Article(id=1198619427999674952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0452.2024.0306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680019200000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1689523200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-17, onlineDate=1763702740906, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763702740906, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763702740906, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702740906, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198619422425448948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='610', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763702739578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702927730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=586, endPage=593, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198619429350240859, articleId=1198619427999674952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of vitamin D in neuro-developmental disabilities, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Neuro-developmental disorders (NDDs) are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect multifunctional areas of the brain,caused by various genetic or acquired factors. Vitamin D (Vit D), as a neurosteroid hormone, can exert its function through both genetic and non-genetic mechanisms. Over the past few decades, studies on the relationship between Vit D levels and NDDs have found that Vit D deficiency during development is a risk factor for some NDDs. Vit D deficiency in early life can affect brain development, disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, and reduce the body's and brain's antioxidant capacity. This review examines the mechanism of Vit D in the brain, explores the relationship between Vit D and neurodevelopmental disabilities, highlights recent research progress and identifies unsolved problems, in order to deepen understanding of the role of Vit D in NDDs and provide novel insights for the diagnosis and treatment of NDDs.

, correspAuthors=Guo-Hui Niu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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神经发育障碍性疾病(NDDs)是由于多种遗传性或获得性病因导致的影响大脑多功能区的慢性发育性脑功能障碍;维生素D(Vit D)作为一种神经类固醇激素,可通过基因和非基因作用机制发挥功能。在过去的几十年里,关于Vit D水平与NDDs关系的研究发现,发育期Vit D缺乏是部分NDDs的危险因素;成长早期Vit D缺乏会影响大脑发育,扰乱大脑中的神经递质平衡,可降低机体和大脑的抗氧化能力。本文重点综述Vit D在脑组织中的作用机制、与NDDs的关系、近期研究的进展及尚未解决的问题,以期加深对Vit D在NDDs中作用的了解及为NDDs的诊治提供新的思路。

, correspAuthors=牛国辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
牛国辉
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谢加阳,医学硕士,主要从事小儿神经系统疾病方面的研究

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谢加阳,医学硕士,主要从事小儿神经系统疾病方面的研究

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谢加阳,医学硕士,主要从事小儿神经系统疾病方面的研究

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维生素D在神经发育障碍性疾病中的作用研究进展
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谢加阳 , 牛国辉 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(5): 586-593
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(5): 586-593
维生素D在神经发育障碍性疾病中的作用研究进展
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谢加阳, 牛国辉*
作者信息
  • 郑州大学第三附属医院儿童康复科/河南省儿科疾病临床医学研究中心,河南郑州 450052
  • 谢加阳,医学硕士,主要从事小儿神经系统疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

牛国辉
Research progress of vitamin D in neuro-developmental disabilities
Jia-Yang Xie, Guo-Hui Niu*
Affiliations
  • Department of Child Rehabilitation, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University/Henan Clinical Medical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0452.2024.0306
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神经发育障碍性疾病(NDDs)是由于多种遗传性或获得性病因导致的影响大脑多功能区的慢性发育性脑功能障碍;维生素D(Vit D)作为一种神经类固醇激素,可通过基因和非基因作用机制发挥功能。在过去的几十年里,关于Vit D水平与NDDs关系的研究发现,发育期Vit D缺乏是部分NDDs的危险因素;成长早期Vit D缺乏会影响大脑发育,扰乱大脑中的神经递质平衡,可降低机体和大脑的抗氧化能力。本文重点综述Vit D在脑组织中的作用机制、与NDDs的关系、近期研究的进展及尚未解决的问题,以期加深对Vit D在NDDs中作用的了解及为NDDs的诊治提供新的思路。

维生素D  /  神经发育障碍性疾病  /  发病机制

Neuro-developmental disorders (NDDs) are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect multifunctional areas of the brain,caused by various genetic or acquired factors. Vitamin D (Vit D), as a neurosteroid hormone, can exert its function through both genetic and non-genetic mechanisms. Over the past few decades, studies on the relationship between Vit D levels and NDDs have found that Vit D deficiency during development is a risk factor for some NDDs. Vit D deficiency in early life can affect brain development, disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, and reduce the body's and brain's antioxidant capacity. This review examines the mechanism of Vit D in the brain, explores the relationship between Vit D and neurodevelopmental disabilities, highlights recent research progress and identifies unsolved problems, in order to deepen understanding of the role of Vit D in NDDs and provide novel insights for the diagnosis and treatment of NDDs.

vitamin D  /  neuro-developmental disabilities  /  pathogenesis
谢加阳, 牛国辉. 维生素D在神经发育障碍性疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (5) : 586 -593 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0452.2024.0306
Jia-Yang Xie, Guo-Hui Niu. Research progress of vitamin D in neuro-developmental disabilities[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (5) : 586 -593 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0452.2024.0306
维生素D(vitamin D,Vit D)是一种类固醇激素,早在1918年,Mellanby[1]发现小狗在进食大量含有这种物质的鱼肝油后可治疗佝偻病,由此得出结论,佝偻病是一种营养缺乏性疾病,就像坏血病(维生素C缺乏症)或脚气病(维生素B1或硫胺素缺乏症)一样,可通过补充饮食中的一种抗佝偻病物质来预防。大约100年前,治疗软骨病的成分鱼肝油被确定并命名为“维生素D”,因为它是第4顺位被命名的维生素[2]。此外,在阳光的作用下,Vit D也可通过内源性途径产生。
活性Vit D[1,25(OH)2D]最为人所知的作用是参与调节钙和磷酸盐的代谢[3]。然而,21世纪20年代至今,许多研究数据表明,该激素可调节数百个基因的转录[4-7],控制大脑的早期发育和成年后的功能及免疫反应等[8]。在动物模型中的研究表明,Vit D有助于突触可塑性、神经保护和多巴胺能系统的生理功能,以及神经回路的连接[5,9]。研究发现,神经发育障碍性疾病(neuro-developmental disabilities,NDDs)的发生除了与已知的环境和遗传因素有关外,还可能与Vit D缺乏或不足引起的脑功能和神经功能异常有一定的相关性[9-11],但相关研究数量较少,许多问题仍无定论。本文就Vit D在脑组织中的作用机制、与NDDs的关系、近期研究的进展及尚未解决的问题进行综述,旨在加深对Vit D在NDDs中作用的了解及为NDDs的诊治提供新的思路。
人体的Vit D绝大部分是在紫外线(295~310 nm)的照射下由皮肤将胆钙化醇的前体7-脱氢胆固醇经过光化学反应和热化学反应转化而成的;另一小部分来源于经肠道吸收的食物中的Vit D2和Vit D3。有研究发现,脑源性Vit D可在胚胎和成人大脑中调节大脑的形态和生理功能,对大脑的健康发育及功能至关重要[6,12],因此,Vit D也被认为是一种神经类固醇激素[13]。Vit D通过与核受体[Vit D受体(VDR)]和表面受体[蛋白二硫化物异构酶A3(PDIA3),也称为膜相关性快速反应类固醇结合蛋白(MARRS或ERp57)]相互作用,可进行基因途径和非基因途径的调控。
目前,没有生物学活性的25-(OH)D因在体内半衰期长、血液中浓度高及受体内其他电解质及激素干扰少等特点而被广泛用于评价体内Vit D水平的指标[14]。尽管关于Vit D在大脑发育中的作用是肯定的,但实现最佳脑功能的Vit D水平尚未确定。目前国内外指南推荐的Vit D最佳浓度仍然是基于对骨骼系统的作用制定的[15]。既往研究发现,无论年龄、种族和地理位置,大部分健康个体的血清Vit D水平低于正常参考值范围[16]
参与Vit D生物合成和代谢的酶及VDR在胚胎及成人脑组织中广泛表达。在大脑前额叶皮质、杏仁核、海马体、丘脑、下丘脑和多巴胺能神经元中均检测到广泛存在的VDR,黑质中也检测到强表达的1α-羟化酶[10]。此外,研究还发现神经元和小胶质细胞可合成Vit D,反过来Vit D又可在局部以旁分泌/自分泌的方式调节这些细胞的分化、增殖和生存[17]。有研究发现,Vit D具有神经保护功能,并通过影响神经营养因子在调节神经细胞的发育和分化中发挥重要作用[18]。既往研究也发现,Vit D可调节生命早期大脑的发育;在突触可塑性、神经保护、神经回路和多巴胺系统的更新及基因调控方面均具有重要意义[19]。多项研究表明,Vit D调节参与突触可塑性(脑发育调节蛋白、生长相关蛋白43、连接蛋白43)、细胞骨架维护(神经丝、微管蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2)和细胞器分子运输(肌酸激酶b、驱动蛋白、RhoA蛋白、动力蛋白)中的蛋白表达[9,18]。动物实验表明,母孕期低Vit D会诱发大脑结构和功能的长期改变,导致出生时大脑结构的改变(如侧脑室扩张和皮质厚度变薄),以及低亲和力神经营养因子受体(p75NTR)的表达下调[8,20]
Vit D可刺激脑细胞产生多种生长因子,如神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、神经营养因子3和胶质源性神经生长因子等[10,19]。体外实验表明,Vit D还可通过VDR的过表达来增加酪氨酸羟化酶的表达、多巴胺的产生及降低未成熟多巴胺神经元标志物NEUROG2基因的表达来促进多巴胺神经元的分化。在过表达VDR的细胞中,Vit D可使多巴胺代谢物3-甲氧基酪胺和香草酸的水平进一步升高,并可增高儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因的表达[5]。体内研究也证实,Vit D缺乏会改变多巴胺的信号传导[21]
Brewer等[22]发现,Vit D可通过直接和间接机制发挥神经保护作用。它既能防止细胞内Ca2+骤增引起的兴奋性毒性损伤,还能下调L型电压门控钙通道,并上调小清蛋白及钙结合蛋白的合成。此外,Vit D还可在大脑中发挥抗炎作用,抑制被激活的小胶质细胞产生促炎细胞因子,并抑制一氧化氮(NO,一种在神经退行性疾病和缺血期间诱发的酶)的诱导性合成[23];且能增加谷胱甘肽(一种天然的抗氧化剂)代谢途径中的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶,减轻神经元和小胶质细胞内的氧化负担[24]。最后,Vit D通过调节NGF,保护脑细胞免受谷氨酸的损伤,通过调节胶质源性神经生长因子,减轻由缺血缺氧和6-羟基多巴胺造成的脑组织损害[25]
Vit D有助于大脑功能及许多神经回路内的传输和连接,这些神经回路涉及奖励依赖性、运动和情绪行为,以及认知功能等。动机、奖赏、成瘾行为和运动功能主要依赖于多巴胺能回路,而多巴胺能回路受到Vit D广泛的影响[21,26-27]。多巴胺在黑质和腹侧被盖区产生,分别投射到背侧纹状体(黑质纹状体环路)、伏隔核和前额叶皮质;黑质纹状体环路参与运动功能,而腹侧被盖区-伏隔核-前额叶皮质环路参与调节动机和奖励行为。小鼠纹状体中VDR的过度表达与身体活动和其他奖赏依赖行为的动机增加有关[28],且已有研究证实VDR可在伏隔核和前额叶皮质中过度表达[17]。还有研究发现,Vit D具有神经营养作用,可间接恢复多巴胺能运动神经通路[29]VDR基因敲除小鼠可表现出运动功能受损,证实了Vit D可影响运动行为的假设[30]。此外,在包括海马体、杏仁核和前额叶皮质在内的边缘结构中也发现了VDR的存在,证实Vit D可能与情绪和情绪行为的调节有关[31]。关于Vit D对5-羟色胺的影响已有文献报道[32]。Vit D对神经认知的影响包括多种机制,如诱导神经保护、调节氧化应激、调节钙稳态和抑制炎症反应。VDR和1α-羟化酶在海马体和皮质中高度表达,而这两个区域又是认知功能的重要区域,如复杂的计划、处理和新记忆的形成等[33-34]。Vit D还可影响各种神经递质(如乙酰胆碱、多巴胺和5-羟色胺)的产生[10];且可通过对血管的作用间接影响神经认知[11]
NDDs是由于多种遗传性或获得性病因导致的影响大脑多能区的慢性发育性脑功能障碍性疾病,可破坏神经系统的发育,并永久性地损害包括认知、运动、社会适应能力、行为在内的多种大脑功能。NDDs主要包括(但不限于)孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders,ASD)、注意力缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)、全面性发育迟缓/智力障碍(global developmental disabilities/intellectual disabilities,GDD/ID)、癫痫等[35-36]。虽然行为和认知缺损存在于许多精神和行为障碍疾病患儿的发育期,但只有患儿的临床表现是以神经发育障碍为核心特征时才被诊断为NDDs[37]。因NDDs患儿较健康儿童更可能存在运动障碍,长时间的康复使住院时间较长而导致户外时间缩短,以及肠道吸收障碍等影响Vit D合成和吸收等客观因素,易导致NDDs患者成为Vit D缺乏/不足的高危人群[38]
ASD是一组在儿童发育早期起病,以社会交往与交流障碍、刻板行为和兴趣狭隘为核心特征的NDDs,包含精神疾病诊断统计手册第4版中的孤独症、阿斯伯格综合征、童年瓦解性障碍及未特指的广泛性发育障碍。因此,美国精神病学会在2013年发布的精神疾病诊断统计手册第5版中正式提出ASD的概念[38]。据报道,全球ASD总患病人数至少7800万,ASD已成为全球患病数增速最快的疾病之一[39]。我国ASD估计患病率为0.7%[40]。ASD发病机制目前尚未完全明确,可能受遗传、免疫系统异常和环境等多种因素影响[41]。近年来,越来越多的研究发现,ASD儿童血清Vit D水平明显低于健康儿童,表明Vit D缺乏与ASD之间可能存在某种联系[41-42]
关于Vit D在ASD病理生理学中的作用是由Cannell[43]在2008年提出的,他假设Vit D缺乏可能在ASD的病因中扮演着一个重要的环境风险因素。流行病学研究表明,ASD在高纬度地区的患病率较高;与居住在阳光充足地区的儿童相比,居住在紫外线透过率较差地区(如降雨量大或空气污染严重的地区)的儿童ASD患病概率高3倍[44]。Grant等[45]发现,北纬58.5°地区的ASD患病率较北纬23°地区增加了4倍,因为高纬度地区夏季太阳紫外线产生的Vit D较少。由于肤色会影响Vit D的产生,深色皮肤的人种ASD更常见,因为他们需要更多的紫外线来产生Vit D[46]。一项纳入274例ASD患儿和97名健康儿童的研究表明,ASD患儿的Vit D不足率明显高于健康儿童,且Vit D水平越低患儿的临床症状越重[47]。此外,不同种族间ASD的患病风险也不同,但与父亲的种族无关;父亲Vit D水平与后代患ASD也无关,提示母孕期Vit D水平降低是儿童ASD发病的关键所在[48]
与Vit D代谢途径相关的几个基因遗传变异可影响Vit D的代谢、运输和作用,导致Vit D缺乏,且均可能与ASD的发病机制有关[41]。CYP2R1酶、Vit D结合蛋白(vitamin D binding protein,VDBP)和VDR的基因突变和(或)多态性变异被认为是ASD的潜在危险因素[49-50]。Vit D的活性代谢产物通过VDR传递信号,并调节涉及钙稳态、免疫反应、细胞增殖和分化的各种靶基因的转录调控,尤其是在产前和婴幼儿期[4]。VDR在中枢神经系统中广泛表达,特别是在下丘脑、小脑、杏仁核、海马体和大脑皮质等对行为调节至关重要的区域[18]。因此,这些蛋白质和酶的基因修饰可影响Vit D的血清水平,而Vit D对大脑发育至关重要,可能是导致Vit D相关ASD潜在的遗传易感性的原因。有研究发现,孕期无论是病毒感染还是细菌感染,只要发生在怀孕的前3个月和最后3个月,都与ASD风险增加有关[51]。众所周知,VDR广泛存在于免疫细胞中并调节免疫和炎症反应。故母孕期Vit D缺乏会降低机体对病毒和细菌感染的抵抗力[52],从而可能对后代神经发育产生不利影响。鉴于ASD患儿中Vit D缺乏比例较高,目前已有较多关于ASD患儿补充Vit D的研究,其中一项针对32月龄Vit D缺乏的ASD男性患儿的研究显示,Vit D每月肌肉注射150 000 U和口服400 U/d 2个月后,ASD的核心症状得到缓解,在孤独症儿童行为量表(Autism Behavior Checklist,ABC)、儿童孤独症评定量表(Childhood Autism Rating Scale,CARS)和临床总体印象方面均得到改善[53]。Javadfar等[54]将基线水平相同的43例ASD患儿随机分为两组,补充Vit D制剂[300 U/(kg.d),最高6000 U]的患儿,15周后CARS和自闭症治疗评估表(Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist,ATEC)评分均较未补充Vit D组患儿明显降低。Song等[55]的一项纳入3项共203例ASD患儿的Meta分析显示,补充Vit D后,ASD患儿的临床症状较对照组明显减轻。但也有研究表明,补充Vit D后ASD患儿临床症状与未补充患儿并无明显差异[56]
目前,绝大多数关于ASD患儿补充Vit D的临床研究均表明Vit D对患儿症状的缓解具有积极意义[53-55]。但由于纳入研究的患儿数量相对较少、研究的时间长短不一,且未考虑纳入前患儿的Vit D水平,仍需更大样本量且设计更严谨的随机对照试验来深入研究Vit D在ASD中的作用[57]
ADHD是一种常见的慢性NDDs,起病于童年期,影响可延续至成年,其主要特征是与发育水平不相称的注意缺陷和(或)多动及冲动行为。全球儿童发病率约为7.2%[58]。ADHD的发病受环境、遗传和母亲孕早期情况等多种因素的影响,但其具体发病机制目前尚不明确[58-59]。Vit D作为一种可调控多种大脑功能的神经类固醇,有关ADHD患儿中Vit D水平及作用的研究越来越多。多项研究发现,Vit D缺乏可能是ADHD的危险因素,补充Vit D可能对ADHD患儿的症状有所缓解[60-62]
Kotsi等[60]的一项纳入11 324名儿童的Meta分析表明,ADHD患儿的血清Vit D水平明显低于健康儿童。Sahin等[63]也发现,ADHD患儿的Vit D及VDR水平较健康儿童低。中国地区的一项纳入82例ADHD患儿和106名健康儿童的研究也发现,ADHD患儿的Vit D水平明显低于健康儿童,Vit D缺乏的比例明显高于健康儿童,且Vit D水平越低,ADHD患儿的症状越重[64]。Morales等[65]发现,母孕期血清Vit D水平越高,其后代患ADHD的风险越低。Mossin等[66]使用1.5~5.0岁儿童行为检查表研究幼儿脐带血中Vit D水平与ADHD症状之间的关系发现,脐带血中Vit D水平与幼儿ADHD症状呈负相关,提示产前较高水平的Vit D可能对后代ADHD症状有保护作用。
有关Vit D在ADHD中作用的可能机制也有较多研究,如VDR和1α-羟基酶对Vit D形成活性形式有重要作用,广泛分布于中枢神经系统,主要分布于黑质、海马体、下丘脑、前额皮质和扣带回的神经细胞中,而这些区域多与ADHD的发病有关[67]。还有大量研究表明,儿茶酚胺类神经递质的异常在ADHD的发病中起重要作用,其中联系最紧密的神经递质为多巴胺[68-69]。多巴胺作为精神活动和奖赏行为关键递质,是ADHD神经生化学的病因基础。动物实验发现,活性Vit D能够减轻6-羟基多巴引起的大鼠中脑腹侧多巴胺神经元毒性损伤[70]。此外,多巴胺神经元受纹状体NGF的支持,而Vit D能够上调NGF的分泌,提示Vit D可能通过对多巴胺神经元的保护作用来影响ADHD的发病[10,71-72]。Vit D还可能通过对血中5-羟色胺浓度的调节,以及在脑中发挥抗炎抗氧化和神经保护作用来影响ADHD的发生发展及治疗[10,23,73]
Elshorbagy等[74]发现,ADHD患儿的Vit D缺乏比例明显高于健康儿童,且对Vit D缺乏的ADHD患儿每天补充Vit D制剂3000 U连续12周后,其认知功能较未补充Vit D的患儿明显改善。Gan等[75]的一项纳入256例ADHD患儿的Meta分析也发现,补充Vit D制剂可缓解ADHD的症状。Miller等[61]对38例Vit D缺乏/不足的ADHD患儿补充Vit D制剂1000~2000 U 1个月后发现,患儿的注意力不集中症状缓解与血中Vit D水平上升程度有关。最近的一项研究也发现,给予ADHD患儿每周口服50 000 U的Vit D制剂联合康复治疗12周后,患儿的临床症状较单独康复治疗的患儿明显好转[62]
综上,Vit D缺乏是ADHD的危险因素,对Vit D缺乏的患儿补充Vit D制剂有助于其症状缓解。但Vit D在其中的具体作用机制尚不十分明确,且补充Vit D制剂的剂量、时间,ADHD患儿血清中Vit D基线水平对Vit D疗效的影响,以及ADHD患儿最佳的Vit D血清浓度均无统一定论,后续仍需更大样本量、设计更严谨的临床试验进行相关研究。
GDD/ID是一大类具有高度临床和遗传异质性的NDDs,常共患ASD、ADHD等多种精神行为障碍,是全球儿童主要的致残原因之一。其中智力障碍(ID)通常应用于≥5岁的儿童;而全面性发育迟缓(GDD)专指<5岁,在≥2个能区(大运动或精细运动、语言、认知、社交和社会适应能力等)没有达到预期的发育标志,且无法接受系统性智力功能评估(包括年龄太小)的儿童[38]。GDD/ID病因复杂,涉及遗传和环境等多种因素。治疗上主要以对症康复治疗为主;近年来,因Vit D在神经系统中的作用,已有较多关于Vit D在GDD/ID中作用的研究[48,76-77]
Winterhalder等[76]的一项纳入102例ID患儿的研究中,有92例(90.2%)存在Vit D缺乏/不足。McKinnon等[78]对英格兰北部一家医院住院的100例ID患儿血中的Vit D水平进行检测发现,83%的患儿在初始检测时Vit D水平不理想(41%缺乏,42%不足)。Chester等[79]发现,ID患儿中有87%存在Vit D缺乏/不足,且女性患儿数多于男性。George等[80]的研究也发现ID患儿Vit D缺乏率高于健康儿童。还有研究发现,ID患儿的Vit D水平明显低于健康儿童且与年龄呈负相关[81]。可能的原因是ID患儿共患癫痫、骨骼肌肉系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、糖尿病等的概率高于健康儿童,而这些疾病可能通过疾病本身或治疗疾病的药物影响Vit D的代谢[78]。还有研究发现母孕期Vit D不足可能与早产的风险增加有关[82]。而早产又是GDD/ID的危险因素。Schmidt等[83]发现,新生儿期高Vit D水平可使非西班牙裔白人儿童GDD患病率降低21%。但Windham等[48]发现,出生时新生儿的Vit D水平与后代罹患GDD/ID无明显相关性。Grant等[84]建议将NDDs(如ID)患儿的Vit D最佳浓度维持在75~125 nmol/L,可使患儿获益最大;且通过每天服用800~4000 U的Vit D制剂和合理的太阳照射即可达到。但目前仍缺乏高质量的随机对照试验来确定Vit D在GDD/ID中的具体作用机制、补充剂量及患儿血清最佳浓度。
癫痫是一种常见的具有致残性的NDDs之一,其特征是具有持久的癫痫发作倾向以及相关的认知、心理和社会后果[85]。近年来,Vit D在癫痫治疗中的作用越来越受到重视。有研究发现,在癫痫的急性期和病情加重时,体内Vit D代谢失调,血浆25(OH)D水平迅速下降,提示Vit D可用作癫痫发作的标志[86]。Jésus等[87]发现,46例癫痫患者的Vit D水平为(38.25±24.75) nmol/L,其中87.0%的患者存在Vit D不足,40.0%的患者存在严重的Vit D缺乏(<25 nmol/L)。Kija等[88]纳入来自撒哈拉以南非洲一家医院的68例癫痫儿童与68名健康儿童进行对照试验,结果发现Vit D缺乏[11例(16.2%)]和不足的比例[30例(44.1%)]均稍高于对照组患儿[Vit D缺乏和不足分别为6例(8.8%)、27例(39.7%)],但差异无统计学意义;服用抗癫痫发作药物(antiseizure medications,ASMs)的儿童平均Vit D水平低于对照组(P=0.02)。与对照组比较,服用酶诱导ASMs的儿童平均Vit D(P=0.08)、Vit D2(P=0.002)、Vit D3(P=0.004)、血清磷酸盐(P=0.000)水平均明显降低,而甲状旁腺激素水平则升高(P=0.03),提示Vit D水平可影响癫痫的发生,这种影响被认为与Vit D影响基因的表达有关[86]。Vit D还可调节多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺等神经递质的表达[11],而这些神经递质容易诱发癫痫。Wang等[89]纳入220例癫痫患者和210名健康人研究Vit D与癫痫之间的遗传联系,采用聚合酶链式反应检测不同VDBP基因的多态性(包括rs4588、rs7041、rs2298849和rs2282679),结果提示VDBP rs4588和rs2282679基因多态性可能在中国汉族人群癫痫易感性中起重要作用。
关于补充Vit D对癫痫的影响,目前尚无统一的定论。Li等[90]的一项病例对照研究中,癫痫患者血清中的炎性因子(如IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8和TNF‑α)的水平明显高于对照组。给癫痫患者服用Vit B12和Vit D后,这些炎性因子的血清水平明显下降。Dong等[91]的一项回顾性研究发现,648例癫痫患儿血清25(OH)D水平明显低于6338名健康儿童(P<0.0001),癫痫患儿Vit D不足/缺乏的比例为49.19%;且在接受任何ASMs治疗前,新诊断为癫痫的儿童血清25(OH)D水平也明显低于健康儿童,且单独或联合使用ASMs并不能持续降低癫痫儿童的基线血清Vit D水平,故推测血清Vit D水平低于健康儿童可能与疾病本身有关,而不全是由于ASMs治疗的原因,且接受Vit D补充剂的癫痫儿童发作控制良好。但是Tombini等[92]的研究表明,癫痫患者比健康人更有可能缺乏Vit D,但口服补充Vit D制剂并不能减少癫痫发作。因此,Vit D与癫痫及ASMs的确切联系,以及癫痫患儿补充Vit D的剂量和时机仍需进一步研究证实。
综上,Vit D在调节生命早期大脑的发育、神经保护、神经回路调节及基因调控方面均具有独特的作用。Vit D的缺乏可能与ASD、ADHD、GDD/ID、癫痫等NDDs的发生有关。目前,我国罹患NDDs的儿童逐年增多,但目前对NDDs的发生发展机制尚不完全明确,且多以对症康复治疗为主,Vit D作为一种神经类固醇激素在NDDs的发生及治疗中均发挥作用,但其确切的作用机制,以及具体的补充剂量和疗程尚不明确。因此,未来应针对NDDs患儿进行大规模血清Vit D浓度的流行病学调查,并进一步研究Vit D与NDDs的关系。
  • 河南省小儿脑损伤重点实验室开放课题(KFKT2021102)
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2024年第49卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0452.2024.0306
  • 接收时间:2023-03-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-29
  • 录用日期:2023-07-17
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Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Brain Injury Open Project(KFKT2021102)
河南省小儿脑损伤重点实验室开放课题(KFKT2021102)
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    郑州大学第三附属医院儿童康复科/河南省儿科疾病临床医学研究中心,河南郑州 450052

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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