Article(id=1198558169598358400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1488.2024.0412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700668800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1702656000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-16, onlineDate=1763688135766, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688135766, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688135766, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688135766, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558165093675863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='8', pageStart='855', pageEnd='976', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688134691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689174168, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562525043327039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562525043327040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=946, endPage=951, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558170730820537, articleId=1198558169598358400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Dietary assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly used dietary assessments including 24-hour dietary recall (24 h DR)/3-day dietary recall (3DDR), food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), dietary records, and estimation of dietary protein intake based on nitrogen balance. Given the high prevalence of CKD patients in Asian population and the scarcity of research using FFQ method, it is crucial to develop an FFQ suitable for Chinese CKD patients. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of dietary assessment methods for CKD, the current research status, and the content and steps involved in establishing an FFQ, with the aim of providing reference for the modification of FFQ for Chinese CKD patients.

, correspAuthors=Zhe-Yi Dong, Xiang-Mei Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Dong Zhe-Yi, E-mail:
Chen Xiang-Mei, E-mail:
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)常用的膳食评估方法包括24 h膳食回顾(24-h DR)/3 d膳食回顾(3DDR)、食物频率问卷(FFQ)、饮食记录及基于氮动态平衡估计膳食蛋白摄入量。由于亚洲人群CKD患者较多,且对其采用FFQ方法进行的相关研究很少,因此,建立适合中国CKD人群的FFQ十分重要。本文针对CKD膳食评估方法的优缺点和研究现状,以及建立FFQ的内容和步骤进行综述,旨在为改良中国CKD患者的FFQ提供参考。

, correspAuthors=董哲毅, 陈香美, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董哲毅,E-mail:
陈香美,E-mail:
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黄惠,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

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黄惠,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

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黄惠,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

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Advantages and disadvantages of traditional dietary assessment methods in patients with CKD

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评估方法 优点 缺点 文献
24-h DR/3DDR 方便快速;低识字率人群也可适用;可通过电话进行;能够验证其他评估工具的有效性 依赖患者的记忆,存在回忆偏差;不能代表长时期的膳食摄入习惯;依赖患者的合作沟通能力;依赖调查者的技巧、全面性地提问;依赖调查者对饮食文化背景的熟悉程度 [20,28,33-38]
FFQ 简单方便费用低;不受季节影响;反映长期饮食摄入量及饮食方式;用于大规模流行病学研究 在个体上,低估或高估营养摄入量;不能准确量化食物份额;遗漏食物,无法包括所有可食用的食品 [20-21,27-28,37,39-40]
饮食记录 实时记录摄入的食物;能够评估其他评估工具的有效性 依赖患者对研究者的依从性;食物记录可能丢失或不准确;缺乏获得饮食模式中的季节性或其他变化 [33-34,41-46]
基于氮动态平衡估计膳食蛋白摄入量 简单省事,无须饮食评估 费用昂贵;不能评估除蛋白质以外的其他营养素摄入量;受到尿素生成相关的非饮食因素的影响,如蛋白质的合成或分解 [29-31,47-48]
), ArticleFig(id=1198558176468627662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558169598358400, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CKD患者传统饮食评估方法的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估方法 优点 缺点 文献
24-h DR/3DDR 方便快速;低识字率人群也可适用;可通过电话进行;能够验证其他评估工具的有效性 依赖患者的记忆,存在回忆偏差;不能代表长时期的膳食摄入习惯;依赖患者的合作沟通能力;依赖调查者的技巧、全面性地提问;依赖调查者对饮食文化背景的熟悉程度 [20,28,33-38]
FFQ 简单方便费用低;不受季节影响;反映长期饮食摄入量及饮食方式;用于大规模流行病学研究 在个体上,低估或高估营养摄入量;不能准确量化食物份额;遗漏食物,无法包括所有可食用的食品 [20-21,27-28,37,39-40]
饮食记录 实时记录摄入的食物;能够评估其他评估工具的有效性 依赖患者对研究者的依从性;食物记录可能丢失或不准确;缺乏获得饮食模式中的季节性或其他变化 [33-34,41-46]
基于氮动态平衡估计膳食蛋白摄入量 简单省事,无须饮食评估 费用昂贵;不能评估除蛋白质以外的其他营养素摄入量;受到尿素生成相关的非饮食因素的影响,如蛋白质的合成或分解 [29-31,47-48]
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慢性肾脏病患者的膳食评估
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黄惠 1, 2 , 王倩 2 , 骆雅咏 1, 2 , 唐正淳 1, 2 , 刘芳 1, 2 , 张睿敏 2, 3 , 董哲毅 2, * , 陈香美 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(8): 946-951
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(8): 946-951
慢性肾脏病患者的膳食评估
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黄惠1, 2, 王倩2, 骆雅咏1, 2, 唐正淳1, 2, 刘芳1, 2, 张睿敏2, 3, 董哲毅2, * , 陈香美1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东药科大学临床医学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部/肾脏疾病全国重点实验室/国家慢性肾病临床医学研究中心/肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室,北京 100853
  • 3成都中医药大学基础医学院,四川成都 611137
  • 黄惠,硕士研究生,主要从事糖尿病合并肾脏疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

董哲毅,E-mail:
陈香美,E-mail:
Dietary assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease
Hui Huang1, 2, Qian Wang2, Ya-Yong Luo1, 2, Zheng-Chun Tang1, 2, Fang Liu1, 2, Rui-Min Zhang2, 3, Zhe-Yi Dong2, * , Xiang-Mei Chen1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
  • 2Department of Nephrology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases/National Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Diseases/Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases Research, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1488.2024.0412
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慢性肾脏病(CKD)常用的膳食评估方法包括24 h膳食回顾(24-h DR)/3 d膳食回顾(3DDR)、食物频率问卷(FFQ)、饮食记录及基于氮动态平衡估计膳食蛋白摄入量。由于亚洲人群CKD患者较多,且对其采用FFQ方法进行的相关研究很少,因此,建立适合中国CKD人群的FFQ十分重要。本文针对CKD膳食评估方法的优缺点和研究现状,以及建立FFQ的内容和步骤进行综述,旨在为改良中国CKD患者的FFQ提供参考。

慢性肾脏病  /  膳食评估  /  24 h膳食回顾  /  食物频率问卷

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly used dietary assessments including 24-hour dietary recall (24 h DR)/3-day dietary recall (3DDR), food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), dietary records, and estimation of dietary protein intake based on nitrogen balance. Given the high prevalence of CKD patients in Asian population and the scarcity of research using FFQ method, it is crucial to develop an FFQ suitable for Chinese CKD patients. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of dietary assessment methods for CKD, the current research status, and the content and steps involved in establishing an FFQ, with the aim of providing reference for the modification of FFQ for Chinese CKD patients.

chronic kidney disease  /  dietary assessment  /  24 h dietary recall  /  food frequency questionnaire
黄惠, 王倩, 骆雅咏, 唐正淳, 刘芳, 张睿敏, 董哲毅, 陈香美. 慢性肾脏病患者的膳食评估. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (8) : 946 -951 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1488.2024.0412
Hui Huang, Qian Wang, Ya-Yong Luo, Zheng-Chun Tang, Fang Liu, Rui-Min Zhang, Zhe-Yi Dong, Xiang-Mei Chen. Dietary assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (8) : 946 -951 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1488.2024.0412
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)具有高发病率及高死亡率的特点,全球中位患病率为9.5%,已成为全世界常见的公共卫生问题[1]。中国成人患病率约为10.8%,近年来,中国的CKD患者数量不断增多,患者的经济负担持续增加[2-4]。在中国及美国,糖尿病、高血压的患病率呈指数级增长,预计CKD的患病率还将继续增高[5]。早发现、早诊断、早治疗可延缓CKD患者的肾衰竭,推迟开始透析的时间。有研究表明,饮食是CKD的病因及预后的影响因素[6]。CKD的饮食管理很复杂,过于严格的饮食管理会带来营养缺乏的风险。膳食评估可探讨摄入量或饮食模式与临床结局之间的关系[7-8]。健康的饮食模式可预防慢性肾病及白蛋白尿[9],如控制高血压饮食模式(dietary approaches to stop hypertension,DASH)[8-10]及地中海饮食模式[10-12]。坚持富含全谷物、蔬菜、水果、豆类、坚果及鱼类的饮食模式,较少的红肉及加工肉类、钠及含糖饮料摄入与较低的新发CKD及白蛋白尿发生率相关[9]。CKD患者选择不同种类的营养成分及膳食模式,可影响CKD的进展[13-14]。膳食评估及营养管理可为CKD患者特别是透析患者提供更好的营养保障。本文就目前有关CKD患者的饮食评估包括CKD膳食评估的常见方法及其优缺点,适合中国CKD人群的食物频率问卷(food frequency questionnaire,FFQ)的主要内容,以及新建FFQ的主要步骤及其验证方法进行综述,旨在为中国CKD患者的FFQ改良提供参考。
传统上,膳食调查方法分为前瞻性及回顾性两大类,前瞻性方法主要包括饮食记录法及生化指标测量法,回顾性方法包括24 h膳食回顾(24-hour dietary recall,24-h DR)、3 d膳食回顾(3 day dietary recall,3DDR)及FFQ[15]。对于CKD人群来说,常用的膳食评估方法包括:24-h DR/3DDR、FFQ、饮食记录法、基于氮动态平衡估计膳食蛋白摄入量[16]。这些饮食调查方法有各自的优缺点及不同的适用条件[17]。有研究发现,饮食管理应根据性别及年龄不同开展针对性的营养管理,从而提高CKD患者的生存率,减少并发症的发生[18]
24-h DR是借助食物图谱、模型或家用器具询问被调查对象在调查前24 h的饮食摄入情况[19]。24-h DR通常需要约20 min进行询问,询问方式分为面对面及电话询问[20-21]。3DDR是连续3 d记录研究对象的饮食摄入情况,较24-h DR更详细,但往往因研究对象回忆不准确,不易实施。24-h DR应用较广泛,常用于一些国内外的大规模调查中,例如,韩国国家健康与营养调查(Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,KNHANES)[22]、美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,NHANES)[23],以及中国的健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey,CHNS)[24]
FFQ在大型流行病学研究中被广泛应用,分为定性及半定量调查,主要包括不同的食物种类、食用份量及频率[25-26]。一项关于FFQ评估膳食磷及蛋白质的前瞻性队列研究指出,FFQ的局限性是食物覆盖面不全,不能包括所有的食物[27]。Ahmed等[28]开发并验证了孟加拉国血液透析患者的FFQ,提示在医疗资源匮乏的地区,FFQ可替代3DDR进行饮食评估。Bin Zarah等[20]建立了一个适合CKD患者的简短FFQ,可用于调查饮食的总体摄入及饮食质量。
饮食记录法分为食物称重法及食物日记法。大多数食物记录都会提供标准称及小册子,上面有代表小份、中份或大份食物的彩色照片,指导参与者准确量化及详细填写该日的食物种类及重量。食物记录是在几天内(通常为3 d或7 d)获取饮食信息。美国肾脏基金会肾脏病预后质量倡议(The National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative,KDOQI)关于CKD营养的指南建议,可使用3 d的食物记录来评估临床实践中的饮食摄入量[16]。多天记录会增加调查对象的负担,影响应答率,且不能代表参与者的长期饮食习惯,因此不适合大规模及长时间的调查。
维持性透析患者病情稳定,连续2次血液透析期间血清尿素氮的增加率反映了膳食中的蛋白质摄入量,称为标准化蛋白呈现率(normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance rate,nPNA)或标准化蛋白质分解率(normalized protein catabolic rate,nPCR)。nPNA可用于计算蛋白摄入量[29-30]。Caldiroli等[31]通过测定CKD 3-5期患者24 h尿素排泄的nPCR来调查其蛋白质摄入量。一项针对老年CKD血液透析患者的研究显示,nPNA是维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的独立危险因素[32]。综上所述,nPNA及nPCR可以作为膳食蛋白质摄入量的衡量标准。
上述4种评估方法均无法提供足够准确的饮食信息,其优缺点详见表1[20-21,27-31,33-48]
患者的文化背景及经济差异可能会影响研究结果。一项针对澳大利亚、新西兰及马来西亚的CKD 4-5期患者饮食习惯的调查研究发现,不同地区患者的水果、蔬菜及动物蛋白膳食摄入量存在明显的区域差异[49]。在一项针对透析前CKD患者的肥胖及其他营养相关异常的研究中,使用调整后的无水肿体重来计算所需营养素[40]。在膳食评估的数据中,较多的混杂因素会相互影响,故需要调整协变量,更需要了解每种膳食评估的优缺点,选择适合的膳食评估方法,避免混杂因素的影响,以便得到更加准确的饮食信息。
不同膳食评估方法所需的成本、时间、人力不同,了解膳食评估方法的优势及局限性,对于后续选择膳食评估方法尤为重要[50]。食物日记及24-h DR一般集中在1 d至几天,可反映目标人群当前的饮食情况。多次24-h DR可评估FFQ的有效性。FFQ可作为评估CKD患者膳食能量及蛋白质摄入量的替代方法[16,51]。同时,国内外一些研究也用FFQ评估CKD患者的饮食摄入情况[11,21,39-40,52]。饮食记录法无法代表长时间的饮食习惯,不仅要求受访者识字,且需要营养师进行评估,因而负担较大。FFQ可替代3日食物记录进行饮食评估[53]
在过去几十年内,在饮食与疾病关系的流行病学研究中,FFQ的使用率明显增高,在评估营养与慢性疾病的关系时,较长时间内的日常饮食摄入量比最近特定的1 d或1周更有针对性[20-21,27]。相比之下,FFQ更适用于透析CKD人群,尤其是大规模流行病学队列研究[54]。在一项针对美国慢性肾功能不全(chronic renal insufficiency cohort,CRIC)的队列研究中,采用FFQ评估4种健康饮食模式的结果表明,CKD患者对4种健康饮食的依从性越高,肾功能进展及死亡发生率就越低[11]。在2018-2019年,中国约有8200万例CKD患者,CKD知晓率为10%,在年龄较大、非汉族、居住在农村或中北部地区、受教育程度较低或收入较低人群中,CKD的患病率较高[55]。由于CKD患者较多,肾内科医师及营养师人数有限,因而饮食记录的负担较大,而FFQ因具有简单、方便、费用低等优点在CKD患者护理及营养研究中受到欢迎。但是,由于FFQ用于亚洲人群的研究很少,因此,建立适合中国CKD人群的FFQ十分重要。
FFQ已成为营养流行病学相关研究中测量膳食摄入量的主要方法。对CKD患者而言,FFQ的选择及改良可增加其有效性及实用性。鉴于目前CKD人群数量较多,新建一个简短的FFQ显得尤为重要。适合中国CKD人群新的FFQ的内容主要包括以下几个方面。
在设计FFQ之前,首先应确定FFQ的食物种类及特定的营养素。一项关于FFQ的Meta分析结果显示,建立一个重现性高的FFQ,应考虑食品数量及饮食回忆间隔[26]。对于CKD患者而言,膳食中的磷、钾、钠是重要的营养素。研究发现,血清磷浓度与CKD的发展进程呈正相关[56],血清磷浓度升高可使CKD患者的病死率增高[57]
Ebrahim等[40]对70例未行透析的CKD患者进行膳食评估,用食物模型及家用测量仪器(杯子、勺子、碗)来量化食物具体的份额。对于鸡蛋、苹果,有数量可以选择,而对于另外一些食物,比如肉类、米饭,则需要使用模型或有关份量的图片来收集饮食摄入数据[20,28]
数月至数年的饮食摄入量是大多数流行病学研究关注的要点。由于每年患者饮食都在变化,FFQ得到的是患者数月至数年的食物摄入频率,以了解饮食摄入量的日常变化及季节变化。
由于FFQ受食物清单内容的限制,因此需要根据研究目标及特定人群进行调整。中国CKD人群有特定的饮食需求及饮食限制,建立新的FFQ一般要经历3个阶段。
Ahmed等[28]针对孟加拉国血液透析患者设计了一份新的食物频率问卷,将24-h DR收集的膳食数据用于开发FFQ,根据食物品种及营养成分将食物分成16组。通过24-h DR搜集的数据建立数据库及制定食品清单,确定FFQ中的食物。同样,通过24-h DR建立营养饮食数据库,了解中国CKD患者的膳食摄入水平,确定FFQ中的食物清单是建立中国CKD人群FFQ的第一步。
建立一个新的FFQ,需要对FFQ的内容进行验证。由富有临床经验的肾内科医师及营养师记录FFQ的填写时间,并提供反馈[20,28]。建立中国CKD人群的FFQ,需要过去曾协助过编制FFQ的肾科医师及营养师参与,这些专家对FFQ的食物条目进行核对,确保内容更加清晰及通俗易懂。
纳入验证研究作为参考指标的占比分别为:多次24-h DR(22%)、称重记录(25%)、食物日记或饮食记录(26%)、饮食史问卷(6%)及其他FFQ(12%)[58]。CKD 3-5期的患者由于食欲降低,饮食变化小,且因为营养成分(例如钠、钾、磷)而避免食用某些食物,因而可能需要更少的24-h DR[20,28]。通常可将2~3次的24-h DR与FFQ作对比来确定FFQ与24-h DR之间的关联强度[20,59]。除24-h DR,食物记录也可验证FFQ的有效性。一项横断面研究以3 d的食物记录作为参考方法,开发并验证了FFQ对血液透析患者钾摄入量的有效性[46]。建立适合中国CKD人群的FFQ,也可使用多次24-h DR、称重记录、食物日记(饮食记录)、饮食史问卷及其他FFQ进行验证。人口的年龄、种族、性别可影响验证研究的结果,因此,目标人群与子样本的相似性极其重要。对于中国CKD人群的FFQ验证研究的样本选择,需要对CKD人群的子样本进行测试。
膳食评估有许多新方法,如图像辅助膳食评估(照片或视频记录饮食摄入)、可穿戴技术(咬合计数器)、用户的购买数据等[46,60-61]。慢性病预防及管理的饮食建议已经从单一的营养调整演变为更全面的以食物为基础的饮食模式。KDOQI指南呼吁CKD患者增加蔬菜和水果的摄入量,坚持地中海饮食模式,以延缓疾病的进展[16]
将传统方法与新的膳食评估方法相结合可更全面、更准确地确定饮食摄入量。在结合社会背景、病因及CKD分期及并发症的基础上,这些新进展及现有研究的应用将形成更加个性化的饮食建议。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62250001)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81700629)
  • 北京市科技计划课题(Z221100007422121)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(L222133)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(L232122)
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2024年第49卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1488.2024.0412
  • 接收时间:2023-11-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-23
  • 录用日期:2023-12-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62250001)
国家自然科学基金(62250001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81700629)
国家自然科学基金(81700629)
Science and Technology Project of Beijing(Z221100007422121)
北京市科技计划课题(Z221100007422121)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L222133)
北京市自然科学基金(L222133)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L232122)
北京市自然科学基金(L232122)
作者信息
    1广东药科大学临床医学院,广东广州 510006
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部/肾脏疾病全国重点实验室/国家慢性肾病临床医学研究中心/肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室,北京 100853
    3成都中医药大学基础医学院,四川成都 611137

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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