Article(id=1198558271293452854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558265329152414, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0602.2024.0516, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1682265600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1685376000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-05-30, onlineDate=1763688160012, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688160012, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688160012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688160012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558265329152414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='7', pageStart='733', pageEnd='854', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688158589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689196450, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562618517581944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558265329152414, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562618517581945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558265329152414, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=776, endPage=782, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558271683523148, articleId=1198558271293452854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=A survey study on the disease burden of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the prevalence, disease burden, and trends of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019, providing reference for diabetes prevention and control as well as health resource allocation to alleviate the disease burden. Methods Data on the disease burden of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Indicators such as incidence rate, prevalence rate, mortality rate, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) were used to analyze the diabetes burden in China by gender, age and year. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to measure the temporal trend of standardized rates over a specified period, and the rank sum test was used to assess the gender differences in disease burden. Results In 2019, 3.78×106 cases of diabetes and 1.73×105 deaths were reported in China. Compared with 1999, the standardized rates of incidence and prevalence increased by 5.80% and 17.12%, respectively, while the standardized mortality rate decreased by 2.82%. Compared with 1999, the standardized rates of DALYs and YLDs increased by 2.86% and 16.06%, respectively, while the standardized YLL rate decreased by 14.39%. The EAPC for diabetes incidence, prevalence, YLDs, and DALYs in the 20-40 age group all exceed 0, indicating an annually upward trend in disease burden of diabetes. Additionally, the disease burden in males was significantly higher than that in females (P<0.05), and the gap is continuously widening. Conclusions The disease burden of diabetes in China is severe, particularly in term of life loss due to disability. The population with diabetes onset is becoming increasingly younger. Males constitute a high-risk population for diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Diabetes prevention and control efforts should continue to enhance behavioral interventions, appropriately tilt health resource allocation towards high-risk population, and focus on improving the rehabilitation capabilities and promoting rehabilitation technology at grass-roots unit.

, correspAuthors=Shuang Ma, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 分析1999-2019年中国糖尿病流行情况、疾病负担及变化趋势,为糖尿病防治及卫生资源分配提供参考,以减轻糖尿病疾病负担。方法 从2019年全球疾病负担数据库(GBD 2019)中获得1999-2019年我国糖尿病疾病负担数据,使用发病率、患病率、死亡率、伤残调整生命年(DALYs)、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLLs)和伤残损失寿命年(YLDs)等指标,按照性别、年龄和年份对中国糖尿病疾病负担进行分析。采用年估计变化百分比(EAPC)衡量指定时间内标化率的时间变化趋势,使用秩和检验对疾病负担的性别差异进行评估。结果 2019年中国糖尿病发病例数为3.78×106例,死亡例数为1.73×105例,标化发病率和患病率较1999年分别增长5.80%、17.12%,标化死亡率较1999年下降2.82%。标化DALY率及YLD率较1999年分别增长2.86%、16.06%,标化YLL率较1999年下降14.39%。20~40岁人群的糖尿病发病率、患病率、YLD率、DALY率的EAPC均>0,疾病负担呈上升趋势。男性疾病负担明显高于女性(P<0.05),且两者差距不断扩大。结论 我国糖尿病疾病负担严重,由疾病引起的伤残所致寿命的损失尤为突出。近年的糖尿病发病人群正在快速年轻化。男性是糖尿病患病和死亡的高危人群。糖尿病防治应继续加强人群的行为干预,对高危人群予以适当的卫生资源分配倾斜,同时应注重基层糖尿病康复能力的提高及康复技术的推广。

, correspAuthors=马爽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马爽,E-mail:
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李赞,主要从事医疗卫生政策方面的研究

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李赞,主要从事医疗卫生政策方面的研究

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李赞,主要从事医疗卫生政策方面的研究

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DALYs. 伤残调整寿命年;YLDs. 伤残损失寿命年;YLLs. 过早死亡损失寿命年;与女性比较,男性患病率、DALY率、YLD率、YLL率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=v+iPf7F4WLj2PlnYLhNXgA==, figureFileBig=gNHIT1EC1msimNwR5Wfeig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589369499087491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558271293452854, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of age-standardized diabetes incidence, prevalence, mortality, DALY, YLD and YLL rates between 1999 to 2019, figureFileSmall=OLivZgfRZvTbs8J/WofmFQ==, figureFileBig=zo/6dg4V2J8EUBvn036Qzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589369637499527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558271293452854, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1999-2019年我国糖尿病标化发病率、患病率、死亡率、DALY率、YLD率及YLL率比较

YLD. 伤残损失寿命年;YLL. 过早死亡损失寿命年;DALY. 伤残调整寿命年;与女性比较,男性发病率、患病率、死亡率、DALY率、YLD率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=OLivZgfRZvTbs8J/WofmFQ==, figureFileBig=zo/6dg4V2J8EUBvn036Qzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589369725579918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558271293452854, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Annual EAPC in diabetes incidence, prevalence, mortality, YLD, YLL and DALY rates by sex and age group in China, 1999-2019, figureFileSmall=4tNG7wYeL3txTvZYjbN/+g==, figureFileBig=oFg4rYWbhTBAYG/6uOIQFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589369822048912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558271293452854, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1999-2019年中国不同性别及年龄组糖尿病发病率、患病率、死亡率、YLD率、YLL率、DALY率的EAPC

YLD. 伤残损失寿命年;YLL. 过早死亡损失寿命年;DALY. 伤残调整寿命年;EAPC. 年估计变化百分比

, figureFileSmall=4tNG7wYeL3txTvZYjbN/+g==, figureFileBig=oFg4rYWbhTBAYG/6uOIQFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589369931100822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558271293452854, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Rank sum test result of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, YLL, YLD and DALY rates among Chinese diabetes mellitus of different genders from 1999 to 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标性别例数秩均值秩和Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZP
发病率2129.43618.0054285-4.188<0.001
2113.57285.00
患病率2128.76604.0068299-3.836<0.001
2114.24299.00
死亡率2126.00546.00126357-2.3770.017
2117.00357.00
YLL率2122.43471.00201432-0.4910.624
2120.57432.00
YLD率2129.90628.0044275-4.440<0.001
2113.10275.00
DALY率2128.95608.0064295-3.937<0.001
2114.05295.00
), ArticleFig(id=1198589370044347034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558271293452854, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1999-2019年我国不同性别糖尿病标化发病率、患病率、死亡率、YLL率、YLD率、DALY率的秩和检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标性别例数秩均值秩和Mann-Whitney UWilcoxon WZP
发病率2129.43618.0054285-4.188<0.001
2113.57285.00
患病率2128.76604.0068299-3.836<0.001
2114.24299.00
死亡率2126.00546.00126357-2.3770.017
2117.00357.00
YLL率2122.43471.00201432-0.4910.624
2120.57432.00
YLD率2129.90628.0044275-4.440<0.001
2113.10275.00
DALY率2128.95608.0064295-3.937<0.001
2114.05295.00
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1999-2019年中国糖尿病疾病负担的调查研究
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李赞 , 刘喜洋 , 贺卓佳 , 马爽 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(7): 776-782
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(7): 776-782
1999-2019年中国糖尿病疾病负担的调查研究
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李赞, 刘喜洋, 贺卓佳, 马爽*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学管理学院,北京 100029
  • 李赞,主要从事医疗卫生政策方面的研究

通讯作者:

马爽,E-mail:
A survey study on the disease burden of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019
Zan Li, Xi-Yang Liu, Zhuo-Jia He, Shuang Ma*
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0602.2024.0516
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目的 分析1999-2019年中国糖尿病流行情况、疾病负担及变化趋势,为糖尿病防治及卫生资源分配提供参考,以减轻糖尿病疾病负担。方法 从2019年全球疾病负担数据库(GBD 2019)中获得1999-2019年我国糖尿病疾病负担数据,使用发病率、患病率、死亡率、伤残调整生命年(DALYs)、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLLs)和伤残损失寿命年(YLDs)等指标,按照性别、年龄和年份对中国糖尿病疾病负担进行分析。采用年估计变化百分比(EAPC)衡量指定时间内标化率的时间变化趋势,使用秩和检验对疾病负担的性别差异进行评估。结果 2019年中国糖尿病发病例数为3.78×106例,死亡例数为1.73×105例,标化发病率和患病率较1999年分别增长5.80%、17.12%,标化死亡率较1999年下降2.82%。标化DALY率及YLD率较1999年分别增长2.86%、16.06%,标化YLL率较1999年下降14.39%。20~40岁人群的糖尿病发病率、患病率、YLD率、DALY率的EAPC均>0,疾病负担呈上升趋势。男性疾病负担明显高于女性(P<0.05),且两者差距不断扩大。结论 我国糖尿病疾病负担严重,由疾病引起的伤残所致寿命的损失尤为突出。近年的糖尿病发病人群正在快速年轻化。男性是糖尿病患病和死亡的高危人群。糖尿病防治应继续加强人群的行为干预,对高危人群予以适当的卫生资源分配倾斜,同时应注重基层糖尿病康复能力的提高及康复技术的推广。

糖尿病  /  疾病负担  /  发病率  /  患病率  /  伤残调整生命年

Objective To analyze the prevalence, disease burden, and trends of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019, providing reference for diabetes prevention and control as well as health resource allocation to alleviate the disease burden. Methods Data on the disease burden of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Indicators such as incidence rate, prevalence rate, mortality rate, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) were used to analyze the diabetes burden in China by gender, age and year. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to measure the temporal trend of standardized rates over a specified period, and the rank sum test was used to assess the gender differences in disease burden. Results In 2019, 3.78×106 cases of diabetes and 1.73×105 deaths were reported in China. Compared with 1999, the standardized rates of incidence and prevalence increased by 5.80% and 17.12%, respectively, while the standardized mortality rate decreased by 2.82%. Compared with 1999, the standardized rates of DALYs and YLDs increased by 2.86% and 16.06%, respectively, while the standardized YLL rate decreased by 14.39%. The EAPC for diabetes incidence, prevalence, YLDs, and DALYs in the 20-40 age group all exceed 0, indicating an annually upward trend in disease burden of diabetes. Additionally, the disease burden in males was significantly higher than that in females (P<0.05), and the gap is continuously widening. Conclusions The disease burden of diabetes in China is severe, particularly in term of life loss due to disability. The population with diabetes onset is becoming increasingly younger. Males constitute a high-risk population for diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Diabetes prevention and control efforts should continue to enhance behavioral interventions, appropriately tilt health resource allocation towards high-risk population, and focus on improving the rehabilitation capabilities and promoting rehabilitation technology at grass-roots unit.

diabetes mellitus  /  burden of disease  /  morbidity  /  prevalence  /  disability-adjusted life year
李赞, 刘喜洋, 贺卓佳, 马爽. 1999-2019年中国糖尿病疾病负担的调查研究. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (7) : 776 -782 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0602.2024.0516
Zan Li, Xi-Yang Liu, Zhuo-Jia He, Shuang Ma. A survey study on the disease burden of diabetes in China from 1999 to 2019[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (7) : 776 -782 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0602.2024.0516
糖尿病是一种以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,主要特点为发病机制复杂[1]、危险因素多[2-3]、病程长且迁延不愈,其发病率及死亡率不断增高,目前已成为全球主要的慢性非传染性疾病之一[4],严重威胁人类的生命健康。国际糖尿病联盟(International Diabetes Federation,IDF)发布的全球糖尿病概览(第10版)显示,2021年中国20~79岁成年糖尿病患者约1.41亿,位居全球第一,年龄调整后的患病率为10.6%,相关卫生支出约1653亿美元;预计到2045年我国将有1.74亿糖尿病患者,年龄调整后的患病率将达到12.5%[5],糖尿病已成为危害我国居民健康的重大公共卫生问题,为糖尿病的防控工作带来了巨大挑战[6]。因此,本研究基于2019年全球疾病负担数据库(Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,GBD 2019),分析1999-2019年我国糖尿病的流行情况、疾病负担及变化趋势,了解我国糖尿病的现状与防控形势,以期为相关部门制定糖尿病防治政策与措施提供参考依据,从而降低居民的糖尿病患病风险,并减轻相关疾病负担。
本研究数据来源于GBD 2019,该数据库采用标准、可比的方法,综合、科学地评估全球204个国家及地区的369种疾病或伤害所致的疾病负担,并纳入87种相关危险因素,对其归因疾病负担进行整合梳理[7-8]。该数据为开放数据,可通过网络在线查询工具进行查询(https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd)。对GBD 2019数据进行筛选及处理,地区选择“China”,死亡原因为“Diabetes mellitus”,时间选择“1999-2019年”,年龄选择“<5、5~10、10~15……90~95、≥95”,以5岁为一个年龄段分组。
采用GBD 2019中发病率、患病率、死亡率、伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)、过早死亡损失寿命年(years of life lost,YLLs)、伤残损失寿命年(years lived with disability,YLDs)的率及其年龄标准化率(age-standardized rate,ASR)对中国人群糖尿病的疾病负担及变化趋势进行描述,其中DALYs是结合YLLs与YLDs对死亡及伤残所致的健康损伤进行综合评估的重要指标[9]。以上指标均可从GBD数据库网站获取。
使用趋势分析和比较分析的方法,对不同年龄组、不同性别人群的糖尿病发病率、患病率、死亡率、DALYs、YLLs、YLDs进行描述性分析,总结回顾当前中国糖尿病疾病负担的现状和历史变化情况。
采用R软件(4.0.5版)进行统计分析及数据可视化。采用年估计变化百分比(estimated annual percentage changes,EAPC)衡量指定时间内标化率的时间变化趋势[10]。计算方法:根据自然对数拟合的回归模型进行计算,即y=α+βx+ε,以日历年作为自变量x,率的对数作为因变量y,拟合直线,计算EAPC及95%可信区间(95%CI)。EAPC=100×[exp(β)-1]。当EAPC及95%CI>0时,表示ASR呈上升趋势,反之亦然[11]。采用秩和检验比较疾病负担的性别差异。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2019年中国糖尿病发病例数为3.78×106例,死亡例数为1.73×105,例粗发病率为0.26%,患病率为6.47%,死亡率为12.16/10万,相比1999年分别增长34.12%、77.82%、67.01%。年龄标准化后的发病率为0.20%,患病率为4.61%,死亡率为9.44/10万。与1999年相比,2019年的标化发病率及患病率分别增长5.80%、17.12%,而标化死亡率下降2.82%。
根据不同年龄组、性别统计的糖尿病疾病负担见图1。45~60岁人群发病率最高,是糖尿病的高发人群;15~45岁、65~90岁人群男性发病率高于女性,45~65岁人群女性发病率高于男性;≥65岁人群患病率最高,且男性患病率高于女性(P<0.05)。糖尿病的死亡率随患者年龄变化总体呈现出年龄越大、死亡率越高的趋势,65~85岁人群死亡人数最多,≥85岁人群死亡率较高,≥75岁人群糖尿病死亡率逐渐呈现出性别差异,男性高于女性,其中在90~95岁年龄区间性别差异最明显。
2019年中国糖尿病粗DALY率为696.04/10万,粗YLD率为449.32/10万,粗YLL率为246.72/10万,粗DALY率、粗YLD率、粗YLL率相比1999年分别增长63.10%、82.44%、36.72%。与1999年相比,2019年的年龄标准化后的DALY率、YLD率、YLL率分别为494.76/10万、316.30/10万、178.45/10万,标化DALY率及标化YLD率分别增长2.86%、16.06%,而标化YLL率下降14.39%。
DALY率、YLD率、YLL率随年龄增长均呈先上升后下降的趋势。其中,≥70岁人群的DALY率及YLL率较高,≥55岁人群的YLD率较高。男性的整体DALY率、YLD率、YLL率均高于女性(P<0.05),其中85~95岁人群DALY率及YLL率的性别差异最大。
图2所示,1999-2019年我国糖尿病标化发病率总体呈“M”形波动变化,2005年开始下降,2010年再次上升,并于2015年开始大幅下降;患病率及死亡率总体均呈先上升后下降的趋势,分别于2015年、2005年达到顶峰。
1999-2019年,我国男性及女性的糖尿病标化发病率及患病率均呈“M”形趋势,男性标化发病率及患病率均高于女性(P<0.05)。1999-2005年,男性及女性的标化死亡率均呈上升趋势,且女性高于男性;2005年后,男性及女性的标化死亡率均下降,两者差距逐渐缩小;2007年后,男性标化死亡率开始上升,女性则继续下降,低于男性(P<0.05),且两者差距逐年增大。
1999-2019年,我国糖尿病标化DALY率、YLD率、YLL率均呈先上升后下降趋势,于2005年达到顶峰,其中糖尿病标化DALY率、YLD率在2018-2019年有所上升。
1999-2019年,我国男性及女性的标化DALY率、YLL率均呈先上升后下降趋势,在2005年达到顶峰;男性的标化DALY率明显高于女性(P<0.05),且在2005年后,两者差距逐年增大。女性的标化YLL率在1999-2008年高于男性,在2008年后低于男性,且差距逐年增大。男性的标化YLD率在2018年前呈“M”形趋势,女性的标化YLD率先上升后下降,2018年后男性及女性的标化YLD率均略有上升,男性的标化YLD率明显高于女性(P<0.05)。具体数据见表1
图3所示,1999-2019年我国0~40岁人群糖尿病发病率的EAPC>0,该年龄区间人群的发病率总体呈上升趋势,40~80岁人群EAPC<0,发病率呈下降趋势。其中15~20岁人群EAPC明显高于其他年龄段,发病率增长最为明显。此外,15~45岁人群中男性糖尿病发病率的EAPC高于女性,45~75岁人群中女性糖尿病发病率的EAPC高于男性。0~70岁人群糖尿病患病率呈上升趋势,其中15~55岁女性糖尿病患病率上升最为明显,增速明显高于同龄男性和其他年龄段人群。80岁以下各年龄段和性别人群糖尿病死亡率均呈下降趋势,其中,女性糖尿病死亡率的EAPC明显低于男性,死亡率下降最为明显。
1999-2019年,20~55岁人群糖尿病DALY率的EAPC>0,YLL率的EAPC则<0。其中女性糖尿病患者因过早死亡导致的寿命损失明显降低。60岁以下人群YLD率的EAPC>0,糖尿病引起的伤残所致寿命损失逐年增长,其中15~50岁人群YLD率的EAPC>2,疾病导致伤残所致寿命损失增长最为明显。男性DALY率、YLL率的EAPC在各年龄段均高于女性,YLD率的EAPC在15~65岁年龄段低于女性。
有研究显示,2019年我国糖尿病粗发病率较1999年明显增高,年龄标准化后发病率增长减缓[12],与本研究结果一致,这一现象可能与近年来人口老龄化加剧有关。分析我国糖尿病发病率居高不下的原因,除人口增长及老龄化外,人群中超重/肥胖、吸烟、饮酒、运动不足等危险因素的增加也是导致糖尿病发病率增高的重要原因[13-14]。因此,应继续加强对人群的行为干预,针对生产生活中普遍存在的糖尿病危险因素开展健康教育及健康保护,提倡健康的生活方式与饮食习惯[15]
2019年我国糖尿病标化DALY率较1999年增长2.86%,标化YLD率增长16.06%,标化YLL率下降14.39%。标化YLL率下降与标化死亡率的下降有关,表明我国糖尿病导致早死的情况不断好转,这与医疗水平的提高及国家对慢性病管理的重视有关[16]。但目前我国糖尿病疾病负担仍处于较高水平,疾病引起的伤残所致的寿命损失远高于早死所致的寿命损失,且仍在不断增加[17]。其中<60岁人群由疾病引起的伤残所致寿命损失逐年增加,15~50岁人群的YLD率增长最为迅速。这可能与慢性病难以根治以及我国的康复医疗体系不完善有关。另外,我国居民糖尿病知晓率仍处于较低水平[18],糖尿病患者未确诊比例为51.7%[5],对糖尿病的早发现、早治疗造成了极大困难,在一定程度上增加了糖尿病导致伤残的风险。因此,需要进一步促进基层糖尿病康复能力的提高及服务推广;充分发挥社区医院在慢性病控制中的作用[19],通过及时有效的健康干预预防糖尿病患者病情加重及并发症的发生,从而减少疾病导致的伤残寿命损失。针对目前糖尿病未确诊比例高的现状,应大力开展糖尿病筛查,尤其是对吸烟、饮酒等高危人群进行血糖筛查,以实现糖尿病的早发现、早治疗、早控制[20]。此外,我国糖尿病死亡率、YLL率、DALY率在2005年后由增高转为快速下降,这可能与2005年新医改颁布了着力解决群众“看病难、看病贵”问题的一系列政策有关。2010年糖尿病发病率的上升可能是由于2009年中国政府将糖尿病管理纳入《国家基本公共卫生服务规范》,由社区向居民提供免费的糖尿病筛查这一措施显著提高了糖尿病的检出率。
我国糖尿病发病人群正在快速年轻化,且疾病负担性别差异明显。从年龄来看,1999-2019年我国<45岁人群糖尿病发病率逐年上升,20~40岁人群糖尿病疾病负担逐年增加,发病呈现年轻化趋势。目前在我国18~30岁人群中2型糖尿病的患病率已达2.0%,30~40岁人群达6.3%[13]。相关研究表明,饮食失常、情志失调、劳逸不节、起居失度等是导致糖尿病的主要危险因素[21]。因此,糖尿病年轻化可能是由于年轻人熬夜、缺乏运动、高油高糖高热量饮食等不健康的生活习惯所导致的,而这些生活习惯的变化使年轻人群中的糖尿病发病人数不断增加[22]。从性别来看,1999-2019年中国男性群体的糖尿病标化发病率、患病率、DALY率、YLL率、YLD率均高于女性,且两者差距不断扩大。其中15~45岁男性发病率增长大于女性,可能与男性群体肥胖、吸烟、过量饮酒、久坐等危险因素的暴露水平较高有关[23]。15~55岁女性患病率的增长大于男性,可能与女性患者死亡率大幅度下降有关。因此,糖尿病的精准防治应针对特定人群的特定不良行为制定改善措施,个性化地进行干预。如在人口老龄化背景下,应加强老年健康管理,重视慢性病的康复及重症并发症的预防,减轻老年患者的疾病严重程度[24],促进老年糖尿病患者生活质量的改善。针对中青年2型糖尿病患者可采取有效的健康风险沟通及个性化健康干预措施,以改善其风险认知水平,提高该群体的自我管理能力[25]。此外,应将男性及中老年人群作为糖尿病的重点监测对象,予以卫生资源分配的适当倾斜[26]
综上所述,1999-2019年,我国糖尿病标化发病率呈“M”形波动变化,标化患病率与死亡率、DALY率、YLD率、YLL率总体均呈先上升后下降的趋势。但目前我国糖尿病疾病负担仍处于较高水平,疾病引起的伤残所致寿命损失尤为严重。<45岁人群的糖尿病发病率逐年增高,20~40岁人群的糖尿病疾病负担逐年增加,发病呈年轻化趋势。男性群体的糖尿病标化发病率、患病率、DALY率、YLL率、YLD率绝对值均高于女性。但15~55岁女性患病率的增长明显高于男性。今后的糖尿病防治应继续加强人群的行为干预,对高危人群予以卫生资源分配的适当倾斜,同时应注重基层糖尿病康复能力的提高及康复技术的推广,以改善糖尿病患者的生存质量,减轻疾病负担。
由于研究条件的限制,本研究存在一定的局限性。例如,因GBD数据库中未提供中国各省份的详细数据,故对地区间的疾病负担差异及变化趋势暂时无法进行详细的描述与讨论。未来可进一步在我国开展糖尿病的流行病学研究,调查各地区的疾病负担现状及造成疾病负担的主要原因,为各地糖尿病防治政策的制定提供更精确的数据。尽管存在局限,但本研究仍从全国层面揭示了我国糖尿病疾病负担的严重性,详细分析了不同性别、年龄段患者的疾病负担特点及变化趋势,为我国糖尿病精准防治提供了重要依据。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0602.2024.0516
  • 接收时间:2023-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-24
  • 录用日期:2023-05-30
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Beijing Municipal Social Science Foundation(20GLB019)
北京市社会科学基金项目(20GLB019)
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    北京中医药大学管理学院,北京 100029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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