Article(id=1198602004261077401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1239.2024.0124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1699372800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-11-08, onlineDate=1763698586764, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763698586764, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763698586764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763698586764, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198601997155922872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='6', pageStart='611', pageEnd='732', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763698585070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763698770557, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198602775211901122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198602775211901123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=726, endPage=732, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198602004537901479, articleId=1198602004261077401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of M1/M2 macrophages in hepatic fibrosis, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hepatic fibrosis refers to repeated or persistent inflammation and necrosis of liver parenchymal cells and excessive deposition of liver fibrous connective tissue caused by various etiologies, which is a necessary stage for chronic liver disease to develop into cirrhosis. Etiological treatment as antiviral therapy can reduce the inflammation of the liver tissues to a certain degree, but cannot completely stop the process of liver fibrosis. In recent years, researchers have found that intrahepatic macrophages play an important role in the occurrence and progression of hepatic fibrosis, among which M1/M2 macrophages have become the key to exploring macrophages to regulate hepatic fibrosis. This article will focus on the role and mechanism of intrahepatic M1/M2 macrophages in hepatic fibrosis.

, correspAuthors=Jing Ma, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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肝纤维化是指各种病因导致反复或持续的肝脏实质细胞炎症、坏死,以及肝脏纤维结缔组织过度沉积的结果,是慢性肝病发展为肝硬化的必经阶段。抗病毒等病因治疗可一定程度减轻肝组织炎症,但无法完全终止肝纤维化进程。近年来研究发现,肝内巨噬细胞在肝纤维化的发生发展中发挥平衡炎症、调节免疫功能等重要作用,巨噬细胞的回输可延缓肝纤维化,其中M1/M2型巨噬细胞已成为探索巨噬细胞调节肝纤维化的关键。本文重点阐述肝内M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的作用及其机制。

, correspAuthors=麻婧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
麻婧,E-mail:
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杨钰萌,硕士研究生,主要从事胃肠癌等方面的研究

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杨钰萌,硕士研究生,主要从事胃肠癌等方面的研究

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杨钰萌,硕士研究生,主要从事胃肠癌等方面的研究

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M1. M1型巨噬细胞;M2. M2型巨噬细胞;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;IFN-γ. 干扰素γ;LPS. 脂多糖;IL. 白细胞介素;iNOS. 诱导型一氧化氮合酶;Th1. 辅助性T细胞1;Th2. 辅助性T细胞2;TLR. Toll样受体;IC. 免疫复合物;TGF-β. 转化生长因子-β

, figureFileSmall=TdUy7uV5ANx7x/pGUrEoyg==, figureFileBig=1s71YnDdCXgjkISOYzdtOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198602011039072920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198602004261077401, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hepatic macrophages affect the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis, figureFileSmall=9gzfEY4OU33vnWQLp43U1A==, figureFileBig=ItCzDMefzli38a05nD/Cxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198602011127153309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198602004261077401, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肝巨噬细胞影响肝纤维化发生机制

M1. M1型巨噬细胞;M2. M2型巨噬细胞;CCL-2. C-C趋化因子配体2;CCL-3. C-C趋化因子配体3;Em. 募集内源性巨噬细胞;NK. 自然杀伤细胞;TRAIL. 肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体;FasL. 凋亡因子相关配体;NKG2D. NK细胞活化性受体;KLRG1. 杀伤细胞凝集素样受体G1;TLR-9. Toll样受体9;HSCs. 肝星状细胞;MAPK. 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;NF-κB. 核因子κB;IL. 白细胞介素;STAT. 信号转导及转录激活因子;p53. 蛋白53;p21. 蛋白21;TβR1. 转化生长因子-β的I型受体;TGF-β. 转化生长因子-β;MMPs. 基质金属蛋白酶;TIMPs. 基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂;HAS2. 明质酸合成酶2;ECM. 细胞外基质;EMT. 上皮-间质转化;MFB. 肌成纤维细胞;+. 代表促进;-. 代表抑制

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M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的作用研究进展
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杨钰萌 1, 2 , 王新 2 , 麻婧 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(6): 726-732
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(6): 726-732
M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的作用研究进展
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杨钰萌1, 2, 王新2, 麻婧2, *
作者信息
  • 1西安医学院研究生工作部,陕西西安 710021
  • 2空军军医大学第二附属医院(唐都医院)消化内科,陕西西安 710032
  • 杨钰萌,硕士研究生,主要从事胃肠癌等方面的研究

通讯作者:

麻婧,E-mail:
Research progress on the role of M1/M2 macrophages in hepatic fibrosis
Yu-Meng Yang1, 2, Xin Wang2, Jing Ma2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Graduate Department, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital (Tangdu Hospital), Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1239.2024.0124
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肝纤维化是指各种病因导致反复或持续的肝脏实质细胞炎症、坏死,以及肝脏纤维结缔组织过度沉积的结果,是慢性肝病发展为肝硬化的必经阶段。抗病毒等病因治疗可一定程度减轻肝组织炎症,但无法完全终止肝纤维化进程。近年来研究发现,肝内巨噬细胞在肝纤维化的发生发展中发挥平衡炎症、调节免疫功能等重要作用,巨噬细胞的回输可延缓肝纤维化,其中M1/M2型巨噬细胞已成为探索巨噬细胞调节肝纤维化的关键。本文重点阐述肝内M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的作用及其机制。

肝纤维化  /  巨噬细胞  /  细胞外基质

Hepatic fibrosis refers to repeated or persistent inflammation and necrosis of liver parenchymal cells and excessive deposition of liver fibrous connective tissue caused by various etiologies, which is a necessary stage for chronic liver disease to develop into cirrhosis. Etiological treatment as antiviral therapy can reduce the inflammation of the liver tissues to a certain degree, but cannot completely stop the process of liver fibrosis. In recent years, researchers have found that intrahepatic macrophages play an important role in the occurrence and progression of hepatic fibrosis, among which M1/M2 macrophages have become the key to exploring macrophages to regulate hepatic fibrosis. This article will focus on the role and mechanism of intrahepatic M1/M2 macrophages in hepatic fibrosis.

hepatic/liver fibrosis  /  macrophages  /  extracellular matrix
杨钰萌, 王新, 麻婧. M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (6) : 726 -732 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1239.2024.0124
Yu-Meng Yang, Xin Wang, Jing Ma. Research progress on the role of M1/M2 macrophages in hepatic fibrosis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (6) : 726 -732 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1239.2024.0124
肝纤维化是由病毒、化学毒物、乙醇等刺激,以及自身免疫、遗传等因素导致肝脏上皮细胞、内皮细胞持续炎症损伤及抗损伤的结果,并伴随纤维化再生、纤维结节改变,以及微循环和肝脏结构的损伤[1]。终末期肝病通常需要肝移植治疗,但因可用供体短缺、费用昂贵及术后终身免疫抑制治疗等因素使肝移植治疗的开展严重受限[2-4],而早期干预肝纤维化能够很大程度地减少终末期肝病的发生。因此,对肝纤维化形成及消退机制的研究有望成为预防及治疗终末期肝病的有效措施[5]
目前,治疗肝纤维化的方法包括病因治疗、抑制细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)产生、促进ECM降解等[6]。虽然这些治疗方法在一定程度上可减轻肝组织炎症,但不能完全终止肝纤维化的进程[7]。免疫细胞是肝纤维化发生发展的主要因素,肝内巨噬细胞可启动、维持及放大有害的炎症级联反应,是整个纤维化过程的关键调节剂。其中M1与M2型巨噬细胞极化可影响肝纤维化的发生、发展及结局[8]。本文详细阐述肝内M1/M2型巨噬细胞的起源、功能及其在肝纤维化中的作用机制,为治疗肝纤维化提供新的治疗思路及策略。
巨噬细胞广泛存在于组织体腔表面,是人体抵抗病原体的第一道防线。巨噬细胞通过产生趋化因子、基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMPs)及炎性介质驱动损伤后的初始细胞反应,进而释放细胞因子参与炎症反应,激活获得性免疫反应[9-10]。肝巨噬细胞具有显著异质性,根据来源不同可分为库普弗细胞(Kupffer cells,KCs)和单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞(monocyte-derived macrophages,MDMs)[11]。肝损伤时,KCs吞噬有害物质并调节肝脏免疫反应,维持肝脏稳态;MDMs主要产生炎性因子,调节肝脏炎症及创伤修复。
KCs来源于胚胎卵黄囊细胞及骨髓造血干细胞,并随循环系统进入组织胚胎,实现肝脏的自我更新。MDMs起源于骨髓祖细胞,在维持体内稳态及炎症期间,单核细胞从循环系统迁移至组织中,受局部生长因子、促炎细胞因子、微生物产物等刺激后分化成巨噬细胞[1,12]
巨噬细胞具有极强的可塑性,在不同组织中受局部微环境刺激后可极化出不同的表型及功能,包括吞噬病原体、感染碎片、死细胞。巨噬细胞通过与主要组织相容性复合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)分子相关的加工抗原结合呈递抗原;巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6及IL-1β等细胞因子[13-16]。基于不同的细胞表面标记、特定细胞因子的分泌及差异的生物学活性,肝巨噬细胞被分为经典活化的巨噬细胞(M1型巨噬细胞)和选择性激活的巨噬细胞(M2型巨噬细胞)。M1型巨噬细胞可被TNF-α、γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)激活,主要通过Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)与抗原结合,产生大量活性氮和氧的中间体,释放大量TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-12、IL-15等炎性细胞因子,C-C趋化因子配体2(C-C motif chemokine ligand 2,CCL-2)、CCL-3等趋化因子,以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS),诱导辅助性T细胞(T helper cell,Th)1型免疫应答,发挥促炎、清除病原微生物、抗肿瘤及提呈抗原等作用[17-20]。M2型巨噬细胞可由IL-4、IL-13经IL-4受体α激活信号传导、转录激活因子6极化,由IL-10经IL-10受体激活信号传导、转录激活因子3极化,通过分泌IL-10、IL-4、IL-13等炎性因子,转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)及血管内皮生长因子-α,诱导Th2型免疫应答,发挥抑炎及组织重塑等作用[21]。M2型巨噬细胞又分为M2a型、M2b型、M2c型、M2d型巨噬细胞[22]。M2a型巨噬细胞可由IL-4或IL-13诱导分化,通过分泌TGF-β等促纤维化因子促进组织修复及伤口愈合;M2b型巨噬细胞由免疫复合物、TLRs诱导分化,通过分泌IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等促炎细胞因子及IL-10抑炎细胞因子,从而发挥促炎及抑炎双重作用;M2c型巨噬细胞由IL-10、TGF-β、糖皮质激素诱导分化,通过调节性T细胞发挥抑炎、促进组织修复、吞噬凋亡细胞等作用[21];M2d型巨噬细胞由IL-6、TLRs配体及腺苷激活,是肿瘤微环境中的主要促炎因子,可促进肿瘤血管生成及转移[20,23-24]。也有研究发现,肝巨噬细胞可同时表达促炎或抑炎标志物,因肝脏微环境是动态变化的,所以巨噬细胞亚群可能存在更多的“广谱”状态[23]。但巨噬细胞广义的二分法,即M1/M2型巨噬细胞,仍被列为重点研究领域。
通过巨噬细胞表面差异性标志物的表达,可鉴别M1型、M2型巨噬细胞。M1型巨噬细胞高表达CD16、CD32、CD40、CD68、CD80、CD86、F4/80及iNOS等受体,低表达CD306受体[1,22,24-25]。M2型巨噬细胞高表达CD9、CD36、CD74、CD163、CD206、CD301等受体[1,21,26-28](图1)。
肝纤维化形成的主要因素是蛋白聚糖、胶原蛋白、糖蛋白等ECM的过度沉积及异常分布[1]。肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells,HSCs)产生血管生成素I,促进血管生成,加速纤维化进程[29]。HSCs与炎性细胞相互作用,通过旁分泌信号传导驱动炎症反应及损伤[30]。HSCs激活后可转化为肌成纤维细胞(myofibroblasts,MFBs),并分泌TGF-β促进胶原蛋白合成及成熟,也可在纤维间隔及汇管区分泌ECM,构成肝纤维化的中心环节[3,31]。实验研究已表明,肝纤维化时肝巨噬细胞数量显著增多,M1/M2型巨噬细胞可通过参与HSCs的活化调节ECM的沉积及分解,从而发挥双重作用。
M1型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中发挥双刃剑的作用,既可促进肝纤维化的发展,也可逆转肝纤维化的进程。在肝纤维化早期,血浆中的M1型巨噬细胞分泌的CCL-2水平升高,在瘢痕界面及胆管周围区域激活并募集HSCs,促进纤维化发展[32]。研究发现,CCL-2的中和抗体CCR-2会显著抑制HSCs的趋化作用,减轻肝纤维化程度[33]。M0型、M1型、M2型巨噬细胞分别从尾静脉回输于四氯化碳(CCL4)诱导的肝纤维化小鼠模型后,体外肝组织切片中M1型巨噬细胞中CCL-2 mRNA水平是M0、M2型巨噬细胞的数十倍,M1型巨噬细胞的回输通过产生CCL-2、CCL-3,募集内源性巨噬细胞(endogenous macrophages,Em)而发挥其抗纤维化活性[34-35]。CCR-2可能通过与CCL-2结合消耗游离的CCL-2,从而抑制HSCs的激活和募集,进而减缓肝纤维化进程,同时通过CCL-2募集Em发挥抗纤维化作用。
M1型巨噬细胞可通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路上调MMPs的表达[36]。MMPs基于底物特异性分为胶原酶、明胶酶、母细胞溶解酶、层析酶、膜型MMPs及其他类型的MMPs[37]。体外实验证实,极化后的M1型巨噬细胞中MMP-2、MMP-9、MMP-13的mRNA、蛋白质及酶活性等表达均升高[34]。MMP-2是HSCs分泌的IV型胶原酶,可通过限制HSCs的活化抑制α1胶原蛋白表达,从而减少Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的沉积[38]。MMP-9属于明胶酶家族,可促进HSCs凋亡[39],诱导明胶及Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅺ型胶原蛋白的降解[40]。MMP-13是主要间质性胶原酶,具有明胶酶样作用,可降解Ⅱ型胶原,裂解Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的氨基端肽,从而破坏交联胶原的稳定性,降解组织中的成熟胶原[41]。在MMP-13缺失的小鼠肝脏中,HSCs的活化及增殖均受到抑制[42]。综上所述,极化后的M1型巨噬细胞可通过促进MMPs的活性,抑制HSCs的活性,减少胶原蛋白沉积,降解ECM,从而延缓肝纤维化进程。
NK细胞是肝脏免疫功能的重要组成部分,在清除细菌、病毒及癌细胞中发挥关键作用[43]。正常情况下,NK细胞不能杀伤静止的HSCs;肝损伤时,HSCs被激活,下调MHCⅠ的表达,同时降低NK细胞的抑制作用,增加NK细胞对活化HSCs的细胞毒性[44]。体外实验证实,小鼠尾静脉回输M1型巨噬细胞可增加纤维化肝脏中NK细胞的募集及活化,使其高表达肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,TRAIL),介导HSCs的凋亡,从而减轻肝纤维化[45]。在丙型肝炎病毒感染患者体内,NK细胞通过TRAIL、凋亡因子相关配体(factor related apoptosis ligand,FasL)及NK细胞活化性受体(natural killer cell group 2D,NKG2D)等机制诱导活化的HSCs凋亡[46]。此外,NK细胞也可通过产生IFN-γ介导HSCs凋亡,表现出抗纤维化活性[47]。研究发现,NK细胞蛋白44(natural killer cell p44-related protein,NKp44)、杀伤细胞凝集素样受体G1(killer cell lectin-like receptor G1,KLRG1)及TLR-9激活受体均参与NK细胞介导的杀伤HSCs的过程[48-50];杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体等特异性抑制性受体及Ly49基因缺失均会增加NK细胞对HSCs的毒性,从而减轻肝纤维化[44]。综上所述,M1型巨噬细胞可能通过增加NK细胞的募集和活化,高表达TRAIL、FasL、NKG2D、KLRG1、TLR-9激活受体,从而延缓肝纤维化进程。因此,促进激活性NK细胞受体,阻断抑制性NK细胞受体,可增加NK细胞对HSCs的细胞毒性,从而减轻纤维化。
TGF-β属于调节细胞生长及分化的超家族成员,包含TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3,在多种纤维化疾病中被诱导及激活,可通过HSCs来源的MFBs上调α-平滑肌肌动蛋白及I型胶原蛋白合成,是最有效的纤维细胞因子[51-52]。TGF-β信号通路是HSCs活化及肝纤维化的核心通路[52]
M2型巨噬细胞通过分泌TGF-β1活化静止的HSCs,诱导合成纤连蛋白及Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白的基质蛋白,促使HSCs转化为MFBs,从而抑制HSCs的凋亡[53-54]。TGF-β1通过抑制MMPs,促进MMPs组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase,TIMP)活性,进而抑制ECM降解,同时通过上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)诱导MFBs形成[55-56]。因此,阻断TGF-β的信号通路可减缓肝纤维化的进程。SMAD是TGF-β信号通路中的关键因子,TGF-β通过激活SMAD3诱导TIMP-1,进而抑制ECM降解;SMAD2通过负调节SMAD3,减缓肝纤维化的发展[57];TGF-β1诱导SMAD7的表达,其通过抑制TβRI和SMAD2/3,负调节TGF-β1/SMAD信号传导,从而阻断纤维化及炎症中的NF-κB信号通路[45,58]。TGF-β可上调HSCs中透明质酸合成酶2(hyaluronan synthase 2,HAS2)的表达,产生的透明质酸可通过自分泌的方式介导HSCs向MFBs分化,促进肝纤维化的发生[59]。综上所述,M2巨噬细胞分泌TGF‑β,通过抑制MMPs、激活SMAD3诱导TIMP-1、上调HAS2等多种途径抑制ECM降解,介导HSCs向MFBs分化,促进肝纤维化的进展。
IL-10是一类主要由Th2细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞等产生的抑炎因子。体外实验发现,与野生型小鼠比较,CCL4诱导的肝纤维化小鼠IL-10基因敲除后其肝纤维化程度明显加重,提示内源性IL-10具有抑制肝纤维化的作用[60]。进一步研究发现,IL-10可通过信号传导及转录激活因子(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)3/p53/p21信号通路诱导活化的HSCs衰老[61]。白藜芦醇可通过促进巨噬细胞NF-κB1转录因子的表达,使M1型巨噬细胞向M2型细胞极化,激活TLRs-MYD88-ERK-IL-10信号通路上调IL-10的表达,从而减轻肝纤维化[62]。综上,M2型巨噬细胞可分泌IL-10,通过STAT3/p53/p21、TLRs-MYD88-ERK-IL-10信号通路减轻肝纤维化(图2)。
经过不断深入研究,肝巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的作用及其机制逐渐清晰,实验研究已经证实其靶向治疗可逆转肝纤维化。有研究表明,肝纤维化小鼠模型注射IL-12后会诱导Th1反应,并发现其肝脏组织中会出现更多的M1型巨噬细胞,且肝纤维化程度减轻[36]。该研究表明M1型巨噬细胞在逆转肝纤维化方面发挥重要作用。另有体内实验证实,在肝纤维化小鼠尾静脉回输M0型、M1型巨噬细胞后,肝脏中MMP-2、TIMP-9、TIMP-13表达显著增高,TIMP-1、TIMP-2、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白mRNA表达显著降低,ECM沉积显著减少,其中M1型巨噬细胞回输后肝纤维化指标改善更明显[34]。该研究提示M0型、M1型巨噬细胞均可改善肝纤维化,且M1型巨噬细胞具有更佳的治疗作用。M1型巨噬细胞可通过调节免疫功能,营造更利于肝纤维化细胞治疗的微环境,招募内源性巨噬细胞及NK细胞,通过MMPs、TRAIL促进HSCs凋亡,从而减轻肝纤维化[45]。因此,体内实验研究结果为巨噬细胞回输治疗肝纤维化提供了科学依据,过继性巨噬细胞疗法有望成为治疗肝纤维化的重大突破。
近期一项Ⅰ期单臂剂量递增临床试验,首次将自体单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞回输至9例肝硬化患者中,结果证实了自体回输巨噬细胞的安全性,且确定了最大耐受剂量,并发现其改善了肝纤维化,但未分化的骨髓单核细胞没有治疗作用[63]。以上研究表明,靶向肝巨噬细胞逆转肝纤维化的研究具有深远意义,尤其是极化后巨噬细胞回输疗法,可为治疗肝纤维化提供重要的参考。
目前,有关巨噬细胞逆转肝纤维化的研究不断增多,但对极化后的M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化发展及消退中的作用机制尚无明确定论。有研究指出,M1型巨噬细胞极化可通过释放TNF-α等细胞因子,激活肝祖细胞非经典Wnt信号通路,促进其向MFBs分化;M2型巨噬细胞极化可激活肝祖细胞经典Wnt信号通路,促进肝纤维化修复[64]。也有研究认为,M1型巨噬细胞通过产生促纤维生长因子、招募炎性细胞等方式促进肝纤维化的发展;M2型巨噬细胞通过招募和活化MDMs及NK细胞,以及吞噬肝损伤细胞等方式减缓肝纤维化的进展[65]。综上所述,肝巨噬细胞极化后的亚型在肝纤维化中并非发挥固定作用,M1/M2亚型在促进及减缓肝纤维化发生中发挥重要作用。在靶向肝巨噬细胞逆转肝纤维化的进程中,M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化中的动态作用可为巨噬细胞回输治疗提供另一个研究方向,推动过继性细胞疗法的临床应用。
虽然肝纤维化的发病机制尚未完全明确,但肝脏巨噬细胞的异质性为进一步探索肝纤维化的治疗提供了方向。本文总结归纳了M1/M2型巨噬细胞在肝纤维化发生及发展中的作用机制,CCL-2、TGF-β、MMPs、IL-10及NK细胞在M1/M2型巨噬细胞调节肝纤维化进程中发挥重要作用。对CCL-2、TGF-β阻断机制的探索可减缓肝纤维化进程;对MMPs、NK细胞及IL-10降解ECM,诱导HSCs凋亡衰老等的机制研究有望逆转肝纤维化。目前研究已经证实,肝巨噬细胞对治疗肝纤维化具有巨大潜力,可在基因层面进一步探索肝巨噬细胞调节肝纤维化的作用机制,从而探索治疗肝纤维化的更优途径。
  • 空军军医大学临床研究重点项目(2021LC2114)
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2024年第49卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1239.2024.0124
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 录用日期:2023-11-08
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Key Clinical Research Project of Air Force Military Medical University(2021LC2114)
空军军医大学临床研究重点项目(2021LC2114)
作者信息
    1西安医学院研究生工作部,陕西西安 710021
    2空军军医大学第二附属医院(唐都医院)消化内科,陕西西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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