Article(id=1198558109150053311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1012.2024.0124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690732800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1696694400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-08, onlineDate=1763688121353, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688121353, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688121353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688121353, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558106218230069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='9', pageStart='977', pageEnd='1098', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688120655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689155065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562444915339352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562444915339353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1029, endPage=1037, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558109846307778, articleId=1198558109150053311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of Mex3c gene knockout on embryonic neural tube development, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of Mex3c gene knockout on embryonic neural tube development and its possible mechanisms. Methods The NCBI database was used to analyze the expression of Mex3c gene in various tissues of mice. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed to detect the expression of Mex3c in neural tubes of Mex3c+/+ mice at different developmental stages (E12.5 d, E14.5 d). Sexual mature mice were mated at a ratio of Mex3c+/- male to female (1:1) in the same cage. Embryos were collected and genotyped using PCR. They were divided into 3 groups based on their genotype: wild-type group (Mex3c+/+, WT group), homozygous knockout group (Mex3c-/-, KO group), and heterozygous knockout group (Mex3c+/-). HE staining was employed to observe the development of neural tubes in the 3 groups of embryos. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of embryonic neural stem cells in the WT and KO groups. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the neural tubes and mitochondria in the WT and KO groups. RNA was extracted from the neural tubes of WT and KO groups for RNA-seq sequencing. The R.3.6.3 software was used to perform KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes. RT-qPCR was used to validate the sequencing results. Results The NCBI database analysis and FISH detection results showed that the Mex3c gene was mainly expressed in the central nervous system of embryos. HE staining results showed that there was no significant difference in the development of embryonic neural tubes between KO group, WT group, and heterozygous knockout group at E12.5 d and E13.5 d. However, at E14.5 d, the embryonic neural tube development in KO group was delayed and the phenotype was significantly abnormal compared with those in WT group. Therefore, the embryonic neural tube tissues of KO group and WT group at E14.5 d were selected for subsequent experiments. The immunofluorescence staining results showed that the PCNA positive cell rate in KO group was significantly lower than that in WT group (P<0.001). The Western blotting results showed that the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in KO group was higher than that in WT group (P<0.01). Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that compared with WT group, the synaptic gap in KO group disappeared, the mitochondrial of the embryonic neural tube in KO group were swollen, the mitochondrial cristae were disrupted, and the structure was significantly abnormal. The results of RNA-seq analysis showed that a total of 377 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 101 up-regulated genes and 276 down-regulated genes. KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the main signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes were enriched in the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction signaling pathways. The RT-qPCR validation results showed that the mRNA expression levels of Avpr1a, Drd1, Htr7, Sstr1, Oxtr and Gabra5 in this signaling pathway were down-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01), which was consistent with the RNA-seq results. Conclusion Mex3c plays an important role in the development of neural tubes in mouse embryos, which may participate in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of neural stem cells through neural active ligand receptor interaction signaling pathways, thereby affecting the development of neural tubes.

, correspAuthors=Yong Wang, Yong Du, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Du Yong, E-mail:
Wang Yong, E-mail:
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目的 研究Mex3c基因敲除对小鼠胚胎神经管发育的影响及其可能的机制。方法 利用NCBI数据库分析Mex3c基因在小鼠各个组织中的表达情况,荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测Mex3c在Mex3c+/+小鼠不同发育时期(E12.5 d、E14.5 d)神经管中的表达情况。将性发育成熟的小鼠按照Mex3c+/-雄∶雌(1∶1)的比例进行合笼繁殖,取繁殖的胚胎,采用PCR鉴定小鼠基因型,按照基因型分为3组:野生型组(Mex3c+/+,WT组)、纯合子敲除组(Mex3c-/-,KO组)与杂合子敲除组(Mex3c+/-),采用HE染色观察3组胚胎神经管的发育情况;免疫荧光染色及Western blotting检测WT组、KO组的胚胎神经干细胞增殖及凋亡情况;透射电镜观察WT组、KO组神经管发育及线粒体的超微结构。提取WT组、KO组神经管的RNA,进行RNA-seq测序,利用R.3.6.3对差异表达基因进行KEGG信号通路富集分析,并采用RT-qPCR验证测序结果。结果 NCBI数据库分析及FISH检测结果显示,Mex3c基因主要表达于胚胎的中枢神经系统。HE染色结果显示,在E12.5 d、E13.5 d,胚胎神经管的发育在KO组、WT组及杂合子敲除组无明显差异;而在E14.5 d,KO组较WT组的胚胎神经管发育迟缓,表型明显异常,据此选择E14.5 d的KO组及WT组胚胎神经管组织进行后续实验。免疫荧光染色结果显示,KO组PCNA阳性细胞率明显低于WT组(P<0.001)。Western blotting检测结果显示,KO组Bax/Bcl-2比值高于WT组(P<0.01)。透射电镜观察显示,与WT组比较,KO组突触间隙消失,胚胎神经管的线粒体水肿,线粒体嵴断裂,结构明显异常。RNA-seq测序分析结果显示,共获得377个差异基因,其中表达上调101个,表达下调276个。KEGG信号通路富集分析发现,差异基因的主要信号通路富集于神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路。RT-qPCR验证结果显示该信号通路中的Avpr1aDrd1Htr7Sstr1OxtrGabra5 mRNA表达水平下调(P<0.05或P<0.01),与RNA-seq结果一致。结论 Mex3c在小鼠胚胎神经管发育过程中起着重要作用,可能通过神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路,参与调控神经干细胞的增殖及凋亡过程,进而影响神经管的发育。

, correspAuthors=汪涌, 杜勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杜勇,E-mail:
汪涌,E-mail:
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路志国,硕士研究生,主要从事神经管发育方面的研究

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路志国,硕士研究生,主要从事神经管发育方面的研究

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路志国,硕士研究生,主要从事神经管发育方面的研究

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RPKM. 每千碱基每百万次读取数;A. NCBI数据库分析Mex3c基因在神经管中的表达情况;B. FISH检测Mex3c基因在E12.5 d和E14.5 d的表达情况(红色箭头所指绿色荧光代表Mex3c基因在神经管中的表达,蓝色荧光代表细胞核)

, figureFileSmall=Nbg+3p0JsQBVc7Tm3v/ieQ==, figureFileBig=l7r+5XlAwa6/BVr1zBHJKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558117769347378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558109150053311, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Genotypic identification of mouse embryos (PCR), figureFileSmall=1VlS0nveTvubBLEtv8UOOg==, figureFileBig=UT48pOw/y1/fFJGDc5JBzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558117890982203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558109150053311, language=CN, label=图2, caption=小鼠胚胎基因型鉴定(PCR)

A. 反向引物R1;B. 反向引物R2

, figureFileSmall=1VlS0nveTvubBLEtv8UOOg==, figureFileBig=UT48pOw/y1/fFJGDc5JBzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558117974868290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558109150053311, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=HE staining of embryonic neural tube at E12.5 d-E14.5 d (HE ×40), figureFileSmall=lGvgosmETbXRUQHQcRlC0Q==, figureFileBig=M68zHGWzyIEuSR92mh9nrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558118113280330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558109150053311, language=CN, label=图3, caption=胚胎神经管E12.5~E14.5 d的HE染色结果(HE ×40)

红色箭头示神经元细胞突触前、后膜

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增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)染色为红色荧光,DAPI染核为蓝色;***P<0.001

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A. Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达;B. 透射电镜观察胚胎神经管及线粒体的超微结构,黑色箭头示胚胎神经管的突触结构,红色箭头示线粒体(神经管结构:×15 000;线粒体结构:×8000);**P<0.01

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*P<0.05,**P<0.01

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A. 柱状图;B. 气泡图

, figureFileSmall=7gfmVjk8dTrz/+lQKhTn7g==, figureFileBig=9PTwrlSDIByi+5r8hZiqsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558120122352009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558109150053311, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequences of RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
Avpr1a正向:TTGTGTCAGCAGCGTGAAGAGC
反向:GATGAAGAAAGGTGTCCAGCAGAGG
Drd1正向:GCATACCTAAGCCACTGGAGAAGC'
反向:AGGTTGAATGCTGTCCGCTGTG
Htr7正向:CATGTCTGTGGCTGGGCTATGC
反向:CTGGAGTAGGCTACGATAGGTGGTC
Sstr1正向:CCGTGAGCCAGTTGTCTGTCATC
反向:GTTCCTCCGCAGCGTTATCCATC
Oxtr正向:GGACATCACCTTCCGCTTCTACG
反向:CGACATCAGCAACAGCAGGTAGG
Gabra5正向:TCCACAACGGCAAGAAGTCCATTG
反向:GGCACTCAGCAGAGATTGTCAGAC
GAPDH正向:CAAGGTCATCCATGACAACTTTG
反向:GTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG
), ArticleFig(id=1198558120223015310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558109150053311, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
Avpr1a正向:TTGTGTCAGCAGCGTGAAGAGC
反向:GATGAAGAAAGGTGTCCAGCAGAGG
Drd1正向:GCATACCTAAGCCACTGGAGAAGC'
反向:AGGTTGAATGCTGTCCGCTGTG
Htr7正向:CATGTCTGTGGCTGGGCTATGC
反向:CTGGAGTAGGCTACGATAGGTGGTC
Sstr1正向:CCGTGAGCCAGTTGTCTGTCATC
反向:GTTCCTCCGCAGCGTTATCCATC
Oxtr正向:GGACATCACCTTCCGCTTCTACG
反向:CGACATCAGCAACAGCAGGTAGG
Gabra5正向:TCCACAACGGCAAGAAGTCCATTG
反向:GGCACTCAGCAGAGATTGTCAGAC
GAPDH正向:CAAGGTCATCCATGACAACTTTG
反向:GTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG
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Mex3c基因敲除对小鼠胚胎神经管发育的影响及其机制
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路志国 1, 2 , 吴晓婷 3 , 王凯 2 , 张波 1 , 汪涌 1, * , 杜勇 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(9): 1029-1037
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(9): 1029-1037
Mex3c基因敲除对小鼠胚胎神经管发育的影响及其机制
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路志国1, 2, 吴晓婷3, 王凯2, 张波1, 汪涌1, * , 杜勇2, *
作者信息
  • 1空军军医大学第二附属医院泌尿外科,陕西西安 710000
  • 2宁夏医科大学总医院小儿外科,宁夏银川 750000
  • 3西安国际医学中心消化内镜诊疗科,陕西西安 710000
  • 路志国,硕士研究生,主要从事神经管发育方面的研究

通讯作者:

杜勇,E-mail:
汪涌,E-mail:
Effect and mechanism of Mex3c gene knockout on embryonic neural tube development
Zhi-Guo Lu1, 2, Xiao-Ting Wu3, Kai Wang2, Bo Zhang1, Yong Wang1, * , Yong Du2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Urology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
  • 2Department of Pediatric Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, China
  • 3Digestive Endoscopy Diagnosis and Treatment Department of Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1012.2024.0124
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目的 研究Mex3c基因敲除对小鼠胚胎神经管发育的影响及其可能的机制。方法 利用NCBI数据库分析Mex3c基因在小鼠各个组织中的表达情况,荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测Mex3c在Mex3c+/+小鼠不同发育时期(E12.5 d、E14.5 d)神经管中的表达情况。将性发育成熟的小鼠按照Mex3c+/-雄∶雌(1∶1)的比例进行合笼繁殖,取繁殖的胚胎,采用PCR鉴定小鼠基因型,按照基因型分为3组:野生型组(Mex3c+/+,WT组)、纯合子敲除组(Mex3c-/-,KO组)与杂合子敲除组(Mex3c+/-),采用HE染色观察3组胚胎神经管的发育情况;免疫荧光染色及Western blotting检测WT组、KO组的胚胎神经干细胞增殖及凋亡情况;透射电镜观察WT组、KO组神经管发育及线粒体的超微结构。提取WT组、KO组神经管的RNA,进行RNA-seq测序,利用R.3.6.3对差异表达基因进行KEGG信号通路富集分析,并采用RT-qPCR验证测序结果。结果 NCBI数据库分析及FISH检测结果显示,Mex3c基因主要表达于胚胎的中枢神经系统。HE染色结果显示,在E12.5 d、E13.5 d,胚胎神经管的发育在KO组、WT组及杂合子敲除组无明显差异;而在E14.5 d,KO组较WT组的胚胎神经管发育迟缓,表型明显异常,据此选择E14.5 d的KO组及WT组胚胎神经管组织进行后续实验。免疫荧光染色结果显示,KO组PCNA阳性细胞率明显低于WT组(P<0.001)。Western blotting检测结果显示,KO组Bax/Bcl-2比值高于WT组(P<0.01)。透射电镜观察显示,与WT组比较,KO组突触间隙消失,胚胎神经管的线粒体水肿,线粒体嵴断裂,结构明显异常。RNA-seq测序分析结果显示,共获得377个差异基因,其中表达上调101个,表达下调276个。KEGG信号通路富集分析发现,差异基因的主要信号通路富集于神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路。RT-qPCR验证结果显示该信号通路中的Avpr1aDrd1Htr7Sstr1OxtrGabra5 mRNA表达水平下调(P<0.05或P<0.01),与RNA-seq结果一致。结论 Mex3c在小鼠胚胎神经管发育过程中起着重要作用,可能通过神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路,参与调控神经干细胞的增殖及凋亡过程,进而影响神经管的发育。

基因,Mex3c  /  神经管  /  发育异常  /  基因敲除

Objective To investigate the effect of Mex3c gene knockout on embryonic neural tube development and its possible mechanisms. Methods The NCBI database was used to analyze the expression of Mex3c gene in various tissues of mice. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed to detect the expression of Mex3c in neural tubes of Mex3c+/+ mice at different developmental stages (E12.5 d, E14.5 d). Sexual mature mice were mated at a ratio of Mex3c+/- male to female (1:1) in the same cage. Embryos were collected and genotyped using PCR. They were divided into 3 groups based on their genotype: wild-type group (Mex3c+/+, WT group), homozygous knockout group (Mex3c-/-, KO group), and heterozygous knockout group (Mex3c+/-). HE staining was employed to observe the development of neural tubes in the 3 groups of embryos. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of embryonic neural stem cells in the WT and KO groups. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the neural tubes and mitochondria in the WT and KO groups. RNA was extracted from the neural tubes of WT and KO groups for RNA-seq sequencing. The R.3.6.3 software was used to perform KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes. RT-qPCR was used to validate the sequencing results. Results The NCBI database analysis and FISH detection results showed that the Mex3c gene was mainly expressed in the central nervous system of embryos. HE staining results showed that there was no significant difference in the development of embryonic neural tubes between KO group, WT group, and heterozygous knockout group at E12.5 d and E13.5 d. However, at E14.5 d, the embryonic neural tube development in KO group was delayed and the phenotype was significantly abnormal compared with those in WT group. Therefore, the embryonic neural tube tissues of KO group and WT group at E14.5 d were selected for subsequent experiments. The immunofluorescence staining results showed that the PCNA positive cell rate in KO group was significantly lower than that in WT group (P<0.001). The Western blotting results showed that the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in KO group was higher than that in WT group (P<0.01). Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that compared with WT group, the synaptic gap in KO group disappeared, the mitochondrial of the embryonic neural tube in KO group were swollen, the mitochondrial cristae were disrupted, and the structure was significantly abnormal. The results of RNA-seq analysis showed that a total of 377 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 101 up-regulated genes and 276 down-regulated genes. KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the main signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes were enriched in the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction signaling pathways. The RT-qPCR validation results showed that the mRNA expression levels of Avpr1a, Drd1, Htr7, Sstr1, Oxtr and Gabra5 in this signaling pathway were down-regulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01), which was consistent with the RNA-seq results. Conclusion Mex3c plays an important role in the development of neural tubes in mouse embryos, which may participate in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of neural stem cells through neural active ligand receptor interaction signaling pathways, thereby affecting the development of neural tubes.

gene, Mex3c  /  neural tube  /  dysplasia  /  gene knockout
路志国, 吴晓婷, 王凯, 张波, 汪涌, 杜勇. Mex3c基因敲除对小鼠胚胎神经管发育的影响及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (9) : 1029 -1037 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1012.2024.0124
Zhi-Guo Lu, Xiao-Ting Wu, Kai Wang, Bo Zhang, Yong Wang, Yong Du. Effect and mechanism of Mex3c gene knockout on embryonic neural tube development[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (9) : 1029 -1037 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1012.2024.0124
神经管作为胎儿中枢神经系统发育的原基,是脑和脊髓发育的前体,其由外胚层増殖分化而来,对胚胎的正常发育至关重要[1-2]。神经管必须在一系列基因的精准调控下按时关闭[3],若神经管闭合不全或不闭合,会形成无脑畸形和脊柱裂等,称为神经管畸形(neural tube defects,NTDs);若神经管闭合之后发育异常,会形成小头畸形、智力障碍相关的先天性畸形,称为神经发育障碍(neurodevelopmental disorders,NDDs)[4]。目前针对神经系统发育缺陷的治疗有限,给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担,因此,研究神经管发育过程中的各种危险因素是揭示NTDs和NDDs等发病机制的关键,对神经管发育缺陷的早期筛查及防治具有重要意义。Mex3c是一种RNA结合蛋白[5],而RNA结合蛋白在正常的神经嵴发育和神经管形成中也发挥重要作用,在神经管发育过程中,RNA结合蛋白的缺陷可导致一系列的病理和综合征[6]。有研究发现,Mex3c在睾丸、卵巢、脑和发育骨中高表达,但在肝脏、肌肉和脂肪组织中的表达较低,且Mex3c基因突变可避免小鼠发生肥胖,降低肥胖小鼠的血糖和胆固醇[7],表明Mex3c可能在神经管发育过程中发挥一定作用。本课题组长期致力于胚胎NTDs模型构建和发病机制的研究,前期研究先后利用全反式维甲酸(all trans retinoic acid,ATRA)、Mex3c基因敲除成功构建鼠神经管缺陷模型,发现Mex3c通过增加下丘脑C-FOS蛋白的表达参与机体能量代谢过程,同时Mex3c+/-雌鼠的胚胎在发育过程中出现神经管发育缺陷,但具体机制尚不明确[8-9]。因此,本研究通过CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术构建Mex3c基因敲除小鼠模型,探讨神经管发育状况,并利用RNA-seq筛选Mex3c基因在神经管发育过程中的重要信号通路,以期揭示神经管发育的调控机制,为寻找神经管发育缺陷的治疗靶点提供新的方向。
小鼠组织直接PCR试剂盒(上海翊圣生物科技有限公司);全蛋白提取试剂盒、BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(南京凯基生物技术有限公司);HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG(北京中杉金桥公司);鼠抗地高辛标记过氧化物酶anti-DIG-HRP(美国Jackson公司);B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、BCL2关联X蛋白(BCL2-associated X,Bax)、β-肌动蛋白(beta-actin,ACTB)(美国Abcam公司)。荧光显微镜、石蜡切片机(德国Leica公司);蛋白电泳仪、凝胶成像分析仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
Mex3c基因敲除C57BL/6J小鼠(Mex3c+/-雌鼠与雄鼠各10只)购自赛业实验动物技术有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(粤)2018-0032],饲养于宁夏医科大学实验动物中心,室温25 ℃,昼夜明暗各12 h日光灯交替,自由饮用去蒸馏水。本研究经宁夏医科大学实验动物使用与管理委员会批准(IACUC-NYLAC-2021-029)。
从NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/)中分析Mex3c基因在小鼠各个组织中的表达情况。
将8周龄Mex3c+/-雌鼠与雄鼠各10只按照雄∶雌=1∶1的比例于晚上8:00进行合笼,第2天观察到雌鼠阴道栓记为妊娠第0.5天(E0.5 d)。到妊娠E14.5 d常规消毒,1%戊巴比妥钠(0.05 mg/g)腹腔注射麻醉后,眼科剪剪开腹部,沿“Y形子宫”找到孕囊,计数,观察有无死胎、吸收胎。分离胚胎尾部用于基因型鉴定。获得胚胎后按照胚胎的基因型分为3组:野生型组(Mex3c+/+,WT组)、纯合子敲除组(Mex3c-/-,KO组)与杂合子敲除组(Mex3c+/-)。
取正常妊娠E12.5 d、E14.5 d、E16.5 d的胚胎组织置于多聚甲醛溶液中,4 ℃放置4 h;包埋盒置于PBS缓冲液中,在摇床上浸洗30 min×3次;30%、50%、75%、80%乙醇各30 min→90%、95%乙醇各15 min→100%乙醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ各10 min→二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ各5 min;将石蜡缸Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ置于65 ℃恒温箱中融化,包埋盒置于蜡缸中各20 min;用石蜡包埋机包埋;利用切片机切片(厚度4 μm),60 ℃烤片机中烘烤2 h备用。
采用FISH检测Mex3c基因在E12.5 d、E14.5 d的表达情况。将包埋好的WT组胚胎的石蜡切片置于二甲苯Ⅰ、二甲苯Ⅱ、无水乙醇Ⅰ、无水乙醇Ⅱ中各5 min脱蜡;切片于修复液中煮沸10 min,自然冷却,加蛋白酶K,37 ℃消化18 min,PBS洗3次×5 min;加预杂交液,37 ℃孵育1 h;加含探针Mex3c的杂交液(Mex3c探针序列:5'-CAACATGGTTGCCTGTACTAGGTGGGTCACTCCTCA-3'),浓度500 nmol/L,42 ℃杂交过夜;洗去杂交液,加封闭血清,室温30 min;加anti-DIG-HRP,37 ℃孵育50 min,PBS洗3次×5 min;加FITC-tyramide,避光室温反应5 min,TBST洗3次×10 min,PBS洗5 min;DAPI复染,避光孵育8 min,加抗荧光淬灭剂封片,镜检拍片。
将性成熟后小鼠按照Mex3c+/-雄∶雌(1∶1)的比例进行合笼繁殖,繁殖的胚胎利用DNA提取试剂盒获取DNA后进行基因鉴定。剪取胚胎的尾部置于1.5 ml离心管中;向离心管加入90 μl Buffer ML,轻轻涡旋使样品完全被浸润,短暂离心;在恒温孵育仪中95 ℃孵育15 min;加入10 μl Buffer MT,轻弹混匀,终止裂解;以12 000 r/min离心2 min;将上清转移至新的离心管中,-20 ℃保存用于后续PCR扩增。使用核酸检测仪测量DNA的浓度和纯度。
Mex3c基因的引物序列如下:正向引物,5'-CTAGAACCAGAGATAATCCAGAG-3';反向引物1,5'-CAGGAGTGTAAGTTAGAAAGGAG-3';反向引物2,5'-TAGACCTCCCGCCTGGTTTAA-3'。取高压灭菌的200 μl PCR管,按如下体系添加:DNA模板1 μl,正向引物 0.5 μl,反向引物 0.5 μl,小鼠直接PCR Mix 10 μl,ddH2O 8 μl。将上述混管离心后置于PCR仪中,PCR反应条件:预变性94 ℃ 5 min;变性94 ℃ 10 s、退火60 ℃ 20 s、延伸72 ℃ 30 s,共35个循环;延伸72 ℃ 5 min。取50 ml 1×TAE注入含1 g琼脂糖粉的200 ml锥形瓶中,微波加热至澄清液体;用流水将上述溶液冷却,待温度达到60 ℃左右,加入2.5 μl核酸染料;缓慢摇匀后倒入胶模槽中;待胶凝固后移入电泳槽中,上样;在70 V电压下进行电泳,45 min后停止,在仪器下观察结果。
取包埋好的E12.5 d、E13.5 d、E14.5 d WT组、KO组及杂合子敲除组胚胎的石蜡切片,分别置于:二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ中各10 min,100%乙醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ中各5 min,95%乙醇2 min,90%乙醇2 min,80%乙醇2 min,70%乙醇3 min,蒸馏水1 min;苏木精染色4 min,流水冲洗;盐酸乙醇分化液1~2 s,流水冲洗10 min;伊红染色3 min,流水冲洗;再分别置于90%、95%乙醇各2 min,100%乙醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ各1 min,二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ中各2 min;加中性树脂封片,镜检拍片。
将E14.5 d WT组及KO组胚胎的石蜡切片依次置于二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ中各15 min,100% Ⅰ、100% Ⅱ,90%、85%、75%乙醇中各5 min,蒸馏水中1 min;随后置于EDTA抗原修复液中,微波炉中火煮沸8 min,再转低火7 min,自然冷却后PBS洗3次×5 min;加山羊血清,封闭30 min;加配好的一抗增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA;稀释倍数1∶500),湿盒内4 ℃孵育过夜,PBS洗3次×5 min;滴加荧光二抗,避光室温孵育50 min;PBS洗3次×5 min,加DAPI染液,避光室温孵育10 min;用抗荧光淬灭剂封片,镜检拍片。
将E14.5 d WT组及KO组胚胎的神经管组织加适量裂解液,匀浆后在4 ℃下12 000×g离心15 min,取上清,BCA法测定蛋白浓度,上样30 μg蛋白经12% SDS凝胶电泳分离后转膜,5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h,TBSB洗膜后,分别加入Bax、Bcl-2、ACTB抗体(1∶1000)孵育过夜,然后用HRP标记的二抗孵育(1∶10 000),化学发光,采用ImageJ软件分析蛋白相对表达量。
将E14.5 d WT组及KO组胚胎的神经管组织置于2.5%戊二醛溶液中,4 ℃固定2 h,缓冲液清洗3次×2 h;然后在1%锇酸中浸泡2 h→缓冲液冲洗3次×15 min。4 ℃下依次置于30%、50%、70%乙醇中脱水10 min,然后于室温下80%、90%乙醇中各10 min,100%乙醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ中各15 min,最后用环氧丙烷Ⅰ、Ⅱ各渗透15 min。按不完全包埋液环氧丙烷(1∶1)渗透1 h,完全包埋液35 ℃渗透6 h后转移至包埋板,42 ℃烘箱过夜;置于60 ℃烘箱中48 h。在超薄切片机上切50 nm厚切片,采用醋酸轴、枸橼酸银染色,透射电镜下观察小鼠神经管中突触、线粒体的超微结构。
胚胎神经管的转录组测序RNA-seq分为两组:WT组与KO组,每组各5只生物学重复。该部分实验由百迈客生物科技有限公司完成。
以差异倍数≥1.5且P<0.05作为筛选标准进行差异表达基因的筛选,利用R3.6.3软件对差异表达基因进行KEGG信号通路富集分析。
引物的设计与合成由上海生工生物工程有限公司完成,通过NCBI基因库搜索小鼠Avpr1aDrd1Htr7Sstr1OxtrGabra5GAPDH编码序列,名称及序列如表1所示,Trizol法提取RNA,将提取的RNA用反转录试剂盒反转录为cDNA。反应体系:2×ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix 10 μl,正向引物0.4 μl,反向引物0.4 μl,反转录cDNA 2 μl,ddH2O 7.2 μl;反应条件:94 ℃ 30 s;94 ℃ 5 s、60 ℃ 30 s,共40个循环。采用2-ΔΔCt法计算相对表达量。
采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,Graph Pad Prism 6.0软件制图。本研究均为计量资料,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较首先进行正态性检验,满足正态性则进行两样本t检验,若不满足则进行秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
NCBI数据库分析结果显示,Mex3c基因在小鼠胚胎中枢神经系统(胚胎期E11.5 d、E14 d、E14.5 d、E18 d的中枢神经系统或脑部)及生殖系统(如睾丸、卵巢等组织)中的表达高于其他组织(图1A)。
为验证数据库结果,采用FISH检测Mex3c基因在E12.5 d、E14.5 d的表达水平,结果显示,在这两个时间点Mex3c基因均有表达,在E12.5 d主要表达于脑部,在E14.5 d主要表达于脑部及脊髓部(图1B)。
通过PCR对繁殖的胚胎进行基因型鉴定,以方便按基因分型分组观察表型。将反向引物1(R1)和反向引物2(R2)分成两板(图2A、B)。第一次PCR R1(563 bp)阳性说明得到Mex3c基因敲除胚胎,包括杂合子敲除Mex3c-/-和纯合子敲除Mex3c+/-。第二次PCR R2(557 bp)阳性,结合R1阳性则可判定为(Mex3c+/-);若R2阴性条带,R1阳性则为Mex3c-/-;只有R2阳性为野生型胚胎(Mex3c+/+)。
HE染色结果显示,KO组、WT组、杂合子敲除组的胚胎神经管在E12.5 d、E13.5 d无明显差异,而在E14.5 d,与WT组比较,KO组胚胎神经管发育迟缓,表型明显异常,而E14.5 d的杂合子未见明显异常(图3),表明Mex3c基因敲除引起胚胎神经管发育异常可能主要发生在E14.5 d。据此选择E14.5 d的KO组及WT组胚胎神经管进行后续实验。
免疫荧光染色检测结果显示,与WT组比较,KO组PCNA阳性细胞率明显降低(P<0.001,图4)。Western blotting检测结果显示,KO组Bax/Bcl-2比值高于WT组(P<0.01,图5A)。透射电镜观察显示,WT组及KO组胚胎神经管中神经元细胞突触前、后膜均清晰,但KO组突触间隙消失,有一定程度融合,神经管发育具有明显的缺陷;WT组胚胎神经管的线粒体呈椭圆形,线粒体嵴形态正常,而KO组胚胎神经管的线粒体水肿,显示大量空泡,线粒体嵴断裂、模糊甚至消失,表现为变形、增大,结构明显异常(图5B)。
RT-qPCR检测结果如图6所示,在Mex3c基因敲除的胚胎神经管中,神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路中Avpr1aDrd1Gabra5Sstr1Htr7Oxtr mRNA相对表达水平下调(P<0.05或P<0.01),与RNA-seq结果一致。RNA-seq转录组测序共获得377个差异基因,其中表达上调101个,表达下调276个。将差异基因进行KEGG信号通路富集分析,结果显示,差异基因的主要信号通路富集于神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路(图7A、B)。其中与神经发育密切相关的有神经活性配体受体相互作用、TGF-β信号通路及Notch信号通路,神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路中的Avpr1aDrd1Htr7Sstr1OxtrGabra5基因下调。
神经管是胎儿中枢神经系统的始基,在胚胎的第4周末,由神经褶两侧开始相互靠拢形成的一个管道[10],神经管的正确形成对生物体的生长和发育至关重要。在神经管发育的关键时期,需要众多基因在时空上准确表达以及精细的网络调控,任何环节出现问题都能引起神经管发育缺陷[11-12],但其具体的致病机制尚未明确。因此,研究影响神经管发育过程中的危险因素刻不容缓。
本研究首先通过NCBI数据库分析Mex3c基因在小鼠各个组织中的表达情况,发现Mex3c基因在胚胎的中枢神经系统(如胚胎的脑部)及生殖系统(如睾丸、卵巢等组织中)呈高表达,特别是在胚胎神经管发育过程中神经干细胞增殖、分化、凋亡的高峰期(E12.5~E14.5 d),提示Mex3c基因可能在神经干细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡过程中发挥一定的作用。研究发现,小鼠Mex3c蛋白特异性表达于卵巢的卵母细胞,同时发现RNA结合蛋白PUF-8和Mex3c并不是通过阻止减数分裂来维持生殖干细胞的功能,而是促进生殖干细胞的有丝分裂,进而促进生殖干细胞的作用[13]。而本研究发现在胚胎期Mex3c在神经系统中表达较高,结合本课题组前期研究发现在E14.5 d的Mex3c基因敲除小鼠胚胎神经管发育存在异常,因此选择E12.5 d、E14.5 d这两个时间,利用FISH检测发现Mex3c基因在E12.5 d主要表达于脑部,在E14.5 d主要表达于脑部及脊髓部,提示Mex3c在胚胎神经管发育过程中可能发挥重要作用。
本研究HE染色发现,Mex3c基因敲除对胚胎E12.5 d及E13.5 d的神经管发育无明显影响,可见Mex3c基因敲除对E13.5 d之前的小鼠胚胎无明显影响,而在E8.5~E10.5 d是小鼠神经管闭合的过程,结合HE染色结果可知,Mex3c基因敲除不会影响神经管的闭合;但在E14.5 d发现Mex3c基因敲除小鼠的胚胎神经管发育迟缓,表型发育异常,提示Mex3c基因敲除可能在E14.5 d这一节点影响神经管的发育,而E14.5 d正是神经管闭合之后神经干细胞迅速增殖分化的高峰期,因此后续实验重点关注E14.5 d的胚胎神经管发育状况。
神经管闭合之后,神经干细胞进入增殖、分化及凋亡的高峰期,以保证神经管头端发育为脑,尾端发育为脊髓,这依赖于复杂的基因调控及信号通路来平衡NSCs的增殖、分化和凋亡,若这一平衡被打破,则会导致NDDs,包括小头畸形、发育迟缓等[14-15]。本研究免疫荧光染色及Western blotting检测结果发现,Mex3c基因敲除可引起神经干细胞增殖减少而凋亡增加,神经干细胞的增殖、凋亡平衡被打破,进一步验证了HE染色结果;透射电镜观察发现,Mex3c基因敲除后胚胎神经管中神经元细胞突触前、后膜均清晰,但突触间隙消失,有一定程度融合,神经管发育具有明显的缺陷;同时发现Mex3c基因敲除可引起神经管线粒体水肿,显示大量空泡,线粒体嵴断裂、模糊甚至消失,表现为变形、增大,结构明显异常。由此可见,Mex3c基因敲除可明显引起胚胎神经管的发育缺陷及线粒体的发育缺陷,但不影响神经管的闭合过程。
为深入探究Mex3c基因敲除引起胚胎神经管的发育缺陷的内在机制及涉及的信号通路,本研究利用RNA-seq技术检测Mex3c基因敲除引起胚胎神经管的转录组变化,筛选出重要的差异表达基因参与的生物学过程及信号代谢通路,结果显示共筛选出377个差异表达基因,其中表达上调101个,表达下调276个。对差异基因进行KEGG信号通路富集分析,发现与神经管发育相关的神经活性配体受体相互作用这一信号通路,并对其中关键基因的mRNA表达水平进行RT-qPCR验证,结果与RNA-seq结果一致,提示Mex3c基因敲除可能与下调神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路有关。
神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路与神经功能直接相关,神经活性配体通过与细胞内受体结合影响神经功能,具有结合转录因子和调节基因表达的能力[16]。一项探讨纳米二氧化硅(nano-silicon dioxide,Nano-SiO2)对神经系统不良影响的研究发现,Nano-SiO2可通过影响神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路而诱发发育性神经毒性[17-18],表明神经活性配体受体相互作用这一信号通路参与了神经管发育过程并发挥重要作用,而Mex3c可能通过调节这一信号通路而影响神经干细胞的增殖、凋亡过程,进而参与神经管的发育,而具体如何通过这些信号通路进行调控仍须进一步探讨。
本研究揭示了Mex3c在小鼠胚胎神经管发育过程中的重要作用,Mex3c基因敲除引起神经管发育缺陷,致使神经干细胞的增殖、凋亡平衡被打破,这可能是通过参与调控神经活性配体受体相互作用信号通路实现的。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82260308)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81560253)
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2024年第49卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1012.2024.0124
  • 接收时间:2023-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-31
  • 录用日期:2023-10-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82260308)
国家自然科学基金(82260308)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81560253)
国家自然科学基金(81560253)
作者信息
    1空军军医大学第二附属医院泌尿外科,陕西西安 710000
    2宁夏医科大学总医院小儿外科,宁夏银川 750000
    3西安国际医学中心消化内镜诊疗科,陕西西安 710000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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