Article(id=1198602006240784499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0454.2023.0921, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1679932800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1683302400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-05-06, onlineDate=1763698587235, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763698587235, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763698587235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763698587235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198601997155922872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='6', pageStart='611', pageEnd='732', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763698585070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763698770557, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198602775211901122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198602775211901123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=718, endPage=725, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198602006622466183, articleId=1198602006240784499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the immune effects of photodynamic therapy, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a novel tumor treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely used in clinical treatment of a variety of tumors due to its advantages, such as fewer adverse reactions, precise targeting and repeatability of treatment. Unlike conventional treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT not only eliminates the primary tumor but also effectively inhibits metastatic tumors by activating the body's immune response. However, the PDT-activated immune response is influenced by multiple factors, including the localization and dose of photosensitizer in the cells, light parameters, oxygen concentration in the tumor, and the integrity of immune function. This review summarizes the mechanisms behind the PDT-activated anti-tumor immune response, systematically examines the key influencing factors on the immune effect of PDT, and discusses the future development direction of PDT in cancer treatment.

, correspAuthors=Ying Gu, Hong-You Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Gu Ying, E-mail:
Zhao Hong-You, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-Xin Chou, Tian-Zhen Sun, Ying Gu, Hong-You Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198602008367296698, articleId=1198602006240784499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=光动力疗法的抗肿瘤免疫效应研究进展, columnId=1190243276029530637, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

光动力疗法(PDT)作为一种新兴的肿瘤治疗手段,因不良反应较少、靶向性好、可重复治疗等优点,已被广泛应用于临床多种肿瘤的治疗。相较手术、化疗及放疗等传统治疗策略,PDT不仅可杀伤原位肿瘤,还可通过激活机体的免疫效应对转移瘤发挥抑制作用。然而,PDT诱导免疫效应的高低受多种因素影响,包括光敏剂在细胞内的定位和剂量、光参数、肿瘤内的氧浓度、免疫功能的完整性等。本文对PDT介导抗肿瘤免疫效应的相关机制,以及PDT免疫效应的主要影响因素进行综述,以探讨PDT用于肿瘤治疗的未来发展方向。

, correspAuthors=顾瑛, 赵洪友, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
顾瑛,E-mail:
赵洪友,E-mail:
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侴雯馨,硕士研究生,主要从事光动力治疗肿瘤的免疫机制研究

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侴雯馨,硕士研究生,主要从事光动力治疗肿瘤的免疫机制研究

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侴雯馨,硕士研究生,主要从事光动力治疗肿瘤的免疫机制研究

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ROS. 活性氧

, figureFileSmall=jQn5cEBZymfjsEB4AUefAg==, figureFileBig=kKCnwdaGi03HCqzzM9xuSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198602014293848437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198602006240784499, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The mechanism of photodynamic therapy-induced tumor immune effects, figureFileSmall=ctdVeJ3wDwE/2QuY6zRx/w==, figureFileBig=kSeC1powxh5pOR8kinsO2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198602017296970107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198602006240784499, language=CN, label=图2, caption=光动力疗法介导肿瘤免疫效应的机制

DAMPs. 损伤相关分子模式;CRT. 钙网蛋白;ROS. 活性氧;DC. 树突细胞;TLR. Toll样受体;HSP. 热休克蛋白;HMGB1. 高迁率族蛋白1

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侴雯馨 1 , 孙天真 1 , 顾瑛 1, 2, * , 赵洪友 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(6): 718-725
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(6): 718-725
光动力疗法的抗肿瘤免疫效应研究进展
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侴雯馨1, 孙天真1, 顾瑛1, 2, * , 赵洪友1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京理工大学医学技术学院,北京 100081
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心激光医学科,北京 100853
  • 侴雯馨,硕士研究生,主要从事光动力治疗肿瘤的免疫机制研究

通讯作者:

顾瑛,E-mail:
赵洪友,E-mail:
Research progress on the immune effects of photodynamic therapy
Wen-Xin Chou1, Tian-Zhen Sun1, Ying Gu1, 2, * , Hong-You Zhao1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0454.2023.0921
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光动力疗法(PDT)作为一种新兴的肿瘤治疗手段,因不良反应较少、靶向性好、可重复治疗等优点,已被广泛应用于临床多种肿瘤的治疗。相较手术、化疗及放疗等传统治疗策略,PDT不仅可杀伤原位肿瘤,还可通过激活机体的免疫效应对转移瘤发挥抑制作用。然而,PDT诱导免疫效应的高低受多种因素影响,包括光敏剂在细胞内的定位和剂量、光参数、肿瘤内的氧浓度、免疫功能的完整性等。本文对PDT介导抗肿瘤免疫效应的相关机制,以及PDT免疫效应的主要影响因素进行综述,以探讨PDT用于肿瘤治疗的未来发展方向。

光动力疗法  /  固有免疫  /  特异性免疫  /  影响因素

As a novel tumor treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely used in clinical treatment of a variety of tumors due to its advantages, such as fewer adverse reactions, precise targeting and repeatability of treatment. Unlike conventional treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT not only eliminates the primary tumor but also effectively inhibits metastatic tumors by activating the body's immune response. However, the PDT-activated immune response is influenced by multiple factors, including the localization and dose of photosensitizer in the cells, light parameters, oxygen concentration in the tumor, and the integrity of immune function. This review summarizes the mechanisms behind the PDT-activated anti-tumor immune response, systematically examines the key influencing factors on the immune effect of PDT, and discusses the future development direction of PDT in cancer treatment.

photodynamic therapy  /  innate immunity  /  specific immunity  /  influence factors
侴雯馨, 孙天真, 顾瑛, 赵洪友. 光动力疗法的抗肿瘤免疫效应研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (6) : 718 -725 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0454.2023.0921
Wen-Xin Chou, Tian-Zhen Sun, Ying Gu, Hong-You Zhao. Research progress on the immune effects of photodynamic therapy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (6) : 718 -725 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0454.2023.0921
光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)是利用特定波长的激光照射光敏剂,引发一系列光化学反应并在有氧条件下产生具有细胞毒性的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),诱导细胞死亡和组织损伤而治疗疾病的一种光疗方法[1]。目前PDT已在宫颈癌、皮肤癌、鼻咽癌等多种癌症治疗中取得了良好的治疗效果,是继手术、放疗、化疗之后的一种新兴肿瘤治疗手段[2-3]。本文综述PDT介导的抗肿瘤免疫效应机制、PDT介导免疫效应的主要影响因素,并探讨PDT抗肿瘤免疫的发展方向,旨在为PDT用于肿瘤治疗和相关研究提供参考。
PDT的作用原理为在特定波长的光照射下,处于基态(S0)的光敏剂吸收能量转变为单重激发态(S1),进而通过系间跨越作用转变为三重激发态(T1),T1态的光敏剂可通过两条途径产生ROS而杀伤肿瘤细胞。第1条途径,光敏剂受激后参与电子转移生成游离的自由基,与氧气发生反应生成ROS,如超氧化物自由基、羟基自由基等;第2条途径,光敏剂在受激后直接转移能量给基态中的分子氧(3O2),生成单线态氧(singlet oxygen,1O2)[4],其中能量以荧光、磷光或热等方式发散。这两条途径产生的ROS均可对肿瘤细胞造成不可逆的损伤。PDT主要通过3种途径介导对肿瘤的杀伤:(1)直接杀伤,产生的ROS直接杀伤原位肿瘤细胞;(2)封闭微血管,使肿瘤被照射区域血流紊乱,诱发缩血管物质释放并形成血栓,引起血管闭合,导致肿瘤细胞缺血、缺氧而死亡;(3)诱导免疫效应,激活机体的免疫系统,促进中性粒细胞等免疫细胞的活化和募集,进而激活T细胞,最终清除残余或转移的肿瘤细胞(图1)。因此,PDT不仅可直接杀伤原位肿瘤,还可通过激活机体的免疫效应杀伤转移病灶。
PDT诱导机体的免疫效应主要通过两种途径实现:(1)激活机体的固有免疫,PDT治疗后会引发急性炎症反应,促进中性粒细胞浸润,激活机体的固有免疫[5];(2)激活机体的特异性免疫,通过诱导损伤相关分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)的表达与释放,触发免疫原性细胞死亡(immunogenic cell death,ICD),进而激活机体的特异性免疫[6]。PDT介导的免疫效应可在一定程度上增强其抗肿瘤的疗效;然而,其诱导免疫效应的高低受光敏剂的细胞内定位和剂量、肿瘤氧含量及光参数等因素的影响。
PDT主要通过以下途径激活机体的固有免疫:激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)和激活蛋白1(activating protein-1,AP-1)的表达,促进相关细胞因子释放和中性粒细胞浸润以及激活补体等。
首先,PDT干预后NF-κB和AP-1被激活。已有研究显示,NF-κB和AP-1可参与细胞内多种基因转录,是引起急性炎症反应的中介。Kick等[7]报道,PDT治疗可激活Hela细胞的AP-1通路,进而诱发急性炎症反应,激活机体的固有免疫。Volanti等[8]的研究显示,光敏剂焦脱镁叶绿酸Α甲酯(PPME)介导的PDT可以显著激活ECV 304内皮细胞中的NF-κB,使白细胞介素(interleukin-8,IL)-8合成增加,促进机体的急性炎症反应。在PDT处理后,NF-κB不仅可促进急性炎症反应,激活机体的固有免疫系统,在一定情况下也会对固有免疫产生负性调节作用。Broekgaarden等[9]使用siRNA敲除EMT-6乳腺癌细胞中的NF-κB,并进行PDT处理,可有效激发巨噬细胞的促炎反应,IL-6释放显著增加,提示NF-κB具有免疫抑制作用。因此,NF-κB对免疫反应既有正向作用也有负性作用,这取决于细胞的类型和诱导剂的种类。
在PDT激活NF-κB、AP-1炎性信号通路后,可促进相关炎性细胞因子[如IL、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)和干扰素(interferons,IFN)等]的释放,进而增强抗肿瘤免疫。Gollnick等[10]研究显示,光致荧光蛋白-PDT处理EMT6细胞后,细胞中IL-6合成与释放明显增多,且在PDT干预的肿瘤组织和正常组织中IL-6 mRNA均显著增多。de Vree等[11]的研究显示,PDT处理后中性粒细胞浸润增高5倍,并在24 h内持续增高,这种增高与IL-1β的释放水平呈明显相关性。因此,PDT处理后引发的IL-1β释放对促进中性粒细胞浸润、增强中性粒细胞功能活性十分重要。因此,IL-6和IL-1β是PDT介导炎症反应的重要细胞因子。
中性粒细胞介导的吞噬作用是PDT引发抗肿瘤免疫的重要途径。Sun等[12]的研究显示,经光致荧光蛋白-PDT治疗的SCCVII荷瘤小鼠,中性粒细胞上主要组织相容复合物(MHC)II的表达明显增多,提示PDT治疗后中性粒细胞具有抗原提呈的能力。Kousis等[13]发现,在PDT治疗后的Colo26荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤引流淋巴结中可检测出中性粒细胞,而中性粒细胞耗竭则显著影响PDT后CD8+ T细胞的活化,尤其是影响T细胞的增殖。这提示PDT后产生的固有免疫是通过中性粒细胞向肿瘤的浸润和影响T细胞增殖介导的。因此,中性粒细胞是PDT诱导机体产生抗肿瘤免疫反应的关键效应物。
此外,PDT还可通过激活补体系统介导肿瘤细胞的清除。Stott等[14]发现,经光致荧光蛋白介导的PDT治疗后,Lewis肺癌细胞中补体C3、C5、C9基因表达增加。Cecic等[15]发现,使用C3aR抗体或C5aR拮抗剂,可明显降低PDT对Lewis 肺癌的治愈率,提示补体系统有助于PDT对肿瘤细胞的清除。此外,在局部或全身应用补体激活剂后,可增强PDT的治疗效果,降低肿瘤复发率[16]。因此,补体系统的激活在PDT介导的抗肿瘤免疫中发挥重要作用。
PDT通过诱导肿瘤细胞发生ICD来激发特异性免疫效应。ICD是指肿瘤细胞在受到外界刺激发生死亡的同时,由非免疫原性转变为免疫原性,从而使机体产生免疫应答,介导抗肿瘤免疫的过程。由于肿瘤细胞的免疫原性在免疫治疗中发挥着关键作用,ICD诱导剂的开发已成为相关研究的热点之一。目前,ICD诱导剂主要包括Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型诱导剂。其中Ⅰ型诱导剂的死亡信号是通过非内质网相关靶点传递的,主要包括蒽环类药物、UVC照射、放疗等;Ⅱ型诱导剂通过特异性靶向内质网,并以内质网为中心传递促死亡信号。与I型诱导剂相比,Ⅱ型诱导剂更加稳定、高效[17]。光敏剂介导的PDT被认为是一种高效的Ⅱ型ICD诱导剂,尤其是金丝桃素(hypericin,Hyp),被认为是基于内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)的强ICD诱导剂。Garg等[18]的研究显示,Hyp能够特异性地靶向内质网,PDT过程中产生的ROS,可触发ERS,引起DAMPs的释放,进而诱导肿瘤细胞发生ICD。肿瘤细胞发生ICD同时激活机体的特异性免疫效应[19-21]
ERS是细胞对大量蛋白质积累的一种适应性应答方式。当内质网处于应激状态时,内质网感受器被激活,通过启动蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(PERK)、转录激活因子6(ATF6)、肌醇需求酶1(IRE1)的级联信号通路缓解内质网压力实现自救[22]。当严重或长时间的ERS导致内质网功能受损时,这3条信号通路可启动由ERS介导的细胞死亡通路,以去除受损伤的细胞。其中,PERK是免疫原性的重要调节分子,能够诱导DAMPs,如钙网蛋白(calreticulin,CRT)的暴露、高迁率族蛋白1(high mobility group protein 1,HMGB1)和ATP等的释放,继而触发ICD,激活机体的特异性免疫[23]
DAMPs是细胞死亡时被释放到胞外的一类危险信号分子,其介导的佐剂样作用被认为是诱导ICD的重要先决条件[24]。CRT作为一种促吞噬信号,被认为是引发ICD最重要的DAMP。CRT主要分布于内质网腔内,在PDT处理后可易位到细胞膜表面,被树突细胞(dendritic cell,DC)上的低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1受体识别,促进抗原递呈给T细胞诱导抗肿瘤免疫反应[25-27]。根据ICD诱导剂的不同,CRT似乎有不同的暴露机制。Panzarini等[28]的研究显示,醋酸玫瑰红(rose bengal acetate,RBAc)介导的PDT治疗可引起CRT的暴露且伴随ERp57的共易位;但这种共易位在Hyp-PDT治疗后并未发现。由受激细胞释放出ATP作为“find me”信号,也是一种非常重要的DAMP。PDT诱导的ATP释放通常发生在凋亡早期,既可被DC上的嘌呤能P2Y2受体识别而吸引单核细胞的募集,又可被嘌呤能P2X7受体识别而促进炎性体激活并驱动IL-1β等炎性因子的分泌[29]。另外两种重要的DAMPs是热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins,HSPs)和HMGB1。PDT过程中产生的ROS可引发HSPs的释放,并呈PDT剂量依赖性。使用亚致死PDT剂量时,HSPs将得到最佳积累[30-31]。其中,HSP70和HSP90在PDT后被释放到细胞外,与Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)、Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)等受体相互作用,促进DC成熟,激活T淋巴细胞。而HMGB1也可与DC上的TLR2、TLR4受体相互作用,促进DC向淋巴结转移,进而激活T细胞发挥特异性免疫效应[32-33]。因此,PDT可激活相关DAMPs的表达与释放,诱发ICD,促使机体产生特异性免疫效应。
综上所述,在激光照射下,光敏剂产生的大量ROS可诱发ESR,导致下游促凋亡蛋白PERK被激活,诱导CRT暴露以及ATP和HMGB1等DAMPs的表达与释放,触发肿瘤细胞的ICD效应,进而促进DC的成熟。通过DC的抗原提呈能力,激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,介导机体的特异性免疫效应,杀伤肿瘤的原发灶和转移灶(图2)。
PDT诱导细胞死亡的方式与剂量直接相关。光敏剂、光和氧气是PDT的三大要素,决定着PDT的最终效应。因此,光敏剂在细胞内的定位和剂量、激光的参数、肿瘤内的氧浓度均会影响PDT的免疫效应。此外,PDT诱导的肿瘤免疫效应要求机体具备完整的免疫功能,免疫缺陷会严重影响PDT诱导抗肿瘤免疫的疗效。因此,掌握并调节这些影响因素对提高PDT诱导的免疫效应至关重要。
PDT引发的免疫效应与光敏剂的亚细胞定位密切相关。不同的光敏剂在细胞中主要靶向不同的细胞器,如内质网、线粒体、溶酶体等。已有研究显示,引发ICD的重要先决条件是ROS介导的ESR[4]。因此,靶向内质网的光敏剂可引发更强的免疫效应。Garg等[34]发现,Hyp-PDT可引发CRT暴露,但在相同条件下,光致荧光蛋白-PDT并不能引发CRT暴露。这种现象可能是因为光致荧光蛋白在细胞内定位比较分散,与内质网、线粒体、高尔基体都有结合,而Hyp主要结合在内质网。Brodin等[35]和Alzeibak等[36]均详细阐述了ICD中ESR的重要性。因此,光敏剂的内质网靶向性是PDT介导抗肿瘤免疫的重要影响因素。
然而,目前临床上使用的光敏剂中靶向内质网的种类较少。为了增强PDT介导的抗肿瘤免疫的疗效,研究人员采取了一些措施来改善光敏剂的亚细胞定位能力。一方面,开发主动靶向内质网的新型光敏剂,有助于提高机体的抗肿瘤免疫效应。Turubanova等[37]设计了一种可靶向内质网的光敏剂卟啉物(porphyrazines Ⅲ,PZⅢ);MCA205细胞经PZⅢ-PDT处理后,HMGB1和ATP释放明显增多,共刺激因子CD80、CD86表达上调;体内实验结果显示,PZⅢ-PDT可明显抑制纤维肉瘤MCA205荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长。Li等[38]设计了一种靶向内质网的新型光敏剂TPE-PR-COOH,PDT治疗后可促进4T1荷瘤小鼠中DC的表型成熟;与Hyp-PDT组比较,接受该光敏剂的小鼠在光照后CD8+ T细胞的活化增强,小鼠脾中CD8+ T细胞增多0.87倍;提示该光敏剂可激活小鼠的特异性免疫反应。因此,靶向内质网的新型光敏剂可作为高效的ICD诱导剂,诱发ICD而促进DC表型成熟,进而介导较强的抗肿瘤免疫效应,抑制肿瘤生长。
另一方面,将光敏剂与纳米材料相结合提高内质网的靶向输送,以增强PDT介导的ICD和免疫效应。Zhang等[39]将二氢卟吩e6(chlorin e6,Ce6)与TLR7激动剂IMDQ结合,组装成纳米结构Ce6-IMDQ;4T1细胞经该纳米结构介导的PDT处理后,细胞内CD80、CD86表达增多,提示其可诱导DC细胞成熟;流式细胞术检测肿瘤引流淋巴结显示,Ce6-IMDQ在PDT后可引起T细胞的募集,其中CD8+ T细胞占比由7.85%增高至14.14%,CD4+ T细胞占比由12.61%增高至26.82%。因此,提高PS的内质网靶向性,可通过促进T细胞(尤其是CD8+ T细胞)的募集,增强PDT的特异性免疫效应。Deng等[40]合成了负载有高效内质网靶向光敏剂TCPP-TER的还原敏感Ds-sP纳米粒子,得到了纳米结构Ds-sP/TCPP-TER;经Ds-sP/TCPP-TER-PDT处理的4T1细胞可释放更多的CRT来增强ICD效应,并促进IL-12、TNF的表达;体内实验结果显示,与对照组比较,Ds-sP组原发性肿瘤体积生长抑制百分比高达91.7%,转移病灶体积生长抑制百分比达89.8%,提示此纳米粒子可显著抑制肿瘤的生长。因此,内质网靶向的光敏剂具有诱发抗肿瘤免疫的潜力,发展和设计内质网靶向的光敏剂,是PDT抗肿瘤免疫研究的一个新方向。
此外,少数靶向其他细胞器的光敏剂介导的PDT也可引发相关DAMPs的释放,诱导ICD的发生。Wang等[41]的研究显示,线粒体靶向的光敏剂5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,5-ALA)可促进小鼠皮肤鳞癌PECA细胞中DC细胞表型成熟,表现为共刺激因子CD80、CD86表达明显上调;体内实验结果显示,使用5-ALA-PDT治疗小鼠鳞状细胞癌(SCC),可促进肿瘤细胞中CRT、HSP70和HMGB1的表达,与对照组比较,5-ALA-PDT组小鼠肿瘤的生长被明显抑制。Turubanova等[42]的研究显示,靶向溶酶体的光敏剂Photosens也可引起CRT暴露以及HMGB1和ATP释放;将Photosens-PDT治疗后死亡的纤维肉瘤MCA205细胞注入MCA205荷瘤小鼠体内,可明显抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长,提示其成功激活了特异性免疫反应。因此,靶向其他细胞器的光敏剂也可诱导DAMPs的释放,介导ICD效应引起机体的抗肿瘤免疫;但具体机制尚待进一步深入研究。
除了光敏剂的亚细胞定位外,光敏剂的剂量也会影响PDT介导的抗肿瘤免疫效应。Doix等[43]使用不同剂量的光敏剂OR141处理SCC细胞6 h后,与10 µmol/L OR141比较,1 µmol/L OR141介导的PDT可引发更多的HSP90、HMGB1释放;体内实验结果显示,与使用40 mg/kg OR141比较,使用4 mg/kg OR141行PDT治疗SCC7荷瘤小鼠,可更显著地抑制肿瘤生长。Morais等[44]发现,使用剂量为4.3 nmol/L、7.8 nmol/L和12.2 nmol/L的光敏剂AlPcE进行PDT处理,均可引起HMGB1释放,但仅在浓度为12.2 nmol/L时ATP明显释放;体内实验结果显示,采用4.3 nmol/L和7.8 nmol/L的AlPcE可提高B16F10荷瘤小鼠的存活率,但12.2 nmol/L和1.9 nmol/L的AlPcE不能抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长。因此,光敏剂剂量与ICD效应可能呈非线性关系,并具有一定的阈值。总之,光敏剂剂量是PDT引发ICD效应的一个重要参数,应合理选择光敏剂的剂量,以最大限度引发免疫效应的同时减轻对正常细胞的损伤。目前对于光敏剂剂量与ICD之间关系的研究较少,需要进行更深一步的研究。
PDT过程中,激光的能量密度、功率密度影响光敏剂的激发情况,进而改变组织中的氧浓度,最终影响PDT引发的炎症反应和抑瘤效果。Henderson等[45]对比不同能量密度(48 J/cm2、128 J/cm2)和功率密度(14 mW/cm2、112 mW/cm2)的PDT引发的炎症反应,结果显示,低能量密度和低功率密度能够引发更强的炎症反应,主要表现为炎性因子释放和中性粒细胞浸润增多,但抑制肿瘤的效果较差;而高能量密度和低功率密度抑制肿瘤的效果更强,但诱导的炎症反应较弱。Henderson等[46]的后续研究显示,使用高能量密度(128 J/cm2)、高功率密度(224 mW/cm2)的抑瘤效果较差,可能是因为使用较高的光参数严重消耗了肿瘤组织中的氧气,降低了治疗效果。Shams等[47]研究显示,低能量密度(48 J/cm2)、低功率密度(14 mW/cm2)与高能量密度(132 J/cm2)、低功率密度(14 mW/cm2)的PDT联合治疗方案能够引起更多CD8+ T细胞的募集,且对原发病灶和转移病灶的抑制效果更佳。因此,制定有效的PDT治疗方案,合理使用光参数有助于维持治疗期间肿瘤内的氧含量,提高ROS含量,进一步提高肿瘤治疗效果。
PDT的治疗效果与肿瘤的氧浓度密切相关。肿瘤乏氧微环境会严重抑制T细胞进入肿瘤,造成免疫抑制,影响PDT的抗肿瘤免疫效应。因此,缓解肿瘤的乏氧状态,是提高PDT抗肿瘤疗效的有效策略之一。Li等[48]开发了一种双重靶向内质网的纳米结构,在中空金纳米球上结合光敏剂吲哚箐绿(ICG)并在FAL钛的修饰下获得靶向内质网的能力,得到纳米粒子FAL-ICG-HAuNS,另外将血红蛋白结合到FAL钛上得到供应氧气的载体FAL-Hb-lipo。与未装载FAL-Hb-lipo的纳米粒子相比,带有双重靶向能力的纳米粒子可促进更多的CRT暴露,并可抑制CT26荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的生长。流式细胞术分析结果显示,装载FAL-Hb-lipo的纳米粒子中CD8+ T细胞数量明显增多,调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)数量减少至10%,提示肿瘤的免疫抑制微环境得到了改善。另外,在B16荷瘤小鼠中也观察到相似的结果,PDT可显著诱导抗肿瘤免疫,有效抑制肿瘤的生长。Liang等[49]设计了一种PDT氧增强发生器,其是一种外壳为二氧化锰的纳米金笼AuNC@MnO2(AM)。在激光刺激下,AM-PDT能够引发更多DAMPs的释放;体内实验结果显示,AM-PDT可抑制4T1荷瘤小鼠原发肿瘤和肺转移瘤的生长。因此,提高肿瘤区域的氧含量,不仅可改善肿瘤的免疫抑制微环境,还可促进CD8+ T细胞的募集,增强PDT介导的免疫效应。
已有研究显示,PDT可激活机体的固有免疫和特异性免疫,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用,然而,患者免疫系统功能的完整性是长期抑制肿瘤生长的关键。Korbelik等[50]研究了中性粒细胞的耗竭对光致荧光蛋白-PDT治疗EMT6肿瘤的影响,发现光致荧光蛋白-PDT治疗24 h的效果并未受到显著影响,但在2~3周时大部分肿瘤复发,PDT的疗效受到明显抑制;此外,在CD8+ T细胞耗竭后进行PDT治疗,肿瘤的治愈率由100%降低至50%,较CD4+ T细胞耗竭造成的影响更为显著。这提示,PDT介导的免疫效应主要通过CD8+ T细胞介导,CD4+ T细胞仅发挥辅助作用。Kabingu等[51]的研究也显示,PDT对肿瘤的抑制作用依赖于CD8+ T细胞的存在。Korbelik等[52]发现,PDT不能有效抑制免疫缺陷型小鼠(Scid)的肿瘤生长,并且随着自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cells,NK)的耗竭,Scid小鼠的PDT效应受到显著影响。因此,PDT主要通过激活机体的T细胞、NK细胞介导免疫反应,患者免疫系统的完整性对PDT的免疫治疗效果至关重要。
PDT诱导的抗肿瘤免疫效应是光动力治疗研究中的一个重要课题。PDT既可通过中性粒细胞浸润、激活补体等方式介导机体的固有免疫,还可通过PDT过程中产生的ROS诱发ESR,进而诱导相关DAMPs的释放产生ICD,引发机体产生特异性免疫反应,实现对肿瘤原发病灶和转移病灶的杀伤。因此,PDT介导的免疫效应是一种有效的肿瘤治疗策略。然而,PDT诱导免疫效应的强度受光敏剂在细胞内的定位和剂量、光参数、肿瘤内的氧浓度、免疫功能的完整性等因素的影响。若将这些影响因素与PDT免疫效应的内在关系研究清楚,将可为PDT治疗方案的制定给予重大帮助,使患者的免疫效应更充分地激活,综合治疗效果更好。除考虑以上影响因素外,PDT抗肿瘤免疫的研究有望在以下方向进一步发展:(1)研发新型内质网靶向的光敏剂;(2)联合纳米运输系统提高光敏剂的内质网输送能力;(3)PDT与其他免疫治疗策略的联合应用;(4)研发氧增强的纳米粒子,提高PDT对ICD的诱导效率,以增强抗肿瘤免疫效应;(5)PDT与抗肿瘤免疫之间的关系及其相关的分子机制也有待进一步探索和揭示,这将为PDT的抗肿瘤免疫治疗提供更坚实的理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(T2293750)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(T2293753)
  • 北京理工大学青年教师学术启动计划(XSQD-202023003)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2019-I2M-5-061)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0454.2023.0921
  • 接收时间:2023-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-28
  • 录用日期:2023-05-06
基金
Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2293750)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(T2293750)
Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2293753)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(T2293753)
Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(XSQD-202023003)
北京理工大学青年教师学术启动计划(XSQD-202023003)
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Science(2019-I2M-5-061)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2019-I2M-5-061)
作者信息
    1北京理工大学医学技术学院,北京 100081
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心激光医学科,北京 100853

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顾瑛,E-mail:
赵洪友,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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