Article(id=1198619424946225665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2272.2023.1103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667404800000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1681660800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-04-17, onlineDate=1763702740179, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763702740179, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763702740179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702740179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198619422425448948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='610', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763702739578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763702927730, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198620211667628089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198619422425448948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=489, endPage=494, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198619425260798472, articleId=1198619424946225665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Association between appendicular skeletal muscle composition and glycosylated hemoglobin a1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the relationship between appendicular skeletal muscle composition (muscle mass and muscle index) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods A total of 459 adult T2DM patients hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University from April 2021 to June 2022 were selected as the research objects. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to evaluate the body composition of the patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to HbA1c level: standard glycation group (HbA1c ≤7.0%, n=145) and unqualified glycation group (HbA1c >7.0%, n=314). The two groups' general data, biochemical indexes, muscle content, fat content and other body composition were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between body composition and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Results The appendicular skeletal muscle mass and its index (ASMI) of the patients in the standard glycation group were better than those in the unqualified glycation group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in gender, history of antidiabetic drugs and body fat (body fat content, limb fat content and visceral fat content) between the two groups (P>0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that appendicular skeletal muscle mass and its index were negatively correlated with HbA1c (r=-0.158, P=0.001; r=-0.187, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that upper limb skeletal muscle mass (OR=3.570, 95%CI 2.293-5.559) and lower limb skeletal muscle mass (OR=1.297, 95%CI 1.146-1.468) were independent protective factors for achieving glycation standard in HbA1c group. Conclusions The skeletal muscle mass of limbs is a protective factor for reaching the standard of HbA1c. With the increase of skeletal muscle mass of limbs, the level of HbA1c gradually decreases. Among them, the increase of upper limb muscle mass has a stronger correlation with reaching the standard of HbA1c.

, correspAuthors=Guo-Hong Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者四肢骨骼肌成分(四肢骨骼肌含量及四肢骨骼肌指数)与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平之间的关系。方法 收集2021年4月-2022年6月于空军军医大学唐都医院内分泌科住院治疗的459例成人T2DM患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均应用生物电阻抗分析评估身体成分。根据患者HbA1c水平分为糖化达标组(HbA1c≤7.0%,n=145)与糖化不达标组(HbA1c>7.0%,n=314)。比较两组患者的一般资料、生化指标及肌肉含量、脂肪含量等人体成分。采用Spearman相关分析及多元logistic回归分析T2DM患者身体成分与HbA1c达标之间的关系。结果 糖化达标组患者的四肢骨骼肌含量及指数均优于糖化不达标组(P<0.05),但两组患者的性别、降糖药物用药史、体脂(体脂肪含量、四肢脂肪含量及内脏脂肪含量)等方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,肌肉成分中,四肢骨骼肌含量及指数均与HbA1c呈负相关(r=-0.158,P=0.001;r=-0.187,P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示,上肢骨骼肌含量(OR=3.570,95%CI 2.293~5.559)和下肢骨骼肌含量(OR=1.297,95%CI 1.146~1.468)为糖化达标的独立保护因素。结论 四肢骨骼肌含量是HbA1c达标的保护因素,随着四肢骨骼肌含量增加,HbA1c水平逐渐降低。其中,上肢肌肉含量的增加与HbA1c达标的相关性更强。

, correspAuthors=赵国宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵国宏,E-mail:
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刘浪浪,医学学士,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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刘浪浪,医学学士,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2016, 122: 154-161., articleTitle=The relationship of fasting hyperglycemia to changes in fat and muscle mass after exercise training in type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198619431195738945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, awardId=81502402, language=EN, fundingSource=Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81502402), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198619431267042118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, awardId=81502402, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年项目(81502402), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198619426284208694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198619426288402999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, companyId=1198619426284208694, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198619426296791608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, companyId=1198619426284208694, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=空军军医大学唐都医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710038)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198619430457541400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Correlation between HbA1c level and skeletal muscle composition of limbs in patients with T2DM, figureFileSmall=wKFyIn9VBV18Ck3I9D36+g==, figureFileBig=udaoWBWSzuwWKP2mYXRWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619430570787613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HbA1c水平与T2DM患者四肢骨骼肌成分的相关性

HbA1c. 糖化血红蛋白;T2DM. 2型糖尿病

, figureFileSmall=wKFyIn9VBV18Ck3I9D36+g==, figureFileBig=udaoWBWSzuwWKP2mYXRWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198619430788891434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of general data, biochemical markers and body composition between the two groups of T2DM patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 糖化不达标组(n=314) 糖化达标组(n=145) χ2/t/Z P
性别(男/女, 例) 100/214 40/105 0.850 0.357
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 53.3±13.9 55.4±12.4 -1.546 0.123
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 25.65±3.65 26.28±3.66 -1.717 0.087
糖尿病病程[年, M(Q1, Q3)] 7.0(2.0, 13.0) 9.0(3.5, 13.5) -1.809 0.070
二甲双胍用药史[例(%)] 177(56.4) 88(60.7) 0.759 0.384
胰岛素用药史[例(%)] 108(34.4) 58(40.0) 1.350 0.245
其他降糖药物用药史[例(%)] 176(56.1) 88(60.7) 0.874 0.350
四肢骨骼肌含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 20.58±4.29 21.85±4.20 -2.960 0.003
四肢骨骼肌指数(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 7.377±0.995 7.720±0.942 -3.489 <0.001
上肢骨骼肌含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 5.439±1.279 5.833±1.224 -3.105 0.002
下肢骨骼肌含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 15.142±3.11 16.018±3.06 -2.818 0.005
上肢骨骼肌指数(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 1.949±0.337 2.062±0.312 -3.411 <0.001
下肢骨骼肌指数(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 5.428±0.704 5.658±0.671 -3.305 <0.001
体脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 20.65(16.20, 26.00) 20.7(16.4, 26.65) -0.790 0.937
躯干脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 10.85(8.30, 13.72) 10.9(8.25, 14.15) -0.071 0.944
内脏脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 99.2(73.22, 132.25) 95.3(73.15, 128.2) -0.541 0.588
上肢脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 2.80(2.00, 3.80) 2.70(1.90, 3.8) -0.404 0.686
下肢脂肪含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 6.12±2.00 6.13±2.19 -0.044 0.965
四肢脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 8.60(6.80, 11.22) 8.40(6.60, 11.00) -0.285 0.775
上肢肌肉脂肪比[%, M(Q1, Q3)] 1.92(1.28, 2.77) 2.10(1.47, 3.13) -1.752 0.080
下肢肌肉脂肪比[%, M(Q1, Q3)] 2.55(1.95, 3.25) 2.76(2.11, 3.45) -1.738 0.082
骨矿物质含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 2.81±0.47 2.93±0.47 -2.578 0.010
腰臀比($\bar{x}±s$) 0.92±0.06 0.92±0.07 0.541 0.589
总胆固醇(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$) 4.73±1.15 4.26±1.12 4.058 <0.001
低密度脂蛋白(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$) 2.78±0.98 2.39±0.88 4.354 <0.001
三酰甘油[(mmol/L, M(Q1, Q3)] 1.77(1.25, 2.84) 1.48(0.92, 1.91) -3.282 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1198619430876971823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组T2DM患者一般资料、生化指标及身体成分比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 糖化不达标组(n=314) 糖化达标组(n=145) χ2/t/Z P
性别(男/女, 例) 100/214 40/105 0.850 0.357
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 53.3±13.9 55.4±12.4 -1.546 0.123
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 25.65±3.65 26.28±3.66 -1.717 0.087
糖尿病病程[年, M(Q1, Q3)] 7.0(2.0, 13.0) 9.0(3.5, 13.5) -1.809 0.070
二甲双胍用药史[例(%)] 177(56.4) 88(60.7) 0.759 0.384
胰岛素用药史[例(%)] 108(34.4) 58(40.0) 1.350 0.245
其他降糖药物用药史[例(%)] 176(56.1) 88(60.7) 0.874 0.350
四肢骨骼肌含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 20.58±4.29 21.85±4.20 -2.960 0.003
四肢骨骼肌指数(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 7.377±0.995 7.720±0.942 -3.489 <0.001
上肢骨骼肌含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 5.439±1.279 5.833±1.224 -3.105 0.002
下肢骨骼肌含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 15.142±3.11 16.018±3.06 -2.818 0.005
上肢骨骼肌指数(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 1.949±0.337 2.062±0.312 -3.411 <0.001
下肢骨骼肌指数(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$) 5.428±0.704 5.658±0.671 -3.305 <0.001
体脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 20.65(16.20, 26.00) 20.7(16.4, 26.65) -0.790 0.937
躯干脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 10.85(8.30, 13.72) 10.9(8.25, 14.15) -0.071 0.944
内脏脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 99.2(73.22, 132.25) 95.3(73.15, 128.2) -0.541 0.588
上肢脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 2.80(2.00, 3.80) 2.70(1.90, 3.8) -0.404 0.686
下肢脂肪含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 6.12±2.00 6.13±2.19 -0.044 0.965
四肢脂肪含量[kg, M(Q1, Q3)] 8.60(6.80, 11.22) 8.40(6.60, 11.00) -0.285 0.775
上肢肌肉脂肪比[%, M(Q1, Q3)] 1.92(1.28, 2.77) 2.10(1.47, 3.13) -1.752 0.080
下肢肌肉脂肪比[%, M(Q1, Q3)] 2.55(1.95, 3.25) 2.76(2.11, 3.45) -1.738 0.082
骨矿物质含量(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 2.81±0.47 2.93±0.47 -2.578 0.010
腰臀比($\bar{x}±s$) 0.92±0.06 0.92±0.07 0.541 0.589
总胆固醇(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$) 4.73±1.15 4.26±1.12 4.058 <0.001
低密度脂蛋白(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$) 2.78±0.98 2.39±0.88 4.354 <0.001
三酰甘油[(mmol/L, M(Q1, Q3)] 1.77(1.25, 2.84) 1.48(0.92, 1.91) -3.282 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1198619430977635128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Logistic regression analysis the association between appendicular skeletal muscle composition and HbA1c in patients with T2DM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 β SE P OR (95%CI)
四肢骨骼肌含量 0.250 0.053 <0.001 1.284(1.158~1.424)
四肢骨骼肌指数 1.279 0.254 <0.001 3.594(2.186~5.908)
上肢骨骼肌含量 1.273 0.226 <0.001 3.570(2.293~5.559)
下肢骨骼肌含量 0.260 0.063 <0.001 1.297(1.146~1.468)
上肢骨骼肌指数 0.042 0.008 <0.001 1.043(1.026~1.059)
下肢骨骼肌指数 0.011 0.003 <0.001 1.012(1.006~1.017)
), ArticleFig(id=1198619431074104124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198619424946225665, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Logistic回归分析T2DM患者四肢骨骼肌成分与HbA1c的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 β SE P OR (95%CI)
四肢骨骼肌含量 0.250 0.053 <0.001 1.284(1.158~1.424)
四肢骨骼肌指数 1.279 0.254 <0.001 3.594(2.186~5.908)
上肢骨骼肌含量 1.273 0.226 <0.001 3.570(2.293~5.559)
下肢骨骼肌含量 0.260 0.063 <0.001 1.297(1.146~1.468)
上肢骨骼肌指数 0.042 0.008 <0.001 1.043(1.026~1.059)
下肢骨骼肌指数 0.011 0.003 <0.001 1.012(1.006~1.017)
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2型糖尿病患者四肢骨骼肌成分与糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性分析
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刘浪浪 , 袁曦 , 范枝俏 , 王新 , 靳玉欣 , 杨艾利 , 赵国宏 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(5): 489-494
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(5): 489-494
2型糖尿病患者四肢骨骼肌成分与糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性分析
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刘浪浪, 袁曦, 范枝俏, 王新, 靳玉欣, 杨艾利, 赵国宏*
作者信息
  • 空军军医大学唐都医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710038
  • 刘浪浪,医学学士,主要从事糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

通讯作者:

赵国宏,E-mail:
Association between appendicular skeletal muscle composition and glycosylated hemoglobin a1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Lang-Lang Liu, Xi Yuan, Zhi-Qiao Fan, Xin Wang, Yu-Xin Jin, Ai-Li Yang, Guo-Hong Zhao*
Affiliations
  • Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2272.2023.1103
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目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者四肢骨骼肌成分(四肢骨骼肌含量及四肢骨骼肌指数)与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平之间的关系。方法 收集2021年4月-2022年6月于空军军医大学唐都医院内分泌科住院治疗的459例成人T2DM患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均应用生物电阻抗分析评估身体成分。根据患者HbA1c水平分为糖化达标组(HbA1c≤7.0%,n=145)与糖化不达标组(HbA1c>7.0%,n=314)。比较两组患者的一般资料、生化指标及肌肉含量、脂肪含量等人体成分。采用Spearman相关分析及多元logistic回归分析T2DM患者身体成分与HbA1c达标之间的关系。结果 糖化达标组患者的四肢骨骼肌含量及指数均优于糖化不达标组(P<0.05),但两组患者的性别、降糖药物用药史、体脂(体脂肪含量、四肢脂肪含量及内脏脂肪含量)等方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,肌肉成分中,四肢骨骼肌含量及指数均与HbA1c呈负相关(r=-0.158,P=0.001;r=-0.187,P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示,上肢骨骼肌含量(OR=3.570,95%CI 2.293~5.559)和下肢骨骼肌含量(OR=1.297,95%CI 1.146~1.468)为糖化达标的独立保护因素。结论 四肢骨骼肌含量是HbA1c达标的保护因素,随着四肢骨骼肌含量增加,HbA1c水平逐渐降低。其中,上肢肌肉含量的增加与HbA1c达标的相关性更强。

糖尿病,2型  /  糖化血红蛋白  /  身体成分分析  /  骨骼肌含量  /  骨骼肌指数

Objective To investigate the relationship between appendicular skeletal muscle composition (muscle mass and muscle index) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods A total of 459 adult T2DM patients hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University from April 2021 to June 2022 were selected as the research objects. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to evaluate the body composition of the patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to HbA1c level: standard glycation group (HbA1c ≤7.0%, n=145) and unqualified glycation group (HbA1c >7.0%, n=314). The two groups' general data, biochemical indexes, muscle content, fat content and other body composition were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between body composition and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Results The appendicular skeletal muscle mass and its index (ASMI) of the patients in the standard glycation group were better than those in the unqualified glycation group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in gender, history of antidiabetic drugs and body fat (body fat content, limb fat content and visceral fat content) between the two groups (P>0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that appendicular skeletal muscle mass and its index were negatively correlated with HbA1c (r=-0.158, P=0.001; r=-0.187, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that upper limb skeletal muscle mass (OR=3.570, 95%CI 2.293-5.559) and lower limb skeletal muscle mass (OR=1.297, 95%CI 1.146-1.468) were independent protective factors for achieving glycation standard in HbA1c group. Conclusions The skeletal muscle mass of limbs is a protective factor for reaching the standard of HbA1c. With the increase of skeletal muscle mass of limbs, the level of HbA1c gradually decreases. Among them, the increase of upper limb muscle mass has a stronger correlation with reaching the standard of HbA1c.

diabetes mellitus, type 2  /  glycosylated hemoglobin  /  body composition analysis  /  skeletal muscle mass  /  skeletal muscle mass index
刘浪浪, 袁曦, 范枝俏, 王新, 靳玉欣, 杨艾利, 赵国宏. 2型糖尿病患者四肢骨骼肌成分与糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (5) : 489 -494 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2272.2023.1103
Lang-Lang Liu, Xi Yuan, Zhi-Qiao Fan, Xin Wang, Yu-Xin Jin, Ai-Li Yang, Guo-Hong Zhao. Association between appendicular skeletal muscle composition and glycosylated hemoglobin a1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (5) : 489 -494 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2272.2023.1103
近年来,2型糖尿病(T2DM)患病率逐年增高。国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)预计,到2035年全球将有5.92亿糖尿病患者[1]。作为以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,糖尿病目前已成为威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一,其预防和管理作为公共卫生问题值得关注[2-3]。既往研究发现,与健康成人相比,糖尿病患者的部分身体成分存在差异[4-5],如内脏脂肪增多[6]、肌肉含量[7]及骨密度下降[8]等。由于骨骼肌是血糖摄取和清除的主要组织之一,肌肉量的减少可能加重胰岛素抵抗,既往临床研究也显示,伴有肌肉减少症的糖尿病患者血糖控制较差[9-10]。此外,上述成分的差异性同时也可增加心血管事件的发生风险[11-13]。有研究表明,长期高血糖、高血脂及肌少症可严重影响老年糖尿病患者生活质量,糖尿病组老年人群的下肢肌肉力量和身体功能如行走速度、平衡等能力明显下降[10],从而增加了T2DM老年人群的骨质疏松、周围神经系统损伤及心脑血管疾病的发生风险[14-15]。然而,目前国内外对血糖控制水平与肌肉含量之间的相关性缺乏深入研究。本研究分析≥18岁T2DM患者的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平与其身体肌肉成分的相关性,旨在为T2DM患者HbA1c的控制提供参考。
收集2021年4月-2022年6月于空军军医大学唐都医院内分泌科住院治疗的459例T2DM患者进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)符合《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》(2020年版)中T2DM的诊断标准[不限制纳入患者的体重指数(BMI)][16]。排除标准:(1)存在糖尿病急性并发症等;(2)存在骨骼肌肉系统疾病、甲状腺功能异常;(3)恶性肿瘤、垂体疾病、肝肾功能异常、皮质醇增多症等;(4)服用性激素、糖皮质激素、甲状腺激素、抗癫痫药、抗抑郁药等影响肌肉代谢的药物。本研究已获空军军医大学唐都医院医学伦理委员会审批(K202207-05),所有患者均签署知情同意书。
收集所有研究对象的性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、BMI、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、HbA1c及身体成分等临床资料。所有患者均采用人体成分分析仪Inbody 720测定机体全身肌肉含量,四肢骨骼肌含量,体脂肪、四肢及躯干脂肪含量,矿物质以及腰臀比等人体成分指标,既往研究显示Inbody分析仪个体误差小,可作为双能X线吸收法测量成人身体成分的替代方法[17]。同时根据身高及骨骼肌含量,计算肌肉指数(muscle mass index,SMI)[SMI=肌肉量(kg)/身高的平方(m2)],以校正身高对肌肉含量的影响[7]。将患者根据HbA1c水平分为糖化达标组(HbA1c <7.0%,n=145,作为观察组)与糖化不达标组(HbA1c ≥7.0%,n=314,作为对照组)。
比较两组患者的年龄、性别、糖尿病病程、BMI及降糖药物的使用情况,以及四肢骨骼肌含量及指数、上(下)肢肌肉含量及指数、总胆固醇、三酰甘油及低密度脂蛋白。通过多元logistic回归分析,在校正基本人口学特征、血脂及降糖药物使用情况后,分析四肢骨骼肌含量及指数、上(下)肢肌肉含量及指数与HbA1c的相关性。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料行Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验,满足正态性及接近正态分布者以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不满足正态分布者以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用独立样本Wilcoxon符号秩和检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Spearman相关分析四肢骨骼肌含量及指数与HbA1c之间的相关性;HbA1c的多因素分析采用logistic回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
糖化达标组中男40例,女105例;年龄(55.4±12.4)岁;糖尿病病程为9.0(3.5,13.5)年。糖化不达标组中男100例,女214例;年龄(53.3±14.0)岁;糖尿病病程为7.0(2.0,13.0)年。两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、糖尿病病程、二甲双胍用药史、胰岛素用药史、其他降糖药物用药史、体脂肪含量、四肢脂肪含量、内脏脂肪含量等方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与糖化不达标组比较,糖化达标组患者的四肢骨骼肌含量及指数、上下肢骨骼肌含量及指数、骨矿物质含量明显增高,而总胆固醇、三酰甘油及低密度脂蛋白水平明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,表1)。
Spearman相关分析显示,HbA1c水平与四肢骨骼肌含量(r=-0.158,P=0.001)、四肢骨骼肌指数(r=-0.187,P<0.001)、上肢骨骼肌含量(r=-0.166,P<0.001)、上肢骨骼肌指数(r=-0.187,P<0.001)、下肢骨骼肌含量(r=-0.150,P=0.001)、下肢骨骼肌指数(r=-0.181,P<0.001)均呈负相关(图1)。
以HbA1c是否达标为因变量,赋值情况设置:0=HbA1c不达标,1=HbA1c达标。将有统计学差异的四肢骨骼肌含量及指数、上下肢骨骼肌含量及指数、总胆固醇、三酰甘油及低密度脂蛋白,以及虽无统计学差异但对HbA1c具有影响的年龄、性别、糖尿病病程、BMI及降糖药物的使用情况作为自变量进行logistic回归分析,结果显示,四肢骨骼肌含量(OR=1.284,95%CI 1.158~1.424)、四肢骨骼肌指数(OR=3.594,95%CI 2.186~5.908)、上肢骨骼肌含量(OR=3.570,95%CI 2.293~5.559)、下肢骨骼肌含量(OR=1.297,95%CI 1.146~1.468)、上肢骨骼肌指数(OR=1.043,95%CI 1.026~1.059)及下肢骨骼肌指数(OR=1.012,95%CI 1.006~1.017)为糖化达标的独立保护因素(表2)。
T2DM是一种以葡萄糖代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,研究显示,长期高血糖状态可引起身体成分比例发生变化,以脂肪含量多、肌肉含量少为特征,进而引起骨折风险增加等不良后果[18-19]。已发现,中国T2DM人群中肌少症患病率为14.4%,明显高于非T2DM人群[20]。因此,本研究分析了T2DM患者中不同血糖控制情况下身体成分的差异,结果发现四肢骨骼肌含量与HbA1c呈负相关。分析可能的原因如下:本研究发现HbA1c越高,四肢骨骼肌含量越低,结合既往研究提示,胰岛素功能缺陷所致的蛋白质合成不足和分解增加可使肌肉成分减少[21-23];胰岛素抵抗通过抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素信号通路,使蛋白质合成减少,同时通过激活泛素-蛋白酶体通路使肌肉蛋白降解增加[24-25],导致肌肉质量降低。高HbA1c水平患者的四肢骨骼肌含量明显减少,提示四肢骨骼肌含量下降与HbA1c控制变差相关,与既往研究中HbA1c控制接近达标组的肌肉减少症参数改善更佳的现象相符[26]。肌肉质量减少对血糖控制产生负面影响的可能机制有:骨骼肌是主要摄取葡萄糖的组织,肌肉量的减少可能加重胰岛素抵抗,减少葡萄糖转运和肌糖原的合成,影响胰岛素介导的葡萄糖利用,进而影响血糖控制[27]
人体脂肪主要分布于皮下、腹腔及肌肉间。本研究在校正了年龄、病程、用药史等混杂因素后,根据患者HbA1c是否达标分组进行各身体成分的对比,结果发现,两组间人群体脂肪、内脏脂肪、躯干脂肪及四肢脂肪含量均无明显差异。既往研究发现,胰岛素抵抗或胰岛素严重缺乏时存在脂肪分解情况,这可部分解释本研究中脂肪含量在HbA1c达标组与非达标组间无统计学差异的现象[28]
本研究之所以采用HbA1c指标作为分组依据进行身体成分差异性的对比,是由于HbA1c水平与糖尿病慢性并发症(尤其是微血管并发症)的发生关系密切,可作为预测慢性并发症的一个重要指标。本研究发现,HbA1c达标组上、下肢肌肉含量明显高于不达标组。以HbA1c达标与否为因变量,将年龄、性别、糖尿病病程、上下肢肌肉含量等作为自变量进行logistic回归分析,结果显示,上下肢肌肉含量、骨骼肌含量及骨骼肌指数、四肢肌肉指数仍是HbA1c控制达标的独立保护因素。《运动与2型糖尿病指南》中提出的“五驾马车”明确给出了运动锻炼在治疗过程中的地位,可能与增加运动会提高骨骼肌含量,对改善骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗有一定关系[29]。有研究发现,T2DM联合有氧运动会产生有利的身体成分变化,如脂肪减少、肌肉增加,以及肌肉力量和质量的改善[30-31]。因此,可通过运动训练改善高血糖和胰岛素敏感性来改善肌肉功能[32-33]。Kalyani等[34]从全国健康与营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)中筛选了5434例年龄≥50岁的非糖尿病参与者,研究发现,在非糖尿病人群中较高的HbA1c水平也与相对较低的肌肉质量和强度有关。随后,有研究在巴尔的摩老龄化纵向研究(2003-2011)中对984例年龄25~96岁的参与者进行调查,经过2年的长期随访后发现,血糖水平较高预示着肌肉强度持续下降[35],提示高血糖可能在T2DM患者肌肉质量和力量的下降中起着推动作用。还有研究发现,在接受运动训练的T2DM中肌肉增加和脂肪减少的相对幅度与基线血糖控制水平呈明显正相关[36]
本研究发现,T2DM患者HbA1c水平与肌肉含量明显相关,与下肢肌肉比较,上肢肌肉含量的增加与HbA1c达标的相关性更强。在校正了降糖药物的使用情况后,上述相关性仍有统计学意义。既往临床研究针对上下肢肌肉含量与血糖的相关性分析与本研究结果存在差异,Chien等[9]在>60岁老年人群中分析发现,HbA1c与老年人下肢肌肉力量和平衡能力密切相关,吕珊等[7]的研究也有相似的发现。而本研究的不同点在于,纳入人群的年龄在54岁左右,推测与老年人久坐不动相比,中年人下肢运动量相对较多,肌肉质量损失相对较小,在此种背景下,上肢肌肉质量的差异可能更能反映对血糖及胰岛素抵抗调控的差异。
目前,已有多项RCT研究显示抗阻运动训练能够改善胰岛素抵抗及血糖控制[6,9-10],因此,运动方式中力量训练可能是一种值得推荐的辅助控制血糖的方式。而本研究关于上下肢肌肉含量的差异提示,未来可对年龄进行分层,比较上下肢肌肉训练间血糖达标率是否有差异,以进一步拟定不同年龄阶段人群肌肉力量训练的方案。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,如临床样本量偏小,缺乏水分、蛋白质及无机盐等身体成分含量的指标以及动态血糖、患者用药情况、饮食及运动信息,未来仍需大样本量、多中心临床研究进一步探讨。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(81502402)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2272.2023.1103
  • 接收时间:2022-11-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-03
  • 录用日期:2023-04-17
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Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81502402)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(81502402)
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    空军军医大学唐都医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710038

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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