Article(id=1198558112560022528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0025.2024.0605, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704556800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712851200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-12, onlineDate=1763688122166, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688122166, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688122166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688122166, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558106218230069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='9', pageStart='977', pageEnd='1098', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688120655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689155065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562444915339352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562444915339353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1038, endPage=1044, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558112874594321, articleId=1198558112560022528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=A comparative study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease models in rats established by exposure to cigarette smoke and motor vehicle exhaust, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare the fidelity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) models established using two methods: exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and exposure to motor vehicle exhaust (MVE) in rats. Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into control, CS-exposed (CS), and MVE-exposed (MVE) groups, with 8 rats per group. Rats in CS and MVE groups were exposed to CS or MVE, respectively, to induce COPD models. After COPD model established, lung function of each group was assessed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to measure inflammatory cell counts, levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and expression levels of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC). Lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe pulmonary tissue and airway pathological changes. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to detect goblet cell hyperplasia in airways. Results Compared with control group, rats in CS and MVE groups showed significantly increased inspiratory resistance (RI), total lung capacity (TLC), and lung static compliance (Cchord) (P<0.05), while expiratory flow parameters FEV50/FVC were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with MVE group, rats in CS group had significantly higher RI, TLC, and Cchord (P<0.05), and lower FEV50/FVC (P<0.05). HE staining of lung tissues showed that mean linear intercept (MLI) was significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), with CS group having higher MLI than MVE group (P<0.05). BALF analysis revealed that white blood cells, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), and inflammatory cell counts, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were higher in CS group compared with MVE group(P<0.05). PAS staining of lung tissues indicated that goblet cells in large airways were significantly increased in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), with CS group showing higher goblet cell counts than MVE group (P<0.05). Expression levels of MUC5AC in BALF were significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), with CS group having significantly higher MUC5AC levels than MVE group (P<0.05). Conclusions Exposure to CS or MVE can establish a rat model of COPD, with CS exposure better mimicking characteristics of acute exacerbation of COPD compared to MVE exposure.

, correspAuthors=Rui Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 对比烟草烟雾(CS)暴露和机动车尾气(MVE)暴露两种方法构建的大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型的模拟程度。方法 将24只雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表分为对照组、CS组与MVE组,每组8只。CS组与MVE组大鼠分别采用CS或MVE暴露建立COPD模型。建模结束后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能;收集大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),检测其中炎性细胞数、炎性因子白细胞介素(IL)-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α及黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)含量;HE染色观察肺组织和气道病理变化;PAS染色检测气道杯状细胞增生情况。结果 与对照组比较,CS组和MVE组大鼠的肺功能参数吸气阻力(RI)、肺总量(TLC)、肺静态顺应性(Cchord)均明显增高(P<0.05),而呼气流速参数FEV50/FVC明显降低(P<0.05);与MVE组相比,CS组大鼠的RI、TLC、Cchord均明显增高(P<0.05),FEV50/FVC降低(P<0.05)。肺组织HE染色结果显示,CS组和MVE组大鼠平均肺泡截距(MLI)均高于对照组(P<0.05),CS组MLI高于MVE组(P<0.05)。CS组和MVE组大鼠BALF中白细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞数,以及IL-6、TNF-α含量均高于对照组(P<0.05);且CS组中炎性细胞数、IL-6及TNF-α含量均高于MVE组(P<0.05)。肺组织PAS染色结果显示,CS组和MVE组大鼠大气道杯状细胞较对照组均明显增多(P<0.05),且CS组杯状细胞数高于MVE组(P<0.05);CS组和MVE组BALF中MUC5AC含量均高于对照组(P<0.05),且CS组大鼠 BALF中MUC5AC含量高于MVE组(P<0.05)。结论 应用CS或MVE暴露均可建立大鼠COPD模型,但CS暴露比MVE暴露能更好地模拟COPD急性加重期特征。

, correspAuthors=陈蕊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈蕊, E-mail:
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李德富,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事慢性阻塞性疾病的基础与临床研究

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CS. 烟草烟雾;MVE. 机动车尾气;S2/S1. 胶原面积/气道壁外膜总面积;A. 大鼠肺泡结构(箭头示肺泡腔呈囊状扩大);B. 胶原蛋白沉积和气道壁增厚情况;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=n4Q2TRYs9VS/2TX1xElPnw==, figureFileBig=BfZCkZxWXz6ozbLqRMRphA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558120390787480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=PAS staining of lung tissues and MUC5AC level in BALF of rats, figureFileSmall=qbvW6Z5oLPzPx8ocb1OnLw==, figureFileBig=3Rxjj29sN0DrXe4W5xJBMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558120474673565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大鼠肺组织PAS染色及BALF中黏蛋白5AC含量测定

CS. 烟草烟雾;MVE. 暴露和机动车尾气;BALF. 支气管肺泡灌洗液;MUC5AC. 黏蛋白5AC;S2/S1. PAS红色染色面积/气道壁外膜总面积;A. PAS染色阳性情况(箭头示气道杯状细胞);B. BALF中MUC5AC表达水平;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=qbvW6Z5oLPzPx8ocb1OnLw==, figureFileBig=3Rxjj29sN0DrXe4W5xJBMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558120558559650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of rat lung function parameters between the three groups ($\bar{x}±s$, n=8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TLC (ml)Cchord (cmH2O/ml)RI (cmH2O·s/ml)FEV50/FVC
对照组18.89±0.451.04±0.050.12±0.0147.15±3.13
CS组24.59±1.19(1)1.29±0.04(1)0.23±0.05(1)32.55±1.32(1)
MVE组22.20±1.44(1)(2)1.20±0.05(1)(2)0.16±0.01(1)(2)37.70±3.94(1)(2)
F32.9339.7423.4830.46
P<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001
), ArticleFig(id=1198558120646640041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三组大鼠肺功能参数比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TLC (ml)Cchord (cmH2O/ml)RI (cmH2O·s/ml)FEV50/FVC
对照组18.89±0.451.04±0.050.12±0.0147.15±3.13
CS组24.59±1.19(1)1.29±0.04(1)0.23±0.05(1)32.55±1.32(1)
MVE组22.20±1.44(1)(2)1.20±0.05(1)(2)0.16±0.01(1)(2)37.70±3.94(1)(2)
F32.9339.7423.4830.46
P<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001
), ArticleFig(id=1198558120776663473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of cell count and differential cell count in BALF of mice in each group (×104/ml, $\bar{x}±s$, n=8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别白细胞中性粒细胞巨噬细胞淋巴细胞
对照组14.50±2.980.30±0.1114.02±2.870.18±0.05
CS组135.83±8.41(1)40.75±3.26(1)89.19±9.70(1)5.90±0.88(1)
MVE组54.38±8.60(1)(2)29.62±4.45(1)(2)21.98±4.68(1)(2)2.69±0.59(1)(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1198558120852160948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组大鼠BALF中细胞总数及细胞分类计数比较(×104/ml, $\bar{x}±s$, n=8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别白细胞中性粒细胞巨噬细胞淋巴细胞
对照组14.50±2.980.30±0.1114.02±2.870.18±0.05
CS组135.83±8.41(1)40.75±3.26(1)89.19±9.70(1)5.90±0.88(1)
MVE组54.38±8.60(1)(2)29.62±4.45(1)(2)21.98±4.68(1)(2)2.69±0.59(1)(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1198558120936047033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of IL-6 and TNF-α contents in BALF of mice in each group (pg/ml, $\bar{x}±s$, n=8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-6TNF-α
对照组37.24±7.6562.33±18.37
CS组141.10±24.71(1)195.86±29.79(1)
MVE组96.35±15.28(1)(2)135.92±33.53(1)(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1198558121154150847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558112560022528, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各组大鼠BALF中IL-6和TNF-α的含量比较(pg/ml, $\bar{x}±s$, n=8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-6TNF-α
对照组37.24±7.6562.33±18.37
CS组141.10±24.71(1)195.86±29.79(1)
MVE组96.35±15.28(1)(2)135.92±33.53(1)(2)
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烟草烟雾与机动车尾气暴露建立的大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型比较
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李德富 1 , 叶园园 1 , 章洪萍 1 , 侯润华 1 , 何耀军 1 , 张春云 1 , 胡杰英 2 , 陈蕊 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(9): 1038-1044
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(9): 1038-1044
烟草烟雾与机动车尾气暴露建立的大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型比较
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李德富1, 叶园园1, 章洪萍1, 侯润华1, 何耀军1, 张春云1, 胡杰英2, 陈蕊3, *
作者信息
  • 1广州医科大学附属第五医院重症医学科/广东高校生物靶向诊治与康复重点实验室,广东广州 510700
  • 2广州医科大学附属第一医院呼吸内科,广东广州 510120
  • 3南部战区总医院重症医学科内科病区,广东广州 510010
  • 李德富,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事慢性阻塞性疾病的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

陈蕊, E-mail:
A comparative study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease models in rats established by exposure to cigarette smoke and motor vehicle exhaust
De-Fu Li1, Yuan-Yuan Ye1, Hong-Ping Zhang1, Run-Hua Hou1, Yao-Jun He1, Chun-Yun Zhang1, Jie-Ying Hu2, Rui Chen3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
  • 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
  • 3Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0025.2024.0605
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目的 对比烟草烟雾(CS)暴露和机动车尾气(MVE)暴露两种方法构建的大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型的模拟程度。方法 将24只雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表分为对照组、CS组与MVE组,每组8只。CS组与MVE组大鼠分别采用CS或MVE暴露建立COPD模型。建模结束后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能;收集大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),检测其中炎性细胞数、炎性因子白细胞介素(IL)-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α及黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)含量;HE染色观察肺组织和气道病理变化;PAS染色检测气道杯状细胞增生情况。结果 与对照组比较,CS组和MVE组大鼠的肺功能参数吸气阻力(RI)、肺总量(TLC)、肺静态顺应性(Cchord)均明显增高(P<0.05),而呼气流速参数FEV50/FVC明显降低(P<0.05);与MVE组相比,CS组大鼠的RI、TLC、Cchord均明显增高(P<0.05),FEV50/FVC降低(P<0.05)。肺组织HE染色结果显示,CS组和MVE组大鼠平均肺泡截距(MLI)均高于对照组(P<0.05),CS组MLI高于MVE组(P<0.05)。CS组和MVE组大鼠BALF中白细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞数,以及IL-6、TNF-α含量均高于对照组(P<0.05);且CS组中炎性细胞数、IL-6及TNF-α含量均高于MVE组(P<0.05)。肺组织PAS染色结果显示,CS组和MVE组大鼠大气道杯状细胞较对照组均明显增多(P<0.05),且CS组杯状细胞数高于MVE组(P<0.05);CS组和MVE组BALF中MUC5AC含量均高于对照组(P<0.05),且CS组大鼠 BALF中MUC5AC含量高于MVE组(P<0.05)。结论 应用CS或MVE暴露均可建立大鼠COPD模型,但CS暴露比MVE暴露能更好地模拟COPD急性加重期特征。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  烟草烟雾  /  机动车尾气  /  动物模型

Objective To compare the fidelity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) models established using two methods: exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and exposure to motor vehicle exhaust (MVE) in rats. Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into control, CS-exposed (CS), and MVE-exposed (MVE) groups, with 8 rats per group. Rats in CS and MVE groups were exposed to CS or MVE, respectively, to induce COPD models. After COPD model established, lung function of each group was assessed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to measure inflammatory cell counts, levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and expression levels of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC). Lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe pulmonary tissue and airway pathological changes. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to detect goblet cell hyperplasia in airways. Results Compared with control group, rats in CS and MVE groups showed significantly increased inspiratory resistance (RI), total lung capacity (TLC), and lung static compliance (Cchord) (P<0.05), while expiratory flow parameters FEV50/FVC were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with MVE group, rats in CS group had significantly higher RI, TLC, and Cchord (P<0.05), and lower FEV50/FVC (P<0.05). HE staining of lung tissues showed that mean linear intercept (MLI) was significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), with CS group having higher MLI than MVE group (P<0.05). BALF analysis revealed that white blood cells, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), and inflammatory cell counts, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were higher in CS group compared with MVE group(P<0.05). PAS staining of lung tissues indicated that goblet cells in large airways were significantly increased in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), with CS group showing higher goblet cell counts than MVE group (P<0.05). Expression levels of MUC5AC in BALF were significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group (P<0.05), with CS group having significantly higher MUC5AC levels than MVE group (P<0.05). Conclusions Exposure to CS or MVE can establish a rat model of COPD, with CS exposure better mimicking characteristics of acute exacerbation of COPD compared to MVE exposure.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  /  cigarette smoke  /  motor vehicle exhaust  /  animal model
李德富, 叶园园, 章洪萍, 侯润华, 何耀军, 张春云, 胡杰英, 陈蕊. 烟草烟雾与机动车尾气暴露建立的大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型比较. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (9) : 1038 -1044 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0025.2024.0605
De-Fu Li, Yuan-Yuan Ye, Hong-Ping Zhang, Run-Hua Hou, Yao-Jun He, Chun-Yun Zhang, Jie-Ying Hu, Rui Chen. A comparative study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease models in rats established by exposure to cigarette smoke and motor vehicle exhaust[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (9) : 1038 -1044 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0025.2024.0605
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种异质性肺部状况,以慢性呼吸道症状(呼吸困难、咳嗽、咳痰等)为特征,是由于气道异常(支气管炎、细支气管炎)和(或)肺泡异常(肺气肿)导致的持续性(常为进展性)气流阻塞[1-3]。20世纪末,COPD被认为是导致发病和死亡的主要呼吸系统疾病[4-5]。COPD的气道病理生理学涉及氧化应激、中性粒细胞气道炎症及蛋白酶与抗蛋白酶之间的失衡,其通常是由于长期接触刺激性气体或颗粒物引起的[6-7]。据估计,全球有2.9亿~3.9亿患者受到COPD的影响[8]。目前,COPD尚缺乏有效的治疗方法[9],对其分子水平的发病机制也知之甚少。探索COPD的新治疗方法,需要稳定可靠的动物模型开展药理学及药效学研究,以促进药物开发。烟草烟雾(cigarette smoke,CS)和空气污染是COPD 发生的重要危险因素[10],所以实验动物COPD建模常采用CS和机动车尾气(motor vehicle exhaust,MVE)暴露的方法[11-12]。本研究对这两种方法建立的大鼠COPD模型进行对比分析,评价其模拟程度,旨在为COPD动物模型的相关研究与应用提供参考。
小动物有创肺功能仪 (Forced Pulmonary Maneuver System)、小动物气管插管(美国Buxco公司);五羊摩托车(WY48QT-2,广州市汽车工业集团有限公司);大鼠白细胞介素(IL)-6及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α检测试剂盒(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司);黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)抗体(sc-21701)、PAS染色试剂盒(上海太阳生物技术有限公司);红梅牌烟草(广东中烟工业有限公司);95号汽油(中国石油化工集团公司)。
24只雄性SD大鼠(体重200~250 g,8~10周龄)购自广东省医学实验动物中心 [实验动物生产许可证号:SYXK(粤)2022-0002]。将雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为对照组、烟草烟雾暴露(CS)组与机动车尾气暴露(MVE)组,每组8只;饲养于SPF级动物房。本研究获广州医科大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(2019-631)。
3组大鼠均饲养于相同的清洁级环境中。(1)CS暴露导致的COPD大鼠模型建立:参照文献[13-14]的方法,使用红梅牌烟草(每支烟草焦油量11 mg,烟碱量1.0 mg,一氧化碳量13 mg)和自制熏烟箱进行CS暴露,熏烟箱体上端有两个1.5 cm×1.5 cm小孔与外界相通,防止动物缺氧,同时采用计算机PAB-S200被动吸烟动物染毒系统监测熏烟箱内温度、湿度和气体组分(O2、CO);在CS暴露过程中持续监测熏烟箱内烟雾气体浓度,O2浓度>20%,CO2浓度4000~5000 ppm,CO浓度500~800 ppm,NOX浓度18~22 ppm,SO2浓度14~18 ppm,总颗粒物(TPM)浓度741.4 mg/m3,可吸入性颗粒物(PM10)浓度31.37±3.23 mg/m3。暴露前3周为动物适应期。烟雾暴露的用烟量从5支/h开始,每3 d增加1支,直至达到10支/h为止。暴露频率为上下午各一次,两次间隔3~4 h;每次暴露2 h,每1 h换气15 min。每周暴露6 d,持续6个月。烟雾暴露结束后次日,检测肺功能并处死大鼠取材用于进一步分析。
(2)MVE暴露导致的COPD大鼠模型建立:参照文献[12,15]的方法,MVE组大鼠置于MVE暴露系统中,动物暴露室尺寸为3.3 m×2.2 m×2.2 m,墙面铺有聚四氟乙烯;废气通过一根金属管流入动物暴露室;新鲜空气通过位于房间天花板上方的气泵(2.5 L/min)送入暴露室;在室内安装并运行一个小风扇,以改善颗粒分布;暴露室内安装一个与通风管道相连的排气扇,使MVE能够快速排出。动物暴露室内的压力相对于隔壁摩托车室的压力约为-5 Pa,使用一辆五羊WY48QT-29汽油动力(1.6 kW,125 ml,单缸,四循环)摩托车作为MVE源。暴露开始后,启动摩托车释放尾气入暴露间通风系统进行换气。动物接受暴露频率为3次/d,6 d/周,持续6个月;同时检测机动车尾气颗粒物浓度及烟气成分浓度,将MVE组大鼠放入机动车尾气暴露系统中,启动摩托车后,开始检测机动车尾气暴露系统中的颗粒物浓度及成分浓度,使用TSI8533 颗粒物测定仪监测机动车尾气暴露系统中颗粒物浓度得出,PM10浓度(1.47±0.03) mg/m3,PM2.5浓度(1.46±0.03) mg/m3,PM1浓度(1.45±0.04) mg/m3,MVE暴露室内PM10、PM2.5、PM1浓度基本一致。使用TESTO340 烟气分析仪持续监测机动车尾气暴露系统中烟雾气体浓度得出,O2浓度(20.95±0.01)%,CO浓度(67.52±3.37) ppm,NO浓度(0.50±0.21) ppm,SO2浓度(0.35±0.18) ppm。整个MVE暴露结束后,检测大鼠肺功能并处死大鼠取材进一步分析。
采用Buxco公司小动物肺功能检测系统选择适配大鼠的体描箱进行肺功能检测。具体操作:检测前将仪器参数设定为呼气(吸气)压力±20 cmH2O,最大呼气(吸气)压力±50 cmH2O;吸气流速4 ml/s,呼气流速2 ml/s;呼吸频率60 次/min。大鼠腹腔注射3%巴比妥钠(3 ml/kg)进行麻醉,切开颈部甲状腺位置附近皮肤,对组织进行钝性分离,剥离气管并在气管上切一小口,插入气管插管,手术线固定使之保持一定插入深度,然后将大鼠放入体描箱。将气管插管与肺功能仪自带的呼吸机相连进行机械通气。待大鼠与呼吸机完全协调且系统各参数稳定后,开始肺功能测量,记录吸气阻力(inspiratory resistance,RI)、肺总量(total lung capacity,TLC)、肺静态顺应性(chord compliance,Cchord),计算呼气流速参数50毫秒率(FEV50/FVC)的比值。
检测完肺功能后,将大鼠移出体描箱,用留置针置换气管插管并固定,结扎右肺,用生理盐水冲洗左肺3次,每次2 ml,其中第一次冲洗后抽出的 BALF 置于单独离心管A保存,剩余两次灌洗后抽出的BALF混合保存于离心管B。将离心管A和B分别离心,500 g、5 min,4 ℃,收集A的上清用于白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α及黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)的浓度测定。弃去B的上清,合并A和B的细胞沉淀,随后进行总细胞计数,计数完毕后,根据细胞密度,取适当体积的细胞悬液(总细胞数约为4×105)均匀涂于载玻片上,待涂片自然晾干后,甲醇固定60 s,细胞涂片经Giemsa染色,中性树脂封片后在光学显微镜上进行细胞分类计数,高倍视野下计数200个细胞,统计其中中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的百分比。
对HE染色的肺组织切片拍照,每组至少观察5只大鼠,每只大鼠至少拍摄3个视野。病理评分标准:在每个视野正中心划十字交叉线,计算与交叉线相交的肺泡间隔数(N),同时测量十字线总长(L),然后用IPP 6.0图像分析软件计算肺泡的平均截距(mean lung intercept,MLI),即每个视野下截取的单位长度(L)内肺泡的间隔数(N)之比,MLI=L/N。最后,用IPP 6.0软件分析HE染色的各组大鼠肺组织气道壁厚度及气道壁胶原沉积程度,即对软件定标后,计算胶原面积(S2)∶气道壁外膜总面积(S1),即S2/S1的值。对PAS染色的肺组织切片拍照,每组至少观察5只大鼠,每只大鼠至少拍摄3个视野。杯状细胞PAS染色呈粉红色,其增生情况,用IPP 6.0软件计算红色染色面积S2,并计算相应位置气道壁外膜总面积S1。根据S2/S1比值评估PAS染色阳性比例,间接反映杯状细胞增生严重程度。
(1)IL-6和TNF-α含量分析:采用美国赛默飞世尔科技公司的大鼠IL-6和TNF-α检测试剂盒测定BALF中炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α的水平。具体测定操作和结果计算依照试剂盒说明书指定的操作流程和方法进行。(2)MUC5AC蛋白含量检测:用PBS将各组大鼠BALF分别稀释不同的倍数,分别取100 μl于96孔酶联免疫吸附板中4 ℃包被过夜。选取曾测定过的MUC5AC表达较高的标本作为标准样本,进行倍比稀释,以制作标准曲线。次日将包被液倒掉,加入洗液洗板,260 μl/孔,共3次,加入封闭缓冲液室温封闭2 h。洗板3次后,加入抗MUC5AC抗体(1:500稀释)100 μ1/孔,室温孵育2 h;洗板7次,然后加入山羊抗鼠IgG二抗(1:1000),室温孵育2 h。洗板6次后加入TMB显色液,100 μl/孔,室温放置20~30 min,1 mol/L硫酸终止反应,最后用酶标仪检测450 nm波长吸光度值。根据选定的标准品绘制标准曲线,并据此得出各组待测样本中MUC5AC的相对表达水平。
采用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件进行统计分析和图形制作。计量数据均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),进一步两两比较采用LSD法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
与对照组比较,CS组和MVE组大鼠的肺功能肺容积参数RI、TLC、Cchord均明显增高(P<0.05),而呼气流速参数FEV50/FVC明显降低(P<0.05)。与CS组比较,MVE组的RI、TLC、Cchord均明显降低(P<0.05),FEV50/FVC明显增高(P<0.05,表1)。
HE染色结果显示,CS组和MVE组大鼠肺泡结构紊乱,肺泡腔扩大,呈囊状扩张(图1A)。两组MLI均高于对照组[(113.31±13.25) μm、(93.13±8.14) μm vs. (47.80±3.83) μm,P<0.05],CS组MLI高于MVE组(P<0.05)。CS组和MVE组肺组织中胶原蛋白沉积增多,气道壁均较对照组明显增厚(P<0.05);CS组气道壁增厚高于MVE组(P<0.05,图1B)。
CS组和MVE组大鼠BALF中白细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞数,以及炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α含量均高于对照组(P<0.05);CS组大鼠BALF中白细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞数,以及IL-6、TNF-α含量均高于MVE组(P<0.05,表2表3)。
PAS染色结果显示,与对照组比较,CS组和MVE组大鼠气道杯状细胞均明显增多(P<0.05),且CS组杯状细胞(PAS染色阳性)数高于MVE组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2A)。CS组和MVE组BALF中MUC5AC含量均高于对照组(P<0.05),且CS组BALF中MUC5AC含量高于MVE组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2B)。
吸烟、职业粉尘暴露、燃料烟雾、空气污染和呼吸道感染是引发和促进COPD病理过程的常见环境因素[16-17]。烟草烟雾是固体和液体焦油气溶胶的混合物,含有多种有毒、致癌和致畸成分,包括尼古丁、焦油、CO2、甲醛、丙烯醛、丙酮、氨、CO、多环芳烃和芳烃等[18]。吸烟是COPD最常见和最重要的原因[19-20]。PM2.5作为普遍存在的空气污染物,是影响人类健康的重要危险因素[12,21]。有多种污染物来源包含PM2.5,如工业污染、MVE和扬尘等,而MVE的释放在其中占较大比例[22]。本研究采用单纯CS暴露或单纯MVE暴露建立COPD大鼠模型,并对这两种模型进行评价,结果显示,CS组和MVE组大鼠均出现肺功能下降、肺部炎症细胞反应、肺泡结构紊乱、气道阻塞和气道黏液高分泌等COPD症状。这与先前报道一致[23-24]
本研究中,两组COPD大鼠模型的肺泡腔均呈肺气肿样改变,其中CS组平均截距增大更为明显,提示CS暴露更能加重大鼠肺组织的肺气肿程度。此外,与对照组比较,CS和MVE组大鼠BALF中的细胞总数及炎性细胞数均明显增多,且较CS组大鼠BALF中的细胞总数增加较MVE组明显。IL-6作为炎症风暴中的关键细胞因子,直接或间接作用于杯状细胞、黏膜下腺苷释放细胞和肺上皮细胞,导致气道黏液分泌过多[25-27]。在COPD中促炎细胞因子升高,其中TNF-α被认为较为重要,其水平升高与包括COPD在内的多种疾病有关,可通过激活细胞的核因子κ轻链激活B(NF-κB)、激活蛋白1(AP-1)和其他转录因子来放大炎症[28-29]。在动物模型中,TNF-α可诱发COPD的典型病理特征,肺部有相似的炎性细胞浸润,导致肺气肿[30-31]。本研究中,CS组BALF中的IL-6及TNF-α含量增加较MVE组明显。此外,气道黏液高分泌也是COPD的重要病理生理特征。气道黏液的生物物理特性主要由气道表面的杯状细胞和黏膜下腺体黏液细胞分泌的MUC5AC、MUC5B及其他相互作用的蛋白建立[2,32]。本研究中,与对照组相比,两组COPD模型大鼠BALF中MUC5AC含量均明显升高。有趣的是,与MVE组比较,CS组BALF中MUC5AC含量升高更明显,且其气道杯状细胞数量及增生更明显;提示CS暴露更能促进COPD模型大鼠的气道黏液高分泌。
综上所述,CS暴露和MVE暴露两种方法均可建立COPD大鼠模型。CS暴露建立的COPD大鼠模型中的肺组织炎症指标、肺功能下降程度及气道黏液高分泌情况更为明显,更能模拟COPD急性加重期的病理特点,同时也更适用于关于气道黏液高分泌的药物评价或研发研究,而MVE暴露所建立的COPD大鼠模型则与人类COPD稳定期的病理变化较为相似,其可能机制与肺对不同的有害颗粒或气体的异常炎症反应有关[33-34],MVE来源的颗粒物可吸附多种有害物质,包括多环芳烃、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚[35],而烟草烟雾主要有害成分为尼古丁[18],当有毒有害气体和颗粒物吸入时,可引起肺内氧化/抗氧化失衡、蛋白酶/抗蛋白酶失衡、炎性细胞浸润及炎性因子释放等一系列病理生理反应,从而导致肺实质受损,最终出现肺气肿和气道重塑等COPD 特征性表现。本研究中,CS暴露相较于MVE暴露可导致更明显的、以中性粒细胞浸润为主的肺部炎症表现,引起肺部急性加重的炎症反应,造成病情更严重的 COPD,但其具体作用机制尚待进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81900033)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2022A1515012504)
  • 广州市基础研究计划项目(202201020513)
  • 广州市医学重点学科(2021-2023项目)
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2024年第49卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0025.2024.0605
  • 接收时间:2024-01-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-07
  • 录用日期:2024-04-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81900033)
国家自然科学基金(81900033)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515012504)
广东省自然科学基金(2022A1515012504)
Basic Research Project of Guangzhou(202201020513)
广州市基础研究计划项目(202201020513)
Guangzhou Key Medical Discipline(2021-2023 Project)
广州市医学重点学科(2021-2023项目)
作者信息
    1广州医科大学附属第五医院重症医学科/广东高校生物靶向诊治与康复重点实验室,广东广州 510700
    2广州医科大学附属第一医院呼吸内科,广东广州 510120
    3南部战区总医院重症医学科内科病区,广东广州 510010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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