Article(id=1198619429216027342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1562.2023.0719, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1658160000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1661702400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-08-29, onlineDate=1763702741196, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763702741196, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763702741196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702741196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198619422425448948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='610', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763702739578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702927730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=570, endPage=577, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198619429975196413, articleId=1198619429216027342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects and mechanism of β2 adrenergic receptor in ferroptosis and autophagy induced by erastin in prostate cancer, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of β2 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2) in ferroptosis and autophagy induced by erastin (Era) in prostate cancer. Methods PC-3 cells were infected with lentivirus or control and set to sh-NC group (normal culture), sh-NC+Era group (10 μmol/L Era treatment for 24 h), sh-ADRB2 group (normal culture), and sh-ADRB2+Era group (10 μmol/L Era treatment for 24 h). The viability of the cells treated with Era and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) was measured by CCK-8 assay. The cell morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured by the Lipid Oxidation Detection Kit and the iron level by Iron Colorimetric Assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of cystine-glutamate exchanger (XCT), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), p62, LC3, JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun. PC-3 cells with ADRB2 knockdown were injected into nude mice to construct a xenograft model and then treated with Era. The animals were divided into sh-NC group, sh-NC+Era group, sh-ADRB2 group, and sh-ADRB2+Era group, with 4 mice in each group. The tumor volumes were recorded every other day and the final tumor weight was measured at study termination. The expressions of ADRB2, JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The viability of PC-3 cells decreased after Era treatment (P<0.01) and recovered after Fer-1 treatment (P<0.01). Morphological changes of ferroptosis and autophagy were observed in Era-treated cells, and MDA and iron ion contents up-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Knockdown of ADRB2 and Era treatment further inhibited PC-3 cell viability (P<0.05), and MDA and iron ion contents up-regulated (P<0.01). The expressions of ferroptosis-related proteins FTH1, XCT, GPX4, and LC3 down-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.05), p62 and JNK pathway-related proteins JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun were up-regulated (P<0.01). After JNK inhibitor treatment, the expressions of FTH1, XCT, and LC3 increased, and p62 decreased (P<0.01). In the PC-3 xenograft model, tumor volume in sh-ADRB2+Era group was significantly smaller than those in sh-NC+Era group and sh-ADBR2 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). IHC showed that compared with sh-NC group, ADRB2 protein expression level was down-regulated in sh-ADRB2 group (P<0.05), while JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun protein expression levels were elevated (P<0.01). Compared with sh-NC+Era group, the ADRB2 protein expression level in sh-ADRB2+Era group was down-regulated, while JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun protein expression levels were up-regulated (P<0.05). Conclusion ADRB2 regulated ferroptosis and autophagy induced by Era via JNK/c-Jun pathway in prostate cancer.

, correspAuthors=Chen Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨β2肾上腺素受体(ADRB2)在铁死亡激活剂erastin(Era)诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡、自噬中的作用及可能的分子机制。方法 取慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞,设置sh-NC组(正常培养)、sh-NC+Era组(10 μmol/L Era处理24 h)、sh-ADRB2组(正常培养)与sh-ADRB2+Era组(10 μmol/L Era处理24 h)。采用CCK-8法检测铁死亡激活剂Era和铁死亡抑制剂ferrostatin-1(Fer-1)处理后的细胞存活率,透射电镜观察细胞形态变化,丙二醛(MDA)检测试剂盒检测MDA含量,铁离子比色法检测铁离子含量。Western blotting检测胱氨酸谷氨酸转运体(XCT)、铁蛋白重链1(FTH1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX4)、p62、LC3、c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)、c-Jun、p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平。注射ADRB2敲低的PC-3稳转株,构建裸鼠成瘤模型并用Era处理,分为sh-NC组、sh-NC+Era组、sh-ADRB2组与sh-ADRB2+Era组,每组4只。隔天记录瘤体体积及最终瘤体重量,并采用免疫组化检测ADRB2、JNK、c-Jun、p-c-Jun的表达情况。结果 Era处理后PC-3细胞存活率下降(P<0.01),加用Fer-1处理后PC-3细胞存活率恢复(P<0.01)。透射电镜下可见,Era处理后PC-3细胞发生铁死亡和自噬形态学改变,MDA和铁离子含量增高(P<0.05或P<0.01);敲低ADRB2并用Era处理后PC-3细胞存活率进一步下降(P<0.05),MDA和铁离子含量进一步升高(P<0.01),FTH1、XCT、GPX4和LC3蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),p62蛋白和JNK通路相关基因JNK、c-Jun、p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);JNK抑制剂处理后,FTH1、XCT和LC3表达水平升高,p62表达水平降低(P<0.01)。PC-3裸鼠模型中,sh-ADRB2+Era组瘤体体积明显小于sh-NC+Era组和sh-ADRB2组(P<0.05或P<0.01);免疫组化检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-ADRB2组ADRB2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组ADRB2蛋白表达水平降低,JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。结论 ADRB2可能通过JNK/c-Jun通路调控前列腺癌细胞中Era诱导的铁死亡和自噬。

, correspAuthors=徐晨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐晨,E-mail:
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黄燕萍,硕士研究生,主要从事病理学与病理生理学方面的研究

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黄燕萍,硕士研究生,主要从事病理学与病理生理学方面的研究

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A、B. CCK-8法检测PC-3细胞活力;C. Era处理后PC-3细胞中MDA和铁离子含量;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与Era组比较,(3)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=RWPyldJW+YEnW4k4NCKXoQ==, figureFileBig=avSTNusg8BzbniP8QcFMqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619436832882716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ferroptosis in prostate cancer cells treated with Era observed by transmission electron microscopy, figureFileSmall=CT+09EbFsfekr/4v9eNYjw==, figureFileBig=0nD03H2tbfvrfBjKHhCfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619436912574495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=CN, label=图2, caption=透射电镜观察Era处理后PC-3细胞铁死亡现象

红色箭头示线粒体萎缩、脊断裂,双层膜密度增高

, figureFileSmall=CT+09EbFsfekr/4v9eNYjw==, figureFileBig=0nD03H2tbfvrfBjKHhCfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619436992266273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of changes of mRNA and protein expression of ADRB2 between sh-NC group and sh-ADRB2 group, figureFileSmall=izqrQCymrPSOktiT+IzO/Q==, figureFileBig=bQGe4XPazgvJMSg6ijfQ0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438078591010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=CN, label=图3, caption=sh-NC组与sh-ADRB2组PC-3细胞中ADRB2 mRNA和蛋白表达变化比较

A. qPCR检测ADRB2 mRNA的表达;B. Western blotting检测ADRB2蛋白的表达;与sh-NC组比较,(1)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=izqrQCymrPSOktiT+IzO/Q==, figureFileBig=bQGe4XPazgvJMSg6ijfQ0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438200225829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of ADRB2 on Era-induced ferroptosis in prostate cancer cells, figureFileSmall=ZF9AWKzNeLeZnHw+FOYXZw==, figureFileBig=RmBmoEZN4TONIjxxeNvG8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438305083431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ADRB2对Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡的影响

A. CCK-8法检测各组细胞活力;B. 各组MDA和铁离子含量;C. Western blotting检测检测各组铁死亡相关蛋白XCT、FTH1、GPX4的表达;与sh-NC组比较,(1)P<0.01;与sh-ADRB2组比较,(2)P<0.01;与sh-NC+Era组比较,(3)P<0.05,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=ZF9AWKzNeLeZnHw+FOYXZw==, figureFileBig=RmBmoEZN4TONIjxxeNvG8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438548353066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of ADRB2 on Era-induced autophagy in prostate cancer cells, figureFileSmall=TZccq0mg5fiPH3mPHu3FXQ==, figureFileBig=HFta8iQDzVeEVbt5PzKn+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438678376492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ADRB2对Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞自噬的影响

蓝色箭头示双层或多层膜液泡状结构、内含胞质成分的自噬小体;A. 透射电镜观察Era处理后前列腺癌细胞自噬现象;B. Western blotting检测各组自噬相关蛋白LC3、p62的表达;与sh-NC组比较,(1)P<0.01;与sh-ADRB2组比较,(2)P<0.01;与sh-NC+Era组比较,(3)P<0.05,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=TZccq0mg5fiPH3mPHu3FXQ==, figureFileBig=HFta8iQDzVeEVbt5PzKn+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438762262575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=ADRB2 regulates Era-induced ferroptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer cells through the JNK/c-Jun pathway, figureFileSmall=pMMcy9L5l4wI/ifHJ5MUTA==, figureFileBig=YHTMimuxG/o4P6Fo9TwKJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438829371441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ADRB2通过JNK/c-Jun通路调控Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡和自噬

A. Western blotting检测各组JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平;B. Western blotting检测各组XCT、FTH1、LC3和p62蛋白表达水平;与sh-NC组比较,(1)P<0.01;与sh-NC+Era组比较,(2)P<0.01;与对照组比较,(3)P<0.01;与Era组比较,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=pMMcy9L5l4wI/ifHJ5MUTA==, figureFileBig=YHTMimuxG/o4P6Fo9TwKJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619438925840436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Knockdown of ADRB2 induces changes in the JNK/c-Jun pathway and affects the growth of xenograft, figureFileSmall=HTEv7gwsjQEJsV6l2OoZkA==, figureFileBig=zuBY9jTXSqbeEQJtgSUiTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619439013920821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619429216027342, language=CN, label=图7, caption=敲低ADRB2诱导体内JNK/c-Jun通路变化并影响裸鼠移植瘤生长

A. 4~6周雄性裸鼠皮下注射sh-NC或sh-ADRB2的PC-3细胞14 d后的肿瘤代表性图像;B. 裸鼠肿瘤重量;C. 裸鼠肿瘤生长曲线;D. 免疫组化染色检测肿瘤组织中ADRB2、JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白的表达情况;与sh-ADRB2组比较,(1)P<0.05;与sh-NC+Era组比较,(2)P<0.01

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β2肾上腺素受体在erastin诱导的前列腺细胞铁死亡和自噬中的作用及其机制
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黄燕萍 , 张咪 , 曾燕 , 陈津滢 , 陈芳芳 , 吴诗锜 , 徐晨 *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(5): 570-577
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(5): 570-577
β2肾上腺素受体在erastin诱导的前列腺细胞铁死亡和自噬中的作用及其机制
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黄燕萍, 张咪, 曾燕, 陈津滢, 陈芳芳, 吴诗锜, 徐晨*
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学生命科学研究院,重庆 400016
  • 黄燕萍,硕士研究生,主要从事病理学与病理生理学方面的研究

通讯作者:

徐晨,E-mail:
Effects and mechanism of β2 adrenergic receptor in ferroptosis and autophagy induced by erastin in prostate cancer
Yan-Ping Huang, Mi Zhang, Yan Zeng, Jin-Ying Chen, Fang-Fang Chen, Shi-Qi Wu, Chen Xu*
Affiliations
  • Institution of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1562.2023.0719
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目的 探讨β2肾上腺素受体(ADRB2)在铁死亡激活剂erastin(Era)诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡、自噬中的作用及可能的分子机制。方法 取慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞,设置sh-NC组(正常培养)、sh-NC+Era组(10 μmol/L Era处理24 h)、sh-ADRB2组(正常培养)与sh-ADRB2+Era组(10 μmol/L Era处理24 h)。采用CCK-8法检测铁死亡激活剂Era和铁死亡抑制剂ferrostatin-1(Fer-1)处理后的细胞存活率,透射电镜观察细胞形态变化,丙二醛(MDA)检测试剂盒检测MDA含量,铁离子比色法检测铁离子含量。Western blotting检测胱氨酸谷氨酸转运体(XCT)、铁蛋白重链1(FTH1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX4)、p62、LC3、c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)、c-Jun、p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平。注射ADRB2敲低的PC-3稳转株,构建裸鼠成瘤模型并用Era处理,分为sh-NC组、sh-NC+Era组、sh-ADRB2组与sh-ADRB2+Era组,每组4只。隔天记录瘤体体积及最终瘤体重量,并采用免疫组化检测ADRB2、JNK、c-Jun、p-c-Jun的表达情况。结果 Era处理后PC-3细胞存活率下降(P<0.01),加用Fer-1处理后PC-3细胞存活率恢复(P<0.01)。透射电镜下可见,Era处理后PC-3细胞发生铁死亡和自噬形态学改变,MDA和铁离子含量增高(P<0.05或P<0.01);敲低ADRB2并用Era处理后PC-3细胞存活率进一步下降(P<0.05),MDA和铁离子含量进一步升高(P<0.01),FTH1、XCT、GPX4和LC3蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),p62蛋白和JNK通路相关基因JNK、c-Jun、p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);JNK抑制剂处理后,FTH1、XCT和LC3表达水平升高,p62表达水平降低(P<0.01)。PC-3裸鼠模型中,sh-ADRB2+Era组瘤体体积明显小于sh-NC+Era组和sh-ADRB2组(P<0.05或P<0.01);免疫组化检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-ADRB2组ADRB2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组ADRB2蛋白表达水平降低,JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。结论 ADRB2可能通过JNK/c-Jun通路调控前列腺癌细胞中Era诱导的铁死亡和自噬。

前列腺癌  /  β2肾上腺素受体  /  铁死亡  /  自噬

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of β2 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2) in ferroptosis and autophagy induced by erastin (Era) in prostate cancer. Methods PC-3 cells were infected with lentivirus or control and set to sh-NC group (normal culture), sh-NC+Era group (10 μmol/L Era treatment for 24 h), sh-ADRB2 group (normal culture), and sh-ADRB2+Era group (10 μmol/L Era treatment for 24 h). The viability of the cells treated with Era and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) was measured by CCK-8 assay. The cell morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured by the Lipid Oxidation Detection Kit and the iron level by Iron Colorimetric Assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of cystine-glutamate exchanger (XCT), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), p62, LC3, JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun. PC-3 cells with ADRB2 knockdown were injected into nude mice to construct a xenograft model and then treated with Era. The animals were divided into sh-NC group, sh-NC+Era group, sh-ADRB2 group, and sh-ADRB2+Era group, with 4 mice in each group. The tumor volumes were recorded every other day and the final tumor weight was measured at study termination. The expressions of ADRB2, JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The viability of PC-3 cells decreased after Era treatment (P<0.01) and recovered after Fer-1 treatment (P<0.01). Morphological changes of ferroptosis and autophagy were observed in Era-treated cells, and MDA and iron ion contents up-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Knockdown of ADRB2 and Era treatment further inhibited PC-3 cell viability (P<0.05), and MDA and iron ion contents up-regulated (P<0.01). The expressions of ferroptosis-related proteins FTH1, XCT, GPX4, and LC3 down-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.05), p62 and JNK pathway-related proteins JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun were up-regulated (P<0.01). After JNK inhibitor treatment, the expressions of FTH1, XCT, and LC3 increased, and p62 decreased (P<0.01). In the PC-3 xenograft model, tumor volume in sh-ADRB2+Era group was significantly smaller than those in sh-NC+Era group and sh-ADBR2 group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). IHC showed that compared with sh-NC group, ADRB2 protein expression level was down-regulated in sh-ADRB2 group (P<0.05), while JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun protein expression levels were elevated (P<0.01). Compared with sh-NC+Era group, the ADRB2 protein expression level in sh-ADRB2+Era group was down-regulated, while JNK, c-Jun, and p-c-Jun protein expression levels were up-regulated (P<0.05). Conclusion ADRB2 regulated ferroptosis and autophagy induced by Era via JNK/c-Jun pathway in prostate cancer.

prostate cancer  /  β2 adrenergic receptors  /  ferroptosis  /  autophagy
黄燕萍, 张咪, 曾燕, 陈津滢, 陈芳芳, 吴诗锜, 徐晨. β2肾上腺素受体在erastin诱导的前列腺细胞铁死亡和自噬中的作用及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (5) : 570 -577 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1562.2023.0719
Yan-Ping Huang, Mi Zhang, Yan Zeng, Jin-Ying Chen, Fang-Fang Chen, Shi-Qi Wu, Chen Xu. Effects and mechanism of β2 adrenergic receptor in ferroptosis and autophagy induced by erastin in prostate cancer[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (5) : 570 -577 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1562.2023.0719
前列腺癌是发生于前列腺上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,也是男性常见的肿瘤之一[1]。目前临床上多采用雄激素剥夺疗法治疗晚期前列腺癌,但大部分患者在治疗后期不可避免地发展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌(castration-resistant prostate cancer,CRPC)[2],治疗效果欠佳,因此寻找新的有效治疗方式具有重要临床意义。前列腺具有神经高度支配性的特点,神经周围侵袭是局限性晚期前列腺癌的病理标志之一,因此神经与癌细胞的相互作用是前列腺癌研究的新兴领域[3]。β2肾上腺素受体(β2-adrenergic receptors,ADRB2)是由肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素激活的7次跨膜G蛋白偶联受体,研究发现,其是前列腺管腔细胞中最丰富的交感神经信号受体[4]。铁死亡(ferroptosis)是一种铁依赖的、过量活性氧聚集的并有别于细胞凋亡、坏死、自噬的细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)方式。据报道,调控铁死亡可能克服对传统化疗、靶向治疗和免疫疗法的耐药性,这为探索通过诱导铁死亡克服癌症耐药性的新疗法提供了希望[5]。有研究认为,铁死亡是自噬的一个过程[6]。最近研究发现,ADRB2与c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)之间存在相互联系,激活ADRB2可抑制JNK介导的c-Jun磷酸化[7],而抑制ADRB2也可抑制ERK1/2-JNK-MAPK信号通路[8]。铁死亡激活剂erastin(Era)诱导的铁死亡与JNK通路的激活有关[9],由此推测,ADRB2可能通过JNK通路影响前列腺癌细胞铁死亡和自噬,但目前相关研究报道较少。本研究采用慢病毒感染前列腺癌细胞构建ADRB2稳定敲除的细胞株,并构建裸鼠移植瘤模型,观察敲低ADRB2对Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡及自噬的影响,以及JNK/c-Jun通路在此过程中的作用,以期为前列腺癌的治疗提供新思路。
胎牛血清购自以色列BI公司;DMEM/F12购自美国Gibco公司;青霉素/链霉素、0.25%胰酶、嘌呤霉素、RIPA裂解液、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)检测试剂盒、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、一抗稀释液购自北京碧云天科技有限公司;铁离子比色法检测试剂盒购自北京普利莱基因技术有限公司;实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒、SP6000125购自美国MCE公司;DEPC水、牛血清蛋白、DMSO购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;免疫组化试剂盒、PBS粉末购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;PVDF膜(0.22 μm)购自美国Millipore公司;CCK-8、Era、铁死亡抑制剂ferrostatin-1(Fer-1),以及铁蛋白重链1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)、胱氨酸谷氨酸转运体(cystine-glutamate exchanger,XCT)、ADRB2、JNK、c-Jun、p62抗体购自美国Bimake生物科技有限公司;甘氨酸粉末、Tris-base粉末购自美国Amresco公司;二甲苯、甲醇、乙醇、乙醚购自重庆川东化工集团有限公司;ADRB2敲低病毒液及其对照购自上海吉凯基因化学技术有限公司;磷酸化c-Jun(phospho-c-Jun,p-c-Jun)、LC3抗体购自美国CST公司;GAPDH抗体购自北京博奥森生物技术有限公司。
前列腺癌细胞株PC-3由中国科学院细胞库提供,用含10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素/链霉素双抗的DMEM/F12培养基于37 ℃、5% CO2、100%湿度孵箱中培养。
取生长状态良好的PC-3细胞,接种于6孔板中,待细胞密度为50%时弃掉无双抗培养基,按照吉凯基因慢病毒包装系统说明书步骤加入由DMEM/F12按一定比例稀释的病毒液,并加入细胞感染增强液混匀,12 h后更换为新的完全培养基,继续培养72 h,用嘌呤霉素筛选。
(1)将PC-3细胞接种于96孔板中(8000个/孔),待细胞贴壁后加入0、2.5、5、10、20 μmol/L Era处理24 h;(2)将PC-3细胞接种于96孔板中(8000个/孔),设置对照组(正常培养)、Era组(10 μmol/L Era处理24 h)与Era+Fer-1组(10 μmol/L Era+1 μmol/L Fer-1处理24 h);(3)将慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞接种于96孔板中(8000个/孔),设置sh-NC组、sh-ADRB2组、sh-NC+Era组与sh-ADRB2+Era组,sh-NC组与sh-ADRB2组正常培养,sh-NC+Era组与sh-ADRB2+Era组用10 μmol/L Era处理24 h。检测前将上述各组每孔培养基换成90 μl无血清DMEM/F12培养液及10 μl CCK-8试剂吹打混匀,于37 ℃,5% CO2孵箱中避光孵育2 h,采用酶标仪测定450 nm处的吸光度值(OD450)。
取PC-3细胞接种于10 cm培养皿,设置对照组与Era组。用胰酶消化并移至2 ml EP管中,1200 r/min离心10 min,弃掉上清液,沿EP管壁缓慢加入适量固定液,常温化学固定、脱水包埋、常规超薄切片,于透射电子显微镜下观察。
(1)取PC-3细胞,设置对照组与Era组;(2)取慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞,设置sh-NC组、sh-ADRB2组、sh-NC+Era组与sh-ADRB2+Era组。根据MDA检测试剂盒说明书步骤,用BCA法测定样品蛋白浓度,将100 μl待测样品与200 μl检测工作液混匀,100 ℃加热15 min。将样品水浴冷却至室温,1000 r/min离心10 min。取上清200 μl于96孔板中,采用酶标仪测定532 nm处吸光度值(OD532)。
(1)取PC-3细胞,设置对照组与Era组;(2)取慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞,设置sh-NC组、sh-ADRB2组、sh-NC+Era组与sh-ADRB2+Era组。根据铁离子检测试剂盒说明书步骤,将100 μl待测样品与100 μl检测工作液混匀,60 ℃孵育1 h,冷却至室温后离心。加入30 μl铁离子检测剂吹打混匀后于室温孵育30 min。12 000 r/min离心5 min,取200 μl上清液于96孔板中,采用酶标仪测定550 nm处的吸光度值(OD550),绘制标准曲线并计算铁离子含量。
取慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞,设置sh-NC组与sh-ADRB2组,收集细胞于EP管中,用RNA提取试剂盒提取总RNA,并反转录为cDNA,采用qPCR仪检测ADRB2 mRNA表达水平。PCR反应体系(10 μl):SYBR 5 μl,上下游引物各0.2 μl,ddH2O 3.6 μl,cDNA 1 μl。反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性10 s,58 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸20 s,共39个循环。引物序列:ADRB2上游:5'-GTCTTGAGGGCTTTGTGCTC-3',下游:5'-GGCAGCTCCAGAAGATTGAC-3';GAPDH上游:5'-ACGGATTTGGTCGTATTGGG-3',下游5'-CGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTGAT-3'。采用Bio-Rad CFX Manager软件进行数据分析。
(1)取慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞,设置sh-NC组、sh-ADRB2组、sh-NC+Era组与sh-ADRB2+Era组;(2)取PC-3细胞,设置对照组、Era组、SP组(SP6000125 20 μmol/L处理24 h)与Era+SP组(Era 10 μmol/L+SP6000125 20 μmol/L处理24 h)。
收集各组细胞,采用RIPA裂解法提取细胞总蛋白。上样行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳并转膜。加入ADRB2、XCT、FTH1、GPX4、p62、LC3、JNK、c-Jun、p-c-Jun、GAPDH一抗(1∶1000) 4 ℃摇床孵育过夜。次日于1× TBST中洗膜,加入山羊抗兔二抗(1∶5000)室温摇床孵育1.5 h。洗膜后滴加ECL发光液,在化学发光凝胶成像系统中显影。利用Image lab软件进行灰度值分析,以GAPDH为内参,以目的条带灰度值/内参灰度值为目的蛋白相对表达量。
16只4~6周龄SPF级雄性裸鼠(品系:BALB/c-nu小鼠)购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0008]。随机分为sh-NC组、sh-NC+Era组、sh-ADRB2组与sh-ADRB2+Era组,每组4只。取100 μl慢病毒或对照感染的PC-3细胞悬液(1×107个/只)皮下注射于裸鼠腋下。成瘤后每隔1 d注射Era(15 mg/kg)或对照剂(未加Era的溶剂)处理8次,并用游标卡尺测量瘤体直径。加药处理第14天,用乙醚麻醉小鼠并颈椎脱臼处死,于无菌条件下剥离瘤体组织,测量瘤体直径并称重后,置于10%多聚甲醛溶液中固定24 h,石蜡包埋行免疫组化染色。本研究获得重庆医科大学医学伦理委员会批准(2022047)。
石蜡包埋组织切片后,脱蜡水化、抗原修复,3%过氧化氢室温孵育,滴加ADRB2(1∶50)、JNK(1∶50)、c-Jun(1∶50)、p-c-Jun(1∶200)抗体4 ℃湿盒孵育过夜。次日滴加山羊抗兔IgG聚合物,PBS洗涤后滴加辣根过氧化物酶标记的工作液。DAB显色,苏木精(蓝)复染、酚化、脱水、透明、封片。于光学显微镜下观察拍照。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析。实验数据以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用非配对t检验,多组间比较采用方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,与0 μmol/L Era(对照组)比较,10、20 μmol/L Era处理后PC-3细胞存活率明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01,图1A)。据此选择10 μmol/L Era进行后续实验。
与对照组比较,Era组PC-3细胞存活率明显降低(P<0.01);与Era组比较,Era+Fer-1组PC-3细胞存活率明显升高(P<0.01,图1B)。
与对照组比较,Era组PC-3细胞中MDA、铁离子含量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01,图1C)。
透射电镜观察可见,对照组PC-3细胞线粒体双层膜正常,嵴完整;与对照组比较,Era组PC-3细胞线粒体变小,膜密度增高,嵴断裂呈现铁死亡的形态学改变(图2)。
qPCR和Western blotting检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-ADRB2组PC-3细胞中ADRB2 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.01,图3),表明ADRB2敲低实验成功。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-NC+Era组PC-3细胞存活率降低(P<0.01);与sh-ADRB2组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组PC-3细胞存活率降低(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组PC-3细胞存活率降低(P<0.05,图4A)。
与sh-NC组比较,sh-NC+Era组MDA和铁离子含量增高(P<0.01);与sh-ADRB2组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组MDA和铁离子含量增高(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组MDA和铁离子含量增高(P<0.01,图4B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-NC+Era组FTH1、XCT、GPX4表达水平降低(P<0.01);与sh-ADRB2组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组FTH1、XCT、GPX4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组FTH1、XCT、GPX4蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01,图4C),与CCK-8法检测结果一致。
透射电镜观察显示,对照组细胞膜完整,细胞核大,核仁明显,Era处理后PC-3细胞中可见双层或多层膜液泡状结构、内含胞质成分的自噬小体存在(图5A)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-NC+Era组LC3蛋白表达水平升高,p62蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01);与sh-ADRB2组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组LC3蛋白表达水平升高,p62蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组相比,sh-ADRB2+Era组LC3蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),p62蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01) (图5B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-ADRB2组JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01) (图6A)。
与对照组相比,Era组铁死亡相关蛋白FTH1、XCT表达水平降低,自噬相关蛋白LC3表达水平升高、p62表达水平降低(P<0.01);SP组铁死亡相关蛋白FTH1、XCT表达水平升高,自噬相关蛋白LC3表达水平升高、p62表达水平降低(P<0.01)。与Era组相比,Era+SP组铁死亡相关蛋白FTH1、XCT表达水平升高,自噬相关蛋白LC3表达水平升高、p62表达水平降低(P<0.01)(图6B)。
裸鼠成瘤后并用Era处理的第14天,与sh-NC组比较,sh-NC+Era组瘤体重量差异无统计学意义[(0.44±0.02) g vs. (0.45±0.02) g,P>0.05];与sh-ADRB2组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组瘤体重量降低[(0.16±0.01) g vs. (0.2±0.02) g,P<0.05];与sh-NC+Era组相比,sh-ADRB2+Era组瘤体重量降低(P<0.01)(图7A、B)。
与sh-NC组比较,sh-NC+Era组瘤体体积差异无统计学意义[(452.08±28.35) mm3 vs. (451.38±22.87) mm3P>0.05];与sh-ADRB2组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组瘤体体积减小[(68.59±17.91) mm3 vs. (117.99±39.77) mm3P<0.05];与sh-NC+Era组相比,sh-ADRB2+Era组瘤体体积减小(P<0.01) (图7C)。
免疫组化检测结果显示,与sh-NC组比较,sh-ADRB2组ADRB2蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01);与sh-NC+Era组比较,sh-ADRB2+Era组ADRB2蛋白表达水平降低,JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)(图7D)。
前列腺癌是影响男性健康的主要疾病之一,其发病机制尚未明确。本研究探讨了ADRB2对Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡和自噬的影响及JNK/c-Jun通路在其中可能发挥的作用。
研究发现,前列腺癌中ADRB2表达较正常前列腺组织增高[3]。体内研究发现,来源于交感神经系统的肾上腺素能纤维通过ADRB2在前列腺癌发展的初始阶段发挥促进作用;体外研究发现,在β2受体激动剂和抑制剂的作用下,前列腺癌细胞的迁移活动会发生相应改变[4]。由此可见,ADRB2在前列腺癌的发生发展过程中起着重要作用。
PCD在所有生物成长过程中普遍存在,是机体主动维持正常有序新陈代谢的重要生理过程,近年来研究发现了凋亡、自噬、坏死、铁死亡等多种PCD[10]。越来越多的研究发现铁死亡与肿瘤似乎有着重要联系。ADRB2对肿瘤发生发展中的凋亡、自噬等起着重要作用[11],但其对铁死亡的影响目前知之甚少。
为了探索ADRB2对Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡的影响及其机制,本研究采用铁死亡诱导剂Era处理前列腺癌细胞,发现Era对前列腺癌细胞的增殖抑制呈浓度依赖性,但通过铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1处理后前列腺癌细胞增殖情况恢复至正常水平。透射电镜观察到Era处理后前列腺癌细胞以线粒体破坏为主的铁死亡特征性形态学改变。提示Era可诱导前列腺癌细胞发生铁死亡。
为了研究ADRB2在前列腺癌细胞铁死亡中的作用,采用慢病毒敲低ADRB2,CCK-8法和Western blotting检测结果提示,敲低ADRB2可促进PC-3细胞中Era诱导的铁死亡。Era不仅可引起前列腺癌细胞铁死亡,还可引起其他形式的PCD,如自噬等。透射电镜观察显示,Era处理后前列腺癌细胞中可见自噬特征性改变自噬小体的存在。自噬是细胞中一个高度保守的自我消化与分解过程,广泛参与细胞的生长发育,循环利用降解的产物来实现细胞本身代谢的需要以及维持细胞稳态[12]。本研究采用Western blotting检测自噬相关蛋白LC3和p62的表达,发现敲低ADRB2可抑制Era诱导的自噬。近年来有研究发现,自噬对细胞铁死亡的调节起着重要作用,过度的自噬可通过铁积累或脂质过氧化促进铁死亡,铁死亡是一种自噬依赖的死亡方式[13],但在神经细胞中铁死亡被显著激活[14],自噬活性却降低[15]。因此抑制自噬是否会抑制铁死亡的发生仍需进一步探讨。本研究中,经过Era处理后前列腺癌细胞自噬与铁死亡是否存在相互作用,仍需进一步验证。
研究发现,MAPK中JNK是前列腺癌细胞生长必需的酶,且JNK通路已成为目前治疗前列腺癌的新靶点[16]。JNK是MAPK家族的成员之一,该家族还包括ERK和p38激酶。研究发现,JNK可能对PCD起着至关重要的作用[17]。c-Jun是JNK的主要靶蛋白,是激活蛋白-1(activation protein,AP-1)家族成员之一,在细胞增殖、分化过程中起着重要作用,JNK被激活后可增强c-Jun磷酸化,提高其转录效率[18]。然而目前对ADRB2是否与JNK通路相互作用并影响前列腺癌发展的研究鲜少。
为了探究ADRB2与JNK通路的关系,本研究敲低了PC-3细胞中ADRB2,并进行Western blotting检测,结果显示,JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高,提示JNK/c-Jun通路在敲低ADRB2后被激活。为了验证ADRB2是否通过JNK/c-Jun通路来调节Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡及自噬,使用JNK通路激活剂SP6000125处理PC-3细胞后,采用Western blotting检测铁死亡及自噬相关蛋白的表达情况,发现敲低ADRB2后,Era诱导的铁死亡和自噬均被显著逆转。提示ADRB2可能通过JNK/c-Jun通路调节Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡及自噬。
体内实验发现,敲低ADRB2后,移植瘤被明显抑制,而与Era联用后移植瘤被进一步抑制。免疫组化染色结果显示,敲低ADRB2后,移植瘤中JNK、c-Jun和p-c-Jun蛋白表达水平升高,提示抑制ADRB2可激活JNK/c-Jun通路,影响移植瘤的生长。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,ADRB2可能通过JNK/c-Jun通路调控Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡和自噬,敲低ADRB2并与Era联用可进一步抑制移植瘤的生长。已有研究表明Era与传统抗肿瘤药物联合使用能有效治疗前列腺癌[19],β受体阻滞剂作为治疗前列腺癌的新型抗肿瘤药物,其研究进展也较好[3],进一步研究ADRB2在Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡及自噬中的作用机制,深入探讨ADRB2与Era的相互关系,有望为治疗前列腺癌提供一种新思路。但关于Era诱导的前列腺癌细胞铁死亡与自噬的作用关系及具体机制仍需进一步研究。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1562.2023.0719
  • 接收时间:2022-07-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-19
  • 录用日期:2022-08-29
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    重庆医科大学生命科学研究院,重庆 400016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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