Article(id=1198558170974094132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1242.2024.0313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694707200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1706112000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-25, onlineDate=1763688136094, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688136094, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688136094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688136094, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558165093675863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='8', pageStart='855', pageEnd='976', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688134691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689174168, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562525043327039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562525043327040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=922, endPage=929, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558171414496059, articleId=1198558170974094132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of dexmedetomidine on alleviating heat stroke related rhabdomyolysis in rats, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore whether dexmedetomidine (DEX) can alleviate exertional heatstroke (EHS)-induced rhabdomyolysis (RM) in rats by activating adrenergic α2 receptors, and to explore its potential mechanism based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pathway. Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, after a 7-day acclimatization training, were randomly divided into six groups: control group (CN group), EHS group, low-dose DEX group (EHS+low DEX group), high-dose DEX group (EHS+high DEX group), DEX combined with yohimbine (YOH) group (EHS+high DEX+YOH group), and YOH group (EHS+YOH), with six rats in each group. Before modeling, EHS+high DEX+YOH group and EHS+YOH group were intraperitoneally injected with YOH at 1 mg/kg, while the other four groups were injected intraperitoneally with an equal dose of physiological saline (0.9% NS). During modeling, except for CN group, the other 5 groups of rats were subjected to heat exercise in a high-temperature and high-humidity chamber to construct an EHS rat model. After successful modeling, EHS+low DEX group was intraperitoneally injected with DEX at 10 μg/kg, EHS+high DEX group and EHS+high DEX+YOH group were intraperitoneally injected with DEX at 30 μg/kg, and CN group, EHS group and DEX+YOH group were intraperitoneally injected with equal doses of saline. After 6 h of observation, all rats were anesthetized, and their blood from the abdominal aorta and gastrocnemius muscle tissue were taken. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and myoglobin (MB) in rats; biochemical assay kit was used to measure the level of creatine kinase (CK) in rat serum; HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in rat gastrocnemius muscle tissues; transmission electron microscopy was used to observe ultrastructural changes in gastrocnemius muscle; 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescent yellow diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe was used to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of NOD-like receptors 3 (NLRP3), aspartic protease-1 (caspase-1) and adrenergic α2A receptor (ADRA2A). Results Compared with CN group, the levels of serum IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CK and MB in EHS group rats were significantly elevated (P<0.01). HE staining results revealed that the gastrocnemius muscle tissues of rats in EHS group had these pathological manifestations such as disarray of muscle fibrous structure, hemorrhage, edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the ultrastructure of the gastrocnemius muscle in EHS group exhibited myofibroblasts with swelling and enlarging in size, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and mitochondria with obvious swelling, degranulation, and disappearance of double cristae. Compared with CN group, the expression levels of ROS, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in gastrocnemius of rats in EHS group significantly increased (P<0.01); Compared with EHS group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CK, MB and the expression levels of ROS, NLRP3, caspase-1 in gastrocnemius tissue of rats in EHS+low DEX group and EHS+high DEX group decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and the pathological damage observed with HE staining and transmission electron microscopy was alleviated by DEX. After YOH pretreatment, compared with the EHS+high DEX group, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CK, MB and ROS, NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of rats in EHS+high DEX+YOH group relatively increased (P<0.05), and the pathological damage observed with HE staining and transmission electron microscopy was exacerbated. The expression of ADRA2A in gastrocnemius muscle of EHS group significantly decreased compared with CN group (P<0.01), and the expression of ADRA2A in muscle of rats in DES+low DEX group and EHS+high DEX group was higher than that in EHS group (P<0.05). Conclusions DEX can alleviate EHS-induced RM by activating ADRA2A, potentially through inhibiting the ROS-dependent NLRP3/IL-1β inflammatory pathway.

, correspAuthors=Shu-Yuan Liu, Yi Shan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Shan Yi, E-mail:
Liu Shu-Yuan, E-mail:
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目的 观察右美托咪定(DEX)可否通过激活肾上腺素能α2受体(ADRA2A)缓解劳力性热射病(EHS)大鼠横纹肌溶解(RM),并基于活性氧(ROS)/含Pyrin结构域NOD样蛋白3(NLRP3)/白细胞介素(IL)-1β通路探索其潜在机制。方法 将适应性训练7 d后的36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组:对照组(CN组)、EHS组、低DEX剂量组(EHS+低DEX组)、高DEX剂量组(EHS+高DEX组)、DEX联合育亨宾(YOH)组(EHS+高DEX+YOH组)、育亨宾组(EHS+YOH组);每组6只。造模前,EHS+高DEX+YOH组和EHS+YOH组腹腔注射YOH 1 mg/kg,其他4组腹腔注射等量生理盐水;造模时,除CN组外,其他5组大鼠均采用高温高湿舱内热运动法构建EHS大鼠模型,造模成功后,EHS+低DEX组大鼠腹腔注射DEX 10 μg/kg,EHS+高DEX组和EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠腹腔注射DEX 30 μg/kg,CN组、EHS组及DEX+YOH组大鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水。6 h后麻醉,取腹主动脉血及腓肠肌组织。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-1β及肌红蛋白(MB)表达水平,生化试剂盒检测大鼠血清肌酸激酶(CK)水平,HE染色观察大鼠腓肠肌组织病理改变,透射电镜观察腓肠肌超显微结构改变,2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(DCFH-DA)荧光探针检测活性氧(ROS)水平,Western blotting检测NLRP3、胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)及肾上腺素能α2受体(ADRA2A)表达水平。结果 与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、CK及MB均明显升高(P<0.01)。HE染色结果显示,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌组织出现纤维结构紊乱、出血、水肿、炎性细胞浸润等病理表现。透射电镜显示,EHS组腓肠肌超微结构出现肌纤维细胞肿胀、体积变大,胞质空泡化,线粒体明显肿胀、脱颗粒、双嵴消失等改变。与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌内ROS、NLRP3、caspase-1水平明显升高(P<0.01);与EHS组比较,EHS+低DEX组、EHS+高DEX组的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、CK、MB及腓肠肌组织内ROS、NLRP3、caspase-1均呈剂量依赖性下降(P<0.05),且HE染色和透射电镜显示病理损伤有所减轻。与EHS+高DEX组比较,EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、CK、MB及腓肠肌组织内ROS、NLRP3、caspase-1均升高(P<0.05),且HE染色和透射电镜显示病理损伤加重。与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌内ADRA2A表达明显下降(P<0.01),EHS+低DEX组和EHS+高DEX组大鼠肌肉中ADRA2A表达较EHS组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 DEX可通过激活ADRA2A减轻EHS诱导的RM,其机制可能与抑制ROS依赖性NLRP3/IL-1β炎性通路有关。

, correspAuthors=刘树元, 单毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
单毅,E-mail:
刘树元,E-mail:
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李程程,医学硕士,主要从事热射病、亚低温治疗、器官保护等方面的研究

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李程程,医学硕士,主要从事热射病、亚低温治疗、器官保护等方面的研究

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李程程,医学硕士,主要从事热射病、亚低温治疗、器官保护等方面的研究

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Tc. 核心体温;CN组. 对照组;DEX. 右美托咪定;YOH. 育亨宾;EHS. 劳力性热射病;TEHS. 劳力性热射病建模成功时刻;T0. 造模前;T0.5. 造模后0.5 h;T1. 造模后1 h;T2. 造模后2 h;T4. 造模后4 h;T6. 造模后6 h;A. DEX及其拮抗剂YOH对EHS大鼠Tc的影响(n=6);B. DEX及其拮抗剂YOH对EHS大鼠存活率的影响(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=rgn33+W1+TIcdOSQHsUzBw==, figureFileBig=mTgN/WMYXMQT/sSUFzHw8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578979620877117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of DEX and its antagonist YOH on the levels of TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β of rats in each group of rats, figureFileSmall=SHBejIwEjPFUJTI6/YWMZg==, figureFileBig=BmuzqyQ2xp4yeulG7gBchw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578979700568896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DEX及其拮抗剂YOH对各组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平的影响

CN组. 对照组;DEX. 右美托咪定;YOH. 育亨宾;EHS. 劳力性热射病;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;IL-6. 白细胞介素6;IL-1β. 白细胞介素1β;A. 预实验对照组与模型组大鼠血清炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α随时间的变化趋势;B. 各组大鼠6 h后的血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平比较;*P<0.05;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=SHBejIwEjPFUJTI6/YWMZg==, figureFileBig=BmuzqyQ2xp4yeulG7gBchw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578979797037892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of DEX and antagonist YOH on pathological changes and injury levels of gastrocnemius muscle at 6 h after the onset of EHS in rats, figureFileSmall=MwmUFaKUpgayHf4V+GvI+g==, figureFileBig=y4d4g719PV6WyjwKvnOBoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578979876729670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DEX及拮抗剂YOH对大鼠EHS 6 h后腓肠肌损伤的影响

CK. 肌酸激酶;MB. 肌红蛋白;DEX. 右美托咪定;YOH. 育亨宾;CN组. 对照组;EHS. 劳力性热射病;A. 各组大鼠腓肠肌HE染色(×400)及电镜超微结构(×30 000)(n=3);B. 各组大鼠血清CK、MB水平比较;*P<0.05;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=MwmUFaKUpgayHf4V+GvI+g==, figureFileBig=y4d4g719PV6WyjwKvnOBoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578979977392969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of DEX and YOH on the expression levels of ROS, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in gastrocnemius of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=IdtxVj8QCSFEM0lM6FztuA==, figureFileBig=9AJE8FTlN0F9rEh6HstScg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578980057084749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DEX及YOH对各组大鼠腓肠肌ROS、NLRP3及caspase-1表达水平的影响

DEX. 右美托咪定;YOH. 育亨宾;ROS. 活性氧;NLRP3. 含Pyrin结构域NOD样蛋白3;EHS. 劳力性热射病;caspase-1. 胱天蛋白酶-1;CN组. 对照组;A. 各组大鼠腓肠肌组织ROS的免疫荧光染色(×400,n=3);B. 荧光酶标仪定量检测各组大鼠腓肠肌组织ROS表达水平;C. 各组大鼠腓肠肌组织NLRP3及caspase-1表达水平变化(n=6);*P<0.05;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=IdtxVj8QCSFEM0lM6FztuA==, figureFileBig=9AJE8FTlN0F9rEh6HstScg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578980140970832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of DEX and YOH on the expression levels of ADRA2A in gastrocnemius of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=AoD+3+ZcbqeWfF4ZQZXC7A==, figureFileBig=iOa9Fg+dZUPwrQWwZx8yzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578980275188564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DEX及YOH对各组大鼠腓肠肌内ADRA2A表达水平的影响

DEX. 右美托咪定;YOH. 育亨宾;ADRA2A. 肾上腺素能α2受体;CN组. 对照组;EHS. 劳力性热射病;*P<0.05;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=AoD+3+ZcbqeWfF4ZQZXC7A==, figureFileBig=iOa9Fg+dZUPwrQWwZx8yzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198578980354880342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The schedule of 7 days adaptive training for rats

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项目第1天第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天第7天
跑步机速度(m/min)10152022222222
训练时间(min)15151515202530
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大鼠7 d适应性训练方案

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项目第1天第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天第7天
跑步机速度(m/min)10152022222222
训练时间(min)15151515202530
), ArticleFig(id=1198578981529285467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Lovett grading method for locomotor rating in rats

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分级运动情况
0级刺激无逃避收缩
1级刺激有轻微收缩,但不能引起关节运动,如:翻正反射(‒),不能抬头,四肢伸直
2级在减重状态下能作关节全范围运动,如:翻正(+),四肢屈曲,但无法站立
3级能抗重力作关节全范围运动,但不能抗阻力,如:匍匐前进
4级能抗重力、抗一定阻力运动,如:可四腿站立行走、自主觅食
5级能抗重力、抗充分阻力运动,如:后腿站立、攀越
), ArticleFig(id=1198578981638337374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558170974094132, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Lovett分级法大鼠运动评级标准

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分级运动情况
0级刺激无逃避收缩
1级刺激有轻微收缩,但不能引起关节运动,如:翻正反射(‒),不能抬头,四肢伸直
2级在减重状态下能作关节全范围运动,如:翻正(+),四肢屈曲,但无法站立
3级能抗重力作关节全范围运动,但不能抗阻力,如:匍匐前进
4级能抗重力、抗一定阻力运动,如:可四腿站立行走、自主觅食
5级能抗重力、抗充分阻力运动,如:后腿站立、攀越
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右美托咪定对劳力性热射病大鼠相关性横纹肌溶解的缓解及其机制
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李程程 1, 2 , 刘洋 1, 2 , 毛汉丁 2 , 赵丽娜 2 , 刘树元 2, * , 单毅 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(8): 922-929
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(8): 922-929
右美托咪定对劳力性热射病大鼠相关性横纹肌溶解的缓解及其机制
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李程程1, 2, 刘洋1, 2, 毛汉丁2, 赵丽娜2, 刘树元2, * , 单毅1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学医学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2解放军总医院第六医学中心急诊医学科,北京 100048
  • 李程程,医学硕士,主要从事热射病、亚低温治疗、器官保护等方面的研究

通讯作者:

单毅,E-mail:
刘树元,E-mail:
Effect and mechanism of dexmedetomidine on alleviating heat stroke related rhabdomyolysis in rats
Cheng-Cheng Li1, 2, Yang Liu1, 2, Han-Ding Mao2, Li-Na Zhao2, Shu-Yuan Liu2, * , Yi Shan1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
  • 2Department of Emergency Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1242.2024.0313
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目的 观察右美托咪定(DEX)可否通过激活肾上腺素能α2受体(ADRA2A)缓解劳力性热射病(EHS)大鼠横纹肌溶解(RM),并基于活性氧(ROS)/含Pyrin结构域NOD样蛋白3(NLRP3)/白细胞介素(IL)-1β通路探索其潜在机制。方法 将适应性训练7 d后的36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组:对照组(CN组)、EHS组、低DEX剂量组(EHS+低DEX组)、高DEX剂量组(EHS+高DEX组)、DEX联合育亨宾(YOH)组(EHS+高DEX+YOH组)、育亨宾组(EHS+YOH组);每组6只。造模前,EHS+高DEX+YOH组和EHS+YOH组腹腔注射YOH 1 mg/kg,其他4组腹腔注射等量生理盐水;造模时,除CN组外,其他5组大鼠均采用高温高湿舱内热运动法构建EHS大鼠模型,造模成功后,EHS+低DEX组大鼠腹腔注射DEX 10 μg/kg,EHS+高DEX组和EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠腹腔注射DEX 30 μg/kg,CN组、EHS组及DEX+YOH组大鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水。6 h后麻醉,取腹主动脉血及腓肠肌组织。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-1β及肌红蛋白(MB)表达水平,生化试剂盒检测大鼠血清肌酸激酶(CK)水平,HE染色观察大鼠腓肠肌组织病理改变,透射电镜观察腓肠肌超显微结构改变,2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(DCFH-DA)荧光探针检测活性氧(ROS)水平,Western blotting检测NLRP3、胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)及肾上腺素能α2受体(ADRA2A)表达水平。结果 与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、CK及MB均明显升高(P<0.01)。HE染色结果显示,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌组织出现纤维结构紊乱、出血、水肿、炎性细胞浸润等病理表现。透射电镜显示,EHS组腓肠肌超微结构出现肌纤维细胞肿胀、体积变大,胞质空泡化,线粒体明显肿胀、脱颗粒、双嵴消失等改变。与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌内ROS、NLRP3、caspase-1水平明显升高(P<0.01);与EHS组比较,EHS+低DEX组、EHS+高DEX组的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、CK、MB及腓肠肌组织内ROS、NLRP3、caspase-1均呈剂量依赖性下降(P<0.05),且HE染色和透射电镜显示病理损伤有所减轻。与EHS+高DEX组比较,EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、CK、MB及腓肠肌组织内ROS、NLRP3、caspase-1均升高(P<0.05),且HE染色和透射电镜显示病理损伤加重。与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌内ADRA2A表达明显下降(P<0.01),EHS+低DEX组和EHS+高DEX组大鼠肌肉中ADRA2A表达较EHS组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 DEX可通过激活ADRA2A减轻EHS诱导的RM,其机制可能与抑制ROS依赖性NLRP3/IL-1β炎性通路有关。

劳力性热射病  /  右美托咪定  /  含Pyrin结构域NOD样蛋白3  /  α2肾上腺素受体  /  横纹肌溶解

Objective To explore whether dexmedetomidine (DEX) can alleviate exertional heatstroke (EHS)-induced rhabdomyolysis (RM) in rats by activating adrenergic α2 receptors, and to explore its potential mechanism based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pathway. Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, after a 7-day acclimatization training, were randomly divided into six groups: control group (CN group), EHS group, low-dose DEX group (EHS+low DEX group), high-dose DEX group (EHS+high DEX group), DEX combined with yohimbine (YOH) group (EHS+high DEX+YOH group), and YOH group (EHS+YOH), with six rats in each group. Before modeling, EHS+high DEX+YOH group and EHS+YOH group were intraperitoneally injected with YOH at 1 mg/kg, while the other four groups were injected intraperitoneally with an equal dose of physiological saline (0.9% NS). During modeling, except for CN group, the other 5 groups of rats were subjected to heat exercise in a high-temperature and high-humidity chamber to construct an EHS rat model. After successful modeling, EHS+low DEX group was intraperitoneally injected with DEX at 10 μg/kg, EHS+high DEX group and EHS+high DEX+YOH group were intraperitoneally injected with DEX at 30 μg/kg, and CN group, EHS group and DEX+YOH group were intraperitoneally injected with equal doses of saline. After 6 h of observation, all rats were anesthetized, and their blood from the abdominal aorta and gastrocnemius muscle tissue were taken. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and myoglobin (MB) in rats; biochemical assay kit was used to measure the level of creatine kinase (CK) in rat serum; HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in rat gastrocnemius muscle tissues; transmission electron microscopy was used to observe ultrastructural changes in gastrocnemius muscle; 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescent yellow diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe was used to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of NOD-like receptors 3 (NLRP3), aspartic protease-1 (caspase-1) and adrenergic α2A receptor (ADRA2A). Results Compared with CN group, the levels of serum IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CK and MB in EHS group rats were significantly elevated (P<0.01). HE staining results revealed that the gastrocnemius muscle tissues of rats in EHS group had these pathological manifestations such as disarray of muscle fibrous structure, hemorrhage, edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that the ultrastructure of the gastrocnemius muscle in EHS group exhibited myofibroblasts with swelling and enlarging in size, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and mitochondria with obvious swelling, degranulation, and disappearance of double cristae. Compared with CN group, the expression levels of ROS, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in gastrocnemius of rats in EHS group significantly increased (P<0.01); Compared with EHS group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CK, MB and the expression levels of ROS, NLRP3, caspase-1 in gastrocnemius tissue of rats in EHS+low DEX group and EHS+high DEX group decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and the pathological damage observed with HE staining and transmission electron microscopy was alleviated by DEX. After YOH pretreatment, compared with the EHS+high DEX group, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CK, MB and ROS, NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of rats in EHS+high DEX+YOH group relatively increased (P<0.05), and the pathological damage observed with HE staining and transmission electron microscopy was exacerbated. The expression of ADRA2A in gastrocnemius muscle of EHS group significantly decreased compared with CN group (P<0.01), and the expression of ADRA2A in muscle of rats in DES+low DEX group and EHS+high DEX group was higher than that in EHS group (P<0.05). Conclusions DEX can alleviate EHS-induced RM by activating ADRA2A, potentially through inhibiting the ROS-dependent NLRP3/IL-1β inflammatory pathway.

exertional heat stroke  /  dexmedetomidine  /  NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3  /  α2 adrenergic receptor  /  rhabdomyolysis
李程程, 刘洋, 毛汉丁, 赵丽娜, 刘树元, 单毅. 右美托咪定对劳力性热射病大鼠相关性横纹肌溶解的缓解及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (8) : 922 -929 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1242.2024.0313
Cheng-Cheng Li, Yang Liu, Han-Ding Mao, Li-Na Zhao, Shu-Yuan Liu, Yi Shan. Effect and mechanism of dexmedetomidine on alleviating heat stroke related rhabdomyolysis in rats[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (8) : 922 -929 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1242.2024.0313
劳力性热射病(exertional heat stroke,EHS)是在炎热和(或)潮湿环境中从事剧烈体力活动时发生的危及生命的疾病[1],其特征是核心体温(core body temperature,Tc)升高(>40 ℃)、水电解质紊乱及中枢神经系统功能障碍,并伴有全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)及多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)[1],严重者可导致死亡。横纹肌溶解(rhabdomyolysis,RM)是EHS的常见并发症,其病理特征是横纹肌细胞膜损伤,进而造成细胞膜完整性改变,致细胞内毒性物质释放入全身血液循环。
含Pyrin结构域NOD样蛋白3(NOD-,LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体作为细胞内的模式识别受体,参与白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)的剪切成熟,是天然免疫系统的重要组成部分[2]。有研究发现,热打击可通过活化NLRP3炎性小体促进IL-1β的表达,进而下调紧密连接蛋白的表达,导致肺微血管通透性增加[3]。右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)可激活肾上腺素能α2受体(α2-adrenergic receptor,ADRA2A),从而降低NLRP3炎性小体的活化及IL-1β的表达,发挥器官保护作用[4-8]。然而,DEX能否通过调控NLRP3/IL-1β通路缓解EHS诱导的RM鲜见报道。本研究通过观察DEX及其拮抗剂育亨宾对EHS大鼠NLRP3/IL-1β通路的影响,旨在验证DEX是否通过激活ADRA2A抑制活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的生成,进而调控NLRP3的活化以减轻肌肉损伤。
DEX购自德国Merck KgaA公司;育亨宾(yohimbine,YOH,146-48-5)购自MedChemexpress(MCE)生物科技公司;中等蛋白分子量marker购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;抗-βactin抗体(内参照)、HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗购自北京百奥思科生物医学技术有限公司;胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)、NLRP3购自北京博奥森生物技术有限公司;肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-1β酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)试剂盒及ROS、肌红蛋白(myoglobin,MB)试剂盒均购自上海江莱生物科技有限公司;线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1试剂盒)购自上海碧云天生物技术公司。
45只雄性SPF级SD大鼠,体重180~200 g,购自北京斯贝福生物技术有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010]。实验过程符合国家和单位有关实验动物的管理及使用规定。所有实验方案均通过康泰医学检验服务河北有限公司实验动物伦理委员会审批(MDL2023-03-25-02)。其中9只大鼠用于预实验,另36只雄性大鼠于室温(22.0±2.0) ℃、湿度55%±5%条件下经过7 d适应性训练(表1)后随机分为6组:对照(CN)组、EHS组、低DEX剂量(EHS+低DEX)组、高DEX剂量(EHS+高DEX)组、DEX联合抑制剂(EHS+高DEX+YOH)组、拮抗剂(EHS+YOH)组,每组6只。造模前,EHS+YOH组及EHS+高DEX+YOH组腹腔注射α2A受体拮抗剂YOH(1 mg/kg),其他4组给予等量生理盐水。造模时,除CN组外,其他5组构建EHS大鼠模型。造模成功后,EHS+低DEX组立即腹腔注射DEX(10 μg/kg);EHS+高DEX组及EHS+高DEX+YOH组立即腹腔注射DEX(30 μg/kg),CN组、EHS组及EHS+YOH组给予等量生理盐水。
训练结束后休息1 d,第9天开始正式实验。在实施建模前30 min,刺激大鼠排便后称重,并禁止其饮水。除CN组外,其他5组大鼠放置在高温环境模拟舱[温度(39.5±0.3) ℃,湿度55%±5%]中。将大鼠置于跑步机上以15 m/min的恒定速度跑步,每5 min休息1 min,当大鼠不跑时通过操作孔无痛驱赶大鼠。EHS大鼠造模成功标准[9-10]:大鼠在无痛驱赶下出现不能站立、运动评分2级(表2)、皮毛潮湿、抽搐、精神萎靡,甚至浅昏迷等症状,且Tc达到43.0 ℃。在EHS造模成功时,立即将大鼠从高温高湿环境模拟舱中取出,监测其直肠温度并称重,自然降温[环境温度为(22±2) ℃,湿度为55%±5%],大鼠可自由获取食物和水。持续观察大鼠运动及精神状态,分别于0.5、1、2、4、6 h测量大鼠的直肠温度及体重。6 h后麻醉下经腹主动脉取血,并留取腓肠肌组织标本。
预实验:将9只大鼠分为对照组(n=3)与模型组(n=6),采用ELISA法于0.5、2、6、24 h 4个时间点检测各组血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平,以确定炎症水平最高的时间,后续研究均采用此时间点。采用ELISA法测定血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)水平,XR220 Plus全自动生化分析仪(中山市新锐设备科技有限公司)检测MB水平,严格按照试剂盒说明书操作。
取各组大鼠腓肠肌组织,采用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定,经脱水、石蜡包埋、切片、脱蜡后,行HE染色,封片后于Leica DM300光学显微镜(德国Leica仪器有限公司)下观察腓肠肌组织病理变化。
取各组大鼠新鲜腓肠肌组织约0.1 mm3,经2.5%戊二醛溶液预固定、0.1 mol/L磷酸漂洗液漂洗3次,1%锇酸溶液再固定,脱水、渗透、包埋、超薄切片(厚度70 nm),再经3%醋酸铀-枸橼酸铅双染色后,于JEM-1400 Flash透射电镜(日本电子株式会社)下观察并采集图像。
大鼠腓肠肌组织石蜡切片,梯度浓度乙醇脱蜡,蒸馏水冲洗,滴入蛋白酶工作液,于37 ℃孵育60 min,PBS冲洗3次,每次5 min。破膜液常温下孵育60 min,再次PBS冲洗。按照DCFH-DA荧光试剂盒说明书进行染色,滴加4,6-联脒-2-苯基吲哚(4,6-diamidino2-phenyl-indole dihydrochloride,DAPI)避光孵育2 min,可对标本进行显核。PBS洗1 (德国徕卡仪器有限公司)下立即观察并拍照。采用ImageJ图像软件(美国国立卫生研究院)对各组腓肠肌组织DCFH-DA荧光染色切片图像进行分析,绿色荧光为ROS染色,蓝色荧光为细胞核定位。
取部分腓肠肌组织,经裂解、蛋白定量、凝胶电泳分离及转膜后,5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h,加入一抗(caspase-1,1:1000;NLRP3,1:1000;ADRA2A,1:1000)后再于1%脱脂奶粉孵育过夜。洗膜后加入辣根过氧化物酶二抗(1:2000)孵育;洗膜后加入化学发光增强剂自显影。采用ImageJ软件对蛋白条带进行扫描分析,以β-actin为内参照,计算各蛋白的相对表达量。
采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2及SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料均以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析及Tukey检验,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。生存率采用Kaplan-Meier分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
在EHS造模成功时,除CN组外,其他5组大鼠Tc均超过43.0 ℃(P<0.001),脱离高温高湿环境后大鼠Tc均迅速恢复,并持续下降,且1、2 h时间点大鼠均出现体温过低;除CN组外,其他5组间大鼠体温变化趋势差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图1A)。EHS发病后6 h,CN组、EHS组、EHS+低DEX组、EHS+高DEX组、EHS+高DEX+YOH组及EHS+YOH组大鼠存活率分别为100.0%(6/6)、33.3%(2/6)、83.3%(5/6)、100.0%(6/6)、83.3%(5/6)、50.0%(3/6)。与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠生存时间明显缩短,DEX治疗组大鼠生存时间明显延长(P<0.05,图1B)。
预实验中检测了0.5、2、6、24 h共4个时间点血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平,显示EHS组大鼠较CN组大鼠全身炎症水平明显升高,且6 h炎症水平最高(图2A)。因此本实验选取6 h为观察时间点。ELISA检测结果显示,与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠血清炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明显升高[(67.86±2.08) pg/ml vs. (10.94±0.37) pg/ml,(52.24±6.58) pg/ml vs. (11.49±0.95) pg/ml,(47.65±2.55) pg/ml vs. (19.49±0.95) pg/ml,P<0.01]。与EHS组比较,EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β呈剂量依赖性降低[(38.18±1.50) pg/ml vs. (29.30±0.61) pg/ml vs. (47.65±2.55) pg/ml,(45.50±3.57) pg/ml vs. (23.03±0.55) pg/ml vs. (67.86±2.08) pg/ml,(39.54±3.04) pg/ml vs. (22.41±2.61) pg/ml vs. (52.24±6.58) pg/ml,P<0.05]。与EHS+高DEX组比较,YOH处理后的EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平均明显升高[(37.08±1.68) pg/ml vs. (29.30±0.61) pg/ml,(37.17±1.58) pg/ml vs. (23.03±0.55) pg/ml,(35.02±3.78) pg/ml vs. (22.41±2.61) pg/ml,P<0.05,图2B)。
HE染色结果显示,EHS后6 h的腓肠肌组织损伤,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌出现RM,表现为肌纤维及肌原纤维密度明显降低、排列明显紊乱、肿胀变性,并伴有出血。DEX处理后EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠腓肠肌肌肉损伤减轻,且EHS+高DEX组损伤减轻更为明显。透射电镜超微结构显示,EHS大鼠腓肠肌超微结构出现肌纤维细胞肿胀、体积变大,胞质空泡化,线粒体明显肿胀、脱颗粒、双嵴消失。DEX处理的EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠腓肠肌超微结构损伤轻微,尤其是EHS+高DEX组超微结构趋于恢复正常。而拮抗剂YOH预处理后,较DEX处理组损伤加剧(图3A)。与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠血清CK及MB水平均明显升高[(2352.0±149.2) U/L vs. (323.7±14.3) U/L,(27.99±0.35) ng/ml vs. (12.13±0.74) ng/ml,P<0.01]。与EHS组比较,在EHS开始时立即给予DEX的EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠血清中CK、MB呈剂量依赖性下降[(1470.0±82.8) U/L vs. (919.3±150.5) U/L vs. (2352.0±149.2) U/L,(21.81±0.77) ng/ml vs. (16.37±0.68) ng/ml vs. (27.99±0.35) ng/ml,P<0.01)。与EHS+高DEX组比较,造模前加入拮抗剂YOH的EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠肌肉中CK、MB相对升高[(1324.0±108.8) U/L vs. (919.3±150.5) U/L,(18.28±0.81) ng/ml vs. (16.37±0.68) ng/ml,P<0.01,图3B)。
与CN组比较,EHS后6 h EHS组大鼠腓肠肌ROS(绿色)表达明显增多(0.47±0.18 vs. 0.10±0.08,P<0.01)。EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠ROS表达与EHS组比较呈剂量依赖性下降(0.47±0.18 vs. 0.21±0.05 vs. 0.17±0.09,P<0.05)。与EHS+高DEX组比较,造模前加入拮抗剂YOH的EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠ROS表达水平相对升高(0.40±0.08 vs. 0.17±0.09,P<0.01)(图4A、B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠腓肠肌组织、NLRP3、caspase-1表达水平均明显升高(0.45±0.03 vs. 0.16±0.04,0.44±0.03 vs. 0.16±0.04,P<0.01)。与EHS组比较,EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠NLRP3及caspase-1可呈剂量依赖性减少(0.35±0.03 vs. 0.23±0.03 vs. 0.45±0.03,0.35±0.03 vs. 0.22±0.03 vs. 0.44±0.03,P<0.01)。与EHS+高DEX组比较,造模前加入拮抗剂YOH的EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠NLRP3及caspase-1水平一定程度回升(0.39±0.03 vs. 0.23±0.03,0.35±0.03 vs. 0.22±0.03,P<0.01)(图4C)。
与CN组比较,EHS组大鼠ADRA2A表达水平明显下降(0.23±0.01 vs. 0.43±0.03,P<0.01)。与EHS组比较,EHS+低DEX组及EHS+高DEX组大鼠ADRA2A表达水平均升高(0.31±0.02 vs. 0.40±0.02 vs. 0.23±0.01,P<0.05),且EHS+高DEX组大鼠升高更明显。与EHS+YOH组比较,EHS+高DEX+YOH组大鼠ADRA2A表达水平升高(0.33±0.04 vs. 0.15±0.03,P<0.01)(图5)。
热射病(heatstroke,HS)尤其是EHS是一种可危及生命的急性病症,致残率及病死率高。热应激及肠源性内毒素血症是中暑患者多器官功能障碍综合征的常见原因[11-12]。有证据表明,持续高热及过度炎症是HS中MODS的重要原因[13-14]。炎性因子被认为是HS诱导的全身性MODS中SIRS的关键介质,与HS的严重程度及结局均密切相关[15]。HS患者的炎性因子如IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等明显升高[16-17]。EHS大鼠的血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6明显升高[18-19],与本研究结果一致。
NLRP3炎性小体是人体先天免疫力最重要的组成部分之一[20]。研究表明,ROS可活化NLRP3炎性小体,使caspase-1前体(pro-caspase-1)转化为caspase-1,后者通过剪切IL-1β前体产生具有致炎活性的成熟体IL-1β[21]。有研究表明,热打击可提高单核细胞来源外泌体高迁移率族蛋白B1水平,并可能通过NLRP3介导内皮细胞的炎症反应[2,22],活化NLRP3炎性小体促进IL-1β的表达,进而下调紧密连接蛋白的表达,导致肺微血管通透性增加[3]。此外,HS可上调ROS-NLRP3炎症通路诱导的焦亡及肝损害[23]。本研究发现EHS会产生过量的ROS,激活了肌肉的NLRP3炎性小体,这已被证明是NLRP3炎性小体的关键刺激剂。综上所述,NLRP3/IL-1β介导的炎症反应可能在EHS横纹肌损伤中发挥重要作用。
DEX是一种高选择性ADRA2A激动剂,诸多研究已表明,DEX对脓毒症有较好的治疗作用,可降低患者氧化应激反应,抑制丙二醛及ROS的生成[24],减轻脏器损伤,提高生存率。有研究报道,DEX在盲肠结扎穿孔模型(CLP)诱导的脓毒症心脏损伤中可能通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化、下游IL-1β及炎性因子的表达,从而发挥心脏保护作用[25]。此外,DEX可通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻脓毒症大鼠急性肾损伤[5]。在本研究中,EHS组中大鼠腓肠肌组织的ROS、NLRP3蛋白、caspase-1蛋白及IL-1β表达水平均较对照组明显升高,而EHS+低DEX组和EHS+高DEX组大鼠肌肉中ROS、NLRP3蛋白、caspase-1蛋白及IL-1β表达水平呈剂量依赖性下降。表明DEX可以降低ROS的生成,通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻EHS大鼠RM。
本研究结果显示,DEX激活ADRA2A从而抑制炎性反应,进而发挥肌肉保护作用。YOH为ADRA2A拮抗剂,对咪唑啉受体没有亲和力。YOH可部分拮抗DEX的肌肉保护作用,进一步提示DEX能够通过降低ROS水平,调节NLRP3炎性小体的形成及活化,缓解EHS诱导的RM。此外,RM具体病理损伤机制不明,本研究电镜显示腓肠肌出现肿胀、胞质空泡化、线粒体肿胀,与胀亡样改变相似,这与豆春丽等[26]的体外实验研究结果相符,故猜测胀亡可能是EHS诱导的RM病理表现,需要进一步研究验证。
综上所述,DEX通过激活ADRA2A减轻全身炎症反应及氧化应激反应。NLRP3/IL-1β介导的炎症反应可能在EHS横纹肌损伤中发挥重要作用,DEX可能通过作用于ADRA2A调节NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻横纹肌损伤。
  • 军事医学创新工程项目(18CXZ019)
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2024年第49卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1242.2024.0313
  • 接收时间:2023-09-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-15
  • 录用日期:2024-01-25
基金
Innovation Project of Military Medicine(18CXZ019)
军事医学创新工程项目(18CXZ019)
作者信息
    1华南理工大学医学院,广东广州 510006
    2解放军总医院第六医学中心急诊医学科,北京 100048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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