Article(id=1198558166830121657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0375.2024.0304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678809600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1688054400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-06-30, onlineDate=1763688135106, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688135106, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688135106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688135106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558165093675863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='8', pageStart='855', pageEnd='976', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688134691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689174168, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562525043327039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562525043327040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558165093675863, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=876, endPage=880, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558167073391293, articleId=1198558166830121657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Determination of effective dose of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally combined with oral midazolam sedation for pediatric MRI: a modified sequential study, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To determine the effective dose of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally combined with oral midazolam sedation before pediatric magnetic resonance image (MRI). Methods This is a prospective modified sequential study. Children scheduled for MRI at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from February to March 2023, aged 1 month to 6 years old, with a weight of 6.0-23.5 kg, were enrolled in this study. All children received 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam, followed by intranasal dexmedetomidine. The initial dose of dexmedetomidine was 0.5 μg/kg, and the intranasal dose of dexmedetomidine was determined using the modified Dixon's up-and-down method with increments or decrements of 0.1 μg/kg. Probit analysis was used for calculating the half effective dose (ED50), 95% effective dose (ED95) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam for pediatric sedation during MRI. The sedation onset time, wake-up time, vital signs and adverse reactions were recorded. Results Among all the children,the sedation onset time of successful sedation children was (31.21±7.47) min, and the wake-up time was (81.21±26.04) min. The ED50 for effective sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral medication at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg was calculated to be 0.392 μg/kg, with a 95%CI of 0.302-0.461 μg/kg; the ED95 was 0.549 μg/kg, with a 95%CI of 0.473-0.996 μg/kg.There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure after sedation compared to the baseline before medication. Two cases of restlessness during the awakening period were observed, but no other adverse reactions occurred. Conclusions The sedation regimen of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam is non-invasive, easy to implement, safe, and effective. It can be widely used in pediatric MRI.

, correspAuthors=Yao-Qin Hu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 测定儿童磁共振成像(MRI)检查前联合咪达唑仑镇静时右美托咪定的有效剂量。方法 本研究为前瞻性改良序贯研究。纳入2023年2-3月在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院接受MRI检查前行镇静的26例患儿,年龄2个月至6岁,体重6.0~23.5 kg。所有患儿给予0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服,再经鼻滴入右美托咪定。采用改良序贯法测定此联合用药时所需右美托咪定的剂量,初始剂量为0.5 μg/kg,等差剂量为0.1 μg/kg,采用probit回归分析法计算右美托咪定的半数有效剂量(ED50)和95%有效剂量(ED95)及相应的95%CI,并记录镇静患儿入睡及苏醒时间、用药前后的生命体征及不良反应。结果 所有患儿中,镇静有效患儿的镇静入睡时间为(31.21±7.47) min、苏醒时间为(81.21±26.04) min。MRI检查前镇静中联合0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服时,右美托咪定滴鼻有效镇静的ED50为0.392 μg/kg,95%CI为0.302~0.461 μg/kg;ED95为0.549 μg/kg,95%CI为0.473~0.996 μg/kg。镇静有效患儿入睡后的心率、舒张压与给药前基础状态比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。出现苏醒期躁动2例,无其他不良反应发生。结论 右美托咪定滴鼻联合咪达唑仑用药方案无创,便于实行,且安全有效,可在儿童MRI检查中推广应用。

, correspAuthors=胡瑶琴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡瑶琴,E-mail:
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汤坚,主要从事儿童临床麻醉方面的研究

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汤坚,主要从事儿童临床麻醉方面的研究

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ISRN Pharmacol, 2012, 2012: 950603., articleTitle=Abnormal movements of Japanese infants following treatment with midazolam in a neonatal intensive care unit: incidence and risk factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198558176653180997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=99, issue=6, pageStart=1648, pageEnd=1654, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, journalName=Anesth Analg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors[J]. 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Int J Pediatr, 2015, 2015: 397372., articleTitle=High dose dexmedetomidine: effective as a sole agent sedation for children undergoing MRI, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198558176820953166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=59, issue=1, pageStart=7, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Josephine C, Shariffuddin II, Chaw SH, journalName=Asian J Anesthesiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Josephine C, Shariffuddin II, Chaw SH, et al. Hemodynamic response of high- and low-dose dexmedetomidine of pediatric in general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Asian J Anesthesiol, 2021, 59(1): 7-21., articleTitle=Hemodynamic response of high- and low-dose dexmedetomidine of pediatric in general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198558176900644945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=65, issue=9, pageStart=922, pageEnd=929, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, journalName=Anaesthesia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, et al. Optimal timing for the administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine for premedication in children[J]. Anaesthesia, 2010, 65(9): 922-929., articleTitle=Optimal timing for the administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine for premedication in children, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198558167987749583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198558167991943888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, companyId=1198558167987749583, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198558168000332497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, companyId=1198558167987749583, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院麻醉科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,浙江杭州 310052)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198558171645182796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sequential diagram of the sedative effect of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam during MRI, figureFileSmall=7h80VBZu5ULaDf/ynrLHnw==, figureFileBig=o1PvNtq78hWXHtSqSuHOtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558171745846100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MRI检查中联合咪达唑仑口服时右美托咪定滴鼻镇静效果序贯试验图, figureFileSmall=7h80VBZu5ULaDf/ynrLHnw==, figureFileBig=o1PvNtq78hWXHtSqSuHOtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558171976532833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dose-effect diagram of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam during MRI, figureFileSmall=qfhm4lVYM45+yxJn3l3Ong==, figureFileBig=CKgJGZQuAvyvbNCM+yNpkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558172077196136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MRI检查中联合咪达唑仑口服时右美托咪定滴鼻有效镇静的量-效关系曲线图, figureFileSmall=qfhm4lVYM45+yxJn3l3Ong==, figureFileBig=CKgJGZQuAvyvbNCM+yNpkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558172211413873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

General information for sedation children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 总数(n=26) 有效(n=14) 无效(n=12)
性别(例)
12 8 4
14 6 8
年龄(例)
1~12个月 9 5 4
1~3岁 10 5 5
4~6岁 7 4 3
体重(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 12.06±4.84 12.22±5.00 11.87±4.85
ASA分级(例)
Ⅰ级 21 11 10
Ⅱ级 5 3 2
镇静入睡时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$) - 31.21±7.47 -
苏醒时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$) - 81.21±26.04 -
整体镇静时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$) - 112.43±22.97 -
), ArticleFig(id=1198558172312077173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

镇静患儿的基线资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 总数(n=26) 有效(n=14) 无效(n=12)
性别(例)
12 8 4
14 6 8
年龄(例)
1~12个月 9 5 4
1~3岁 10 5 5
4~6岁 7 4 3
体重(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 12.06±4.84 12.22±5.00 11.87±4.85
ASA分级(例)
Ⅰ级 21 11 10
Ⅱ级 5 3 2
镇静入睡时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$) - 31.21±7.47 -
苏醒时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$) - 81.21±26.04 -
整体镇静时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$) - 112.43±22.97 -
), ArticleFig(id=1198558172404351871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Vital signs of successful sedation children before administration and after sedation ($\bar{x}±s$, n=14)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间点 SpO2(%)

心率
(次/min)

收缩压
(mmHg)

舒张压
(mmHg)

给药前基础状态 97.9±1.5 110.4±17.2 96.3±9.1 59.0±9.6
镇静入睡后 99.0±1.5 92.9±15.6(1) 93.7±7.6 47.4±8.3(1)
), ArticleFig(id=1198558172513403782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558166830121657, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

镇静有效患儿给药前和镇静入睡后的生命体征($\bar{x}±s$, n=14)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间点 SpO2(%)

心率
(次/min)

收缩压
(mmHg)

舒张压
(mmHg)

给药前基础状态 97.9±1.5 110.4±17.2 96.3±9.1 59.0±9.6
镇静入睡后 99.0±1.5 92.9±15.6(1) 93.7±7.6 47.4±8.3(1)
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儿童MRI检查前联合咪达唑仑镇静时右美托咪定的有效剂量测定
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汤坚 , 邱金鹏 , 屠海亚 , 赵佳莲 , 胡瑶琴 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(8): 876-880
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(8): 876-880
儿童MRI检查前联合咪达唑仑镇静时右美托咪定的有效剂量测定
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汤坚, 邱金鹏, 屠海亚, 赵佳莲, 胡瑶琴*
作者信息
  • 浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院麻醉科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,浙江杭州 310052
  • 汤坚,主要从事儿童临床麻醉方面的研究

通讯作者:

胡瑶琴,E-mail:
Determination of effective dose of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally combined with oral midazolam sedation for pediatric MRI: a modified sequential study
Jian Tang, Jin-Peng Qiu, Hai-Ya Tu, Jia-Lian Zhao, Yao-Qin Hu*
Affiliations
  • Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0375.2024.0304
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目的 测定儿童磁共振成像(MRI)检查前联合咪达唑仑镇静时右美托咪定的有效剂量。方法 本研究为前瞻性改良序贯研究。纳入2023年2-3月在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院接受MRI检查前行镇静的26例患儿,年龄2个月至6岁,体重6.0~23.5 kg。所有患儿给予0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服,再经鼻滴入右美托咪定。采用改良序贯法测定此联合用药时所需右美托咪定的剂量,初始剂量为0.5 μg/kg,等差剂量为0.1 μg/kg,采用probit回归分析法计算右美托咪定的半数有效剂量(ED50)和95%有效剂量(ED95)及相应的95%CI,并记录镇静患儿入睡及苏醒时间、用药前后的生命体征及不良反应。结果 所有患儿中,镇静有效患儿的镇静入睡时间为(31.21±7.47) min、苏醒时间为(81.21±26.04) min。MRI检查前镇静中联合0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服时,右美托咪定滴鼻有效镇静的ED50为0.392 μg/kg,95%CI为0.302~0.461 μg/kg;ED95为0.549 μg/kg,95%CI为0.473~0.996 μg/kg。镇静有效患儿入睡后的心率、舒张压与给药前基础状态比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。出现苏醒期躁动2例,无其他不良反应发生。结论 右美托咪定滴鼻联合咪达唑仑用药方案无创,便于实行,且安全有效,可在儿童MRI检查中推广应用。

右美托咪定  /  咪达唑仑  /  镇静  /  序贯法  /  磁共振成像

Objective To determine the effective dose of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally combined with oral midazolam sedation before pediatric magnetic resonance image (MRI). Methods This is a prospective modified sequential study. Children scheduled for MRI at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from February to March 2023, aged 1 month to 6 years old, with a weight of 6.0-23.5 kg, were enrolled in this study. All children received 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam, followed by intranasal dexmedetomidine. The initial dose of dexmedetomidine was 0.5 μg/kg, and the intranasal dose of dexmedetomidine was determined using the modified Dixon's up-and-down method with increments or decrements of 0.1 μg/kg. Probit analysis was used for calculating the half effective dose (ED50), 95% effective dose (ED95) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam for pediatric sedation during MRI. The sedation onset time, wake-up time, vital signs and adverse reactions were recorded. Results Among all the children,the sedation onset time of successful sedation children was (31.21±7.47) min, and the wake-up time was (81.21±26.04) min. The ED50 for effective sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral medication at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg was calculated to be 0.392 μg/kg, with a 95%CI of 0.302-0.461 μg/kg; the ED95 was 0.549 μg/kg, with a 95%CI of 0.473-0.996 μg/kg.There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure after sedation compared to the baseline before medication. Two cases of restlessness during the awakening period were observed, but no other adverse reactions occurred. Conclusions The sedation regimen of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam is non-invasive, easy to implement, safe, and effective. It can be widely used in pediatric MRI.

dexmedetomidine  /  midazolam  /  sedation  /  sequential method  /  magnetic resonance image
汤坚, 邱金鹏, 屠海亚, 赵佳莲, 胡瑶琴. 儿童MRI检查前联合咪达唑仑镇静时右美托咪定的有效剂量测定. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (8) : 876 -880 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0375.2024.0304
Jian Tang, Jin-Peng Qiu, Hai-Ya Tu, Jia-Lian Zhao, Yao-Qin Hu. Determination of effective dose of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally combined with oral midazolam sedation for pediatric MRI: a modified sequential study[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (8) : 876 -880 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0375.2024.0304
目前,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance image,MRI)已成为辅助儿童疾病诊断的重要检查[1],但由于MRI检查噪音大,持续时间长,全程要求被检查者静止不动,因此学龄前儿童常常难以配合,需使用镇静药物来完成检查。右美托咪定为高选择性α2肾上腺能受体激动剂,具有抗焦虑、催眠镇静等作用,对呼吸无明显抑制,已被证实可有效用于MRI检查前的镇静[2-3]。咪达唑仑是一种短效苯二氮䓬类药物,具有镇静、抗焦虑、顺应性遗忘等作用,是临床上儿童术前和检查前常用镇静药物[4]。目前已有研究表明,右美托咪定和咪达唑仑联合使用时一次镇静成功率较高且并发症少[5],但尚未见关于联合咪达唑仑口服时右美托咪定滴鼻剂量的半数有效剂量(half effective dose,ED50)和95%有效剂量(95% effective dose,ED95)的研究报道。改良序贯法是测定药物剂量效应关系最常用的方法之一,已广泛应用于临床研究[6]。本研究采用改良序贯法测定儿童MRI检查中联合咪达唑仑口服镇静时右美托咪定的滴鼻有效剂量,旨在为儿童MRI检查前镇静提供安全且有效的精准用药方案。
本研究为前瞻性改良序贯研究。纳入2023年2-3月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的年龄1个月至6岁,体重6.0~23.5 kg。美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,接受MRI检查需行镇静的患儿。排除标准:鼻黏膜损伤;严重上呼吸道感染;肝肾功能障碍;镇静药物过敏史;精神或意识障碍;心律失常尤其是慢性心律失常;重度肥胖(体重超过标准体重≥50%);随访失踪。所有患儿均进行入组前筛查,告知家属相关镇静风险,并签署知情同意书。本研究获浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院医学伦理委员会批准(2022-IRB-275),并进行临床试验注册(注册号:ChiCTR2300068611)。
咪达唑仑口服剂量保持0.5 mg/kg不变,采用改良序贯法调整右美托咪定滴鼻剂量。设定右美托咪定初始剂量为0.5 μg/kg,等差剂量为0.1 μg/kg,根据上一例患儿MRI检查中的镇静效果决定下一例患儿的使用剂量,如上一例患儿镇静有效,则降低右美托咪定剂量0.10 μg/kg;如镇静无效,则增加右美托咪定剂量0.10 μg/kg,重复此过程。根据改良序贯法,出现6~8个交换点(镇静由无效转为有效)时即可停止试验[7],本研究选择在出现8个交换点时停止试验。
(1)所有患儿用药前禁清饮2 h、禁母乳4 h、禁配方奶和淀粉类食物6 h、禁油炸和脂类固体食物8 h,均不用其他镇静药物,对患儿镇静前睡眠不作要求。(2)由一名不知情的镇静护士为患儿测量并记录用药前生命体征,包括血压、心率、氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸频率。(3)检查前40~50 min,患儿取仰卧位,由镇静护士给予0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服溶液(宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,批号1L911011,规格10 ml:20 mg)口服,再经两侧鼻孔滴入右美托咪定(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司,批号220527BP,规格2 ml:200 μg)。患儿用药完成后由其家长带至等待区,等待期间每10 min测量并记录生命体征,记录患儿入睡时间。在检查时间前5 min,由另一名不知情的麻醉医师根据改良警觉镇静评分(modified obsevers assessment of alertness/sedation scale,MOAA/S)量表[8]评估患儿的镇静深度,当镇静评分≤2分时,嘱家属平抱患儿进行MRI检查。镇静无效的患儿给予吸入药物七氟烷或静脉给予1~2 mg/kg丙泊酚进行补救镇静。(4)MRI检查结束,患儿进入复苏区由一名不知情的镇静护士测量一次生命体征,复苏过程中每10 min测量并记录生命体征,并根据改良Aldrete苏醒量表(modified Aldrete score,MAS)[9]对患儿进行评分,待患儿自然苏醒,当MAS评分≥8分即认定患儿苏醒,嘱患儿进食清亮液体,20 min以后无明显不良反应后正常进食。进食后无明显不良反应且患儿MAS评分≥9分可离院。
MRI检查的镇静效果由一名不知情的麻醉医师和一名不知情的放射科医师共同评价。镇静有效:患儿安静入睡,能顺利完成MRI检查,部分患儿稍有轻微活动,但未造成图像伪影,不影响诊断;镇静无效:患儿不能安静入睡,出现明显肢体活动,影响MRI成像,甚至出现哭闹、恐惧等拒绝反应不能配合检查。
记录滴鼻给药前即刻(基础值)及给药后至出室前每10 min的血压、心率、SpO2和呼吸频率。记录镇静入睡时间(患儿给药至MOAA/S评分≤2分的时间)、苏醒时间(患儿MOAA/S评分≤2分至MAS评分≥8分的时间)、整体镇静时间(患儿给药至MAS评分≥8分的时间)。观察给药后低血压(收缩压<基础值20%)、高血压(收缩压>基础值20%)、心动过缓(心率<基础值20%)、呼吸抑制(SpO2<95%)、恶心、呕吐、苏醒延迟(苏醒时间>120 min)[10]、苏醒烦躁等不良反应的发生情况。
患儿按时接受访视持续至用药后24 h。由一名对研究剂量不知情的麻醉医师收集相关数据,采用电话记录收集患儿24 h内恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、烦躁、谵妄等不良反应的发生情况。
采用Excel收集记录数据并绘制图表。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布者以$\bar{x}±s$表示,镇静有效患儿用药前后生命体征的比较采用配对样本t检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,不同年龄段间的镇静效果比较采用χ2检验。采用probit概率单位回归分析法计算联合用药时右美托咪定有效镇静的ED50、ED95及相应的95%可信区间(CI)。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
按照改良序贯法,达到第8个交换点即停止试验,共纳入26例患儿,患儿的性别、年龄、体重、ASA分级、镇静入睡时间、苏醒时间、整体镇静时间见表1。其中,镇静有效14例,无效12例。不同年龄段患儿(1~12个月,1~3岁,4~6岁)的镇静效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。镇静有效患儿的镇静入睡时间为(31.21±7.47) min,苏醒时间为(81.21±26.04) min,整体镇静时间为(112.43±22.97) min(表1)。
序贯试验结果显示,镇静有效14例,无效12例,患儿的具体用药情况见图1。根据计算得出MRI检查中联合0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服时右美托咪定滴鼻有效镇静的ED50为0.392 μg/kg(95%CI 0.302~0.461 μg/kg);ED95为0.549 μg/kg(95%CI为0.473~0.996 μg/kg)(图2)。
镇静有效患儿生命体征变化见表2,镇静入睡后心率减慢、舒张压降低,与给药前基础状态比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而镇静入睡后SpO2、收缩压与基础状态时比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
患儿镇静后均未发生明显心动过缓、低血压、高血压、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、苏醒延迟等不良反应。1例镇静有效的患儿苏醒期出现躁动,1例患儿镇静失败通过七氟烷补救并完成检查后苏醒期出现躁动,家长安抚15 min后均恢复正常,离院后24 h随访均未出现明显不良反应。
临床上右美托咪定常以滴鼻的给药方式用于儿童镇静,其生物利用度高,可达到足够的药物浓度[11]。尽管柯昌禄等[12]计算得出了右美托咪定单独使用的ED95(2.60 μg/kg),但仍有研究表明,单独使用右美托咪定时,患儿易受MRI的声音影响而产生体动,导致检查失败[13],且滴鼻后药物作用时间较长[14]。单独咪达唑仑口服的镇静效果较弱[15-16],所需清醒时间长,苏醒期容易出现躁动[17-18]。因此,临床中常常使用两种药物联合的镇静方案,既可提高检查的成功率,又可避免因大剂量单一用药而发生并发症。此外,还可通过药物协同作用减少两种药物的使用剂量,并缩短复苏时间[5],但两种药物联合镇静用于儿童MRI检查时的最佳剂量尚未确定。因此,本研究通过改良序贯法来测定右美托咪定和咪达唑仑联合镇静时的最佳剂量。
改良序贯法以样本量小和研究合理简单等优势广泛应用于临床试验[6,19],研究常以出现6~8个拐点时停止试验,样本量在20~40范围内为宜[20-21]。本研究在出现第8个拐点时停止试验,实际样本量为26,并采用概率单位回归分析法计算出ED50、ED95及相应的95%CI。既往有研究显示,单独口服咪达唑仑达到镇静的最小有效剂量为0.25 mg/kg,临床上常用剂量为0.5~1.0 mg/kg,联合用药时常选用0.5 mg/kg口服[16];单独使用右美托咪定达到镇静的最小有效剂量为1.0 μg/kg,推荐剂量为2.0 μg/kg[22],结合临床经验,本研究中设计的咪达唑仑口服剂量为0.5 mg/kg保持不变,右美托咪定滴鼻初始剂量为0.5 μg/kg,等差剂量为0.1 μg/kg。
有多项研究证实,右美托咪定滴鼻联合咪达唑仑口服是一种安全且有效的镇静方式[5,23-24]。但也有研究指出,手术室外镇静的不良事件发生率为5.3%[25]。Bellolio等[26]的一项关于儿童镇静的Meta分析发现,最常见的不良事件是呕吐(5.55%),使用咪达唑仑的患儿躁动发生率最高(1.82%)。右美托咪定最常见的不良反应是心动过缓[27],而咪达唑仑对呼吸系统存在剂量依赖性的抑制作用[28]。但本研究并未发生呼吸循环相关的不良反应,可能与采用序贯法测定有效剂量时使用了较低剂量有关。本研究苏醒期出现躁动2例,且均为一过性,在家长安抚后可缓解,可能与患儿年龄、性格及分离焦虑有关[29]。右美托咪定和咪达唑仑药物不良反应均随剂量增加而增加[16,30-31],本研究确定了两种药物联合使用时的有效剂量,避免了单一药物用量过大,可有效减少并发症的发生。
本研究的局限性:有文献指出,右美托咪定和咪达唑仑的药效学和药代动力学反应可能随年龄而变化,可能存在年龄差异[16,32];而本研究并未划分年龄段进行研究,结果仅能说明2个月至6岁儿童镇静的有效剂量,尽管本研究中镇静有效或无效患儿年龄并无统计学差异,但可能与本研究样本量小有关,仍需进一步设立不同年龄组进行研究以提供更加个体化的用药依据。此外,本研究未体现患儿的手术麻醉史、镇静史、禁食导致的饥饿感,以及镇静前清醒时间等对镇静效果的影响,仍需进一步研究相关因素的影响。
综上所述,在儿童MRI检查中右美托咪定滴鼻联合0.5 mg/kg咪达唑仑口服镇静的ED50为0.392 μg/kg,ED95为0.549 μg/kg,该用药方案无创、便于实行,且安全有效,值得在儿童MRI检查中推广应用。
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2024年第49卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0375.2024.0304
  • 接收时间:2023-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-15
  • 录用日期:2023-06-30
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    浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院麻醉科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,浙江杭州 310052

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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