Article(id=1198558267711521054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558265329152414, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0128.2024.0204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1643817600000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1687536000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-06-24, onlineDate=1763688159158, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688159158, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688159158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688159158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558265329152414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='7', pageStart='733', pageEnd='854', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688158589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689196450, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562618517581944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558265329152414, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562618517581945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558265329152414, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=761, endPage=769, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558269569597772, articleId=1198558267711521054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Cohort study on the incidence, mortality and risk factors of malignant tumors in the middle-aged and elderly population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors among the middle-aged and elderly population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou from 2011 to 2021, and to discuss the related risk factors. Methods Using the research data of REACTION in Lanzhou, an epidemiological survey was conducted through cluster sampling in three communities in Chengguan district of Lanzhou since April 2011. The target population was middle-aged and elderly residents over 40 years old. Two follow-up surveys were carried out in 2014-2016 and 2021 successively, and 6543 people with complete follow-up data were finally included. The incidence and mortality rates of malignant tumors were calculated, as well as their age standardized rates with reference to the age composition of Segi's world standard population. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen the risk factors affecting the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors. Results After an average follow-up of 10.6 years, 314 new cases of malignant tumors were found in middle-aged and elderly residents in Chengguan district of Lanzhou, with an incidence rate and age standardized incidence rate of 454.30/100 000 and 128.93/100 000, respectively. A total of 158 deaths were attributed to malignant tumors, with a mortality rate and age standardized rate of 228.41/100 000 and 607.9/100 000, respectively; The age standardized incidence rate and mortality rate of malignant tumors males were both higher than those females (P<0.05). During the follow-up period, the age standardized incidence rate of malignant tumors in the general population showed an significant upward trend (P<0.05), whereas the age standardized mortality rate gradually decreased after a brief increase (P<0.05). Lung cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer were the main types of malignant tumors ranking in the top five in terms of incidence and mortality by gender. Multivariate Cox regression results indicate that male, age ≥60 years old, college education level or above, smoking history, drinking history, having been hit by major stressful events, central obesity, hypertension, and coronary heart disease are risk factors for the onset or death of malignant tumors (HR>1). Married, with family size ≥4, frequent consumption of fresh fruit, frequent consumption of fresh vegetables, frequent consumption of grains and tubers are protective factors for the onset or death of malignant tumors (HR<1). Conclusion The incidence of malignant tumors among middle-aged and elderly people in Chengguan district of Lanzhou from 2011 to 2021 showed an increasing trend, while the overall mortality was decreasing. Our study indicates early cancer screening in elderly populations, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and strengthening the management of chronic diseases are crucial for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.

, correspAuthors=Dong-Hu Zhen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 分析2011-2021年兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡情况,并探讨其相关危险因素。方法 采用兰州地区REACTION研究数据,从2011年4月通过整群抽样对兰州市城关区的3个社区开展流行病学调查,目标人群为40岁以上的中老年居民,并于2014-2016年和2021年先后开展两次随访调查,最终纳入资料完整的6543人。计算恶性肿瘤的发病率及死亡率,以及两者的标化率,其中标化率参考Segi's世界标准人口年龄构成。采用多因素Cox回归模型分析筛选影响恶性肿瘤发病与死亡的危险因素。结果 在平均随访10.6年后,兰州市城关区中老年居民新发恶性肿瘤314例,发病率和标化率分别为454.30/10万和128.93/10万;因恶性肿瘤死亡158例,死亡率和标化率分别为228.41/10万和60.79/10万;男性恶性肿瘤的标化发病率和标化死亡率均高于女性(P<0.05)。随访期间总人群恶性肿瘤的标化发病率呈上升趋势(P<0.05),而标化死亡率在短暂上升后缓慢下降(P<0.05)。肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌及肝癌是位居不同性别发病和死亡前5位的主要恶性肿瘤类型。多因素Cox回归模型结果显示,男性、年龄≥60岁、大专及以上文化水平、吸烟史、饮酒史、遭受过重大打击事件、中心性肥胖、高血压、冠心病是恶性肿瘤发病或死亡的危险因素(HR>1),已婚、家庭人口数≥4、经常食用新鲜水果、经常食用新鲜蔬菜、经常食用谷物及薯类是恶性肿瘤发病或死亡的保护性因素(HR<1)。结论 2011-2021年兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤的发病率呈上升趋势,但死亡率整体趋于下降。对高龄人群早期进行肿瘤筛查、保持健康的生活方式以及加强慢性疾病的管理对恶性肿瘤的防治至关重要。

, correspAuthors=甄东户, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
甄东户,E-mail:
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石兴文,硕士研究生,主要从事内分泌代谢与恶性肿瘤方面的研究

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Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 2020, 13: 1317-1326., articleTitle=Long-term risk of malignant neoplastic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with metabolic syndrome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198589379066295189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=51, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Petrelli F, Ghidini A, Cabiddu M, journalName=Eur J Clin Invest, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Petrelli F, Ghidini A, Cabiddu M, et al. Effects of hypertension on cancer survival: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Clin Invest, 2021, 51(6): e13493., articleTitle=Effects of hypertension on cancer survival: a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198589379158569879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=855, pageEnd=863, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Yang Y, Gao G, Shi J, journalName=Risk Manag Healthc Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y, Gao G, Shi J, et al. Increased blood lipid level is associated with cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality in patients with colorectal cancer (≥65 years): a population-based prospective cohort study[J]. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 2020, 13: 855-863., articleTitle=Increased blood lipid level is associated with cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality in patients with colorectal cancer (≥65 years): a population-based prospective cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198589379246650266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=1172, pageEnd=1179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Yong PH, Weinberg L, Torkamani N, journalName=Diabetes Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yong PH, Weinberg L, Torkamani N, et al. The presence of diabetes and higher HbA1c are independently associated with adverse outcomes after surgery[J]. Diabetes Care, 2018, 41(6): 1172-1179., articleTitle=The presence of diabetes and higher HbA1c are independently associated with adverse outcomes after surgery, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198589373957632804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, awardId=21JR1RA096, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR1RA096), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198589374070879013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, awardId=21JR1RA096, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA096), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198589374158959402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, awardId=lzuyxcx-2022-112, language=EN, fundingSource=Program of Improving the Data Quality of Master's Degree Theses in Lanzhou University(lzuyxcx-2022-112), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198589374247039792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, awardId=lzuyxcx-2022-112, language=CN, fundingSource=兰州大学研究生论文数据质量提升项目(lzuyxcx-2022-112), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198589365946511861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198589365950706166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, companyId=1198589365946511861, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198589365959094775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, companyId=1198589365946511861, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198589366034592253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198589366042980862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, companyId=1198589366034592253, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198589366051369471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, companyId=1198589366034592253, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2兰州大学第一医院内分泌科,甘肃兰州 730030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198589371373941472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends of age-standardized incidence and mortality of malignant tumors in the cohort population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou, figureFileSmall=EDqkTyWIcZYJh7EuOwmyvg==, figureFileBig=e8mzh6HQOkycq/D4fyDb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589371503964898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=图1, caption=兰州市城关区中老年人恶性肿瘤年龄标准化发病率与死亡率的变化趋势

***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=EDqkTyWIcZYJh7EuOwmyvg==, figureFileBig=e8mzh6HQOkycq/D4fyDb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589371642376937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The top five incidence of malignant tumors by gender in the cohort population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou, figureFileSmall=lWd0ZyhwmKRSxDomGXhsBw==, figureFileBig=DYwMJy47k8UJD5rU4ZeVBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589371747234542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=图2, caption=兰州市城关区中老年人不同性别发病率前5位的恶性肿瘤类型, figureFileSmall=lWd0ZyhwmKRSxDomGXhsBw==, figureFileBig=DYwMJy47k8UJD5rU4ZeVBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589372854530801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The top five mortality of malignant tumors by gender in the cohort population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou, figureFileSmall=7zmQP93Nk/2PEON91d48aA==, figureFileBig=Mly6AYwGmpDKIopzFIjqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589372946805490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=图3, caption=兰州市城关区中老年人不同性别死亡率前5位的恶性肿瘤类型, figureFileSmall=7zmQP93Nk/2PEON91d48aA==, figureFileBig=Mly6AYwGmpDKIopzFIjqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198589373060051704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Incidence and mortality of malignant tumors in the cohort population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别发病死亡
例(%)人年数(人年)发病率(1/105)标化率(1/105)例(%)人年数(人年)死亡率(1/105)标化率(1/105)
女性180(57.3)49 350364.74111.4775(47.7)49 375151.9045.01
男性134(42.7)19 768677.88162.1183(52.5)19 799419.2194.53
χ²94.429.54125.2117.87
P0.0000.0000.0000.000
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373185880830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

兰州市城关区中老年人恶性肿瘤的发病率与死亡率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别发病死亡
例(%)人年数(人年)发病率(1/105)标化率(1/105)例(%)人年数(人年)死亡率(1/105)标化率(1/105)
女性180(57.3)49 350364.74111.4775(47.7)49 375151.9045.01
男性134(42.7)19 768677.88162.1183(52.5)19 799419.2194.53
χ²94.429.54125.2117.87
P0.0000.0000.0000.000
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373290738433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics between malignant tumor group and control group [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目

对照组
(n=6229)

恶性肿瘤组
(n=314)

P
人口学因素
男性1783(28.6)134(42.7)0.000
年龄≥60岁2575(41.3)198(63.1)0.000
家庭人口数≥4人2312(37.1)151(48.1)0.000
离退休人员4276(68.6)246(78.3)0.001
已婚5479(88.0)275(87.6)0.840
大专及以上文化水平1006(16.2)48(15.3)0.685
生活行为方式
吸烟史1145(18.4)86(27.4)0.000
饮酒史487(7.8)37(11.8)0.012
经常食用新鲜蔬菜6102(98.0)305(97.1)0.316
经常食用新鲜水果4103(65.9)186(59.2)0.016
经常食用腌制品779(12.5)40(12.7)0.903
经常食用谷物及薯类6166(99.0)311(99.0)1.000
经常运动1525(24.5)71(22.6)0.451
睡眠质量差1159(18.6)62(19.7)0.613
心理社会因素
有抑郁症状144(2.3)10(3.2)0.319
遭受过重大打击事件537(8.6)28(8.9)0.855
独居423(6.8)29(9.2)0.120
与家人关系不密切17(0.3)2(0.6)0.357
对生活不满意117(1.9)5(1.6)0.848
慢性疾病
超重及肥胖3165(50.8)165(52.5)0.548
中心性肥胖3424(55.0)183(58.3)0.250
糖代谢状态0.020
正常血糖2912(46.7)122(38.9)
糖耐量受损1763(28.3)106(33.8)
糖尿病1554(24.9)86(27.4)
高血压2064(33.1)131(41.7)0.002
高血脂2763(44.4)126(40.6)0.141
冠心病260(4.2)23(7.3)0.007
肿瘤家族史921(14.8)44(14.0)0.706
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373378818822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

恶性肿瘤组与对照组的基线特征对比[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目

对照组
(n=6229)

恶性肿瘤组
(n=314)

P
人口学因素
男性1783(28.6)134(42.7)0.000
年龄≥60岁2575(41.3)198(63.1)0.000
家庭人口数≥4人2312(37.1)151(48.1)0.000
离退休人员4276(68.6)246(78.3)0.001
已婚5479(88.0)275(87.6)0.840
大专及以上文化水平1006(16.2)48(15.3)0.685
生活行为方式
吸烟史1145(18.4)86(27.4)0.000
饮酒史487(7.8)37(11.8)0.012
经常食用新鲜蔬菜6102(98.0)305(97.1)0.316
经常食用新鲜水果4103(65.9)186(59.2)0.016
经常食用腌制品779(12.5)40(12.7)0.903
经常食用谷物及薯类6166(99.0)311(99.0)1.000
经常运动1525(24.5)71(22.6)0.451
睡眠质量差1159(18.6)62(19.7)0.613
心理社会因素
有抑郁症状144(2.3)10(3.2)0.319
遭受过重大打击事件537(8.6)28(8.9)0.855
独居423(6.8)29(9.2)0.120
与家人关系不密切17(0.3)2(0.6)0.357
对生活不满意117(1.9)5(1.6)0.848
慢性疾病
超重及肥胖3165(50.8)165(52.5)0.548
中心性肥胖3424(55.0)183(58.3)0.250
糖代谢状态0.020
正常血糖2912(46.7)122(38.9)
糖耐量受损1763(28.3)106(33.8)
糖尿病1554(24.9)86(27.4)
高血压2064(33.1)131(41.7)0.002
高血脂2763(44.4)126(40.6)0.141
冠心病260(4.2)23(7.3)0.007
肿瘤家族史921(14.8)44(14.0)0.706
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373479482124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Multivariate Cox regression analysis of overall and site-specific cancer risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目βWald χ²HR(95%CI)P
总体
男性0.52420.771.688(1.348~2.115)0.000
年龄≥60岁0.83850.662.312(1.835~2.912)0.000
肺癌
年龄≥60岁1.11418.683.045(1.838~5.046)0.000
吸烟史0.86211.932.368(1.452~3.863)0.001
胃癌
男性0.9578.092.603(1.346~5.034)0.004
年龄≥60岁1.0678.592.906(1.424~5.931)0.003
大专及以上文化水平2.1504.468.586(1.168~63.101)0.035
结直肠癌
男性0.9458.132.572(1.343~4.925)0.004
年龄≥60岁1.0828.122.951(1.402~6.211)0.004
经常食用新鲜蔬菜-1.83111.800.160(0.056~0.456)0.001
冠心病1.61315.445.018(2.244~11.220)0.000
肝癌
已婚-1.4037.450.246(0.090~0.674)0.006
饮酒史1.87013.276.490(2.373~17.749)0.000
遭受过重大打击事件1.1393.913.123(1.010~9.651)0.048
高血压1.2115.623.357(1.234~9.132)0.018
胰腺癌
年龄≥60岁2.16110.528.682(2.352~32.056)0.001
家庭人口数≥4人-1.2684.430.281(0.086~0.917)0.035
吸烟史1.4948.294.455(1.611~12.322)0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373575951118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

总体和特定部位恶性肿瘤发病风险的多因素Cox回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目βWald χ²HR(95%CI)P
总体
男性0.52420.771.688(1.348~2.115)0.000
年龄≥60岁0.83850.662.312(1.835~2.912)0.000
肺癌
年龄≥60岁1.11418.683.045(1.838~5.046)0.000
吸烟史0.86211.932.368(1.452~3.863)0.001
胃癌
男性0.9578.092.603(1.346~5.034)0.004
年龄≥60岁1.0678.592.906(1.424~5.931)0.003
大专及以上文化水平2.1504.468.586(1.168~63.101)0.035
结直肠癌
男性0.9458.132.572(1.343~4.925)0.004
年龄≥60岁1.0828.122.951(1.402~6.211)0.004
经常食用新鲜蔬菜-1.83111.800.160(0.056~0.456)0.001
冠心病1.61315.445.018(2.244~11.220)0.000
肝癌
已婚-1.4037.450.246(0.090~0.674)0.006
饮酒史1.87013.276.490(2.373~17.749)0.000
遭受过重大打击事件1.1393.913.123(1.010~9.651)0.048
高血压1.2115.623.357(1.234~9.132)0.018
胰腺癌
年龄≥60岁2.16110.528.682(2.352~32.056)0.001
家庭人口数≥4人-1.2684.430.281(0.086~0.917)0.035
吸烟史1.4948.294.455(1.611~12.322)0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373672420115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Multivariate Cox regression analysis of overall and site-specific cancer mortality risk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目βWald χ²HR(95%CI)P
总体
男性0.65815.381.931(1.390~2.683)0.000
年龄≥60岁1.27045.543.560(2.462~5.148)0.000
经常食用新鲜水果-0.4136.090.662(0.477~0.919)0.014
肺癌
年龄≥60岁1.34614.703.842(1.931~7.646)0.000
吸烟史0.8777.512.403(1.284~4.499)0.006
经常食用谷物及薯类-1.4964.270.224(0.054~0.927)0.039
胃癌
年龄≥60岁0.9844.512.676(1.079~6.637)0.034
经常食用新鲜水果-1.0965.930.334(0.138~0.807)0.015
结直肠癌
年龄≥60岁1.7204.895.582(1.214~25.665)0.027
经常食用新鲜蔬菜-2.53110.150.080(0.017~0.377)0.001
冠心病2.16913.588.752(2.760~27.751)0.000
中心性肥胖2.2134.519.140(1.187~70.392)0.034
肝癌
已婚-1.75210.190.173(0.059~0.509)0.001
饮酒史2.24716.769.460(3.226~27.744)0.000
遭受过重大打击事件1.4265.714.163(1.292~13.416)0.017
高血压1.5166.484.554(1.417~14.630)0.011
胰腺癌
年龄≥60岁1.9176.126.797(1.488~31.048)0.013
吸烟史1.4306.134.181(1.347~12.971)0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1198589373760500504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558267711521054, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

总体和特定部位恶性肿瘤死亡风险的多因素Cox回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目βWald χ²HR(95%CI)P
总体
男性0.65815.381.931(1.390~2.683)0.000
年龄≥60岁1.27045.543.560(2.462~5.148)0.000
经常食用新鲜水果-0.4136.090.662(0.477~0.919)0.014
肺癌
年龄≥60岁1.34614.703.842(1.931~7.646)0.000
吸烟史0.8777.512.403(1.284~4.499)0.006
经常食用谷物及薯类-1.4964.270.224(0.054~0.927)0.039
胃癌
年龄≥60岁0.9844.512.676(1.079~6.637)0.034
经常食用新鲜水果-1.0965.930.334(0.138~0.807)0.015
结直肠癌
年龄≥60岁1.7204.895.582(1.214~25.665)0.027
经常食用新鲜蔬菜-2.53110.150.080(0.017~0.377)0.001
冠心病2.16913.588.752(2.760~27.751)0.000
中心性肥胖2.2134.519.140(1.187~70.392)0.034
肝癌
已婚-1.75210.190.173(0.059~0.509)0.001
饮酒史2.24716.769.460(3.226~27.744)0.000
遭受过重大打击事件1.4265.714.163(1.292~13.416)0.017
高血压1.5166.484.554(1.417~14.630)0.011
胰腺癌
年龄≥60岁1.9176.126.797(1.488~31.048)0.013
吸烟史1.4306.134.181(1.347~12.971)0.013
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兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤发病与死亡情况及其危险因素的队列研究
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石兴文 1, 2 , 尹鸿涛 2 , 刘进进 2 , 马言 1, 2 , 孙婷 1, 2 , 田高鹏 1, 2 , 谢晶晶 1, 2 , 甄东户 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(7): 761-769
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(7): 761-769
兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤发病与死亡情况及其危险因素的队列研究
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石兴文1, 2, 尹鸿涛2, 刘进进2, 马言1, 2, 孙婷1, 2, 田高鹏1, 2, 谢晶晶1, 2, 甄东户2, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 2兰州大学第一医院内分泌科,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 石兴文,硕士研究生,主要从事内分泌代谢与恶性肿瘤方面的研究

通讯作者:

甄东户,E-mail:
Cohort study on the incidence, mortality and risk factors of malignant tumors in the middle-aged and elderly population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou
Xing-Wen Shi1, 2, Hong-Tao Yin2, Jin-Jin Liu2, Yan Ma1, 2, Ting Sun1, 2, Gao-Peng Tian1, 2, Jing-Jing Xie1, 2, Dong-Hu Zhen2, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0128.2024.0204
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目的 分析2011-2021年兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡情况,并探讨其相关危险因素。方法 采用兰州地区REACTION研究数据,从2011年4月通过整群抽样对兰州市城关区的3个社区开展流行病学调查,目标人群为40岁以上的中老年居民,并于2014-2016年和2021年先后开展两次随访调查,最终纳入资料完整的6543人。计算恶性肿瘤的发病率及死亡率,以及两者的标化率,其中标化率参考Segi's世界标准人口年龄构成。采用多因素Cox回归模型分析筛选影响恶性肿瘤发病与死亡的危险因素。结果 在平均随访10.6年后,兰州市城关区中老年居民新发恶性肿瘤314例,发病率和标化率分别为454.30/10万和128.93/10万;因恶性肿瘤死亡158例,死亡率和标化率分别为228.41/10万和60.79/10万;男性恶性肿瘤的标化发病率和标化死亡率均高于女性(P<0.05)。随访期间总人群恶性肿瘤的标化发病率呈上升趋势(P<0.05),而标化死亡率在短暂上升后缓慢下降(P<0.05)。肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌及肝癌是位居不同性别发病和死亡前5位的主要恶性肿瘤类型。多因素Cox回归模型结果显示,男性、年龄≥60岁、大专及以上文化水平、吸烟史、饮酒史、遭受过重大打击事件、中心性肥胖、高血压、冠心病是恶性肿瘤发病或死亡的危险因素(HR>1),已婚、家庭人口数≥4、经常食用新鲜水果、经常食用新鲜蔬菜、经常食用谷物及薯类是恶性肿瘤发病或死亡的保护性因素(HR<1)。结论 2011-2021年兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤的发病率呈上升趋势,但死亡率整体趋于下降。对高龄人群早期进行肿瘤筛查、保持健康的生活方式以及加强慢性疾病的管理对恶性肿瘤的防治至关重要。

恶性肿瘤  /  发病率  /  死亡率  /  危险因素  /  中老年人  /  队列研究

Objective To analyze the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors among the middle-aged and elderly population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou from 2011 to 2021, and to discuss the related risk factors. Methods Using the research data of REACTION in Lanzhou, an epidemiological survey was conducted through cluster sampling in three communities in Chengguan district of Lanzhou since April 2011. The target population was middle-aged and elderly residents over 40 years old. Two follow-up surveys were carried out in 2014-2016 and 2021 successively, and 6543 people with complete follow-up data were finally included. The incidence and mortality rates of malignant tumors were calculated, as well as their age standardized rates with reference to the age composition of Segi's world standard population. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen the risk factors affecting the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors. Results After an average follow-up of 10.6 years, 314 new cases of malignant tumors were found in middle-aged and elderly residents in Chengguan district of Lanzhou, with an incidence rate and age standardized incidence rate of 454.30/100 000 and 128.93/100 000, respectively. A total of 158 deaths were attributed to malignant tumors, with a mortality rate and age standardized rate of 228.41/100 000 and 607.9/100 000, respectively; The age standardized incidence rate and mortality rate of malignant tumors males were both higher than those females (P<0.05). During the follow-up period, the age standardized incidence rate of malignant tumors in the general population showed an significant upward trend (P<0.05), whereas the age standardized mortality rate gradually decreased after a brief increase (P<0.05). Lung cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer were the main types of malignant tumors ranking in the top five in terms of incidence and mortality by gender. Multivariate Cox regression results indicate that male, age ≥60 years old, college education level or above, smoking history, drinking history, having been hit by major stressful events, central obesity, hypertension, and coronary heart disease are risk factors for the onset or death of malignant tumors (HR>1). Married, with family size ≥4, frequent consumption of fresh fruit, frequent consumption of fresh vegetables, frequent consumption of grains and tubers are protective factors for the onset or death of malignant tumors (HR<1). Conclusion The incidence of malignant tumors among middle-aged and elderly people in Chengguan district of Lanzhou from 2011 to 2021 showed an increasing trend, while the overall mortality was decreasing. Our study indicates early cancer screening in elderly populations, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and strengthening the management of chronic diseases are crucial for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.

malignant tumors  /  incidence  /  mortality  /  risk factors  /  middle-aged and elderly people  /  cohort study
石兴文, 尹鸿涛, 刘进进, 马言, 孙婷, 田高鹏, 谢晶晶, 甄东户. 兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤发病与死亡情况及其危险因素的队列研究. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (7) : 761 -769 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0128.2024.0204
Xing-Wen Shi, Hong-Tao Yin, Jin-Jin Liu, Yan Ma, Ting Sun, Gao-Peng Tian, Jing-Jing Xie, Dong-Hu Zhen. Cohort study on the incidence, mortality and risk factors of malignant tumors in the middle-aged and elderly population in Chengguan district of Lanzhou[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (7) : 761 -769 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0128.2024.0204
恶性肿瘤是多种病因联合作用下影响人类生命健康的严重慢性疾病[1-2],其死亡负担仅次于心血管疾病[3]。GLOBOCAN数据显示2022年中国恶性肿瘤新发病例约482万人,其中约257万人死亡,与GLOBOCAN 2020年的数据对比,恶性肿瘤发病人数增加了25.6万人,死亡人数则减少了42.9万人[4]。我国>40岁人群是多种常见癌症的高发群体,尤其是老年人群更应关注[5]。据统计,我国恶性肿瘤发病和死亡人数中,>60岁的老年人分别占60%和72%[6]。恶性肿瘤是内在因素(与DNA复制错误有关)和非内在因素共同作用的结果,后者包括部分可改变的内源性因素(如性别、年龄、免疫及激素等)和完全可改变的外源性因素(主要为生活方式和环境致癌物)[7];此外,有研究表明,孤独感、社会孤立等心理社会因素对恶性肿瘤的发生发展也有一定的影响[8]。随着年龄的增加,机体免疫力逐渐下降,致癌因素的长期作用和不断累积更容易导致中老年人出现疾病或处于亚健康状态[9],因此了解一个地区中老年恶性肿瘤的流行特征及影响因素有助于对疾病进行早期预防。本文通过前瞻性队列研究对兰州市城关区的6543名中老年居民恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡状况进行分析,并从人口学特征、生活行为方式、心理社会因素、合并慢性疾病四个方面综合评估影响中老年恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的危险因素,旨在为完善该地区肿瘤长期的防控措施提供理论依据。
本研究采用在兰州地区主办的REACTION研究资料,于2011年采取随机整群抽样的方法从兰州市城关区抽取雁南街道、广武门街道及铁路西街道,再分别从这3个街道各抽取1个社区,以>40岁的常住居民(在当地居住时间≥6个月)为调查对象,每个社区抽取人数≥2500人,最终共纳入8261人,排除个人信息不全(n=40)的人员后纳入基线人群8221人,对恶性肿瘤的患病情况进行分析。在排除患有恶性肿瘤(n=129)的人群后构建队列人群8092人,分别于2014-2016年和2021年6-12月进行两次随访调查,获取恶性肿瘤发病与死亡的数据,在排除第一次随访资料缺失(n=943)和第二次随访资料缺失(n=606)的人群后,最终纳入6543人,并对恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡状况及其危险因素进行分析。基线和随访研究均获上海交通大学附属瑞金医院伦理委员会审批[2011临伦审第(14)号、2014临伦审第(52)号]。
由经过统一专业培训的医护人员对基线人群进行问卷调查,内容主要包括以下几个方面:(1)人口学资料(性别、年龄、婚姻状况、家庭人口数、文化程度、职业);(2)生活行为方式(吸烟史、饮酒史、运动情况、不同食物的进食频率、睡眠情况);(3)心理社会因素(是否独居、与家人关系是否密切、近2周的情绪状况、过去1年对生活是否满意及是否遭受过重大打击事件);(4)肿瘤家族史;(5)慢性疾病(恶性肿瘤、糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、冠心病)的信息(主要来源于居民病历卡和区级医院以上的医疗记录;参考《肿瘤学》各论部分的诊断标准[10],通过分子生物学、影像学及病理学等资料明确不同类型恶性肿瘤,并以病理结果为主)。
完成对身体形态指标和生命体征的测量[包括身高、体重、腰围、臀围、静脉收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)];并计算体重指数(BMI)[BMI=体重/身高2(kg/m2)]和腰臀比(WHR)[WHR=腰围/臀围(cm)]。对空腹>8 h的全部参与者进行口服糖耐量实验(OGTT),在空腹和服糖2 h后采集静脉血浆标本,分析空腹血糖(FBG)和OGTT 2 h后血糖(2hPG)的水平,并检测血脂指标[包括总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]。
收集队列人群随访后恶性肿瘤的发病及死亡资料。第1次随访按照基线问卷调查的诊断标准来明确有无恶性肿瘤发生,依据死亡原因证明确认是否因恶性肿瘤死亡,记录恶性肿瘤的诊断时间、死亡时间及病理类型。第2次随访通过使用身份证号将研究人群的信息与兰州市CDC肿瘤登记系统进行链接,获取恶性肿瘤的ICD-10编码及诊断日期,并通过兰州市的死因监测系统获取死亡人群具体的死亡原因及其代码,并记录死亡时间。两次随访调查纳入的恶性肿瘤类型及ICD-10编码如下:食管(C15)、胃(C16)、结直肠(C18-C20)、肝脏(C22)、胆囊(C23)、胆管(C24)、胰腺(C25)、喉(C32)、肺(C34)、骨和关节软骨(C40-41)、乳房(C50)、子宫颈(C53)、子宫体(C54)、卵巢(C56)、前列腺(C61)、肾(C64)、膀胱(C67)、脑(C70)、甲状腺(C73)、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(C82、C85)、白血病(C91-C95)。
成立终点事件评估委员会(由3或4名医师组成),每周根据肿瘤和心血管事件裁定手册对新发事件及主要死亡原因证据进行审核。两名委员会成员独立对疾病诊断进行评估,若出现不一致,由专家委员会讨论决定结果。
根据研究人群的年龄分布特点,将其定义为≥60岁和<60岁的二分类变量。吸烟史定义为现在或过去习惯每天吸烟且持续≥6个月;饮酒史定义为现在或过去习惯每周喝酒并持续≥1年;经常运动定义为中度或剧烈强度体力活动≥3次/周,每次≥30 min;将食用新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、腌制品、谷物及薯类频率≥3 d/周的饮食行为定义为经常食用;将睡眠状况不好与服用安眠药助眠定义为睡眠质量差。根据近2周的情绪状况,采用抑郁症自我评估量表(PHQ-9)问卷评估中老年人群的抑郁症状[11],由9个项目组成,每一项以0~3分的等级评分(0分=没有;1分=有几天,但不多;2分=超过1周;3分=几乎每天),总分范围0~27分,以总得分≥10分定义为存在抑郁症状;肿瘤家族史定义为直系亲属既往有恶性肿瘤病史;超重及肥胖定义为BMI≥24 kg/m²;向心性肥胖定义为男性WHR≥0.9 cm,女性WHR≥0.85 cm;糖尿病定义为既往有糖尿病史,或者基线FBG≥7.0 mmol/L,和(或)2 h PG≥11.1 mmol/L;糖耐量受损定义为基线FBG波动在6.1~7.0 mmol/L,和(或)2 h PG波动于7.8~11.1 mmol/L[12];高血压定义为既往有高血压病史,或者基线的血压水平达到SBP≥140 mmHg,和(或)DBP≥90 mmHg[13];高血脂定义为既往有高血脂病史,或者基线的血脂状态为TC≥6.22 mmol/L,和(或)TG≥2.26 mmol/L,和(或)LDL-C≥4.14 mmol/L,和(或)HDL-C<1.04 mmol/L[14]
其余项目根据问卷调查中个人报告情况进行分类。
本研究为前瞻性队列研究,对于同一研究人群,恶性肿瘤的发病率要高于死亡率,根据PASS 15软件中队列研究的样本量计算公式,在置信度不变的情况下,样本量与概率呈反比,因此利用死亡率来计算样本量。根据2004-2018年中国癌症死亡率趋势发现,随访10年左右,>40岁人群恶性肿瘤的死亡率约为6%[15],设定置信度为0.95,容许误差为0.6%,得出需要的样本量为6186例,考虑到失访率不能超过20%,需纳入的样本量至少为7733例,而本研究共抽取了8261名居民进行分析,可满足样本量的需求。
首先分析基线8221名研究人群的基本情况及恶性肿瘤的患病率。其次以基线调查结束日期为研究起点,截止日期为2021年12月31日,根据观察时间将其分为4个时间段(<3.0年、3.0~5.9年、6.0~8.9年和≥9.0年),计算随访资料完整的6543名研究对象各时间段恶性肿瘤的发病率、死亡率及标化率,标化率参考Segi΄s世界标准人口年龄构成。将随访后未患恶性肿瘤的人群作为对照组,分析与发生恶性肿瘤人群的基线特征差异。最后分别将总体恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡作为研究的主要终点事件,并分别以肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肝癌及胰腺癌的发病和死亡为研究的次要终点事件,明确影响恶性肿瘤的危险因素。
采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行筛选整理和统计分析。利用寿命表法计算各时间段的观察人年数。分类资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。构建多因素Cox回归模型,采用向前似然比检验方法筛选分别与恶性肿瘤发病及死亡相关的变量。P<0.05(双侧)为差异有统计学意义。
本研究基线人群共纳入8221名中老年居民,其中男性占28.9%(2375/8221),女性占71.1%(5846/8221);研究人群年龄集中在40~80岁,其中年龄<60岁占58.6%(4815/8221),≥60岁占41.4%(3406/8221)。基线时患恶性肿瘤129例,患病率为1.6%(129/8221),其中,男性患病率为1.3%(31/2375),女性患病率为1.7%(98/5846)。
整体随访平均约10.6年,恶性肿瘤发病人数为314例,随访69 118人年后总人群恶性肿瘤的发病率和标化率分别为454.30/10万与128.93/10万,男性的标化发病率明显高于女性(χ²=9.54,P=0.000)。恶性肿瘤死亡人数为158例,随访69 174人年后总人群恶性肿瘤的死亡率和标化率分别为228.41/10万与60.79/10万,男性的标化死亡率明显高于女性(χ²=17.87,P=0.000)(表1)。
本研究将随访<3.0年、3.0~5.9年、6.0~8.9年和≥9.0年的发病率和死亡率标化后进行分析,总人群各时间段恶性肿瘤的标化发病率依次为112.13/10万、114.60/10万、139.44/10万、177.85/10万,呈逐年上升趋势(χ²=20.90,P=0.000)。与总人群比较,男性标化发病率明显呈上升趋势(χ²=110.75,P=0.000),而女性标化发病率未见明显波动,差异无统计学意义(χ²=2.79,P>0.05)。总人群各时间段恶性肿瘤的标化死亡率依次为40.43/10万、71.12/10万、69.66/10万、65.39/10万,在随访3.0~5.9年明显上升,在随访6.0年后缓慢下降,但变化幅度较小(χ²=10.36,P=0.016);此外,与总人群比较,随访期间男性标化死亡率呈明显的上升趋势(χ²=57.71,P=0.000),而女性标化死亡率在随访的3.0~5.9年升高,但在随访6.0年后迅速下降(χ²=24.28,P=0.000)(图1)。
不同性别发病率与死亡率居前5位的恶性肿瘤类型分别如图23所示,肺癌的发病率和死亡率在不同性别中均位居第1位,且胃癌、肝癌和结直肠癌也是不同性别恶性肿瘤发病和死亡前5位的主要类型。此外,前列腺癌和乳腺癌分别位居男性和女性恶性肿瘤发病的第4位和第2位,而恶性肿瘤死亡的第5位均为胰腺癌。
人口学因素方面,恶性肿瘤组男性、年龄≥60岁、家庭人口数≥4、离退休人员的比例均高于对照组(P<0.05);生活行为方式方面,恶性肿瘤组吸烟史、饮酒史的比例高于对照组,而经常食用新鲜水果的频率低于对照组(P<0.05);慢性疾病方面,恶性肿瘤组合并糖耐量受损、高血压、冠心病的比例明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组在心理社会因素的各项目和肿瘤家族史上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表2)。
在总体恶性肿瘤发病风险的多因素Cox回归模型中,仅有2个自变量进入了方程,其中男性(HR=1.688,95%CI 1.348~2.115,P=0.000)和年龄≥60岁(HR=2.312,95%CI 1.835~2.912,P=0.000)是总体恶性肿瘤发病的危险因素。对特定部位恶性肿瘤发病风险的分析发现,在人口学因素方面,除性别或年龄外,大专及以上文化水平是胃癌的危险因素(P=0.035),已婚是肝癌的保护性因素(P=0.006),家庭人口数≥4(P=0.035)是胰腺癌的保护性因素;生活行为方式方面,吸烟史对胰腺癌(HR=4.455,95%CI 1.611~12.322,P=0.004)发病风险是肺癌(HR=2.368,95%CI 1.452~3.863,P=0.001)的2倍以上,饮酒史是肝癌的特异性危险因素(P=0.000),而经常食用新鲜蔬菜时结直肠癌的发病风险可降低84%(P=0.001);心理社会因素方面,遭受过重大打击事件后肝癌的发病风险明显增加(P=0.048);在慢性疾病方面,冠心病促进结直肠癌的发生(P=0.000),高血压则与肝癌的发病密切相关(P=0.018)(表3)。
对总体恶性肿瘤的死亡风险分析发现,男性(HR=1.931,95%CI 1.390~2.683,P=0.000)和年龄≥60岁(HR=3.560,95%CI 2.462~5.148,P=0.000)可明显增加总体恶性肿瘤的死亡风险,而经常食用新鲜水果(HR=0.662,95%CI 0.477~0.919,P=0.014)可使总体恶性肿瘤死亡风险降低约34%。对特定部位恶性肿瘤的死亡风险分析发现,人口学因素方面,年龄≥60岁是多个部位肿瘤死亡的危险因素(P<0.05),已婚则与肝癌的死亡风险降低有关(P=0.001);生活行为方式方面,吸烟史同样是肺癌(P=0.006)和胰腺癌(P=0.013)死亡的危险因素,饮酒史可导致肝癌死亡风险增加9倍以上(P=0.000),而经常食用新鲜水果是胃癌死亡的保护性因素(P=0.015),经常食用谷物及薯类可使肺癌的死亡风险降低78%(P=0.039),经常食用新鲜蔬菜可使结直肠癌的死亡风险降低92%(P=0.001);心理社会因素方面,遭受过重大打击事件可增加肝癌的死亡风险(P=0.017);在慢性疾病方面,合并冠心病(P=0.000)和中心性肥胖(P=0.034)可使结直肠癌的死亡风险升高,而高血压可促进肝癌的死亡(P=0.011)(表4)。
我国众多地区恶性肿瘤的发病率及死亡率在40岁前均处于较低的水平,但在40岁后迅速增高,并在80~85岁达到高峰[16-18]。本研究对兰州市城关区40~80岁居民从2011年开始了为期长达10年左右的随访,恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率分别为454.30/10万和228.41/10万,低于2010-2018年重庆市同年龄段人群恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率[19]。本研究观察各时间段恶性肿瘤的标化发病率和标化死亡率发现,除女性外,总人群和男性的标化发病率均呈上升趋势;标化死亡率在随访的3.0~5.9年明显增高,但之后总人群和女性的标化死亡率则逐渐下降,这可能与近年来兰州市城关区癌症防控体系的逐步完善,以及癌症早诊早治等项目的广泛开展有关[20]。在过去40年,中国恶性肿瘤的粗发病率和粗死亡率明显增高,而标化死亡率逐年下降,提示粗死亡率的增高主要是由人口老龄化导致的。此外,恶性肿瘤的5年总生存率已从2003-2005年的30.9%增高到2012-2015年的40.5%,提示我国在恶性肿瘤的控制和预防方面已经取得了阶段性的成效[21]
目前,肺癌是对我国居民健康威胁最大的恶性肿瘤,而消化系统肿瘤和女性乳腺癌的疾病负担也开始日益加重[3]。本研究对恶性肿瘤类型分布的分析发现,该地区不同性别中老年居民发病和死亡的首要原因也是肺癌。吸烟、二手烟、职业暴露、空气污染、遗传易感性及饮食习惯等多因素的作用下导致不同地域发病和死亡的第一大肿瘤均为肺癌[16-18,22]。除肺癌外,本研究还发现,胃癌、肝癌、结直肠癌和胰腺癌等消化道肿瘤也是恶性肿瘤发病与死亡的常见类型,消化系统肿瘤的高死亡率可能是因为确诊时多处于中晚期,且预后一般较差。
本研究人口学因素方面影响恶性肿瘤的危险因素主要为年龄和性别。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,除肝癌外,从60岁开始,总体和特定部位恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡风险均明显增加,老年人由于合并多种慢性疾病,衰弱、机体功能降低和生活质量差等原因,相比于其他年龄段更容易发生恶性肿瘤,且生存率较低,这也使老年恶性肿瘤的管理更加复杂[23]。本研究随访发现,男性总体恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡风险均高于女性,这种性别差异被认为与生物学因素和风险行为相关[24],例如男性吸烟、饮酒的比例远大于女性,这与男性肺癌、肝癌、膀胱癌的高发病率和死亡率有关,而女性体内的雌激素和孕激素水平高于男性,对结直肠癌具有保护作用[25]
2019年全球恶性肿瘤死亡归因于风险因素的病例约为450万例,占全部恶性肿瘤死亡人数的44%,而对全球癌症伤残调整生命年影响的首要危险因素为吸烟,其次为酒精和饮食因素[26]。一项基于澳大利亚>45岁人群的队列研究发现,每天吸烟可明显增加总体恶性肿瘤的发病率(HR=1.679,95%CI 1.160~2.430)和死亡率(HR=2.605,95%CI 1.747~3.884)[27],且提示吸烟是肺癌、食管癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌等多种恶性肿瘤的危险因素。尽管本研究结果中吸烟与总体恶性肿瘤无明显关联,但对特定类型癌症的分析发现,吸烟也是肺癌与胰腺癌发病与死亡的危险因素。Larsson等[28]对饮酒相关的单核苷酸多态性与欧洲人群恶性肿瘤发病风险进行孟德尔随机化分析,结果并未发现饮酒与总体或特定部位恶性肿瘤之间的因果关系。但是,本研究发现饮酒可增加肝癌的发病与死亡风险,与我国和欧洲的前瞻性研究结果一致[29-30]。本研究还发现,经常食用新鲜水果、新鲜蔬菜及谷物和薯类是恶性肿瘤发病或死亡的保护性因素。有研究发现,长期坚持地中海饮食的人群,恶性肿瘤的发病与死亡风险均较小[31],而这种保护作用主要归因于该饮食模式中的水果、蔬菜和谷物,其富含的大量维生素、膳食纤维及植物化学物质具有抗氧化和抗炎特性,可减少癌细胞的增殖、存活及转移[32]
心理社会因素与恶性肿瘤的关系仍存在争议。本研究以抑郁自测量表PHQ-9评分结果和4条可能影响或反映心境的事件来研究心理社会因素与恶性肿瘤的关系,结果仅发现遭受过重大打击事件是肝癌发病和死亡的危险因素,其他因素与恶性肿瘤的发病或死亡无明显相关性。暴露于抑郁、焦虑、严重创伤疾病、压力性生活事件等负面心理社会因素下的群体,某些特定类型癌症的发病率和死亡率可明显增高[33-35],其中可能的机制包括内分泌及免疫系统功能的紊乱、受损DNA的修复受到抑制、炎性因子的激活及长期心理压力诱导的不良行为等[34]。但评估心理社会因素与恶性肿瘤的关系时需考虑心理社会因素的持续时间、类型,以及个体对压力的易感性等潜在因素的效应,例如,持续性或高水平的心理压力随着生物和行为的变化会对健康产生不利影响,而短暂的应激事件则可激活交感神经系统分泌儿茶酚胺,并产生有益作用[36]
本研究通过对比基线特征发现,恶性肿瘤合并糖代谢异常、冠心病、高血压的比例高于非恶性肿瘤人群,多因素分析也表明冠心病与结直肠癌的发病和死亡,高血压与肝癌的发病和死亡密切相关。当机体存在这些慢性疾病时通常会伴随着高血糖、高胰岛素血症、慢性亚临床炎症、性激素代谢及脂肪细胞因子分泌异常的出现,而这些内源性因素的改变参与了恶性肿瘤的发生发展[37]。Albai等[38]对代谢综合征各成分与恶性肿瘤患病风险的关系进行分析,通过多变量logistic回归分析发现,高血压、高BMI、高腹围及高低密度脂蛋白均是恶性肿瘤发病的危险因素。多项临床研究也表明,血压、血脂、血糖等代谢紊乱可影响恶性肿瘤患者的预后,使死亡率增高[39-41],与本研究结果一致。有趣的是,缺乏运动、饮食质量差、吸烟、酗酒等不良生活方式也是这些慢性疾病与恶性肿瘤的共同危险因素[35],因此,保持健康的生活习惯可改善个体的代谢状况,从而减少恶性肿瘤等不良事件的发生。
本研究也存在诸多不足之处:(1)在第1次随访时主要通过查找医院的诊疗记录和死亡证明诊断恶性肿瘤,由于研究对象数量庞大,因此可能存在关键医疗资料缺失、调查与被调查人员失误等情况,数据的准确性和完整性可能低于真实情况;第2次随访则以兰州市CDC肿瘤登记系统和死因监测系统中的ICD-10编码为标准,但未通过病理资料进一步验证,最终可能导致恶性肿瘤诊断的假阳性率或错误率增高。(2)只关注了吸烟、饮酒、饮食等生活方式因素频率与恶性肿瘤的关系,但未对其进行量化,而测量方式的差异可能产生不同的结果。(3)基线时未纳入影响恶性肿瘤的环境致癌物(职业致癌物、病毒或细菌感染、空气污染等),亦未纳入与特定部位相关的慢性疾病,因此最终获得的危险因素并不全面。今后应进一步细化研究方案,确保研究资料的完整性,并通过大样本的前瞻性和多中心研究来明确更多风险因素对恶性肿瘤的影响,以期为肿瘤的预防提供更为充分的依据。
综上所述,兰州市城关区中老年人群恶性肿瘤发病率上升的同时死亡率却得到了一定的控制,其中肺癌、胃癌、肝癌及结直肠癌是发病及死亡的主要恶性肿瘤类型。人口学因素、生活行为方式及慢性疾病与中老年恶性肿瘤的发病及死亡密切相关,但心理社会因素对恶性肿瘤的影响较小。未来应将恶性肿瘤的防治重心转移到中老年群体,继续加强对该年龄段高危人群的早期筛查,通过多种宣传途径提高民众对相关危险因素的认知,减少恶性肿瘤对中老年人健康的危害。
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA096)
  • 兰州大学研究生论文数据质量提升项目(lzuyxcx-2022-112)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0128.2024.0204
  • 接收时间:2022-02-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-03
  • 录用日期:2023-06-24
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR1RA096)
甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR1RA096)
Program of Improving the Data Quality of Master's Degree Theses in Lanzhou University(lzuyxcx-2022-112)
兰州大学研究生论文数据质量提升项目(lzuyxcx-2022-112)
作者信息
    1兰州大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030
    2兰州大学第一医院内分泌科,甘肃兰州 730030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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