Article(id=1199334725375590955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0010.2023.0721, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1672675200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1677686400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-02, onlineDate=1763873281091, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873281091, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873281091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873281091, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199334721185477563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873280092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874025072, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=475, endPage=481, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199334725740495418, articleId=1199334725375590955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=The link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and glial cell activation-mediated neuroinflammation in epilepsy, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent, sudden, and excessive synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain, leading to transient brain dysfunction, and inflammatory responses in specific regions within the central nervous system are common features of epilepsy. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the pathology of epilepsy, which activates the unfolded protein response, then regulate and control nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), efficiently induces glial cell activation through the release of pro-inflammatory signals, in turn affects epileptogenesis and seizures by triggering neuroinflammation. This review focuses on the close link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and glial cell activation-mediated neuroinflammation in epilepsy pathology, aiming to provide insights for a deeper understanding of epilepsy.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-Lin Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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癫痫是一种突发性脑部神经元高度同步化反复异常过度放电引起短暂性脑功能失调的慢性疾病。中枢神经系统内特定区域的炎症反应是癫痫的共同特征。近年来越来越多证据显示内质网应激参与癫痫的病理过程,可激活未折叠蛋白反应,进而通过调控核因子κB(NF-κB)途径引发促炎信号的释放,诱导胶质细胞激活,而过度激活的胶质细胞通过介导神经炎症影响癫痫发生、发作。本文综述了内质网应激及胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症在癫痫病理过程中作用的研究进展,以期为加深对癫痫的认识提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王中琳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王中琳,E-mail:
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徐圣洁,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药治疗神经系统疾病的临床与基础方面的研究

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徐圣洁,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药治疗神经系统疾病的临床与基础方面的研究

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PERK. 蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶;IRE1. 肌醇需求酶1;ATF6. 转录激活因子6;P. 磷酸化;eIF2α. 真核起始因子2α;ATF4. 转录激活因子4;CHOP. CCAAT/ 增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白;RIDD. 受调控的IRE1α依赖性衰减;XBP1. X盒结合蛋白1;Xbp1s. XBP1切割后形成的转录因子

, figureFileSmall=pUBYuB1GKk9IzPOZgSgIoA==, figureFileBig=64lDuTeblloaoaJdazgvQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334730878518060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725375590955, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Activating pathway of NF-κB, figureFileSmall=9DecfPN0jFkFpYuKw+9Nbg==, figureFileBig=urAAZLBlAP4cxUB+ef0hgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334731004347184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334725375590955, language=CN, label=图2, caption=NF-κB的激活途径

NF-κB. 核因子κB;PERK. 蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶;IRE1. 肌醇需求酶1;ATF6. 转录激活因子6;P. 磷酸化;eIF2α. 真核起始因子2α;ATF4. 转录激活因子4;CHOP. CCAAT/ 增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白; TRAF2. 肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子2;ASK-1. 人凋亡信号调节激酶1;JNK. c-Jun N 末端激酶;AP1.活化蛋白-1;Akt. 丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶

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内质网应激与胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症在癫痫中的作用研究进展
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徐圣洁 1 , 席加秋 2 , 于晓雯 3 , 孟晓凡 1 , 王中琳 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(4): 475-481
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(4): 475-481
内质网应激与胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症在癫痫中的作用研究进展
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徐圣洁1, 席加秋2, 于晓雯3, 孟晓凡1, 王中琳3, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学第一临床医学院,山东济南 250014
  • 2山东中医药大学校医院,山东济南 250014
  • 3山东中医药大学附属医院神经内一科,山东济南 250014
  • 徐圣洁,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药治疗神经系统疾病的临床与基础方面的研究

通讯作者:

王中琳,E-mail:
The link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and glial cell activation-mediated neuroinflammation in epilepsy
Sheng-Jie Xu1, Jia-Qiu Xi2, Xiao-Wen Yu3, Xiao-Fan Meng1, Zhong-Lin Wang3, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
  • 2the School Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
  • 3Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0010.2023.0721
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癫痫是一种突发性脑部神经元高度同步化反复异常过度放电引起短暂性脑功能失调的慢性疾病。中枢神经系统内特定区域的炎症反应是癫痫的共同特征。近年来越来越多证据显示内质网应激参与癫痫的病理过程,可激活未折叠蛋白反应,进而通过调控核因子κB(NF-κB)途径引发促炎信号的释放,诱导胶质细胞激活,而过度激活的胶质细胞通过介导神经炎症影响癫痫发生、发作。本文综述了内质网应激及胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症在癫痫病理过程中作用的研究进展,以期为加深对癫痫的认识提供参考。

癫痫  /  内质网应激  /  胶质细胞  /  炎症反应

Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent, sudden, and excessive synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain, leading to transient brain dysfunction, and inflammatory responses in specific regions within the central nervous system are common features of epilepsy. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the pathology of epilepsy, which activates the unfolded protein response, then regulate and control nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), efficiently induces glial cell activation through the release of pro-inflammatory signals, in turn affects epileptogenesis and seizures by triggering neuroinflammation. This review focuses on the close link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and glial cell activation-mediated neuroinflammation in epilepsy pathology, aiming to provide insights for a deeper understanding of epilepsy.

epilepsy  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress  /  glial cell  /  inflammatory response
徐圣洁, 席加秋, 于晓雯, 孟晓凡, 王中琳. 内质网应激与胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症在癫痫中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (4) : 475 -481 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0010.2023.0721
Sheng-Jie Xu, Jia-Qiu Xi, Xiao-Wen Yu, Xiao-Fan Meng, Zhong-Lin Wang. The link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and glial cell activation-mediated neuroinflammation in epilepsy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (4) : 475 -481 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0010.2023.0721
癫痫是一种突发性脑部神经元高度同步化反复异常过度放电,从而引起短暂性脑功能失调的慢性疾病[1-2]。中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)特定区域的炎症反应是癫痫的共同特征[3]。内质网在蛋白质折叠和质量控制、脂质生物合成及钙离子稳态中起着关键作用,缺血缺氧、高血糖、钙离子紊乱等细胞内外环境的改变[4-7]均可诱发内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS),并启动未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)[8]。UPR的3条通路均可通过调控核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)途径引发促炎信号而诱导胶质细胞激活,过度激活的胶质细胞通过介导神经炎症影响癫痫发生、发作。癫痫是严重的脑部疾病之一,全球有30%的患者癫痫发作不能得到良好的控制[9]。因此,深入探寻癫痫病理过程中的具体机制尤为重要[10]。本文综述ERS与胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症在癫痫病理过程中的作用,旨在为加深对癫痫的认识提供参考。
多项研究显示,ERS可能是癫痫各种病理过程的关键介质。癫痫反复发作及致痫性损伤是潜在的应激源,可导致未折叠蛋白累积,诱发过度的ERS[11]。例如,癫痫发作过程中某些神经递质(如谷氨酸)的过度释放可导致大脑兴奋性毒性[12],并损伤神经元细胞,而过度的ERS是引发细胞损伤的重要机制之一。为了缓冲ERS并恢复内质网稳态,UPR被激活。UPR主要由3种内质网跨膜蛋白触发,分别是蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(proteinkinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase,PERK)、肌醇需求酶1(inositol-requiring enzyme 1,IRE1)、转录激活因子6(activating transcription factor 6,ATF6)[13]。正常状态下PERK、IRE1、ATF6与葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)结合并保持相对稳定状态,发生ERS时错误折叠和未折叠蛋白大量积累,与GRP78形成竞争关系,导致GRP78从PERK、IRE1、ATF6的内腔结构域解离,并激活3条通路[14-16](图1)。
PERK是一种由C端细胞质丝氨酸/苏氨酸结构域和N端内质网内腔结构域组成的Ⅰ型内质网跨膜蛋白[17]。GRP78与PERK的解离可触发PERK C端细胞质激酶结构域的自磷酸化,磷酸化PERK(p-PERK)可促进真核起始因子2α(eukaryotic initiation factor 2α,eIF2α)的丝氨酸残基51处α亚基的磷酸化,p-eIF2α与eIF2B鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子结合形成p-eIF2α-eIF2B复合物,抑制eIF2与引发剂Met-tRNA的结合,减少三元复合物(eIF2-GTP-MettRNA)生成并抑制蛋白质合成[18],从而缓解内质网中蛋白质折叠的需求。同时,p-eIF2α可促进ATF4的翻译,ATF4具有促生存和促凋亡的双重作用[19]。急性应激条件下,ATF4通过上调参与维持细胞内稳态的蛋白质合成而促进细胞存活;慢性ERS期间,ATF4可上调促凋亡介质[如CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)] 的表达。CHOP作为ERS过程中介导细胞凋亡的关键转录因子[20],不仅能够上调促凋亡蛋白[如细胞死亡调节子(BIM)蛋白、死亡受体5(DR5)的表达,还可下调抗凋亡蛋白(如Bcl-1)的表达,诱导细胞凋亡。Chen等[21]报道戊四唑(PTZ)诱导的癫痫持续状态(status epilepticus,SE)大鼠GRP78 mRNA以及p-PERK、CHOP、eIF2α蛋白水平均增高,提示PERK-eIF2α-CHOP信号通路可能参与SE引起的神经元凋亡,该通路在针对减轻SE相关脑损伤方面具有较高的研究价值。
IRE1与PERK均为Ⅰ型内质网跨膜蛋白[22],分为两种亚型即IRE1α和IRE1β;前者在哺乳动物细胞中广泛分布,后者仅见于胃肠道上皮细胞[23]。IRE1α与GRP78解离后被寡聚,并通过自身磷酸化激活其激酶和内核糖核酸酶域的激活。激活的IRE1α从X盒结合蛋白1(X-box binding protein 1,XBP1)mRNA中切割26核苷酸片段,产生转录因子Xbp1s[24];Xbp1s进入细胞核后启动一系列基因转录(如内质网伴侣基因、脂肪基因和ERAD基因等),从多个层次缓解ERS。除此之外,p-IRE1α不仅能通过受调控的IRE1α依赖性衰减(regulated IRE1α-dependent decay,RIDD)过程促进mRNA的降解[25],减缓新生多肽链合成,降低内质网压力,还可通过肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子2(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2,TRAF2)参与c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶12(caspase-12)介导的信号通路从而促进细胞凋亡[22]。龚德山等[26]应用免疫荧光双标技术对癫痫患者ERS感受分子IRE1α与JNK的共表达情况进行检测,结果显示癫痫反复发作会导致ERS,并可能通过IRE1α-JNK途径参与癫痫后脑损伤。
ATF6为Ⅱ型内质网跨膜蛋白[27]。与IRE1相似,ATF6也有两种亚型——ATF6α和ATF6β[28],其中ATF6α转录活性更高、研究更为广泛。ERS发生时,ATF6α与GRP78解离并转移至高尔基体,同时被位点-1和位点-2蛋白酶(S1P/S2P)切割[29],切割后产生具有一个50 kD的N端细胞质片段ATF6f。ATF6f充当转录因子进入细胞核,与内质网应激反应元件(ERSE)结合,驱动内质网分子伴侣、ERAD基因和UPR介体(包括XBP1和CHOP)的表达,从而缓解ERS,促进细胞存活[30]。Kezuka等[31]采用海马内注射红藻氨酸(KA)小鼠模型分析ATF6α的作用,认为其可通过调节Ca2+和神经元活性,促进神经元存活,从而发挥神经保护作用;ATF6α可能成为具有兴奋毒性的神经病理学疾病的新治疗靶点。
CNS内特定区域的炎症反应可诱导神经元高度兴奋性,使癫痫发作阈值降低,导致癫痫发作,而神经胶质细胞免疫炎症功能的失调在这一过程中起了推波助澜的作用[32]。越来越多的研究显示,神经炎症及炎性介质的释放为癫痫发作的主要病理特征之一[33]。例如,IL-1β可通过上调突触后细胞上的N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体诱导癫痫发作。Han等[34]报道IL-1β水平异常会损害突触可塑性,并导致神经元功能障碍。Roseti等[35]认为IL-1β可抑制γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)介导的神经传递,引发神经元过度兴奋和癫痫发作。Victor等[36]发现癫痫发作后,海马中IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)‑α、转化生长因子(TGF‑β)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)mRNA的表达均上调。由此认为,神经炎症是减少癫痫发生、控制癫痫发作的潜在治疗靶点。
小胶质细胞是CNS中主要的免疫细胞,也是神经系统变化的第一个反应者,被视为CNS内的巨噬细胞,在调节神经炎症过程中起着关键作用[37-38]。Bogdanović等[39]报道小胶质细胞激活的程度与癫痫的持续时间呈正相关。SE可导致神经变性、海马结构炎症、血脑屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)破坏等,与多种促炎细胞因子浓度增高和小胶质细胞激活密切相关。生理状态下,小胶质细胞可吞噬、清除细胞碎片,释放抗炎因子和神经生长因子,发挥减轻神经损伤、促进修复的作用;但小胶质细胞被过度激活时,可大量释放促炎因子和细胞毒性物质,造成神经元脱失[40]。Deng等[41]为了验证SE后小鼠海马中M1和M2表型小胶质细胞标志物的时间依赖性表达,使用流式细胞术区分小胶质细胞(CD11b阳性)与其他白细胞(CD11b阴性),结果显示,癫痫损伤可促进M1及M2型小胶质细胞的活化。M1型小胶质细胞(经典激活)可释放促炎因子,如TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-12、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)等,间接激活星形胶质细胞可引发神经炎症,致使神经元死亡和突触功能障碍。M2型小胶质细胞(选择性激活)可产生抗炎因子,包括TGF-β、IL-4和IL-10。由于M1反应可在损伤或病原体清除后主动下调,因此被认为对机体具有保护作用;但M1型小胶质细胞过度活化会释放促炎因子及神经毒性介质,造成细胞毒性。M2a极化型细胞可分泌抗炎细胞因子,上调多种表型标志物如CD206、arginase1等的表达,还可通过抑制NF-κB、增加清道夫受体以强化吞噬作用。癫痫病理状态下可见神经元过度激活及丢失,二者均可诱导小胶质细胞的活化,过度激活的小胶质细胞分泌促炎细胞因子可进一步加剧神经元过度激活和丢失,形成恶性循环。
星形胶质细胞可发挥营养、保护、维持细胞外离子平衡、跨突触传递信号及参与形成BBB等作用[42]。CNS受损后,星形胶质细胞大量增生,随之出现谷氨酸兴奋性毒性、缝隙连接改变和线粒体功能障碍等异常表现。星形胶质细胞凭借其在CNS中的数量优势形成了网络效应,因此神经胶质代谢可影响整个神经回路[43]。炎症[44]、缺血等病理条件下,星形胶质细胞被激活。在炎症过程中可产生两种不同类型的反应性星形胶质细胞,即A1和A2。A2星形胶质细胞可促进神经元的存活和生长,A1星形胶质细胞具有破坏突触[45]及神经元毒性的作用。反应性星形胶质细胞能够通过释放趋化因子、生长因子等,调控神经炎症、清除细胞碎片、诱导突触可塑性和组织重塑,以减轻或预防脑损伤,但反应性星形胶质细胞持续增生会刺激促炎因子大量产生和释放,并加剧炎症刺激后胶质细胞增生和神经元丢失[46]。此外,小胶质细胞释放的促炎细胞因子对星形胶质细胞间隙连接偶联具有抑制作用[47];Binder等[48]认为星形胶质细胞失去偶联可能诱导癫痫发作。Liu等[49]认为抑制NF-κB可减缓星形胶质细胞的活化进程,下调星形胶质细胞释放的趋化因子,减少巨噬细胞和T细胞浸润,从而减轻CNS疾病的继发性炎症损伤。
髓鞘是轴突的天然电绝缘体,是控制神经元之间精细调节的突触相互作用的关键结构[50]。Wang等[51]报告在髓鞘缺损的大鼠中,震颤随年龄增长而加重,并进一步发展为癫痫。少突胶质细胞作为CNS髓鞘生成的重要来源,受炎症微环境的影响会大量凋亡,严重影响髓鞘再生[52]。Xu等[53]研究显示,TNF-α、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)可促使少突胶质细胞凋亡,并抑制其增殖和分化,从而延缓髓鞘生成。少突胶质细胞的功能也可能受到外周免疫细胞的影响。宋聖姣等[54]认为,T淋巴细胞浸润诱导的脱髓鞘损伤可引发剧烈的炎症反应,且少突胶质前体细胞与脱髓鞘相关的先天免疫反应高度相关,因此,减轻炎症反应仍为目前治疗脱髓鞘疾病的主要方案。然而,在癫痫中调节少突胶质细胞分化和成熟及抑制再髓鞘形成的分子机制仍不清楚[51]
ERS、胶质细胞、神经炎症在癫痫病理过程中扮演了重要角色。有研究显示,星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞等继发性损伤反应可诱导癫痫发生、发作,且破坏内质网稳态,提示ERS与胶质细胞激活介导的神经炎症存在偶联[55]。一方面,IRE1、PERK、ATF6通过不同的通路激活NF-κB,NF-κB高效诱导炎性细胞因子(如IL-1、TNF-α等)、趋化因子、炎性酶等的表达,放大炎症级联反应,继而诱导胶质细胞活化;另一方面,过度激活的CNS胶质细胞通过促进炎性因子释放、改变微环境而诱发癫痫。因此,抑制NF-κB可能是治疗癫痫的一个有效手段。
研究显示,持续ERS通过引发炎症信号及促进神经元损伤触发癫痫发作[56]。UPR期间激活的主要炎症信号蛋白包括NF-κB、JNK、p38等[57]。NF-kB是一种二聚体蛋白,主要由可与DNA结合的各种同源或异源的NF-κB/Rel构成。在非应激细胞中,NF‑κB通过与κB抑制剂(IκB)相互作用而被隔离在胞质中。在ERS状态下,PERK主要通过激活eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP轴来调节NF-κB[58],eIF2α磷酸化可抑制mRNA翻译,并首先降低胞质内IκB而非NF-κB的蛋白水平,但由于IκB的半衰期较NF-κB短,使得大量游离的NF-κB能够迁移到细胞核中,并上调炎性基因的转录;IRE1α寡聚化后募集TRAF2和人凋亡信号调节激酶1(human apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1,ASK-1),随后激活JNK和NF-κB,导致炎性细胞因子的产生;同时,IRE1/TRAF2/ASK-1复合物激活IKK,使IκB磷酸化,NF-κB易位到细胞核中,并与活化蛋白-1(AP1)协同作用,上调细胞因子的表达。另外IRE1α通过与凋亡蛋白相互作用,从而参与炎症过程,促进细胞死亡,如IRE1α-TRAF2-JNK途径可促进Bax依赖性凋亡和抑制Bcl-2蛋白来促进细胞死亡[59],而IRE1α-TRAF2-p38分支可能增强CHOP转录活性[60]。ATF6通过磷酸化Akt并激活NF-κB,从而刺激各种细胞因子的表达,同时ATF6激活能够进一步激活炎症蛋白如C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP),促进单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)的表达并诱发炎症。NF-κB通过调控炎症反应相关的细胞因子(如IL-1、TNF-α)、黏附因子及蛋白酶类基因的转录,应答多种细胞外的信号刺激[61]。NF-κB存在于CNS大部分细胞中,如小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞、神经元细胞等,而胶质细胞作为CNS的免疫监视者,对外界刺激反应十分敏感。NF‑κB的激活可触发多种促炎因子如IL-1、TNF-α等,促炎因子也可通过自分泌和旁分泌的途径激活NF-κB;这种循环使CNS微环境发生改变,引发胶质细胞激活,在持续ERS的大背景下,胶质细胞出现过度激活,炎症反应被持续放大导致胶质细胞免疫炎症功能失调,致使癫痫发生、发作(图2)。
ERS与胶质细胞介导的神经炎症在癫痫病理过程中存在偶联。缺血、缺氧、钙离子紊乱等癫痫诱因均可影响内质网稳态,诱发ERS,并激活UPR。UPR激活后3种蛋白(PERK、IRE1和ATF6)又通过不同途径调节NF-κB,其中PERK主要通过激活eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP轴来调节NF-κB;IRE1通过形成IRE1/TRAF2/ASK-1复合物来激活NF-κB;ATF6通过磷酸化Akt激活NF-κB。NF-κB作为CNS炎症反应的重要开关,释放促炎信号致使胶质细胞活化,过度激活的胶质细胞诱导癫痫发生、发作。因此,NF-κB信号通路有望成为癫痫治疗研究的重要靶点。
  • 山东省中医药科技发展计划项目(2019-0108)
  • 山东省中医药科技项目(2020M004)
  • 齐鲁内科血浊学术流派传承工作室项目(鲁卫函[2021]45号)
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2024年第49卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0010.2023.0721
  • 接收时间:2023-01-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-03
  • 录用日期:2023-03-02
基金
Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Project(2019-0108)
山东省中医药科技发展计划项目(2019-0108)
Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province(2020M004)
山东省中医药科技项目(2020M004)
Qilu Internal Medicine Academic School of Blood Turbidity Inheritance Project Fund of China (Lu WeiHan [2021] No. 45)
齐鲁内科血浊学术流派传承工作室项目(鲁卫函[2021]45号)
作者信息
    1山东中医药大学第一临床医学院,山东济南 250014
    2山东中医药大学校医院,山东济南 250014
    3山东中医药大学附属医院神经内一科,山东济南 250014

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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