Article(id=1199334724062773776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1324.2023.1228, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1702656000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-16, onlineDate=1763873280777, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873280777, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873280777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873280777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199334721185477563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873280092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874025072, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199337845925183535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199334721185477563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=432, endPage=438, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199334724301849106, articleId=1199334724062773776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Genotype and phenotypic analysis of AB type GM2 gangliosidosis: 1 case report and literature review, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of AB type GM2 gangliosidosis (GM2-GLS) with onset during childhood. Methods The report analyzed the clinical data and gene detection results of a 4-year-old child with AB type GM2-GLS diagnosed by Trio whole exome detection in March 2022 admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital. The clinical data and genetic testing results are analyzed. A literature review was also conducted on relevant studies published between 1991 and 2022 in the PubMed database. Results The results of Trio whole exome sequencing and Sanger verification showed that the GM2A gene carried two compound heterozygous mutations: c.158_159delTG and c.496G>A, which caused p.L53Rfs*3 frameshift mutation and p.G166R missense mutation, respectively. A total of 20 cases were reported in 22 articles. A total of 11 mutation types of GM2A gene were included in the ClinVar Database. Conclusions AB type GM2-GLS is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, and its gene test is helpful for definite diagnosis.

, correspAuthors=Guang Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨儿童期起病的AB型GM2神经节苷脂沉积症(GM2-GLS)的基因型和表型特点。方法 报告广西壮族自治区人民医院儿科于2022年3月诊治的1例经Trio全外显子检测明确诊断的4岁起病的AB型GM2-GLS患儿,分析其临床资料及基因检测结果;检索PubMed文献数据库1991-2022年相关文献并进行文献复习。结果 Trio全外显子测序结合Sanger验证结果显示,该患儿GM2A基因携带2个复合杂合突变:c.158_159delTG和c.496G>A,分别引起p.L53Rfs*3移码变异和p.G166R错义变异。检索出相关文献22篇,共报道20例该型病例。ClinVar数据库共收录11种GM2A基因突变类型。结论 AB型GM2-GLS是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性溶酶体贮积症,其基因检测有助于明确诊断。

, correspAuthors=杨光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨光,E-mail:
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陶美姣,硕士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事儿童神经、内分泌及遗传代谢性疾病等方面的研究

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陶美姣,硕士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事儿童神经、内分泌及遗传代谢性疾病等方面的研究

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journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=神经节苷脂沉积症), Keyword(id=1199334728018002592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=GM2A基因), Keyword(id=1199334728093500071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=GM2激活蛋白)], refs=[Reference(id=1199334729028829918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=128, issue=5, pageStart=1233, pageEnd=1241, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Bley AE, Giannikopoulos OA, Hayden D, journalName=Pediatrics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bley AE, Giannikopoulos OA, Hayden D, et al. 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Am J Hum Genet, 1996, 59(5): 1048-1056., articleTitle=Molecular analysis of GM2-activator deficiency in two patients with GM2-gangliosidosis AB variant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334730496836383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=805, pageEnd=812, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Asli I, Filiz BCE, Gursel B, journalName=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Asli I, Filiz BCE, Gursel B, et al. Two patients from turkey with a novel variant in the GM2A gene and review of the literature[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2021, 34(6): 805-812., articleTitle=Two patients from turkey with a novel variant in the GM2A gene and review of the literature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334730647831331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=65, issue=1, pageStart=77, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Chen B, Rigat B, Curry C, journalName=Am J Hum Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen B, Rigat B, Curry C, et al. Structure of the GM2A gene: identification of an exon 2 nonsense mutation and a naturally occurring transcript with an in-frame deletion of exon 2[J]. Am J Hum Genet, 1999, 65(1): 77-87., articleTitle=Structure of the GM2A gene: identification of an exon 2 nonsense mutation and a naturally occurring transcript with an in-frame deletion of exon 2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334730765271845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1991, volume=290, issue=1-2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=3, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Shroder M, Schnabel D, Suzuki K, journalName=FEBS Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shroder M, Schnabel D, Suzuki K, et al. A mutation in the gene of a glycolipid-binding protein (GM2 activator) that causes GM2-gangliosidosis variant AB[J]. FEBS Lett, 1991, 290(1-2): 1-3., articleTitle=A mutation in the gene of a glycolipid-binding protein (GM2 activator) that causes GM2-gangliosidosis variant AB, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334730853352233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=46, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Kustermann W, Brackmann F, Gusek SG, journalName=Neuropediatrics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kustermann W, Brackmann F, Gusek SG, et al. Rare variant of GM2 gangliosidosis due to activator protein deficiency: a case report[J]. Neuropediatrics, 2015, 46: 1-21., articleTitle=Rare variant of GM2 gangliosidosis due to activator protein deficiency: a case report, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334730933044012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=4, issue=2, pageStart=184, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Kochumin SP, Yesodharan D, Vinayan KP, journalName=Int Epilepsy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kochumin SP, Yesodharan D, Vinayan KP, et al. GM2 activator protein deficiency, mimic of Tay-Sachs disease[J]. Int Epilepsy, 2017, 4(2): 184-187., articleTitle=GM2 activator protein deficiency, mimic of Tay-Sachs disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334731021124399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=6517, pageEnd=6527, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Benjamin G, Benjamin D, Laurence R, journalName=Neurol Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Benjamin G, Benjamin D, Laurence R, et al. GM2 gangliosidosis AB variant: first case of late onset and review of the literature[J]. Neurol Sci, 2022, 43(11): 6517-6527., articleTitle=GM2 gangliosidosis AB variant: first case of late onset and review of the literature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334731130176309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=33, issue=25, pageStart=10195, pageEnd=10208, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Sandhoff K, Harzer K, journalName=J Neurosci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sandhoff K, Harzer K. Gangliosides and gangliosidoses: principles of molecular and metabolic pathogenesis[J]. J Neurosci, 2013, 33(25): 10195-10208., articleTitle=Gangliosides and gangliosidoses: principles of molecular and metabolic pathogenesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334731247616825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=1005, pageEnd=1014, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Mobius W, Herzog V, Sandhoff K, journalName=J Histochem Cytochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mobius W, Herzog V, Sandhoff K, et al. Intracellular distribution of a biotin-labeled ganglioside, GM1, by immunoelectron microscopy after endocy- tosis in fifbroblasts[J]. J Histochem Cytochem, 1999, 47(8): 1005-1014., articleTitle=Intracellular distribution of a biotin-labeled ganglioside, GM1, by immunoelectron microscopy after endocy- tosis in fifbroblasts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334731407000381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=36, issue=9, pageStart=1594, pageEnd=1600, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Gallala HD, Sandhoff K, journalName=Neurochem Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gallala HD, Sandhoff K. Biological function of the cellular lipid BMP­BMP as a key activator for cholesterol sorting and membrane digestion[J]. Neurochem Res, 2011, 36(9): 1594-1600., articleTitle=Biological function of the cellular lipid BMP­BMP as a key activator for cholesterol sorting and membrane digestion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199334731557995330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=116, issue=5, pageStart=702, pageEnd=707, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Gallala HD, Breiden B, Sandhoff K, journalName=J Neurochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gallala HD, Breiden B, Sandhoff K, et al. Regulation of the NPC2 protein-mediated cholesterol trafficking by membrane lipids[J]. J Neurochem, 2011, 116(5): 702-707., articleTitle=Regulation of the NPC2 protein-mediated cholesterol trafficking by membrane lipids, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1199334725669192243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199334725677580853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, companyId=1199334725669192243, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences/the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199334725685969463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, companyId=1199334725669192243, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广西医学科学院/广西壮族自治区人民医院儿科,广西南宁 530021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1199334725786632767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199334725795021377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, companyId=1199334725786632767, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199334725803409985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, companyId=1199334725786632767, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院儿科医学部,北京 100853)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199334728227717808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sequencing map of the c. 158_159 delTG and c.496G> A mutation sites in the children with AB type GM2-GLS and his parents, figureFileSmall=7zMlpMyzADEJ7pFgdfU5KQ==, figureFileBig=K682zZMt0/FNuWP3hOc9UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334728315798198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1例AB型GM2-GLS患儿及其父母GM2A基因c.158_159 delTG和c.496G>A突变位点测序图

GM2-GLS. GM2神经节苷脂沉积症;A. 患儿及父亲均存在c.158_159delTG杂合变异,母亲无该位点异常;B. 患儿及母亲均存在c.496G>A杂合变异,父亲无该位点异常

, figureFileSmall=7zMlpMyzADEJ7pFgdfU5KQ==, figureFileBig=K682zZMt0/FNuWP3hOc9UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199334728609399496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Gene variant sites and reference sources in patients with AB type GM2 gangliosidosis (GM2-GLS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异类别变异位点参考文献
错义突变c.164C>T(p.P55L)

Salih等4

Martins等5

c.522T>G (p.L174R)Kolodny等[6]
c.506G>C(p.R169P)Schroder等[7]
c.412T>C(p.C107R, p.C138R)Xie等[8]
无义突变c.259G>T(p.E87X)Martins等[5]
c.160G>T(p.E54X)Renaud等[9]
c.472G>T(p.E158X)Sheth等[10]
移码突变c.262_264delAAG(p.88Kdel)Brackmann等[11]
c.410delA(p.H137pfsX34)Schepers等[12]
369_371delGCCinsTAA(p.Glu123_Pro124delinsAspASn)Asli等[13]
c.369_371del insATTAA(p.Pro124Leufs48)Asli等[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1199334728701674190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AB型GM2-GLS患者的基因变异位点及文献出处

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异类别变异位点参考文献
错义突变c.164C>T(p.P55L)

Salih等4

Martins等5

c.522T>G (p.L174R)Kolodny等[6]
c.506G>C(p.R169P)Schroder等[7]
c.412T>C(p.C107R, p.C138R)Xie等[8]
无义突变c.259G>T(p.E87X)Martins等[5]
c.160G>T(p.E54X)Renaud等[9]
c.472G>T(p.E158X)Sheth等[10]
移码突变c.262_264delAAG(p.88Kdel)Brackmann等[11]
c.410delA(p.H137pfsX34)Schepers等[12]
369_371delGCCinsTAA(p.Glu123_Pro124delinsAspASn)Asli等[13]
c.369_371del insATTAA(p.Pro124Leufs48)Asli等[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1199334728798143187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Clinical and genotype characteristics of the 19 patients with AB variant form of GM2 gangliosidosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
家庭编号性别国籍/种族是否近亲起病年龄临床主要症状基因变异体征眼底检查MRI表现
1美国黑人9个月肢体无力,行走困难,癫痫p.C107R肌张力低下,腱反射亢进,听觉过敏,肝脾肿大双侧樱桃红斑-
2印度5个月神经发育迟缓,全面性癫痫发作p.R169P听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤-
3西班牙7个月神经发育迟缓p.H137fsX33肌张力低下,听觉过敏,精神运动发育迟缓双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤脑白质改变
4沙特阿拉伯8个月精神运动发育迟滞,肌无力,癫痫性脑病,视力缺陷,喂养困难,癫痫p.88del肌张力低下,听觉过敏,反射减弱,不能追光,肝大双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤弥漫性脑萎缩
5老挝5个月神经发育退化,肢体无力,癫痫p.E54X肌张力低下,听觉过敏,构音障碍,吞咽困难,踝阵挛,深反射活跃双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤基底神经节和白质的高信号
6印度7个月全面性发育迟滞,癫痫p.1174R肌张力低下,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑正常
7印度12个月发育迟缓,呆滞,抬头差p.E158X肌张力低下,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑,水平眼震壳核高信号,丘脑低信号,部分无髓鞘化
8土耳其9个月发育倒退,共济失调,癫痫p.Lys88Del肌张力减退,肝大,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑脑室周围髓鞘化延迟,基底节、放射冠、半卵圆中心高信号
9土耳其10个月发育倒退,共济失调,语言障碍,肌无力,难治性癫痫p.Pro124Leufs48肌张力低下,呆滞,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑基底节、丘脑后部和视辐射髓鞘化延迟
10苗族-3个月眼球震动,视力下降,癫痫p.Giu.54肌张力低下,过度惊吓综合征,腱反射亢进双侧樱桃红斑丘脑后部高信号,丘脑前部低信号
11印度7个月失去运动精神技能,癫痫IVS3-2A>T肌张力低下,呆滞,过度惊吓综合征双侧樱桃红斑正常
12(1)沙特阿拉伯7岁焦虑症,认知功能倒退p.P155L痉挛性四肢瘫痪,肌张力障碍,全身性舞蹈病,反射亢进正常弥漫性脑萎缩
12(2)--8岁恐惧症,智力下降p.P155L反射亢进,全身性舞蹈病,痉挛性四肢瘫痪正常弥漫性脑萎缩
12(3)--8岁进行性舞蹈病-痴呆综合征,肌张力障碍p.P155L构音障碍,肌张力障碍,步态异常,全身性舞蹈病正常弥漫性脑萎缩
13---8岁神经衰弱p.P155L肌张力增高正常弥漫性脑萎缩
14加拿大法裔3岁全面性发育迟缓,智力低下,癫痫,共济失调

p.P155L,p.E87X

语言运动障碍,肌张力障碍,痉挛正常弥漫性皮质、皮质下萎缩
15(1)土耳其7.5个月轻度神经系统发育倒退Pro124delinsAspAsn肌张力减低双侧樱桃红斑正常
15(2)--9个月运动发育倒退,肌无力Pro124delinsAspAsn肌张力低下,反射活跃,踝阵挛,听觉过敏,视力下降双侧樱桃红斑-
16*中国汉族4岁手足无力、全面性发育倒退c.158_159delTG,c.496G>A肌力肌张力低,听觉过敏正常正常
), ArticleFig(id=1199334728911389401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199334724062773776, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

19例AB型GM2神经节苷脂沉积症患者的临床和基因型特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
家庭编号性别国籍/种族是否近亲起病年龄临床主要症状基因变异体征眼底检查MRI表现
1美国黑人9个月肢体无力,行走困难,癫痫p.C107R肌张力低下,腱反射亢进,听觉过敏,肝脾肿大双侧樱桃红斑-
2印度5个月神经发育迟缓,全面性癫痫发作p.R169P听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤-
3西班牙7个月神经发育迟缓p.H137fsX33肌张力低下,听觉过敏,精神运动发育迟缓双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤脑白质改变
4沙特阿拉伯8个月精神运动发育迟滞,肌无力,癫痫性脑病,视力缺陷,喂养困难,癫痫p.88del肌张力低下,听觉过敏,反射减弱,不能追光,肝大双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤弥漫性脑萎缩
5老挝5个月神经发育退化,肢体无力,癫痫p.E54X肌张力低下,听觉过敏,构音障碍,吞咽困难,踝阵挛,深反射活跃双侧樱桃红斑,眼球震颤基底神经节和白质的高信号
6印度7个月全面性发育迟滞,癫痫p.1174R肌张力低下,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑正常
7印度12个月发育迟缓,呆滞,抬头差p.E158X肌张力低下,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑,水平眼震壳核高信号,丘脑低信号,部分无髓鞘化
8土耳其9个月发育倒退,共济失调,癫痫p.Lys88Del肌张力减退,肝大,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑脑室周围髓鞘化延迟,基底节、放射冠、半卵圆中心高信号
9土耳其10个月发育倒退,共济失调,语言障碍,肌无力,难治性癫痫p.Pro124Leufs48肌张力低下,呆滞,听觉过敏双侧樱桃红斑基底节、丘脑后部和视辐射髓鞘化延迟
10苗族-3个月眼球震动,视力下降,癫痫p.Giu.54肌张力低下,过度惊吓综合征,腱反射亢进双侧樱桃红斑丘脑后部高信号,丘脑前部低信号
11印度7个月失去运动精神技能,癫痫IVS3-2A>T肌张力低下,呆滞,过度惊吓综合征双侧樱桃红斑正常
12(1)沙特阿拉伯7岁焦虑症,认知功能倒退p.P155L痉挛性四肢瘫痪,肌张力障碍,全身性舞蹈病,反射亢进正常弥漫性脑萎缩
12(2)--8岁恐惧症,智力下降p.P155L反射亢进,全身性舞蹈病,痉挛性四肢瘫痪正常弥漫性脑萎缩
12(3)--8岁进行性舞蹈病-痴呆综合征,肌张力障碍p.P155L构音障碍,肌张力障碍,步态异常,全身性舞蹈病正常弥漫性脑萎缩
13---8岁神经衰弱p.P155L肌张力增高正常弥漫性脑萎缩
14加拿大法裔3岁全面性发育迟缓,智力低下,癫痫,共济失调

p.P155L,p.E87X

语言运动障碍,肌张力障碍,痉挛正常弥漫性皮质、皮质下萎缩
15(1)土耳其7.5个月轻度神经系统发育倒退Pro124delinsAspAsn肌张力减低双侧樱桃红斑正常
15(2)--9个月运动发育倒退,肌无力Pro124delinsAspAsn肌张力低下,反射活跃,踝阵挛,听觉过敏,视力下降双侧樱桃红斑-
16*中国汉族4岁手足无力、全面性发育倒退c.158_159delTG,c.496G>A肌力肌张力低,听觉过敏正常正常
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ABGM2神经节苷脂沉积症基因型、表型分析:1例报道并文献复习
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陶美姣 1 , 黄萍 1 , 杨光 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(4): 432-438
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(4): 432-438
ABGM2神经节苷脂沉积症基因型、表型分析:1例报道并文献复习
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陶美姣1, 黄萍1, 杨光2, *
作者信息
  • 1广西医学科学院/广西壮族自治区人民医院儿科,广西南宁 530021
  • 2解放军总医院儿科医学部,北京 100853
  • 陶美姣,硕士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事儿童神经、内分泌及遗传代谢性疾病等方面的研究

通讯作者:

杨光,E-mail:
Genotype and phenotypic analysis of AB type GM2 gangliosidosis: 1 case report and literature review
Mei-Jiao Tao1, Ping Huang1, Guang Yang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences/the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
  • 2Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1324.2023.1228
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目的 探讨儿童期起病的AB型GM2神经节苷脂沉积症(GM2-GLS)的基因型和表型特点。方法 报告广西壮族自治区人民医院儿科于2022年3月诊治的1例经Trio全外显子检测明确诊断的4岁起病的AB型GM2-GLS患儿,分析其临床资料及基因检测结果;检索PubMed文献数据库1991-2022年相关文献并进行文献复习。结果 Trio全外显子测序结合Sanger验证结果显示,该患儿GM2A基因携带2个复合杂合突变:c.158_159delTG和c.496G>A,分别引起p.L53Rfs*3移码变异和p.G166R错义变异。检索出相关文献22篇,共报道20例该型病例。ClinVar数据库共收录11种GM2A基因突变类型。结论 AB型GM2-GLS是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性溶酶体贮积症,其基因检测有助于明确诊断。

神经节苷脂沉积症  /  GM2A基因  /  GM2激活蛋白

Objective To investigate the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of AB type GM2 gangliosidosis (GM2-GLS) with onset during childhood. Methods The report analyzed the clinical data and gene detection results of a 4-year-old child with AB type GM2-GLS diagnosed by Trio whole exome detection in March 2022 admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Hospital. The clinical data and genetic testing results are analyzed. A literature review was also conducted on relevant studies published between 1991 and 2022 in the PubMed database. Results The results of Trio whole exome sequencing and Sanger verification showed that the GM2A gene carried two compound heterozygous mutations: c.158_159delTG and c.496G>A, which caused p.L53Rfs*3 frameshift mutation and p.G166R missense mutation, respectively. A total of 20 cases were reported in 22 articles. A total of 11 mutation types of GM2A gene were included in the ClinVar Database. Conclusions AB type GM2-GLS is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, and its gene test is helpful for definite diagnosis.

ganglioside deposition  /  gene, GM2A  /  GM2 activating protein
陶美姣, 黄萍, 杨光. ABGM2神经节苷脂沉积症基因型、表型分析:1例报道并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (4) : 432 -438 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1324.2023.1228
Mei-Jiao Tao, Ping Huang, Guang Yang. Genotype and phenotypic analysis of AB type GM2 gangliosidosis: 1 case report and literature review[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (4) : 432 -438 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1324.2023.1228
GM2神经节苷脂沉积症(GM2 gangliosidosis,GM2-GLS)是一种逐渐破坏脑和脊髓中枢神经元的常染色体隐性遗传性溶酶体贮积症。根据突变基因可分为Tay-Sachs病[己糖胺酶A(HexA)缺乏]、Sandhoff病(HexA、HexB均缺乏)及AB型(GM2激活蛋白缺陷)3种亚型。前两种亚型共有文献报道百余例[1-2],而AB型则非常罕见,目前我国尚未见该型病例的临床及基因相关报道。本研究报道1例经Trio全外显子检测明确诊断的儿童期起病的AB型GM2-GLS患儿,分析其临床资料及GM2A基因突变情况,并进行文献复习,旨在对照该亚型已报道的基因型及表型,明确本例的临床和遗传学特征。
患儿,男,7岁7个月,因“进行性发育倒退3年余”于2022年3月就诊。4岁左右开始逐渐出现无明显诱因的手足阵发性无力,病初表现为上楼困难,需搀扶,握笔无力,写字缓慢;逐渐发展至走路姿势异常,左脚内“八”字形,右脚习惯性垫脚行走伴右上肢摆动,需爬行上下楼梯;平衡感差,走路易摔倒等大运动发育倒退和共济失调表现;在随后的几次随访中发现精细动作障碍,手指控制力差,不能用剪刀、系扣子、撕糖纸,同时对声音敏感,易惊恐,喜独处。记忆力倒退,常不能回忆近期的事物,本可熟练计算十以内加法,现已不能作答,智力、认知能力减退。4年前出现浅睡期惊恐叫喊,手足舞动,每周1或2次,每次持续十余秒至数十秒。1年前出现说话吐字不清,初为口吃或说长句时用词歧义、含糊,半年后发展为表达语序、逻辑不易被理解。近期紧张时张嘴却不能发声,仅可用大哭或手指表达主观意图。患儿为足月顺产,出生史正常。父母体健,非近亲婚配,家族中无类似病史。
患儿神志清楚,反应较差,对声音刺激有惊跳反应。左眼球轻度内斜视,双眼对光反射灵敏,心肺腹查体阴性。四肢肌力Ⅲ+级,肌张力偏低,膝腱反射活跃,巴氏、布氏和克氏征均阴性。
血常规、肝肾功能、心肌酶、电解质、血脂、甲状腺功能、维生素D、血乳酸、血浆氨等检查均未见异常。β-氨基己糖苷酶A&B酶1422 mol/(mg.h)[参考值600~3500 mol/(mg.h)],β-氨基己糖苷酶A为222.5 mol/(mg.h)[参考值150~365 mol/(mg.h)],β-半乳糖脑苷酯酶114.8 nmol/(mg.17 h)[参考值18~75 nmol/(mg.17 h)]。
头颅磁共振成像(MRI)+MRI弥散加权成像(DWI)(2022年3月)未见异常,MRI海马平扫+DWI未见异常。长程脑电图检查(2019年10月):异常儿童脑电图,睡眠期双侧前头部θ活动阵发,睡眠期双侧前头部尖波、尖慢波发放。视频脑电图(2022年3月):异常儿童脑电图,双侧前头部尖慢波、尖型慢波、慢波发放,中线区尖波、尖慢波发放。CAS认知评估(2022年3月):语言发育迟缓,社会适应能力边缘。韦氏智力测试(2021年6岁半):69分。韦氏智力测试(2022年7岁半):51分。眼底镜检查:未见特殊异常,未见樱桃红斑。
与患儿家属沟通病情,并获广西壮族自治区人民医院医学伦理委员会审批(KY-ZC-2022-17)同意。采集患儿及其父母外周静脉血各2 ml,委托北京迈基诺医学检验所采用目标序列捕获测序技术,先构建基因组文库,利用探针杂交捕获全外显子及相邻内含子区域,富集目标基因片段,并对目标区域的覆盖度和平均测序深度进行评估。通过高通量测序法对患儿及其双亲分别进行目标序列的PCR扩增及Sanger验证,运用多种生物学软件参考序列进行比对、基因变异注释和基因变异的致病性评估。
患儿GM2A基因存在2个新发的杂合突变(图1):其中exon2,c.158_159delTG(p.L53Rfs*3)与父亲同源,该位点变异属移码突变,可能导致基因功能丧失(PVS1),在健康人群数据库中的频率为0(PM2_supporting),检索ClinVar、MAF、ESP6500、EXAC、EXAC-EAS等数据库均未收入该变异,查阅美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(American College of Medical Genetics,ACMG)变异解读指南判定为疑似致病性变异(PVS1+PM2_supporting)。另一位点exon4,c.496G>A(p.G166R)与母亲同源,即在496号核苷酸由鸟嘌呤G变为腺嘌呤A,导致第166号氨基酸由甘氨酸变为精氨酸,属错义突变,在健康人群数据库中的频率为0.0000165(PM2_supporting);符合隐性遗传病,与另一个致病疑似致病变异反式存在,即与另一个致病疑似致病突变组成复合杂合(PM3),经REVEL、SIFT、PolyPhen_2、MutationTaster、GERP+软件预测结果均为有害(PP3),数据库均无该位点的相关性报道及致病性分析结果。根据ACMG指南,该变异初步判定为临床意义未明(PM2_supporting+PM3<Trans>+PP3)。
患儿于2018年8月(约4岁)起病,初为轻度行走姿势异常、说话慢、写字慢、手指力量不足,未进行诊治。5岁2个月时因“夜间睡眠中哭吵、睡眠不足”就诊睡眠认知中心,诊断为“睡眠障碍”,给予经颅磁刺激治疗。于6岁开始进行感统训练,6岁半开始感统、语言、认知康复及经颅磁刺激治疗。康复后语言功能有所改善,其余认知、运动、精细动作改善不明显。7岁半开始行高压氧治疗,运动、平衡能力较前稍改善。随访至2023年10月,患儿已休学1年,智能发育有所倒退,难以正常交流,不听指令,吞咽有困难,长时间口含食物不咽下,走路容易摔倒,未再次行智力测评及MRI等检查。2023年8月视频脑电图监测到睡眠期多次癫痫发作,患儿表现为睡眠中突然觉醒后体位改变、害怕张望伴身体扭动。同期脑电图出现癫痫波发放。24 h脑电图示:双侧前头部尖波、尖慢波、慢波发放,右侧多见,睡眠期著;右侧Rolandic区及中央中线、顶中线区尖波、尖慢波发放,睡眠期著,且监测到睡眠期多次额中线区起始的部分性发作。诊断为癫痫,抗癫痫药物(奥卡西平)治疗2个月,无再次发作。
编码GM2激活蛋白的GM2A基因位于染色体5q31.3-q33,全长3690 bp,包含4个外显子[3]。迄今ClinVar数据库共收录11种GM2A基因突变类型,详见表1
在PubMed、ScienceDirect、Semantic Scholar等文献数据库中以“ganglioside deposition;GM2A genes;GM2 activating protein”为关键词检索到英文文献22篇并获取全文,复习所有文献后总结如下。
全球首例经分子生物学确诊为AB型GM2-GLS的病例来自一例黑人女性的尸检报告。迄今共有19例该型病例的临床资料报道[4-17](表2)。其中男6例(31.6%),女12例(63.2%),另有1例性别不详;发病年龄为3个月~8岁;婴儿型13例(68.4%),青少年型6例(31.6%);地域及种族:印度4例,土耳其4例,沙特阿拉伯4例,老挝赫蒙族2例,西班牙1例,非裔美国1例,法裔加拿大1例,中国1例;其中8个家系有近亲婚配史。上述患儿的妊娠史及生产史基本正常,出生无特殊面容或缺陷。发病多以发育里程碑消失、听觉过敏、过度惊吓、肌无力(婴儿型)或精神障碍、思维退化(青少年型)为首发症状,随后出现走路/握持不稳、共济失调、言语减少、痴呆、听/视力下降、构音障碍、精神运动发育倒退等多种神经系统表现,半数以上病例存在不同程度的癫痫发作,以痉挛、阵挛/肌阵挛多见。体格检查可见表情呆滞、对外界反应淡漠、进行性耳聋、失明、眼球震颤,丧失部分基本的如坐、握、走、站的运动技能和语言表达能力,轴性及四肢肌张力减退、腱反射亢进、病理征阳性、肝脾大等。颅脑MRI显示脑白质改变,皮质萎缩,基底节、丘脑低信号,髓鞘化发育延迟等非特异性改变[17]。眼底检查出现樱桃红斑13例,均为婴儿型,青少年型患儿首次眼底检查均为正常。生化检查除转氨酶升高、轻度高胆固醇血症外,其余生化及代谢相关检查均未发现异常。Benjamin等[18]报道了首例成人AB变异型GM2-GLS,先证者为22岁的男性,患有脊髓小脑性共济失调和下肢运动障碍;其症状始于10岁,19岁行脑MRI显示小脑蚓部离散性萎缩,侧脑室后角轻度高强度,无皮质萎缩。血HexA、HexB活性正常;遗传分析显示,GM2A基因发生了两个突变,GM2A:c.79A>T:p.Lys27*和GM2A:c.415C>T:p.Pro139Ser,分别遗传自父亲和母亲。无义突变被预测为可能致病,但错义突变的意义未知。电镜和免疫荧光检查患者的成纤维细胞未发现任何GM2的溶酶体积聚。RT-qPCR检测GM2A基因的表达未见异常;cDNA Sanger测序发现存在两种突变。液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆神经节苷脂显示,患者血浆中GM2累积量为83.5 nmol/L,GM2/GM3比值为0.066[阴性对照中位值为30.2 (19.7~46.8) nmol/L,比值为0.019]。因此,p.Lys27*和p.Pro169ser突变的关联导致GM2激活蛋白功能缺陷。虽然第一个突变更可能与婴儿型GM2-GLS有关,但p.Pro169Ser突变可能为第一个与迟发性AB型GM2相关的突变。本例患儿发病前运动智力基本正常,在4岁左右起病,早期症状为运动发育迟缓,言语不利,逐渐出现运动倒退、走路姿势异常,精细动作差,言语迟缓或不连贯、不愿表达,听觉、触觉敏感。目前进展至走路容易摔跤、跌倒,表达困难,难以维持正常的学习、生活。此外,该患儿存在小脑共济失调、构音障碍、肌肉无力,可疑吞咽困难,无肌肉萎缩、躁狂发作、精神症状发作等。酶学检测β-半乳糖脑苷酯酶增高,不符合Tay-Sachs病、Sandhoff病的诊断,但Trio全外显子测序发现患儿GM2A基因存在复合杂合变异(图1),从临床症状、酶学及基因检测均符合AB型GM2-GLS。本例患儿眼底未见樱桃红斑,头颅MRI未见异常,与以往的文献报道不同,可能与已报道病例数少,无临床表型与基因变异型相关性研究有关;且MRI正常可能为疾病初期表现,因此应定期追踪复查。
GM2神经节苷脂是存在于哺乳动物细胞膜外层的神经糖鞘脂,其降解主要通过胞吞途径在腔内溶酶体囊泡中进行,过程必须依赖GM2A基因表达产物的参与[19]。GM2激活蛋白是一种小分子糖脂转运蛋白(~25 kD),作为β-氨基己糖苷酶A水解GM2神经节苷脂的底物特异性辅助因子,在核内体酸性环境的作用下,GM2激活蛋白被质子化并与富含阴离子脂质的核内体膜结合,随后与GM2形成特定的1:1复合物,水解膜内的n-乙酰半乳糖胺分子并把产物呈给HexA的α亚基,从而催化GM2在溶酶体内的降解过程[20-22]。由于GM2A基因突变,GM2激活蛋白功能发生障碍,导致GM2神经节苷脂在细胞及组织中过度堆积,最终出现智力运动发育倒退等临床症状。
本例患儿为复合杂合变异,第2外显子c.158_159delTG(p.L53Rfs*3)移码变异来源于父亲,预测这种移码突变除了导致第53号亮氨酸及其后位点的遗传信息出现异常外,还可能使多肽链末端的部分残基缺失,造成新生成的截短蛋白mRNA转录受限,最终被内质网自动巡视系统视为异类并降解。这与Schepers等[12]报道的c.410delA(p.H137pfsX34)位点单碱基缺失致编码137~170位密码子转录错误,最终使33个氨基酸被替代,另有24个残基缺失的情况相似。本例患儿的另一变异位点为第4外显子c.496G>A(p.G166R)杂合子变异,即在496号核苷酸由鸟嘌呤G变为腺嘌呤A,导致原本编码第166号的甘氨酸被精氨酸替代。Salih等[4]报道的p.P55L突变位点至少在17种哺乳动物中被证实为高度保守序列,该序列在支持GM2激活蛋白的两个β-链之间的转换构象中发挥着重要作用,提示该突变位点所在氨基酸被体积庞大的疏水性亮氨酸取代,干扰蛋白质的三级结构,而错误折叠的突变体GM2激活蛋白可能会被内质网相关降解途径靶向降解。本例患儿p.G166R是否有类似功能障碍仍需进一步的功能研究。Martins等[5]发现,一名加拿大法裔9岁男童的GM2A基因存在c.259G>T(p.E87X)和c.164C>T(p.P55L)两种复合杂合突变。为了研究该名患儿细胞中GM2激活蛋白的表达情况,取其皮肤活检的成纤维细胞进行体外培养,同时另选3名健康同龄儿童作为对照;Western blotting检测显示患儿成纤维细胞培养的GM2激活蛋白表达量极低,且缺乏蛋白成熟体的表现形式,推测突变干扰了蛋白的合成及稳定性[19]。该研究进一步采用荧光标记法对GM1进行跟踪标记,观察其分解代谢过程,结果显示,虽然对照组患儿细胞中的GM1均可顺利转化为GM2,但仅前者可进一步生成乳糖神经酰胺;通过免疫组化法对GM2及GM3特异性单克隆抗体进行蛋白定量分析,发现患儿细胞中GM2染色明显增多,GM3却极少,提示GM2转化为GM3过程受阻,过多的GM2堆积在患儿成纤维细胞的溶酶体中。此外,该研究还进一步指出,疾病的严重程度与GM2分解代谢率呈负相关。在Tay-Sachs病和Sandhoff病中,GM2的转化率≤0.5%,而青少年型和成人型中的转化率可达2%~4%(健康人转化率≥10%)。AB型GM2-GLS有晚发病例。本例患儿的发病年龄较晚,且临床表现相对婴儿型轻微,可能与残留的蛋白活性可部分代替正常GM2激活蛋白的生理功能、延缓起病时间及疾病进程有关。
综上所述,本文报道了一例罕见的AB型GM2-GLS临床特征及2个新发的突变位点,丰富了该型病例的表型及基因突变谱。对于青少年期起病、临床表现不典型但怀疑有溶酶体贮积症的患者,除检测患病基因外,还应分析相关激活因子的蛋白,以尽可能完整地揭示疾病的临床和遗传学特征。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1324.2023.1228
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 录用日期:2023-12-16
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    1广西医学科学院/广西壮族自治区人民医院儿科,广西南宁 530021
    2解放军总医院儿科医学部,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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