Article(id=1198619425608925711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0509.2023.1011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680796800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1685894400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-06-05, onlineDate=1763702740336, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763702740336, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763702740336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702740336, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198619422425448948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='610', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763702739578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702927730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=602, endPage=607, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198619426837856870, articleId=1198619425608925711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of lung organoids in respiratory infectious diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Organoids are cell mini-clusters and three-dimensional (3D) micro-organs cultured and spontaneously developed under suspension culture condition in vitro, possessing the abilities of self-organize and differentiate into functional cells. They are powerful, and can partially mimic the cellular heterogeneity, structure and function of the original tissues or organs. Lung organoids (LOs) can be cultured and constructed from human pluripotent stem cells or adult stem/progenitor cells. Co-culture of LOs with immune cells can better reflect the overall picture of the immune response of lung tissue and the full spectrum of infection in vivo. This review compares characteristics of LOs with those common models for respiratory infectious diseases, including animal models, two-dimensional cell culture, lung-on-chip and precision-cut lung slices. We provide an overview of the construction method of LOs and their application progress on respiratory system infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycobacteria, cryptosporidium, and other pathogens.

, correspAuthors=Jun Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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类器官是细胞在体外悬浮培养条件下自发形成的具有自我更新能力及相关功能的细胞团,是强大的三维模型,可一定程度再现原始组织的细胞异质性、结构与功能。肺类器官(LOs)由人类多能干细胞或成体干(祖)细胞培养、构建而成,其与免疫细胞共培养可更好地体现肺组织免疫反应及体内感染的全貌。本文对比分析LOs与其他肺部感染性疾病常用研究模型(包括动物模型、二维细胞培养、肺芯片和精确切割肺切片等)的特点,概述LOs的构建方法及其在病毒、细菌、分枝杆菌、隐孢子虫等引起的呼吸系统感染性疾病研究中的应用进展。

, correspAuthors=郭军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭军,E-mail:
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谌琦,硕士研究生,主要从事肺部感染性疾病的相关研究

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Advantages and disadvantages of common research models of respiratory infectious diseases and their applications

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模型优点缺点目前应用参考文献
动物模型保留肺的复杂细胞成分和全部结构;包含病原体感染过程和机体免疫反应过程病原体在动物和人体中的致病性、所致免疫反应不完全相同;部分病原体宿主不明,无法构建动物模型;药物在动物及人体中的效果不完全相同;非人灵长类动物的饲养设施、成本及饲养要求较高,动物数量少疾病传播途径及模式、感染剂量、发病机制、免疫过程及遗传因素的影响等的研究;感染与各种慢性肺病关系的研究;抗病药物与疫苗的开放[10-11]
二维细胞培养价格便宜;操作简单;变异性低,同质性高;可用于高通量筛选细胞系的代谢及基因表达不同于原生细胞;原生细胞可获取量少,分化能力有限;二维培养中的细胞在形态和生化特征上与体内细胞不同;缺乏细胞异质性、细胞间相互作用和复杂的组织结构病原体的作用靶点、发病机制、宿主细胞的免疫反应研究;药物作用靶点筛选及药物毒理学研究[9]
肺类器官保留了人类的遗传特征;保持遗传稳定性及可扩增性;部分再现了原始组织的细胞异质性、结构和功能;操作简单,可快速建立体系;可用于高通量筛选缺乏血管化的结构和机械应力;细胞团大小不均,且基质胶可能影响药物浓度;细菌等体积较大的病原体无法直接进入类器官腔内,需使用极性向外的类器官病原体的作用靶点、发病机制、宿主细胞的免疫反应研究;感染与肺间质纤维化的关系研究;药物作用靶点筛选及药物毒理学研究;肺损伤后的再生与修复研究

[4,12]

[13-14]

[15]

精确切割肺切片保留了肺组织的结构、机械性能和复杂的细胞成分;可用于高通量筛选取材来源有限;缺乏细胞浸润和适应性免疫过程;切片寿命短,不适合慢性感染的研究适合高分辨率活体成像,超微结构变化、细胞活动和迁移、感染进展研究;感染与特发性肺纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、哮喘的关系评估;药物毒理学研究[9]
肺芯片含多层次细胞结构(存在血管化结构),且能够控制细胞和特定组织的结构;能反映呼吸作用时肺泡-毛细血管界面的机械运动;有实时组织功能传感器,可监测细胞状态和活动细胞支架等材料选择有难度,部分材料需要预处理;不同组织需要的营养物质及生长因子不同,目前缺乏通用的培养基;吞吐量低;技术较为复杂;尚无标准化构建流程,难以做到规模化固体机械力 (肺泡上皮细胞周期性的拉伸、肺黏液栓塞的机械应力等) 和流体机械应力 (液体表面张力)在感染状态下对肺的影响研究;病原体吸入后的损伤机制及免疫反应研究;吸入性物质的毒理学分析[7,16]
), ArticleFig(id=1198630233122370215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619425608925711, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

呼吸系统感染性疾病研究中常用模型的优缺点及其应用情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型优点缺点目前应用参考文献
动物模型保留肺的复杂细胞成分和全部结构;包含病原体感染过程和机体免疫反应过程病原体在动物和人体中的致病性、所致免疫反应不完全相同;部分病原体宿主不明,无法构建动物模型;药物在动物及人体中的效果不完全相同;非人灵长类动物的饲养设施、成本及饲养要求较高,动物数量少疾病传播途径及模式、感染剂量、发病机制、免疫过程及遗传因素的影响等的研究;感染与各种慢性肺病关系的研究;抗病药物与疫苗的开放[10-11]
二维细胞培养价格便宜;操作简单;变异性低,同质性高;可用于高通量筛选细胞系的代谢及基因表达不同于原生细胞;原生细胞可获取量少,分化能力有限;二维培养中的细胞在形态和生化特征上与体内细胞不同;缺乏细胞异质性、细胞间相互作用和复杂的组织结构病原体的作用靶点、发病机制、宿主细胞的免疫反应研究;药物作用靶点筛选及药物毒理学研究[9]
肺类器官保留了人类的遗传特征;保持遗传稳定性及可扩增性;部分再现了原始组织的细胞异质性、结构和功能;操作简单,可快速建立体系;可用于高通量筛选缺乏血管化的结构和机械应力;细胞团大小不均,且基质胶可能影响药物浓度;细菌等体积较大的病原体无法直接进入类器官腔内,需使用极性向外的类器官病原体的作用靶点、发病机制、宿主细胞的免疫反应研究;感染与肺间质纤维化的关系研究;药物作用靶点筛选及药物毒理学研究;肺损伤后的再生与修复研究

[4,12]

[13-14]

[15]

精确切割肺切片保留了肺组织的结构、机械性能和复杂的细胞成分;可用于高通量筛选取材来源有限;缺乏细胞浸润和适应性免疫过程;切片寿命短,不适合慢性感染的研究适合高分辨率活体成像,超微结构变化、细胞活动和迁移、感染进展研究;感染与特发性肺纤维化、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、哮喘的关系评估;药物毒理学研究[9]
肺芯片含多层次细胞结构(存在血管化结构),且能够控制细胞和特定组织的结构;能反映呼吸作用时肺泡-毛细血管界面的机械运动;有实时组织功能传感器,可监测细胞状态和活动细胞支架等材料选择有难度,部分材料需要预处理;不同组织需要的营养物质及生长因子不同,目前缺乏通用的培养基;吞吐量低;技术较为复杂;尚无标准化构建流程,难以做到规模化固体机械力 (肺泡上皮细胞周期性的拉伸、肺黏液栓塞的机械应力等) 和流体机械应力 (液体表面张力)在感染状态下对肺的影响研究;病原体吸入后的损伤机制及免疫反应研究;吸入性物质的毒理学分析[7,16]
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肺类器官在呼吸系统感染性疾病研究中的应用进展
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谌琦 1, 2 , 郭军 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(5): 602-607
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(5): 602-607
肺类器官在呼吸系统感染性疾病研究中的应用进展
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谌琦1, 2, 郭军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院老年医学科,北京 102218
  • 2清华大学临床医学院,北京 102218
  • 谌琦,硕士研究生,主要从事肺部感染性疾病的相关研究

通讯作者:

郭军,E-mail:
Research progress of lung organoids in respiratory infectious diseases
Qi Chen1, 2, Jun Guo1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
  • 2School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0509.2023.1011
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类器官是细胞在体外悬浮培养条件下自发形成的具有自我更新能力及相关功能的细胞团,是强大的三维模型,可一定程度再现原始组织的细胞异质性、结构与功能。肺类器官(LOs)由人类多能干细胞或成体干(祖)细胞培养、构建而成,其与免疫细胞共培养可更好地体现肺组织免疫反应及体内感染的全貌。本文对比分析LOs与其他肺部感染性疾病常用研究模型(包括动物模型、二维细胞培养、肺芯片和精确切割肺切片等)的特点,概述LOs的构建方法及其在病毒、细菌、分枝杆菌、隐孢子虫等引起的呼吸系统感染性疾病研究中的应用进展。

肺类器官  /  呼吸系统  /  感染性疾病  /  干细胞  /  三维培养

Organoids are cell mini-clusters and three-dimensional (3D) micro-organs cultured and spontaneously developed under suspension culture condition in vitro, possessing the abilities of self-organize and differentiate into functional cells. They are powerful, and can partially mimic the cellular heterogeneity, structure and function of the original tissues or organs. Lung organoids (LOs) can be cultured and constructed from human pluripotent stem cells or adult stem/progenitor cells. Co-culture of LOs with immune cells can better reflect the overall picture of the immune response of lung tissue and the full spectrum of infection in vivo. This review compares characteristics of LOs with those common models for respiratory infectious diseases, including animal models, two-dimensional cell culture, lung-on-chip and precision-cut lung slices. We provide an overview of the construction method of LOs and their application progress on respiratory system infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycobacteria, cryptosporidium, and other pathogens.

lung organoids  /  respiratory system  /  infectious diseases  /  stem cells  /  three-dimensional culture
谌琦, 郭军. 肺类器官在呼吸系统感染性疾病研究中的应用进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (5) : 602 -607 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0509.2023.1011
Qi Chen, Jun Guo. Research progress of lung organoids in respiratory infectious diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (5) : 602 -607 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0509.2023.1011
体外细胞培养是模拟人类发育和疾病的重要研究工具。传统的单层细胞培养技术已得到广泛应用,但这种模型缺乏组织结构特征和复杂性,难以真实反映体内生物学过程。类器官是细胞在体外悬浮培养条件下,自发形成的具有自我更新能力及相关功能的细胞团[1-3]。它是强大的三维模型,可一定程度再现原始组织的细胞异质性、结构和功能,这一技术的出现推动了体外培养工具的发展[4]。目前研究者们已建立了包括视网膜、脑、肺、食管、胃、肠道、肝、胰腺、甲状腺、前列腺、输卵管、肾等多种系统的类器官[4]。这些类器官主要应用于药物开发、疾病及其治疗研究、组织器官发育研究、组织器官移植修复与治疗等4个方面[5-6]。肺类器官(lung organoids,LOs)由人类多能干细胞或成体干(祖)细胞培养、构建而成,越来越多的研究显示,LOs为呼吸系统感染性疾病的研究提供了可复制的模型。本文介绍用于肺部感染性疾病研究的常见模型,LOs的构建方法及其在呼吸系统感染研究领域应用的进展,旨在为肺部感染性疾病的相关研究提供参考。
除了类器官外,动物模型、二维细胞培养、肺芯片(lung-on-chip,LOC)和精确切割肺切片(precision-cut lung slices,PCLS)等也常用于肺部感染性疾病的研究。医学研究中使用经典细胞系培养和动物模型在许多领域取得了成功,加深了对细胞信号通路和病原体作用机制的认识,推进了潜在药物靶点的确定和候选药物的筛选等。LOC包含两个上下平行的微通道,由聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethyl-siloxane,PDMS)隔开,可模拟肺泡—毛细血管屏障,膜的顶层覆盖人肺泡上皮细胞,底层覆盖人肺内皮细胞;该界面可被拉伸,以复制呼吸生理过程[7]。LOC可用于呼吸道疾病模拟、毒理学分析、药物筛查研究,以及评估相关治疗措施和诊断的生物标志物[8]。PCLS是将溶解了低熔琼脂糖的缓冲液或组织培养基注入刚获取的肺组织中,在4 ℃下快速凝固后进行切片,切片厚度为150~500 μm[9]。PCLS目前已被用于多种病毒及细菌感染的发病机制研究。以上不同研究模型的优缺点及目前在呼吸系统感染性疾病领域的应用情况见表1[4,7,9-16]
LOs可由人类多能干细胞(human pluripotent stem cell,hPSC)或成体干(祖)细胞[从成熟肺组织分离的上皮干(祖)细胞]经过三维(three-dimensional,3D)培养而来。目前常用的3D培养基是基质胶(matrigel),主要由层黏连蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白组成[17]。不同种类的肺成体干细胞培养出的LOs的细胞组成有所差别,甚至可以多种干细胞混合培养,生成不同种类的LOs。类器官还可与免疫细胞共培养[18-20],以便同时研究免疫系统的反应,更好地反映体内感染的全貌。
LOs的特征是极化的上皮细胞围绕着中央腔,基底膜暴露在外,这限制了病原体与上皮顶端的接触。由于病毒体积小且能够穿透基底膜基质,故其感染可用共培养法。细菌等其他病原体体积较大,不易穿透基底膜基质进入中央腔接触LOs上皮细胞的顶端[21],限制了LOs在这些病原体感染研究的应用。研究者们开发了多种方法来解决这一问题,如类器官的机械碎裂法、显微注射法、极性翻转法等[22-23](图1)。
人类呼吸道病毒感染的临床表现多种多样,从无症状感染到严重疾病,全球范围内发病率和病死率均较高。人类LOs为病毒复制和发病机制的研究提供了可复制的模型,可用于病毒—宿主相互作用的观察,病毒诱导的组织损伤、先天免疫途径和随后的组织再生反应的探索,以及针对病毒基因或宿主途径的预防措施和治疗药物的测试等[24]
甲型禽流感病毒(Sh2/H7N9、H5N1/483、H5N6/39715)与人H1N1pdm/415742在气道类器官(airway organoids,AOs)和体外支气管移植培养物中的病毒复制能力、组织趋向性、细胞因子和趋化因子的诱导能力相当[25]。乙型流感病毒亦可在人类呼吸道类器官的各种细胞中感染和复制,且对传导气道的偏好程度高于下肺,具有与甲型流感病毒相似的趋向性和复制能力[26],因此人类AOs可用于研究病毒的趋向性和复制能力。使用肺上皮干(祖)细胞分化而来的类器官研究流感病毒感染诱导的肺上皮细胞损伤的修复机制时发现,上皮干(祖)细胞在培养过程中以成纤维细胞生长因子10(FGF10)依赖的方式自我更新并分化成远端肺上皮细胞亚群[27]。LOs也可用于流感病毒治疗药物的筛选。Nitazoxanide(NTZ)是一种抗原虫噻唑胺药物,修改其生物活性形式的结构,并用候选药物4a/4d治疗流感病毒感染的LOs,结果显示,4a/4d的抗病毒效果与法匹拉韦相当,在抑制季节性流感H3N2病毒方面甚至优于法匹拉韦[28]
HPIV-3感染是儿童下呼吸道感染的常见病因之一。受HPIV-3感染的LOs中细胞不会脱落,感染32 d时未检测到LOs组织完整性的改变,也没有感染的细胞流入腔内,这解释了临床中HPIV-3疾病的小气道阻塞较为少见的原因[29]
RSV是婴、幼儿下呼吸道感染的常见病原体,其可从孕妇受感染的呼吸道血源性地传播到子宫内发育的胎儿肺部。对RSV感染的人类LOs中的病毒复制、细胞病理学效应和蛋白质表达的研究显示,RSV感染可导致细胞骨架和气道平滑肌的结构与功能改变,这可能影响胎儿肺部的收缩[30]。LOs在RSV感染后出现大量上皮细胞异常,包括细胞骨架重排、受感染细胞的顶端挤压和合胞体的形成,这解释了RSV感染造成支气管炎、气道黏膜水肿和气道上皮细胞坏死、脱落的原因[31]。除了RSV对呼吸系统的直接损害,接触大气中颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)可导致呼吸道疾病的发病率和病死率增高;受RSV感染的LOs在反复接触PM后,细胞DNA损伤和细胞死亡增多,这为确定现有空气污染与病毒感染之间的相关性提供了依据[32]
与其他现有的SARS-CoV-2感染肺模型相比,含有近端气道和远端肺泡特征的LOs可更好地概括新冠病毒感染不同群体呼吸道样本的转录组特征,更适用于SARS-CoV-2感染的研究[33]。目前使用LOs筛选的多种抗病毒药物已应用于临床,而免疫治疗候选药物,包括针对尖峰蛋白的四价中和抗体(15033-7)以及宿主细胞上二肽基肽酶-4(dipeptidyl peptidase-4,DPP4)受体同源的合成肽,在LOs中可显著抑制SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白的表达[34]。此外,有研究提示类器官可用于感染损伤后的气道再生研究。采用SARS-CoV-2感染LOs的研究显示,纤毛细胞在感染7 d后死亡,但基底细胞未被感染而存活并分化为纤毛细胞[35]。Brevini等[36]发现,熊去氧胆酸在人类肺、胆管膜细胞和肠道类器官,以及小鼠和仓鼠的相应组织中可下调血管紧张素转化酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2);这种下调降低了体外、体内和人类肺部与肝脏原位对SARS-CoV-2感染的易感性。这是除疫苗接种之外预防SARS-CoV-2感染的新方法。
肺炎链球菌感染是严重细菌性肺炎的主要原因。Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞是肺泡中肺炎链球菌黏附和损伤的首选靶点,其产生和分泌的表面活性剂是由磷脂、蛋白质和碳水化合物组成的混合物。表面活性蛋白D(surfactant protein D, SFTPD)可结合细菌表面的多糖,促进聚集、吞噬、补体激活以及抑制细菌定植与入侵。通过显微注射的方式采用肺炎链球菌感染人类肺芽类器官(lung bud organoids,LBOs)后,可观察到肺炎链球菌在LBOs腔中不同位置与SFTPD相互作用,在细胞内存在肺炎链球菌-SFTPD聚集物;感染后肺泡免疫反应标志物的表达增加。该模型可用于研究肺炎链球菌的毒力因子和不同血清型的发病机制,后期有望用于研究抗黏附策略以阻止肺炎链球菌的传播和定植[37]
铜绿假单胞菌是医院获得性肺炎、呼吸机相关肺炎的常见病原体。30%的铜绿假单胞菌株表达磷脂酶A2样毒素ExoU,这种毒素可导致细胞快速死亡,引起致命的呼吸道感染。Bagayoko等[38]将动物模型(小鼠)与人LOs相结合,研究了ExoU导致宿主细胞死亡的机制。发现宿主细胞脂质过氧化会增强ExoU磷酸酶活性,在体外和小鼠体内引发病理性细胞坏死,而磷脂过氧化抑制剂铁抑素-1可延缓ExoU诱导的细胞坏死。
结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)感染目前仍是重要的全球健康问题[39];脓肿分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium abscess,Mab)被认为是抗生素耐药严重的分枝杆菌之一[40]。巨噬细胞在分枝杆菌感染中具有重要作用,故研究者将其分别与Mtb和Mab感染的AOs共培养,结果显示,Mtb和Mabs主要作为细胞外细菌存在,感染上皮细胞的效率很低;AOs微环境可控制但不能完全消除Mtb和Mab的增殖;AOs可通过调节细胞因子、抗菌肽和抑制黏蛋白基因表达对感染做出反应;共培养体系中的巨噬细胞可迁移到AOs的基底缘并与之相互作用,捕获和摄入病原体,发挥免疫作用[19]。综合研究数据显示,AOs在评估分枝杆菌与人类气道的早期相互作用方面提供了一个有价值的3D模型。
隐孢子虫除了可导致严重腹泻,还可在免疫功能低下的人群中引起呼吸道隐孢子虫病[41]。目前大多数体外培养系统只支持隐孢子虫的短期感染(<5 d)和不完全繁殖,而通过改变培养条件,隐孢子虫可在LOs内存活28 d。将隐孢子虫的卵囊显微注射至LOs中,168 h后可检测到新形成的卵囊;对感染期间隐孢子虫转录组的时间分析显示了与其生命周期相关的转录物的动态调节。由此可见,隐孢子虫可感染人类LOs,在LOs内繁殖并完成其复杂的生命周期[42]
与其他模型相比,LOs在研究感染性疾病方面有一定的优势,目前在病原体的组织损伤、宿主的免疫反应及组织再生研究、治疗药物筛选等方面得到了越来越广泛的应用。但是,LOs也存在一定的局限性:(1)人体肺血管丰富,部分病原体感染可能同时破坏肺泡及毛细血管,而目前采用的LOs缺乏肺高度血管化的结构,未来可能通过与血管内皮细胞的共培养或与LOC的结合来解决这一问题,从而更好地研究感染性疾病的发病机制。(2)病原体感染后引起气道分泌物增多,部分患者可产生肺部黏液栓塞,由此带来的机械应力可引起细胞蛋白骨架受损和炎症反应,进一步加剧病原体所致的上皮细胞损伤[43],但LOs缺乏机械应力。LOC技术能够反映呼吸作用时肺泡收缩与扩张的机械运动,可模拟液态栓塞形成和破裂时产生的压力波对上皮细胞的损伤,能够弥补LOs在此方面的缺陷[44],二者结合可产生“类器官芯片”技术,更好地模拟肺部微结构与微环境。(3)单纯的LOs缺乏器官间通信,只能模仿人体的呼吸系统[14],未来多系统类器官的混合培养有可能促进了解病原体对不同器官的影响及器官之间的相互作用,更好地模拟人体内环境。(4)LOs用于药物筛选时,基质胶影响药物浓度,且LOs是源自组织的细胞团,体积通常大小不均,故难以实现均匀给药。随着相关技术的进步,可能通过调整基质胶的种类及成分培养出体积及细胞数目相对均匀的LOs。(5)目前已在动物模型中实现LOs移植治疗急性肺损伤模型[45],未来如何在人体实现肺部组织感染后的损伤修复还有待进一步探索。LOs的移植有望为肺部终末期疾病治疗提供新的手段。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0509.2023.1011
  • 接收时间:2023-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-07
  • 录用日期:2023-06-05
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    1清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院老年医学科,北京 102218
    2清华大学临床医学院,北京 102218

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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