重要机制之一[17]。中脑是产生多巴胺能神经递质的主要场所,多巴胺能神经元的标记物TH在多巴胺的合成中起关键作用[18-19]
本研究首先采用小鼠中脑多巴胺神经元MN9D细胞作为细胞模型,观察缺氧条件下MN9D细胞中TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63蛋白水平的表达变化,以及MG132对缺氧所致TH、Ub-K48和Ub-K63蛋白表达水平改变的潜在干预作用。随后采用小动物低压舱构建低压低氧暴露致小鼠记忆损伤模型,探索缺氧条件下MG132是否可能通过干预Ub-K48和Ub-K63多聚泛素化抑制TH蛋白降解,进而减轻缺氧引起的小鼠记忆功能损伤。
缺氧是指因组织的氧气供应不足或用氧障碍,而导致组织的代谢、功能和形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程[20],根据持续时间可分为急性缺氧和慢性缺氧,但对于急性缺氧和慢性缺氧在时间上目前尚没有明确的界限[21]。有研究认为,高原低氧暴露<3 d为急性缺氧,3~7 d为亚急性缺氧,>7 d则为慢性缺氧[22-23]。高原低氧暴露导致的脑功能损伤严重程度主要与海拔和缺氧持续时间有关。Shi等[24]报道,模拟海拔6000 m低压低氧暴露3 d即可引起小鼠脑血流变化、脑含水量增加,脑组织出现脂质氧化损伤与氧化应激。Cramer等[13]报道,模拟海拔5000 m低压低氧暴露21 d,小鼠可出现学习记忆功能损伤。因此,本研究选择模拟海拔6000 m,缺氧3 d和21 d两个时间点观察,采用NORT测试小鼠的学习记忆功能,结果显示,随着缺氧时间的延长,缺氧21 d组小鼠识别指数较常氧组和缺氧3 d组均明显降低,提示高原低压缺氧可损害小鼠的学习记忆功能,与既往研究报道结果类似[25]
多巴胺能神经元主要分布于中脑,含有并可释放多巴胺作为神经递质,参与学习与记忆、运动控制、奖赏等的调节;有研究报道通过操控多巴胺能神经系统传递功能可明显增强记忆功能[26-28]。TH是多巴胺能神经元中多巴胺合成的限速酶,也是多巴胺能神经元表达的标志分子之一。本研究结果显示,缺氧21 d组小鼠SNc区TH阳性免疫反应面积百分比较常氧组明显降低,提示低压低氧暴露可能导致多巴胺能神经元丢失,进而造成记忆功能损伤。既往研究和本课题组前期的研究显示,高原低压缺氧暴露所致记忆功能减退的过程中还伴随着多巴胺能神经递质浓度紊乱。当进入高原后,多巴胺浓度水平的变化可能是时间依赖性的,兴奋—抑制周期在进入高原初重复较短的时间,然后逐渐发生高原习服[13,29-30]。因此,在急性缺氧时因急性应激可能表现为多巴胺水平升高,而长期慢性缺氧时则可能表现为多巴胺水平的降低。Kumari等[31]报道,在急性低压缺氧暴露3 d或7 d的大鼠血浆及脑边缘组织中观察到去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、皮质酮和谷氨酸水平升高,同时5-羟色胺和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)水平下降。本课题组前期研究显示,久居高原人群外周血多巴胺水平明显降低,并且多巴胺水平的降低与认知功能损伤存在一定的相关性;此外,在慢性低压低氧暴露大鼠的血浆、脑脊液和大脑皮质中也观察到多巴胺水平的降低[13]
蛋白质泛素化是一种重要的翻译后修饰方式,可调节多种细胞的功能,如蛋白质降解、细胞内吞和免疫应答等[32]。目标蛋白的泛素化是通过不同的泛素赖氨酸(K)连接介导的,并且泛素与底物的连接位点决定蛋白质的命运。在不同类型的多泛素链中,K48和K63是哺乳动物细胞中较多的泛素连接类型,已被广泛研究[3-4]。Ub-K48连接参与蛋白质通过蛋白酶体的降解,Ub-K63连接参与膜蛋白降解、信号转导、DNA损伤修复及自噬等过程[33-34]。低压低氧暴露可能会导致蛋白质内稳态的破坏[35]。而缺氧导致的TH表达水平变化是否与TH的泛素化降解有关尚不明确。在衰老相关研究中,与5周龄小鼠相比,21月龄小鼠表达较多的Ub-K48泛素连接和较少的TH与新生神经元,衰老促进了Ub-K48和Ub-K63泛素连接及TH阳性蛋白质聚集体的形成,提示中脑多巴胺能神经元Ub-K48和Ub-K63泛素赖氨酸连接的表达可能参与衰老过程中多巴胺能神经元的丢失[36]。本研究采用Western blotting检测接受不同低氧时间处理的MN9D细胞及低压低氧暴露的小鼠中脑SNc区中Ub-K48、Ub-K63和TH表达水平,结果显示,缺氧可导致TH表达水平降低,而Ub-K48和Ub-K63的表达水平升高。提示缺氧可能导致UPS途径的异常表达,并且缺氧导致的TH表达下降可能与Ub-K48和Ub-K63介导的泛素化降解有关。
作为一种有效的、可逆的蛋白酶体抑制剂,MG132被报道可通过减轻炎症反应和氧化应激以及诱导自噬,从而改善因缺氧缺血再灌注导致的组织损伤[37-38]。缺氧导致记忆功能损伤的过程中伴随UPS途径的异常表达,缺氧引起的TH表达降低可能与其泛素化降解增加有关。给予泛素化抑制剂MG132干预是否能够逆转缺氧引起的TH降低并改善记忆功能损伤尚不明确。本研究显示,在接受不同低氧时间处理的MN9D细胞中,给予MG132干预可抑制Ub-K48和Ub-K63的表达,降低TH的降解;缺氧处理的同时给予MG132可改善缺氧导致的小鼠记忆损伤。因此推测,MG132可能通过抑制Ub-K48和Ub-K63泛素化修饰的水平,减少TH降解,从而缓解缺氧所致的小鼠记忆损伤。
综上,本研究结果提示,在接受低氧处理的多巴胺能神经元中,TH可能存在Ub-K48和Ub-K63依赖的泛素化降解,MG132通过抑制Ub-K48和Ub-K63依赖的泛素化,可抑制缺氧多巴胺能神经元中的TH降低,改善缺氧引起的小鼠记忆功能损伤。因此,UPS在缺氧所致记忆损伤中可能具有重要作用,未来可围绕UPS在缺氧所致记忆功能损伤中的相关作用机制开展进一步研究,以期为治疗缺氧所致记忆功能损伤的药物开发提供新的治疗靶点和思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82001992)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0569.2023.1012
  • 接收时间:2023-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-19
  • 录用日期:2023-07-04
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001992)
国家自然科学基金(82001992)
作者信息
    1陆军军医大学高原军事医学系高原作业医学教研室,重庆 400038
    2极端环境医学教育部重点实验室,重庆 400038
    3全军高原医学重点实验室,重庆 400038

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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