Article(id=1198602002444943747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0481.2024.0325, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681228800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1692806400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-08-24, onlineDate=1763698586331, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763698586331, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763698586331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763698586331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198601997155922872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='6', pageStart='611', pageEnd='732', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763698585070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763698770557, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198602775211901122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198602775211901123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198601997155922872, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=711, endPage=717, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198602002734350729, articleId=1198602002444943747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of TGR5 in cardiovascular diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a bile acid receptor located on the surface of cell membrane, widely distributed in many tissues and cells in the body, and can be directly activated by most bile acids in vivo. TGR5 plays an important role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cellular Ca2+ transport, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial metabolism, thereby maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and vascular endothelial function, and inhibiting the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Currently, with the gradual clinical application of numerous bile acid and bile acid derivatives drugs, it is necessary to further investigate the role of TGR5 in the cardiovascular system, which is an important basis for clinical application of these new drugs. This review discusses the relationship between TGR5 and cardiovascular system from five perspectives: TGR5's involvement in regulating macrophages, endothelial function, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and mitochondrial metabolism. It summarizes the recent research progress, aiming to provide the theoretical basis for TGR5 as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.

, correspAuthors=Qiang Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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武田G蛋白偶联受体5(TGR5)是一种位于细胞膜表面的胆汁酸受体,广泛分布于体内许多组织细胞中,能被体内绝大多数胆汁酸直接激活。TGR5在多种生理和病理生理过程中发挥着重要作用,包括细胞Ca2+转运、氧化应激、细胞增殖、炎症反应和线粒体代谢等,从而维持线粒体稳态和血管内膜功能,抑制动脉粥样硬化、心肌肥大、心肌梗死后心肌重塑等心血管疾病的进展。目前,随着许多胆汁酸及胆汁酸衍生物相关药物逐步投入临床应用,有必要进一步深入研究以明确TGR5在心血管系统中的作用。本文针对TGR5与心血管系统的相关性,从TGR5参与调节巨噬细胞、血管内膜功能、血管平滑肌、心肌细胞和线粒体代谢5个方面进行阐述,总结梳理最新的研究进展,以期为TGR5作为心血管疾病治疗靶点提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=王强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王强,E-mail:
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杨曦,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管重构的基础与临床方面的研究

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杨曦,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管重构的基础与临床方面的研究

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杨曦,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管重构的基础与临床方面的研究

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TGR5在心血管疾病中的作用研究进展
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杨曦 1, 2 , 孙雄山 1, 2 , 罗涵 3 , 胡陶 1, 2 , 张黎 1, 2 , 王嘉 2, 4 , 王强 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(6): 711-717
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(6): 711-717
TGR5在心血管疾病中的作用研究进展
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杨曦1, 2, 孙雄山1, 2, 罗涵3, 胡陶1, 2, 张黎1, 2, 王嘉2, 4, 王强1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南医科大学临床医学院,四川泸州 646000
  • 2西部战区总医院心血管内科,四川成都 610083
  • 3西部战区总医院呼吸与危急重症科,四川成都 610083
  • 4西南交通大学医学院,四川成都 610031
  • 杨曦,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管重构的基础与临床方面的研究

通讯作者:

王强,E-mail:
Research progress on the role of TGR5 in cardiovascular diseases
Xi Yang1, 2, Xiong-Shan Sun1, 2, Han Luo3, Tao Hu1, 2, Li Zhang1, 2, Jia Wang2, 4, Qiang Wang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
  • 2Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
  • 3Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
  • 4College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0481.2024.0325
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武田G蛋白偶联受体5(TGR5)是一种位于细胞膜表面的胆汁酸受体,广泛分布于体内许多组织细胞中,能被体内绝大多数胆汁酸直接激活。TGR5在多种生理和病理生理过程中发挥着重要作用,包括细胞Ca2+转运、氧化应激、细胞增殖、炎症反应和线粒体代谢等,从而维持线粒体稳态和血管内膜功能,抑制动脉粥样硬化、心肌肥大、心肌梗死后心肌重塑等心血管疾病的进展。目前,随着许多胆汁酸及胆汁酸衍生物相关药物逐步投入临床应用,有必要进一步深入研究以明确TGR5在心血管系统中的作用。本文针对TGR5与心血管系统的相关性,从TGR5参与调节巨噬细胞、血管内膜功能、血管平滑肌、心肌细胞和线粒体代谢5个方面进行阐述,总结梳理最新的研究进展,以期为TGR5作为心血管疾病治疗靶点提供理论依据。

武田G蛋白偶联受体5  /  心血管疾病  /  动脉粥样硬化  /  胆汁酸

Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a bile acid receptor located on the surface of cell membrane, widely distributed in many tissues and cells in the body, and can be directly activated by most bile acids in vivo. TGR5 plays an important role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cellular Ca2+ transport, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial metabolism, thereby maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and vascular endothelial function, and inhibiting the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Currently, with the gradual clinical application of numerous bile acid and bile acid derivatives drugs, it is necessary to further investigate the role of TGR5 in the cardiovascular system, which is an important basis for clinical application of these new drugs. This review discusses the relationship between TGR5 and cardiovascular system from five perspectives: TGR5's involvement in regulating macrophages, endothelial function, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and mitochondrial metabolism. It summarizes the recent research progress, aiming to provide the theoretical basis for TGR5 as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.

Takeda G protein coupled receptor 5  /  cardiovascular diseases  /  atherosclerosis  /  bile acid
杨曦, 孙雄山, 罗涵, 胡陶, 张黎, 王嘉, 王强. TGR5在心血管疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (6) : 711 -717 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0481.2024.0325
Xi Yang, Xiong-Shan Sun, Han Luo, Tao Hu, Li Zhang, Jia Wang, Qiang Wang. Research progress on the role of TGR5 in cardiovascular diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (6) : 711 -717 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0481.2024.0325
武田G蛋白偶联受体5(Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5,TGR5)是一种G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体(GPBAR),定位于人染色体2q35[1],具有7个跨膜结构域,也被称作膜型胆汁酸受体(M-Bar)、GPBAR1等名称。作为胆汁酸受体,TGR5可直接被胆汁酸激活。既往许多研究发现,体内不同类别的胆汁酸对TGR5的激动效应强弱存在一定的差异[2-3]。小鼠与人体内不同类别胆汁酸对TGR5的亲和力大致相同,其中对TGR5激动作用最强的体内天然胆汁酸被认为是石胆酸[4]。此外,包括部分胆固醇[1]、类固醇激素[5]也可对TGR5产生相应的激动效应。同样作为胆汁酸受体的法尼酯X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR),也可被各种胆汁酸所激活,且发挥与TGR5极为相近的生物效应[6],大部分情况下与TGR5共同发挥协同作用。随着研究的进展,许多人工合成的特异性较高的激动剂也被广泛用于相关实验,包括INT-777[7]、CCDC[8]等。
TGR5所产生的生物效应是广泛的,因为其存在于人体的绝大多数组织中,包括肝、肾、心肌、骨骼肌、胎盘[9]等的组织细胞中。既往研究发现,TGR5可维持血糖稳态及改善肥胖,还可改善肠道菌群、调节下丘脑信号通路从而抑制食欲[10]。多数而言,TGR5在被激动后所产生的细胞活动主要是调控细胞增殖及炎症,包括抑制肾小球系膜细胞增殖[11]、促进骨骼肌细胞增殖并减轻细胞凋亡[12]、抑制胆管细胞中初级纤毛的增殖,而TGR5在顶端质膜中却表现为促进增殖的作用[13],包括在非小细胞肺癌中TGR5也表现为促进增殖及迁移[14]。越来越多的证据也表明,TGR5密切参与对心血管疾病病理生理的调节,包括抑制动脉粥样硬化、改善心室重构、改善心功能、舒张血管等方面[15]。本文从TGR5参与调节巨噬细胞、血管内膜功能、血管平滑肌、心肌细胞和线粒体代谢5个方面进行阐述,以期为TGR5作为心血管疾病治疗靶点提供理论依据。
巨噬细胞在心力衰竭、动脉粥样硬化、心肌炎等心血管系统疾病进程中发挥着至关重要的作用[16-17]。目前,巨噬细胞的炎症活性大致划分为M1/M2两种极化表型,分别发挥促炎/抗炎两种不同的功能。TGR5对巨噬细胞的调节中,最常见的效应是抑制炎症反应的进展,主要是促进巨噬细胞向抑制炎症反应的M2型细胞表型分化[18]。同时,TGR5还通过减少巨噬细胞中趋化因子的表达,进而抑制巨噬细胞向组织迁移、浸润的能力[19]。牛磺酸胆石酸(taurolithocholic acid,TLCA)可激动巨噬细胞质膜表面TGR5,进而通过增加细胞内环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)以抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和IL-6等促炎细胞因子的表达及分泌,被cAMP间接激活的蛋白激酶A(protein kinase,PKA)则增大巨噬细胞内IL-10/IL-12的比值,使巨噬细胞的吞噬及分泌功能明显受损,从而发挥抑制炎症的作用[20]。此外,TGR5通过cAMP-核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路可减轻动脉粥样硬化中巨噬细胞的促炎作用,且在巨噬细胞中TGR5被激活的状态下,巨噬细胞表面分化簇36(cluster of differentiation 36,CD36)和巨噬细胞清道夫受体A(scavenger receptor A,SR-A)的表达水平降低,提示TGR5可能在一定程度上抑制巨噬细胞对脂质的摄取[21],从而减少动脉粥样硬化斑块中泡沫细胞的形成及脂质的沉积,但这种表达水平的降低是来源于TGR5的直接作用还是下游NF-κB的间接效应仍需进一步深入探究。
TGR5对巨噬细胞表型转换的调控作用不仅体现在心血管系统中,还包括其他组织:在肝中,可通过抑制NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体复合物的激活和天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase,caspase-1)的裂解来抑制M1巨噬细胞极化[22];在非小细胞肺癌中,可通过cAMP-STAT3/STAT6信号促进M2表型转换[23]。然而,随着对巨噬细胞研究的不断深入,既往单纯以巨噬细胞表面标志物来划分M1/M2表型具有一定的缺陷,它并未考虑巨噬细胞可塑性的差异。一些新的划分方法中,例如,在心肌细胞中依据巨噬细胞发育起源的差异,将巨噬细胞划分为趋化因子C-C-基元受体2(chemokine C-C-motif receptor 2,CCR2)高表达与低表达两种类型,其中CCR2-巨噬细胞主要起源于心脏胚胎发育阶段的卵黄囊和胎肝祖细胞,是心肌组织中巨噬细胞的主要组成部分,其独立于血液单核细胞系统而主要通过自我增殖来维持,并发挥类似既往M2巨噬细胞的抗炎作用;CCR2+巨噬细胞则来源于血液中单核细胞的局部迁移、浸润,更多表现为类似M1的促炎作用[16]。因此,TGR5是否能通过调节CCR2+巨噬细胞的增殖、浸润而在心血管系统中发挥抗炎作用,仍需要更深入的探究。
正常的血管内膜功能是维持心血管系统稳态的基本保证[24-25]。TGR5激活后可增加内皮细胞内的NO浓度,但这种NO浓度的改变并非由cAMP/PKA调控内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)磷酸化所产生,原因在于研究者使用PKA抑制剂后并未观察到细胞内NO浓度的改变,这种TGR5激活所产生的细胞内NO水平升高与Aktser473磷酸化及Ca2+浓度的变化呈正相关,其中p-Akt能使eNOSser1177磷酸化而增加NO的生成;而Ca2+浓度升高则被认为是TGR5介导的磷脂酶C-γ(PLCγ)从内质网释放以及从细胞外进入的结果[26]。在一项使用BAR501(一种TGR5的特异性激动剂)治疗高热量饮食小鼠血管损伤的实验中,这种特异性激动剂通过TGR5-Akt上调血管内皮细胞内叉头框蛋白O1(forkhead box O1,FOXO1)的磷酸化,磷酸化的FOXO1会从内皮素-1(ET-1)启动子上脱离,作为参与ET-1转录过程的关键信号分子,FOXO1的脱离直接导致ET-1的转录被阻断,从而产生促进血管扩张的效应[27]。另一项研究还观察到TGR5在被TLCA激动后,血管内皮细胞内线粒体数量,mtDNA/nDNA、细胞色素C氧化酶和环氧合酶Ⅰ(cyclooxygenase-Ⅰ,COX-Ⅰ)的表达水平均升高,从而使线粒体的ATP生成能力增强,提示TGR5激动后可使过氧化物酶体增殖受体γ辅激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)表达水平升高,进而通过PGC-1α下游的核呼吸因子1(nuclarrespiratoryfactor 1,NRF1)和线粒体转录因子A(mitochondrial transcription factor A,TFAM)促进线粒体的生物合成,而环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)作为PGC-1α转录的重要调控因子,其磷酸化水平在TGR5激动后明显升高[28]
TGR5不仅参与维持血管内膜稳态,还可参与血管内膜的损伤修复,从而减轻血管内的炎症。单核细胞对内皮细胞的黏附,以及PGC-1α表达的减少均在动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中发挥关键作用[29],且血管内NO浓度的升高直接抑制了细胞内NF-κB的活性,进而降低了细胞内包括血管细胞黏附因子及细胞间黏附分子-1在内的细胞黏附分子的表达,减少了局部炎性细胞的浸润,改善了血管内皮的功能[26]。同时,上述BAR501还可通过TGR5-Akt-FOXO1阻止主动脉新生内膜的增厚、抑制血管局部炎症,并改善血管的收缩受损[30]。在随后的研究中,该团队还发现,阿托伐他汀可以TGR5、FXR依赖的方式逆转高脂饮食小鼠主动脉新生内膜的增厚及血管炎症,这种效应在一定程度上得益于阿托伐他汀对胆汁酸池的重塑;胆酸(cholic acid,CA)和石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)主要参与激动TGR5而非FXR,阿托伐他汀可增加体内LCA的相对含量,提示此时体内循环胆汁酸对TGR5的激动更为有效,这一转变最终可改善血管增厚及局部炎症[31]。虽然既往也有研究发现,在肥胖、癌症等疾病中,FXR与TGR5往往是协同发挥作用的[32],但上述阿托伐他汀重塑胆汁酸池后偏向激动TGR5的现象提示FXR与TGR5的作用可能侧重点不同,正如一项研究发现,非特异性地激活FXR/TGR5虽然产生的最终效应为抗动脉粥样硬化,但单独激动TGR5并不能像FXR一样能够通过降低血液中的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇而促成这一结果[33]
在动脉粥样硬化进程中,血管平滑肌吞噬大量脂肪后形成泡沫细胞,可促进斑块形成;血管平滑肌细胞的增殖及迁移作用在血管壁增厚、调节血管舒缩功能上也发挥着关键作用[34]。有研究发现,在敲除TGR5的小鼠模型中,石胆酸或牛磺石胆酸对血管产生的扩张效应与TGR5激动密切相关,且该效应不受eNOS抑制剂的影响,因而被认为可能与血管平滑肌细胞相关[35];TGR5激活后将具有活性的CREB招募到胱硫醚裂解酶(cystathionine-γ-lyase,CSE)启动子区域的两个CREB结合位点(CSE1、CSE2),转录的CSE是一种硫化氢(H2S)生成酶,所生成的H2S则是发挥血管扩张效应的直接物质[35];TGR5还可通过PI3K/Akt和cAMP-PKA信号通路直接增加CSE丝氨酸残基磷酸化,促进H2S的生成,发挥血管舒张作用[35]
血管平滑肌细胞对血管舒缩的调节依赖于许多因素,不仅受局部活性分子的影响,还受到包括血管平滑肌中分布的离子通道的调节,尤其是各种类型的钾通道,钾通道开放所致的K+外溢和膜超极化可关闭电压门控钙通道,从而减少细胞内的Ca2+并导致血管舒张[36]。这些钾通道主要包括内向整流钾离子通道(inwardly rectifying K+ channel,Kir)、ATP敏感钾离子通道(ATP-sensitive potassium channel,KATP)、钙激活钾通道(calcium-activated K+ channel,KCa)和电压门控钾离子通道(voltage-gated potassium channel,Kv)。此外,Charles等[37]发现,在肠内分泌细胞中TGR5的表达水平与kir6.2的表达密切相关,作为KATP的重要组成部分,kir6.2同时也在血管平滑肌细胞中高度表达,提示TGR5可能通过作用于钾离子通道来调节血管平滑肌的舒缩活动。Fryer等[38]发现,TGR5介导了依赖于Ca2+活化钾通道KCa1.1(BKCa)激活所致的血管扩张,但TGR5对血管平滑肌细胞的直接作用尚需进一步探索。
高糖环境对于心肌的损害是毋庸置疑的,TGR5对于糖尿病心肌病中心肌肥大的改善作用不仅仅在于调控血糖水平,还直接作用于心肌细胞本身而发挥作用。TGR5激活后,可通过抑制钙调神经磷酸酶(calcineurin,CaN)的表达来减少T细胞核因子3(nuclear factor of activated T-cells 3,NFAT3)磷酸化,未磷酸化的NFAT3无法转运入核,从而减少了心肌肥大相关基因的表达,减轻了高糖诱导的H9c2细胞肥大[39]。miR-520a-5p可靶向TGR5 mRNA 3’端非编码区后降解TGR5 mRNA,使TGR5蛋白水平降低,从而诱导心肌肥大,提示TGR5在改善心肌肥大过程中发挥了重要作用[40]
既往研究发现,脱氧胆酸(DCA)可激活TGR5,并通过cAMP/PKA信号通路降低心肌细胞中活性氧(ROS)的产生,从而改善心肌梗死后心肌内的炎症反应,对心肌梗死后的心肌发挥保护作用[41];同时有研究发现,心肌梗死后局部缺血区域中CD4+ T细胞浸润较多,研究者特异性敲除小鼠CD4+ T细胞中的TGR5后发现,心肌梗死后的损伤面积扩大,且纤维化面积也明显增加,提示CD4+ T细胞中的TGR5在缺血后心肌重塑过程中发挥了重要保护作用,这种作用可能与TGR5在调控心脏内Th1和Treg细胞的募集有关[42],但具体机制尚不明确。TGR5还可通过核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2 related factor 2,NRF2)/血红素加氧酶1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)信号通路降低心肌细胞内的ROS水平,并抑制NF-κB、细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)及c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)信号通路,进而抑制心肌炎症[43]
成纤维细胞过度增殖和胶原纤维沉积是导致心肌纤维化的关键原因。虽然TGR5在心肌成纤维细胞中的表达较少,但通过基因导入使其过表达TGR5后,可发挥明显的抗心肌纤维化作用,这种作用被认为与p38/NRF2通路相关,即TGR5通过激活p38 MAPK信号通路,促进NRF2核转位,可增加其下游靶基因HO-1的转录,从而抑制成纤维细胞分泌胶原蛋白,减轻心肌纤维化[44]。此外,TGR5还可能通过NF-κB信号通路来抑制心肌成纤维细胞的增殖,从而改善心肌纤维化[45]
饲喂CA的心衰模型小鼠显示出运动氧耗量及对儿茶酚胺敏感性的提高,这与小鼠体内促生存相关激酶的激活、热休克蛋白及eNOS在心肌中的表达上调密切相关,TGR5激活后可使Akt磷酸化增加,随后其下游FOXO-1移位出细胞核而失活,进而使丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶4(pyruvic acid dehydrogenase kinase 4,PDK4)的表达下调,直接影响氧化乙酰CoA的生成并优化葡萄糖利用,提高应激状态下的能量代谢效率[46]。值得注意的是,只有在低浓度CA条件下TGR5才能通过Akt-FOXO-1通路下调PDK4表达来改善心肌代谢,而在高浓度CA条件下则更多表现为由毒蕈碱型M2受体介导的心脏毒性作用[47]。此外,在高脂饲料喂养的大鼠中,其心肌细胞内TGR5的表达水平明显升高,而在高脂饲料喂养基础上加用LCA的大鼠则表现出心脏收缩能力明显增强,这与心肌细胞内磷酸化转录激活因子3/转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,pSTAT3/STAT3)比值直接相关,TGR5表达水平升高可使STAT3的磷酸化水平上调[48]。TGR5还能通过舒张外周血管减轻心肌后负荷,从而增加心输出量、改善心功能[38]。然而Ibrahim等[49]指出,非结合胆汁酸介导的TGR5-cAMP并不会对心肌细胞收缩速率产生影响,而结合胆汁酸则可与M2毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体结合从而降低心肌收缩速率[50]
既往一项研究发现,在心房颤动患者体内的循环胆汁酸中,熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)的含量明显低于非心房颤动者[51]。此外,UDCA还可通过调节胎儿心肌内T型钙离子通道以恢复胆汁酸引起的钙电流下降,从而预防胎儿心律失常[52]。同样,在妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症大鼠模型中,UDCA可通过直接超极化心肌内肌成纤维细胞而避免心律失常的发生,这可能与UDCA在心肌内肌成纤维细胞中直接结合磺酰脲受体(sulfonylurea receptors,SURs)并诱导钾电导增加有关,且与各种Kir和KATP亚单位有关[53]。Thomas等[37]发现,TGR5与ATP敏感性钾通道亚基kir6.2的表达密切相关;UDCA为TGR5的一种天然胆汁酸配体,因此,TGR5可能密切参与了UDCA介导的钾离子通道保护心肌心律失常[53]的过程,但仍待进一步研究明确。
有趣的是,在另一项关于以3,5-二乙氧基甲酰-1,4-二羟基胆碱(3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydroxy-chollidine,DDC)诱导的胆道纤维化小鼠模型研究中,Desai等[50]发现,与对照组比较,胆道纤维化小鼠的心电图表现为明显的心率减慢及QT间期延长,这一现象被证实是通过Akt/GSK3β通路诱导的,然而,在使用LCA或牛磺鹅去氧胆酸等TGR5天然激动剂后,小鼠心肌细胞则表现为与DDC喂养小鼠相同的Akt磷酸化上调及GSK3β抑制。上述研究结果提示TGR5在被不同类别胆汁酸激活所产生的效应存在极大的变异性,而在目前的主流研究中,并无明确的证据支持TGR5在心律失常中的调控作用,但这也并不能否认其作为抗心律失常治疗靶点的潜力,因此,未来仍需要更深入的研究来进行验证。
综上,TGR5针对心肌细胞的作用是广泛的。同时,TGR5也可直接参与对血糖稳态及肥胖的调控[54],从而间接达到保护心脏功能的目的,这也是TGR5作为一种新药物治疗靶点的有利证据。
在心肌细胞中,线粒体几乎占细胞体积的50%,是细胞内能量及过氧化物产生的主要场所,细胞内的ATP/ADP含量及过氧化物水平直接影响心肌细胞的增殖、迁移及凋亡[55-56],近年来的研究也不断证实线粒体可通过自噬、融合及分裂对细胞功能产生影响,这些功能涉及PGC-1α、动力相关蛋白1(dynamin related protein 1,DRP1)、线粒体分裂蛋白1(mitochondrial fission protein 1,FIS1)、线粒体融合蛋白2(mitochondrial fusion protein 2,MFN2)等众多信号分子[57-58]。而随着SGLT2抑制剂被发现在调节心肌细胞线粒体代谢及Ca2+稳态中所发挥的重要作用[59],越来越多的在临床广泛应用的药物也被证实可直接调节心血管系统中的线粒体代谢。在血管内皮细胞中激活TGR5能通过CREB/PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM信号通路增加细胞内线粒体的质量及ATP的生成,从而起到维持血管内皮稳态的作用[28]。过表达TGR5的心肌细胞中,缺血再灌注后TGR5的激活可通过Akt/GSK-3β信号通路来改善线粒体功能从而减少损伤部位的心肌凋亡[60]。除心血管系统外,TGR5也广泛影响着许多其他组织中线粒体功能的调控,如在小胶质细胞中TGR5通过NRF2/HO-1对线粒体损伤及自噬的修复作用[61];在脂肪细胞中TGR5通过ERK/DRP-1信号诱导的线粒体裂变[62];在肾中TGR5可增加线粒体的生物发生及减少过氧化物的产生,从而发挥对肾的保护作用[54]。值得注意的是,在视网膜血管内皮细胞中,TGR5可通过抑制Ca2+-PKCδ/DRP1信号来减少线粒体分裂,同时还可通过上调PINK1/Parkin信号来增强线粒体自噬[63]。总之,TGR5对线粒体的作用表现为优化线粒体代谢,这种效应对于不同部位、不同状态下血管组织的作用仍需进一步明确。
综上所述,本文总结了TGR5对心血管系统各个方面的作用及机制,就目前研究进展而言,TGR5对各种心血管系统疾病有一定的治疗作用,无论其在对组织细胞本身抑或是对心血管系统各种潜在危险因素的控制,包括维持血糖稳态、控制肥胖、控制血压、改善肝功能等,都为心血管疾病的诊治提供了新的思路。目前临床应用的药物如阿托伐他汀、二甲双胍[64]等也越来越多地被证明可通过改善肠道菌群、调节胆汁酸代谢等间接增强TGR5的激活而发挥作用。虽然它们不是直接激动TGR5的,但也一定程度上证明了TGR5作为药物靶点在治疗心血管疾病中的潜力。但需要警惕的是,TGR5也被证明在部分细胞中发挥刺激增殖的作用,尤其有证据表明,TGR5与部分癌细胞增殖之间存在着密切关联,在这些癌细胞中,TGR5的高表达与癌症的恶性程度及预后密切相关[65],这也是TGR5应用的最大风险所在。目前,针对TGR5的研究中关于心血管系统的证据仍然相对欠缺,仍需要大量的研究来明确其作为临床疾病治疗靶点的可行性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82100419)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2022NSFSC0820)
  • 西部战区总医院院管课题(2021-XZYG-B28)
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2024年第49卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0481.2024.0325
  • 接收时间:2023-04-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-12
  • 录用日期:2023-08-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82100419)
国家自然科学基金(82100419)
Sichuan Natural Science Foundation(2022NSFSC0820)
四川省自然科学基金(2022NSFSC0820)
Project of General Hospital of Western Theater Comm(2021-XZYG-B28)
西部战区总医院院管课题(2021-XZYG-B28)
作者信息
    1西南医科大学临床医学院,四川泸州 646000
    2西部战区总医院心血管内科,四川成都 610083
    3西部战区总医院呼吸与危急重症科,四川成都 610083
    4西南交通大学医学院,四川成都 610031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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