Article(id=1198619425898332709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1031.2024.0117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690992000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1695657600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-26, onlineDate=1763702740405, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763702740405, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763702740405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702740405, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198619422425448948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='610', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763702739578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702927730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=594, endPage=601, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198619426229682738, articleId=1198619425898332709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Progress in study of gut non-immune cells and their role in development of inflammatory bowel disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a kind of immune disease. Although immune cells and related immunological reactions play a crucial role in the pathogenesis, non-immune cells of IBD, including intestinal epithelial cells, stromal cells, and endothelial cells are also involved in this process. Recent studies have shown that gut non-immune cells play an important role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis, matrix remodeling, immune response and inflammation. The composition, gene expression characteristics and cell functions of gut non-immune cells, as well as their role in the occurrence and progression of IBD, have been paid much attention in the field of gut research. In particular, recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has initially clarified the gene expression characteristics and cell functions of different subgroups of intestinal cells, and the correlation between these changes and the occurrence and progression of IBD. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress of intestinal non-immune cells in IBD.

, correspAuthors=En-Qiang Linghu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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炎症性肠病(IBD)是免疫性疾病,虽然免疫细胞及相关的免疫学反应在IBD的发病过程中起主导作用,但是非免疫细胞,如肠道上皮细胞、间质细胞、内皮细胞等也参与了这一过程。近年来研究表明,肠道非免疫细胞在维持肠道上皮稳态、基质重塑、免疫反应及炎症过程中发挥着重要作用。有关肠道非免疫细胞的构成、基因表达特点及细胞功能,以及它们在IBD发生发展过程中的作用成为研究热点,尤其单细胞RNA测序(scRNA-seq)技术初步阐明了肠道细胞不同亚群的基因表达特征及细胞功能,以及这些变化与IBD发生发展的关系。本文针对肠道非免疫细胞在IBD中作用的相关进展进行综述。

, correspAuthors=令狐恩强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
令狐恩强,E-mail:
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王泽瑞,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病方面的临床研究

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肠道非免疫细胞及其在炎症性肠病中的作用研究进展
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王泽瑞 1 , 焦艳梅 2 , 令狐恩强 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(5): 594-601
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(5): 594-601
肠道非免疫细胞及其在炎症性肠病中的作用研究进展
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王泽瑞1, 焦艳梅2, 令狐恩强1, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心消化内科医学部,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039
  • 王泽瑞,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病方面的临床研究

通讯作者:

令狐恩强,E-mail:
Progress in study of gut non-immune cells and their role in development of inflammatory bowel disease
Ze-Rui Wang1, Yan-Mei Jiao2, En-Qiang Linghu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Senior Department of Gastroenterology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1031.2024.0117
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炎症性肠病(IBD)是免疫性疾病,虽然免疫细胞及相关的免疫学反应在IBD的发病过程中起主导作用,但是非免疫细胞,如肠道上皮细胞、间质细胞、内皮细胞等也参与了这一过程。近年来研究表明,肠道非免疫细胞在维持肠道上皮稳态、基质重塑、免疫反应及炎症过程中发挥着重要作用。有关肠道非免疫细胞的构成、基因表达特点及细胞功能,以及它们在IBD发生发展过程中的作用成为研究热点,尤其单细胞RNA测序(scRNA-seq)技术初步阐明了肠道细胞不同亚群的基因表达特征及细胞功能,以及这些变化与IBD发生发展的关系。本文针对肠道非免疫细胞在IBD中作用的相关进展进行综述。

炎症性肠病  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  克罗恩病  /  单细胞RNA测序  /  上皮细胞  /  间充质细胞

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a kind of immune disease. Although immune cells and related immunological reactions play a crucial role in the pathogenesis, non-immune cells of IBD, including intestinal epithelial cells, stromal cells, and endothelial cells are also involved in this process. Recent studies have shown that gut non-immune cells play an important role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis, matrix remodeling, immune response and inflammation. The composition, gene expression characteristics and cell functions of gut non-immune cells, as well as their role in the occurrence and progression of IBD, have been paid much attention in the field of gut research. In particular, recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has initially clarified the gene expression characteristics and cell functions of different subgroups of intestinal cells, and the correlation between these changes and the occurrence and progression of IBD. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress of intestinal non-immune cells in IBD.

inflammatory bowel disease  /  ulcerative colitis  /  Crohn's disease  /  single-cell RNA sequencing  /  epithelial cell  /  mesenchymal cell
王泽瑞, 焦艳梅, 令狐恩强. 肠道非免疫细胞及其在炎症性肠病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (5) : 594 -601 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1031.2024.0117
Ze-Rui Wang, Yan-Mei Jiao, En-Qiang Linghu. Progress in study of gut non-immune cells and their role in development of inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (5) : 594 -601 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1031.2024.0117
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是肠道组织的慢性炎症性疾病,也是肠道组织的自身免疫性疾病,病因复杂[1],主要包括克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)、溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)及其他慢性IBD[2]。IBD具有相似的病理及临床症状,如反复出血、腹痛、腹泻、食欲减退、体重丢失及疲乏等。肠道组织主要是指肠道壁的组织,包含非免疫细胞及免疫细胞,肠道生理功能是非免疫细胞与免疫细胞等多种谱系细胞协同作用的结果。非免疫细胞由肠上皮细胞、间充质细胞、内皮细胞、神经细胞、红细胞等组成,免疫细胞包括T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞等。IBD的确切发病机制尚未明确,目前认为肠道免疫细胞可能在IBD的发病过程中发挥了重要作用,而肠道非免疫细胞可能通过协同作用与肠道免疫细胞一起参与IBD的发生及发展过程。本文主要对肠道组织非免疫细胞的组成、作用、分类、生理功能,以及IBD肠道非免疫细胞的特征及相关发病机制进行综述。
肠道非免疫细胞可根据其功能分为吸收细胞及分泌细胞。肠道吸收细胞可有效地摄取肠道内的营养及水分,其数量最多,占肠道中细胞的80%~90%[3],小肠微绒毛也被称为刷状边界,能扩大细胞表面,更有利于肠道的摄取。微褶细胞可摄取肠道内抗原,并运输至派氏结免疫细胞,从而产生免疫反应[4]。肠道分泌细胞主要包括杯状细胞,可通过分泌黏液及抗菌物质,润滑并保护表面免受细菌侵害[5],与免疫反应密切相关[6]。派氏细胞可产生抗菌化合物,维持黏液下层相对无菌,也可分泌营养类细胞因子促进肠道干细胞的生长。肠道内分泌细胞可通过分泌激素调节食欲及肠道功能,以及其他激素的分泌[7-8]。负责分泌功能的杯状细胞及派氏细胞在回肠内数量最多。
此外,纤维母细胞是结缔组织中最丰富的基质细胞之一,正常情况下能维持组织的完整性,当组织受到损伤后,成纤维细胞会被激活并分化为肌成纤维细胞,后者可产生大幅度的收缩,使细胞外基质聚集,从而促进伤口收缩及闭合。虽然纤维母细胞、肌成纤维细胞在组织修复及纤维化中发挥了重要作用,但过度收缩及细胞外基质产生并聚集会产生瘢痕[9]。近年来,较多研究关注细胞外基质沉淀、重塑的生理及病理状态的机制[10]
肠道细胞由隐窝底层的肠道干细胞增殖分化后产生,逐渐向腔内增殖分化为功能细胞,更新速度较快,大多数有功能的成熟细胞只存活几天,然后脱落到肠腔内被清除。其中,在肠道隐窝中的派氏细胞存活时间最长,可达1~2个月,最后被巨噬细胞浸润并清除[11]。此外,小肠与大肠的组织结构及功能有所不同。小肠黏膜有许多绒毛,含有大量微绒毛上皮细胞、杯状细胞及肠道间充质细胞等与吸收、分泌、免疫功能相关的细胞类型。大肠有众多的肠突,含有更多的偏向于吸收水分的表皮细胞。
组成肠道壁的大部分细胞是非免疫细胞,肠道非免疫细胞包括肠道上皮细胞及间质细胞两大类,在胚胎期即开始随着组织分化不断完善形成,位置也从胚胎期到出生前逐渐完善固定[12]。近年来,很多研究采用单细胞RNA测序(single-cell RNA-sequencing,scRNA-seq)技术分析健康人群及IBD患者肠道组织的非免疫细胞,取得了重要进展。例如,Elmentaite等[13]发现,肠道细胞可细分为133种具有独特转录谱的细胞类型或状态。在不同的空间位置及不同的发育阶段,这些细胞的相对丰度不同,从而在食物消化、营养吸收、新陈代谢及免疫调节方面发挥着不同的作用。
肠上皮细胞是肠黏膜表面一层沿着隐窝-绒毛轴分布的极化柱状细胞,作为免疫细胞与环境物质接触的界面,协助免疫细胞探测食物、共生菌及病原体,并对它们做出应答。肠上皮细胞由隐窝的肠道上皮干细胞(intestinal stem cells,ISC)分化而来,包括杯状细胞、肠细胞、肠内分泌细胞(enteroendocrine cells,EECs)、潘氏细胞、微褶细胞及肠绒毛细胞[14]
杯状细胞是一种分泌型上皮细胞,在小肠及大肠中都有出现。大肠比小肠含有更多的杯状细胞[14]。杯状细胞的分化过程受转录因子无调性同源物-1(Atonal homolog 1,ATOH1)及含ETS转录因子的SAM指向结构域(SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor,SPDEF)的调控[15]。黏蛋白-2(mucin 2,MUC2)、SPDEF、氯化物通道附件-1(chloride channel accessory 1,CLCA1)、酶原颗粒蛋白-16(zymogen granule protein 16,ZG16)、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Kazal 4型(serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 4,SPINK4)、Fc结合蛋白(Fc gamma binding protein,FCGBP)是其标记分子[16]。杯状细胞的主要作用是合成并分泌黏液,在上皮细胞表面形成凝胶状保护层,以防止病原体入侵[14]。黏液成分包括MUC2、抵抗素样分子β及三叶因子,抵抗素样分子β具有调节T细胞免疫的作用,而三叶因子可促进黏膜损伤后上皮的恢复[14]。杯状细胞还可以摄取肠腔中的可溶性抗原,将其传递给皮下的树突细胞,参与继发性免疫过程。杯状细胞基因表达谱及蛋白谱的特点是富集蛋白质生产、折叠、糖基化、囊泡运输及分泌相关生物学通路[17]。杯状细胞具有广泛的异质性[14]。隐窝间杯状细胞的表达谱与隐窝内杯状细胞不同。隐窝间杯状细胞生成的隐窝间黏液具有更强的可穿透性,这一特点保障了对微生物的物理屏障功能,又为营养物质提供了通道,支持了上皮细胞表面的吸收功能[17]。Parikh等[18]采用scRNA-seq分析将健康人和UC患者结肠组织来源的全部杯状细胞分为5个亚群,并采用拟时轨迹分析推测这5个亚群在空间定位及成熟度上有所不同,其中一个亚群即cluster4与UC相关,这群细胞能表达上皮屏障及稳态所必需的一些基因。
肠细胞是小肠及大肠的主要细胞,负责食物的消化及营养物质的吸收[14]。标记分子有NEUROG3、NEUROD1、CHGA及CHGB[16]。肠细胞膜与细胞间的紧密连接是阻止微生物入侵的物理屏障。肠细胞可以分泌多种抗菌蛋白,直接攻击并杀死细菌。肠细胞支持自噬等细胞过程,以抵御入侵的细菌。肠细胞还产生细胞因子,协调皮下免疫细胞的反应。肠细胞将分泌性免疫球蛋白A从上皮基底侧运送至上皮细胞顶端,投放到肠腔内,对维持菌群稳态具有重要作用。此外,一群表达BEST4的肠细胞还富含与pH值感应及电解质平衡相关的基因[18]
EECs细胞散布于整个小肠,约占上皮细胞总数的1%。它们可感知肠道的内容物,特别是营养物质。EECs分泌消化液及大约20种激素,如胃抑制肽、胰高血糖素样肽及血管活性肠肽[14]。在调节消化、肠道运动及食物摄入方面具有重要作用。根据分泌激素的类型,EECs至少有8种细胞亚型[16]。其中分泌分泌素、胆囊收缩素、胰高血糖素、葡萄糖依赖性胰高血糖素多肽、体肽、神经紧张素、胃泌素及血清素的细胞,传统上分别称为S、I、L、K、D、N、A及肠嗜铬细胞[9]。这些亚型有一定的可塑性,可根据肠道内容物调整激素的分泌[19]。Beumer等[20]根据单细胞转录组图谱将人类小肠及大肠中的EECs细胞进行分群:十二指肠富集了胃动素(M细胞)、胃泌素(G细胞)、葡萄糖依赖性胰高血糖素多肽(K细胞)及胆囊收缩素(I细胞);结肠则富集了胰高血糖素(L细胞)。Haber等[8]对小鼠小肠及类器官进行scRNA-seq分析,检测到12个亚群,其中4个亚群表达EECs祖细胞标志物Neurog3、Neurod1、Sox4;其他8个亚群为成熟的EECs。某些激素是亚群特异性分泌的,根据传统内分泌细胞命名,如将分泌促胰液素细胞(secretin,SCL)称为S-细胞,分泌肠促胰酶肽(cholecystokinin,CCK)细胞称为I-细胞,分泌胰高血糖素原(glucagon-like peptides,GLP)1和2的细胞称为L-细胞,分泌胃饥饿素(ghrelin)的细胞称为A-细胞,分泌神经降压素(neurotensin,NTS)的细胞称为N-细胞,分泌糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide,GIP)细胞称为K-细胞,分泌生长抑素(somatostatin,Sst)的细胞称为D-细胞,其中有一类同时表达S-细胞、I-细胞、L-细胞、A-细胞共4种内分泌细胞基因型的亚群称为SILA+亚群,除分泌胃饥饿素、胰高血糖素原外,还分泌甘丙肽(galanin,Gal),同时表达S-细胞、I-细胞、N-细胞共3种细胞基因型的SIN+亚群分泌神经降压素(neurotensin,Nts),同时表达S-细胞、I-细胞、K-细胞共3种基因型的亚群分泌核连蛋白(nucleobindin,Nucb)2,同时表达S-细胞、A-细胞、K-细胞、D-细胞共4种细胞基因型的亚群分泌胰淀粉样多肽(islet amyloid polypeptide,Iapp)及生长抑素。EECs表达化学感受器如Toll样受体(TLR)1、TLR2、TLR4及G蛋白偶联受体(GPR)40、GPR41、GPR43、GPR119、GPR120,可以对肠道微生物来源TLR配体及短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)或长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)做出反应,提示内分泌细胞在肠道炎症及免疫中发挥重要作用[21]
潘氏细胞是小肠特有的上皮细胞,散布在Lieberkuhn小肠隐窝基部的Lgr5+ ISCs之间。它含有丰富的分泌颗粒。颗粒中含有一些杀灭微生物的蛋白,包括α防御素、C型凝集素、溶菌酶及磷脂酶A2。潘氏细胞一旦检测到微生物信号,可以将抗微生物分子释放到肠腔,调节微生物组成。潘氏细胞分泌表皮细胞生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)、Wnt家族成员-3(Wnt family member 3,WNT3)及Notch受体配体Dll4等因子,促进Lgr5+ ISC生长,调节小肠上皮更新[14]。潘氏细胞能摄取重金属,具有吞噬细菌、清理凋亡细胞、保护黏膜屏障的功能[22]。LYZ、DEFA5、DEFA6是其标记分子[16]。有研究对小鼠小肠行scRNA-seq分析结果显示,潘氏细胞有两种类型,潘氏细胞-1主要分布于回肠,潘氏细胞-2主要分布于十二指肠及空肠。两种潘氏细胞表达不同的抗微生物α-防御素[9]
微褶细胞又称M细胞,是吞噬性上皮细胞,其中结肠微褶样细胞在健康人中很少被发现,主要分布在肠道淋巴组织(如Peyer's patches及孤立的淋巴滤泡)表面的滤泡相关上皮,是肠道黏膜免疫系统的重要组成部分[23]。微褶细胞能捕获肠腔抗原,通过转胞吞噬运输到肠相关淋巴组织(gut-associated lymphoid tissue,GALT),呈递给淋巴滤泡的免疫细胞,上述过程可能是免疫系统针对肠道共生菌作出肠道免疫球蛋白A反应的关键启动因子[14]。Serigado等[23]发现,健康结肠组织中有一种微褶样细胞,其特异性标志物与回肠Peyer氏斑块中的微褶细胞明显不同。糖蛋白2(glycoprotein 2,GP2)作为摄取细菌的受体,是Peyer氏斑块微褶细胞的特异性标记。而Smillie等[24]报道的结肠微褶样细胞的标记基因没有GP2PGLYRP2CLEC7A(Dectin-1)及JAG1等基因。Peyer氏斑块微褶细胞与结肠微褶样细胞只共享两个基因(CCL20SPIB),这两个基因可以启动微褶细胞分化,CCL20是UC的全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Studies,GWAS)的风险基因,可作为健康组织中结肠微褶样细胞的标记[25]。结肠微褶样细胞也表达SPIB及RANKL的配体TNfSF11,表明回肠与结肠微褶样细胞的分化途径有相似之处。但是SPIB也在BEST4+肠上皮细胞亚群和肠微绒毛细胞中表达,不能作为微褶样细胞的特异性标记[18]。Serigado等[23]认为SOX8可作为微褶样细胞的特异性标记。
肠绒毛细胞是一种形态上独特的细胞类型,约占肠道上皮的0.5%[26]。肠绒毛细胞的标记分子为Dclk1、Pou2f3、Trpm5及白细胞介素(IL)-25[16,27]。肠绒毛细胞表达化学感受器受体,是黏膜上皮的化学感受细胞[26]。肠绒毛细胞被激活后会分泌IL-33、IL-25、前列腺素D2及神经递质乙酰胆碱,以分泌细胞因子介导细胞反应[16],促进肠道寄生虫2型免疫[14]。肠绒毛细胞与淋巴细胞(ILC2s)的相互作用密切,在肠道炎症情况下,肠绒毛细胞可以募集辅助型T细胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)以调节肠道中的免疫活性[16]。肠绒毛细胞有两个亚型,分别富集免疫相关基因及神经元发育相关基因[9]
肠上皮细胞通过表达多种模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRR)在先天性免疫应答中发挥作用。PRR可以触发细胞内通路,导致细胞因子及趋化因子的释放。肠道中重要的PRR包括TLR1~TLR9及核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins,NOD)。NOD能识别来源于微生物组分的病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)。但人回肠、结肠、直肠的肠上皮细胞图谱不尽相同。在分析肠上皮细胞功能时,必须考虑肠上皮细胞的肠道空间位置[28]
肠固有层的间充质细胞是非造血、非上皮细胞类型的异质群体,在上皮细胞稳态、基质重塑、免疫及炎症等方面发挥重要作用。肠间充质细胞主要包括纤维细胞、肌成纤维细胞、平滑肌细胞、血管周细胞及内皮细胞[29]。肌成纤维细胞表达α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)。肠间充质细胞通过产生Wnt激动剂及拮抗剂、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)及其他分子如Noggin、Chordin、R-spondins以帮助维持干细胞生态位。这些基因表达失调可导致结肠炎,影响肠道创伤愈合,甚至导致结肠肿瘤的发生。结肠间充质细胞在发育、炎症及组织修复过程中也会影响肠黏膜免疫细胞的功能[30]
Kinchen等[30]对结肠间充质细胞行scRNA-seq分析,除检测到周细胞及肌成纤维细胞外,还检测到表达不同转录调节因子、具有不同功能途径的S1、S2、S3、S4等4个成纤维细胞亚群。S1亚群的标记分子为ADAMDEC1、DCN、SLIT2、CXCL12。S1富集了“运动的正调节”“对肿瘤坏死因子-α的反应”“ERK1、ERK2级联反应”,以及“细胞外基质”等相关基因本体(gene ontology,GO)术语。其功能可能与细胞运动调节有关[30]。S1细胞富集“细胞外基质”术语,涉及非纤维状胶原蛋白(COL14A1、COL15A)及弹性纤维(FBLN1、FBLN2、FBLN5、EFEMP1、FN1)。这与S2亚群细胞的“细胞外基质”术语不同,后者涉及片状胶原蛋白[30]
S2亚群的标志是表达转录因子SOX6。S2细胞高表达转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族配体BMP2及BMP5,高表达非经典的Wnt配体WNT5A及WNT5B,高表达骨膜素(POSTN),并分泌Wnt的拮抗剂FRZB。WNT5A对损伤后的上皮重建具有重要作用,POSTN对组织修复具有重要作用。S2亚群特异性表达上皮细胞关键成分,如片状胶原蛋白COL4A5、COL4A6,其功能可能与维持肠道上皮屏障有关。S2细胞分布于结肠隐窝底部附近,可分泌多种细胞因子,可能作为间充质重要的生态位细胞,参与上皮干细胞的增殖及分化。S2细胞包括S2a、S2b共两个子簇。S2a富集了“BMP信号与反应”相关基因,而S2b富集了“伤口愈合反应”“上皮细胞增殖调节”相关基因。S2亚群细胞分布于肠隐窝间,对上皮祖细胞的功能及增殖具有重要作用[30]。Fawkner-Corbett等[12]通过时空分析认为,S2细胞分为3个子簇。S2细胞的特异性标记在隐窝形成前就已经存在。
S3亚群富集了“超分子纤维组织”“细胞外簇组织”GO术语。健康人群的S4细胞数量很少,S4细胞富集的GO术语包括“细胞因子信号传导途径”“细胞黏附的正调节”“T细胞活化”[30]。S4细胞标志物包括成纤维细胞网状细胞(fibroblastic reticular cells,FRCs)相关基因、淋巴细胞运输细胞因子(CCL19、CCL21)、T细胞共刺激肿瘤坏死因子-超家族配体(T cell co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor-superfamily ligand,TNFSF14/LIGHT)、主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)Ⅱ类不变链(CD74)、分子伴侣簇(molecular chaperone clusterin,CLU)、CD24及IL-33。FRCs是存在于淋巴结及其他淋巴组织中的一种间充质细胞,可以产生纤维网络,从而在器官组织内支持并有序组织分配免疫细胞。S4细胞能诱导氧化还原失衡,以维持炎症并诱导促炎症因子的产生。推测S4细胞的功能可能与炎症有关。在UC患者结肠组织中,S4细胞发生扩增[30]。Fawkner-Corbett等[12]通过时空分析认为,S4细胞分为两个子簇,S4成纤维细胞在形成及维持淋巴样结构中起关键作用。
内皮细胞在肠道稳态及炎症反应中起关键作用。Jasso等[31]对小鼠结肠间充质细胞行scRNA-seq分析,检测到8个内皮细胞亚群,包括动脉、静脉、微血管、淋巴管内皮细胞亚群各1个,以及毛细管、小静脉内皮细胞亚群各两个。动脉及静脉内皮细胞表达Efnb2、Ephb4。动脉内皮细胞高表达Notch4、Notch配体Jag1及Notch下游效应物Hey1。微动脉内皮细胞高表达Notch3。静脉内皮细胞表达MadCAM1。MadCAM1与整合素α4β7作用,在引导T细胞归巢至肠组织时,协助白细胞穿过淋巴组织的高内皮小静脉(high endothelial venules,HEV)。CD靶向治疗药物那他珠单抗(natalizumab)、维多珠单抗(vedolizumab)都针对MadCAM1与整合素α4β7的这种相互作用。
IBD是一种特发性的结肠黏膜慢性炎症性疾病[32]。IBD包括UC、CD及其他慢性IBD[33]。UC疾病的特征主要为直肠黏膜炎症反复发作并延伸至结肠近段[34],而CD常出现在回盲部及小肠,少数也可出现在胃肠道的任何地方[35]。IBD被认为是生活方式、遗传易感性、表观遗传学、上皮屏障破坏及肠道免疫失调等多种因素共同作用的结果,它的发生发展除与免疫细胞的异常有关外,非免疫细胞也发生一系列病理改变,并参与IBD的疾病进程。
CD的病理学特点是肠黏膜免疫紊乱引起的慢性炎症,呈斑点状,在回肠或回盲部位尤为常见[36]。一旦患上CD,临床病程就表现为反复发作及缓解,被认为是一种终身疾病。根据蛋白质谱分析,发生在结肠及回肠的CD可能具有不同的特点,不同部位的CD可能需要不同的治疗策略[36]
肠上皮细胞的组成、功能及细胞动力学的改变在CD的发病机制中起关键作用。Elmentaite等[37]对CD儿童患者的末端回肠组织行scRNA-seq分析显示,与年龄匹配的非IBD样本相比,CD患者转运扩增细胞(transit amplifying,TA)、杯状细胞及肠绒毛细胞的比例增高,而分化完全的肠细胞比例降低。Maddipatla等[38]对21例CD患者[包括7例未经治疗,14例接受过治疗(3例治愈,11例顽固性发作)]及6例非IBD对照组患者行scRNA-seq分析,将所有患者回肠黏膜组织分为13个上皮细胞亚群,包括已分化的吸收性肠细胞、分泌性杯状细胞、EECs、pH感应吸收性BEST4+肠细胞、化学感应肠绒毛细胞、防御性分泌型潘氏细胞、低丰度微褶细胞、早期肠道细胞、增殖细胞及4个未分化细胞亚群(富含多个细胞亚群特征指纹)。对上皮细胞中各种细胞亚型的占比分析发现,未经治疗的7例CD患者回肠黏膜组织中,分泌型上皮细胞数量增加,而吸收性上皮细胞数量减少。与对照组相比,未治疗组回肠黏膜中微褶细胞、肠绒毛细胞、杯状细胞、TA及BEST4+细胞的丰度都发生了改变。与对照组及治疗组比较,未治疗组的肠细胞丰度减少,而潘氏细胞丰度增多[38]。杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白,为结肠创造了一个保护屏障。Kanke等[39]报道,在成熟杯状细胞中,包括MUC2、MUC4、TFF1在内的成熟及功能经典的基因标志物在CD中明显增加,而未成熟标志物如KLF4、DLL1、RETNLB明显降低。Elmentaite等[37]报道儿童回肠CD样本中杯状细胞明显增加。CD患者成熟杯状细胞CLDN4表达明显增加,CLDN4编码的紧密连接蛋白对肠道屏障的完整性具有重要作用。Wallaeys等[22]报道,CD患者的回肠潘氏细胞坏死性凋亡增加,50%的儿童CD患者潘氏细胞形态异常和(或)α-防御素降低。有证据表明,CD回肠末端EEC亚型L细胞分泌的酪氨酸-酪氨酸肽(peptide tyrosine tyrosine,PYY)及胰高血糖素样肽1增多[21],但也有研究发现二者分泌减少[39]。上述EEC分泌激素与肽类分子研究结果的矛盾,可能是因为它们具有多个亚型,也具有多种功能,在不同疾病状态时,分泌物功能在抗炎、组织再生、促进菌群失调之间发生了转换[21]
在正常生理条件下,小肠隐窝、结肠上皮中并不存在MHCⅡ类分子,但在活动性IBD患者中,MHC表达水平上调。细胞表面MHCⅡ类分子表达增加与组织γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平增加有关。Maddipatla等[38]报道,除了EECs、潘氏细胞及肠绒毛细胞,CD患者回肠中的其他上皮细胞亚型HLA-DP、HLA-DR、HLA-B等白细胞抗原表达也增高。与复发组相比,治愈组肠细胞的LCT、APOA1、APOA4、RBP2表达上调,杯状细胞的TFF1表达上调[38]。Atreya等[36]报道,与健康对照组相比,CD患者血清及回肠中的λ干扰素(IFN-λ)水平均增高。高IFN-λ浓度与潘氏细胞的数量减少有关,并与回肠隐窝底部的细胞死亡增加有关。
Martin等[29]发现,CD回肠炎症组织中存在一组细胞亚群,包括激活的树突细胞、高度激活的T细胞、IgG浆细胞、活化的成纤维细胞及ACKR1+活化的内皮细胞,它们的丰度与回肠中炎症水平高度相关。因而Martin等将其命名为IgG浆细胞-炎性单核吞噬细胞-活化T细胞-基质细胞模块(IgG plasma cells,inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes,activated T stromal cells module,GIMATS)。GIMATS模块细胞亚型频率的几何平均值定义为GIMATS模块强度评分。该研究还发现,GIMATS评分与诊断时的小儿克罗恩病活动指数(pediatric Crohn's disease activity index,PCDAI)无关,但抗TNF治疗应答患者与无应答患者的基线GIMATS模块评分明显不同,提示治疗前回肠炎症组织富集GIMATS模块可能与抗肿瘤坏死因子耐药有关。
有研究发现,间充质细胞也参与了CD的发病机制,如Elmentaite等[37]对CD儿童末端回肠组织行scRNA-seq分析发现,成纤维细胞S4亚群数量增多,CD患者S4成纤维细胞与杯状细胞之间TNFSF10-TNFRSF10B信号的特异性降低。与非IBD样本相比,动静脉内皮细胞数量增加,表明CD导致回肠血管增多。
UC是一种慢性复发性IBD,是最常见的自身免疫性疾病之一,是由遗传易感宿主肠黏膜免疫系统对共生细菌不适当地激活引起的。上皮屏障及黏膜免疫屏障稳态的破坏,在UC的发病中起重要作用[34]。UC与结肠CD的临床表现有所重叠,但结肠CD表现为斑块状,而UC累及整个结肠[36,40]
大多数UC患者,无论是处于活动期还是缓解期,肠黏膜结构均发生了改变,上皮表面杯状细胞脱落增多,隐窝间杯状细胞数量减少,肠黏膜屏障发生了结构性缺陷,例如,出现隐窝黏液中的间隙及表面上皮的暴露区域。隐窝间杯状细胞及隐窝间黏液的改变可能是UC发病早期及持续进展的指标,对UC的发生具有重要作用[17]
UC患者结肠上皮细胞下调代谢相关基因表达,诱导活性氧及微生物杀伤相关基因(如SAA1DMBT1PLA2G2A)的表达[18]。BEST4/OTOP2细胞亚群下调金属硫蛋白家族及其他离子吸收相关基因的表达。炎症发生时,杯状细胞上调应激反应基因及LYZLYZ是一种潘氏细胞基因,可能也是结肠DCS细胞的标记基因[18]。UC患者EEC亚型L细胞分泌的YY肽减少[21]
UC患者杯状细胞丰度无明显变化,但杯状细胞祖细胞丰度减少[24]。此外,UC患者肠隐窝内杯状细胞的空间分布被打乱,其机制可能与WFDC2基因表达失调相关。在正常情况下,隐窝基底杯状细胞高表达WFDC2基因,发生炎症时则其表达降低,原因可能是炎症时来自上皮层内的淋巴细胞IFN-γ减少了[18]WFDC2能抑制基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-12及MMP-13的蛋白水解活性。UC患者炎症黏膜组织中MMP-12MMP-13基因表达增多,而MMP-12能裂解抗TNF-α抗体(英夫利西单抗及阿达木单抗),导致IBD患者对抗TNF-α抗体的应答水平较健康人减弱。MMP-12、MMP-13可以协同破坏IBD黏膜组织[18]。此外,隐窝基底杯状细胞分泌的WFDC2还是重要的抗菌因子,可以防止细菌在上皮表面集聚,防止细菌侵袭及损毁上皮屏障[18]。总的来说,UC患者的杯状细胞失去了部分分泌功能,基因表达谱混合了吸收及分泌谱系的转录产物,表面杯状细胞的功能也发生了变化[23]
Smillie等[24]鉴定了51种细胞亚型,包括上皮细胞、间充质细胞、免疫细胞。其中,BEST4+肠上皮细胞、微褶样细胞及炎性成纤维细胞对抗肿瘤坏死因子治疗具有抗性。CCL20是IBD风险基因,其表达水平与Treg频率相关。在UC炎症过程中扩增了17倍。结肠微褶样细胞高度表达趋化因子CCL20、CCL23,提示其作用是将免疫细胞募集到炎症部位[24]
Kinchen等[30]行scRNA-seq分析发现,UC患者结肠组织中S4亚群的细胞扩增,而SOX6+S2亚群的细胞减少。S4细胞富集了炎性基因及FRC基因。UC患者结肠组织S4细胞的出现有助于调动机体免疫应答,驱动第三级淋巴滤泡的形成。而UC患者结肠组织隐窝生态位S2群体的失调,可能与UC患者肠道屏障功能障碍有关。飞行时间质谱流式细胞术(mass cytometry time of flight,CyTOF)分析发现,UC患者结肠组织S2细胞标志物F3/CD142及POSTN减少,S3细胞标志物BCL6及PTGS2/COX-2表达水平增高,S4细胞数量增多,而炎症过程中的肌成纤维细胞数量比较稳定。
Smillie等[24]发现一群成纤维细胞[即炎症相关成纤维细胞(inflammation-associated fibroblasts,IAFs)],在部分UC患者炎症组织中的表达水平提高了189倍。IAFs表达谱富集了结肠炎、纤维化及癌症等相关基因,包括IL-11、IL-24及IL-13受体亚基α2基因。高表达IL-11是纤维化的潜在治疗靶标。IAFs富集的基因抑瘤素M受体(oncostatin M receptor,OSMR)与IBD发病风险相关。重组人抑瘤素-M(oncostatin M,OSM)在炎性单核细胞及DC2s中富集最多,可预测抗TNF应答。IAFs还表达癌相关成纤维细胞标志物,包括FAP、TWIST1及WNT2。
scRNA-seq技术能够分析肠道组织细胞组成及细胞特异性表达的基因,有助于了解IBD炎症组织细胞组成、细胞特异性基因表达及细胞功能的变化,增进人们对IBD分子机制的理解。但目前的研究主要集中在免疫细胞,而对肠道非免疫细胞的组成、亚型、不同位置细胞特点、细胞分化,以及在IBD中作用的研究还不多,且目前的研究存在样本量少、疾病持续时间及治疗情况不一致的情况。未来的研究应纳入更大样本的队列,考虑患者的年龄、性别、疾病亚型、轻重、炎症部位、疾病持续时间、治疗史对细胞组成及分子表型的影响。纵向研究应揭示疾病进展过程中细胞组成及分子表型的变化,考虑免疫细胞与非免疫细胞各亚型间的相互作用,以及与肠道菌群的关系。
此外,了解肠道微生物群、非免疫细胞及免疫细胞间的相互作用对维持肠道稳态至关重要,因为肠道微生物群对于维持肠道上皮屏障的完整性及形成黏膜免疫系统十分重要。为了避免异常的免疫反应,肠道上皮细胞通过构建化学及物理屏障将肠道微生物群与免疫细胞分离,从而建立宿主-共生互惠关系。此外,肠道免疫细胞参与维持健康的微生物群落并加强肠道上皮屏障功能,肠道微生态的异常改变通常参与了自身免疫性疾病及慢性炎症性疾病的发病过程,今后对肠道非免疫细胞、微生态及免疫细胞的深入研究将会促进各种肠道疾病诊治技术的进步。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1031.2024.0117
  • 接收时间:2023-08-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-03
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    1解放军总医院第一医学中心消化内科医学部,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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