Article(id=1198558107040313654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1543.2024.0428, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1703692800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-28, onlineDate=1763688120851, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763688120851, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763688120851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763688120851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198558106218230069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='9', pageStart='977', pageEnd='1098', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763688120655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763689155065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198562444915339352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198562444915339353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198558106218230069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1022, endPage=1028, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198558107380052280, articleId=1198558107040313654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application value of pathogen targeted next generation sequencing technology in patients with suspected pulmonary infection, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the application value of pathogen-targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) technology in patients with suspected pulmonary infections. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 80 patients with suspected pulmonary infections admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine at the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2021 to July 2023. All patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) tNGS and conventional pathogen detection. Demographic characteristics of the patients were analyzed, and the distribution of pathogens detected by tNGS and conventional methods were compared. The clinical data of patients diagnosed with single pulmonary infections and those with mixed infections were also compared. Results Among the 80 patients, 74 were diagnosed with infections. Most of the infected patients had underlying conditions, mainly chronic heart disease (42.5%), chronic respiratory disease (35%), and diabetes (20%). The tNGS test results led to changes in treatment strategy for 35 patients (43.8%). A total of 45 types of pathogens were detected, with 169 strains identified by tNGS and 63 strains by conventional methods. Within pathogens detected by both methods, bacteria were detected the most. The order of pathogen types detected by tNGS was bacteria > viruses > fungi > atypical pathogens > Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The order of pathogen types detected by conventional methods was fungi > viruses > bacteria > atypical pathogens > Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The consistency between the two pathogen detection methods was poor (kappa value 0.172, P=0.020). The number of positive cases and the positive detection rates for bacteria, viruses, and atypical pathogens detected by tNGS were significantly higher than those of conventional methods (P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in the positive detection rates for fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis between the two methods (P>0.05). Using clinical diagnosis as the gold standard, the sensitivity of tNGS detection was significantly higher than that of conventional methods (P=0.026), while there was no statistically significant difference in specificity between the two methods (P>0.05). Among the 74 confirmed pulmonary infection cases, 6 had no clear pathogen, 23 had single infections, and 45 had mixed infections. Among the mixed infections, the most common combination was bacterial-viral mixed infections (12/45, 26.7%). The mortality rate and hospitalization duration of patients with mixed infections were significantly higher than those with single infections (P<0.05); there were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, underlying conditions, white blood cell count, and neutrophil percentage between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions tNGS technology has higher pathogen detection sensitivity compared to conventional methods, especially for bacteria, viruses, atypical pathogens, and rare pathogens. This technology is beneficial for identifying mixed infections and can serve as a supplement to conventional pathogen detection methods in clinical practice.

, correspAuthors=Chun-Yan Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨病原体靶向测序(tNGS)技术在疑似肺部感染患者中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月-2023年7月湖北省第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的80例疑似肺部感染患者的临床资料,所有患者均行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)tNGS及常规病原学检测。分析患者人口学特征,比较tNGS与常规方法检测的病原体分布结果,并比较确诊肺部单一感染者与混合感染者的临床资料。结果 80例中,74例确诊感染。大部分感染者存在基础疾病,以慢性心脏疾病(42.5%)、慢性呼吸系统疾病(35.0%)和糖尿病(20.0%)为主。tNGS检测结果致35例患者(43.8%)的治疗策略改变。共检出45种病原体,其中tNGS检出病原体169株,常规方法检出病原体63株;两者联合检测出的病原体以细菌较多。tNGS检出的病原体株数排序:细菌>病毒>真菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌。常规方法检出的病原体株数排序:真菌>病毒>细菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌。两种方法检测结果的一致性较差(Kappa值0.172,P=0.020)。tNGS检出病原菌阳性比例及在细菌、病毒、非典型病原体的阳性检出率均明显高于常规方法(P<0.05),但在真菌、人结核分枝杆菌的阳性检出率与常规方法比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以临床诊断为金标准,tNGS检测的敏感度明显高于常规方法(P=0.026),而两者特异度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在74例确诊肺部感染者中,6例无明确的病原体,单一感染者23例,混合感染者45例。在混合感染者中,常见的组合是细菌-病毒混合感染(12/45,26.7%)。混合感染者的病死率和住院天数均明显高于或长于单一感染者(P<0.05);两者性别、年龄、基础疾病、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 tNGS技术较常规方法的病原体检测敏感度高,尤其对细菌、病毒、非典型病原体及少见病原体更为敏感。此技术有利于识别混合感染,可作为临床常规病原学检测方法的补充。

, correspAuthors=黄春艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄春艳,E-mail:
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张彩霞,医学硕士,副主任医师,主要从事肺癌及肺部感染性疾病方面的研究

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Crit Care, 2016, 20(1): 375., articleTitle=Viral-bacterial coinfection affects the presentation and alters the prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198558108852253024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198558108860641632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, companyId=1198558108852253024, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198558108864835937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, companyId=1198558108852253024, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江汉大学附属湖北省第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,湖北武汉 430033)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198558111859569117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of pathogens identified by pathogen targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) and routine pathogen detection, figureFileSmall=P4gALnrRObJs1kDc7SDL3Q==, figureFileBig=goia2OxRSDQ/PuTMgInryA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558111951843809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=CN, label=图1, caption=tNGS与常规方法检测的病原体数量比较

tNGS. 病原体靶向测序

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tNGS. 病原体靶向测序

, figureFileSmall=Y11HLyQXly36xWtO+Py2Hg==, figureFileBig=R5/Oe46A/b9ZDVw81LM+cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558112518074866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The consistency of pathogenic identification by pathogen targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) and routine pathogen detection, figureFileSmall=Eb5gzpRnKXMnArPXMDwgCw==, figureFileBig=XTF/sROBMInLbzix1NHfRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558112627126778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=CN, label=图3, caption=tNGS与常规方法的病原体检测结果的一致性

tNGS. 病原体靶向测序

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tNGS. 病原体靶向测序

, figureFileSmall=1gU6FxQu5tbWTAj+rctWsA==, figureFileBig=w7iLY47LZQaaOS4qqHo99A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558113004614154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Mixed infection situation of 45 patients with pulmonary coinfection, figureFileSmall=bPVlwa5HY9ILZOhWeAOISw==, figureFileBig=O50Wu6SWQiPGxg3Hbhhz+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558113122054672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=CN, label=图5, caption=45例肺部混合感染者的混合感染情况, figureFileSmall=bPVlwa5HY9ILZOhWeAOISw==, figureFileBig=O50Wu6SWQiPGxg3Hbhhz+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198558113189163540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

General data of patients with suspected pulmonary infection (n=80)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标数值
性别 [男, 例(%)]56(70.0)
年龄 (岁, $\bar{x}±s$)64.7±15.7
吸烟史 [例(%)]28(35.0)
BMI (kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)23.69±3.50
基础疾病 [例(%)]
慢性呼吸系统疾病28(35.0)
慢性心脏疾病34(42.5)
慢性肾病2(2.5)
神经系统疾病10(12.5)
慢性肝病1(1.3)
糖尿病16(20.0)
肿瘤6(7.5)
使用免疫抑制药或皮质激素 [例(%)]4(5.0)
tNGS前使用抗生素>3 d [例(%)]11(13.8)
tNGS检测结果至治疗策略改变 [例(%)]35(43.8)
非感染 [例(%)]6(7.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1198558113273049625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

疑似肺部感染患者的基线资料(n=80)

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指标数值
性别 [男, 例(%)]56(70.0)
年龄 (岁, $\bar{x}±s$)64.7±15.7
吸烟史 [例(%)]28(35.0)
BMI (kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)23.69±3.50
基础疾病 [例(%)]
慢性呼吸系统疾病28(35.0)
慢性心脏疾病34(42.5)
慢性肾病2(2.5)
神经系统疾病10(12.5)
慢性肝病1(1.3)
糖尿病16(20.0)
肿瘤6(7.5)
使用免疫抑制药或皮质激素 [例(%)]4(5.0)
tNGS前使用抗生素>3 d [例(%)]11(13.8)
tNGS检测结果至治疗策略改变 [例(%)]35(43.8)
非感染 [例(%)]6(7.5)
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Distribution of pathogens identified by pathogen targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) and routine pathogen detection [n(%), n=80]

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检测方法细菌真菌病毒非典型病原体人结核分枝杆菌阳性病例
常规方法12(15.0)25(31.3)19(23.8)4(5.0)3(3.8)41(51.3)
tNGS74(92.5)30(37.5)48(60.0)12(15.0)5(6.3)68(85.0)
χ296.6440.69321.5954.444-20.982
P<0.0010.405<0.0010.0350.719<0.001
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tNGS与常规方法检测的病原体分布情况[例(%),n=80]

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检测方法细菌真菌病毒非典型病原体人结核分枝杆菌阳性病例
常规方法12(15.0)25(31.3)19(23.8)4(5.0)3(3.8)41(51.3)
tNGS74(92.5)30(37.5)48(60.0)12(15.0)5(6.3)68(85.0)
χ296.6440.69321.5954.444-20.982
P<0.0010.405<0.0010.0350.719<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1198558113591816742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of the results of tNGS, conventional detection and clinical diagnosis (n

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检测方法金标准合计
阳性阴性
合计74680
tNGS
阳性66268
阴性8412
合计74680
常规方法
阳性38341
阴性36339
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tNGS、常规方法病原体检测结果与临床诊断比较(例)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法金标准合计
阳性阴性
合计74680
tNGS
阳性66268
阴性8412
合计74680
常规方法
阳性38341
阴性36339
), ArticleFig(id=1198558113747005996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of clinical data of patients with pulmonary single or mixed infection

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指标单一感染组(n=23)混合感染组(n=45)
性别 [男, 例(%)]16(69.6)30(66.7)
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)59.4±14.866.5±16.8
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.17±3.2922.98±3.68
住院天数(d, $\bar{x}±s$)11.83±3.2314.07±4.24(1)
死亡 [例(%)]010(22.2)(1)
基础疾病 [例(%)]
慢性呼吸系统疾病6(26.1)22(48.9)
慢性心脏疾病7(30.4)24(53.3)
慢性肾病02(4.4)
神经系统疾病1(4.4)7(15.6)
慢性肝病01(2.2)
糖尿病4(17.4)10(22.2)
肿瘤1(4.4)3(6.7)
使用免疫抑制药或皮质激素[例(%)]1(4.4)3(6.7)
白细胞计数[×109/L, M(Q1, Q3)]7.69(6.35, 10.76)9.56(6.50, 13.52)
中性粒细胞百分比[M(Q1, Q3)]0.81(0.69, 0. 87)0.81(0.67, 0.88)
CRP[mg/L, M(Q1, Q3)]89.57(34.25, 163.30)47.30(19.30, 161.59)
PCT[ng/ml, M(Q1, Q3)]0.09(0.03, 0.36)0.08(0.04, 0.43)
), ArticleFig(id=1198558113835086386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198558107040313654, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

肺部单一感染与混合感染患者的临床资料比较

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指标单一感染组(n=23)混合感染组(n=45)
性别 [男, 例(%)]16(69.6)30(66.7)
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)59.4±14.866.5±16.8
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.17±3.2922.98±3.68
住院天数(d, $\bar{x}±s$)11.83±3.2314.07±4.24(1)
死亡 [例(%)]010(22.2)(1)
基础疾病 [例(%)]
慢性呼吸系统疾病6(26.1)22(48.9)
慢性心脏疾病7(30.4)24(53.3)
慢性肾病02(4.4)
神经系统疾病1(4.4)7(15.6)
慢性肝病01(2.2)
糖尿病4(17.4)10(22.2)
肿瘤1(4.4)3(6.7)
使用免疫抑制药或皮质激素[例(%)]1(4.4)3(6.7)
白细胞计数[×109/L, M(Q1, Q3)]7.69(6.35, 10.76)9.56(6.50, 13.52)
中性粒细胞百分比[M(Q1, Q3)]0.81(0.69, 0. 87)0.81(0.67, 0.88)
CRP[mg/L, M(Q1, Q3)]89.57(34.25, 163.30)47.30(19.30, 161.59)
PCT[ng/ml, M(Q1, Q3)]0.09(0.03, 0.36)0.08(0.04, 0.43)
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病原体靶向测序技术在疑似肺部感染患者中的应用价值分析
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张彩霞 , 叶黎文 , 黄春艳 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(9): 1022-1028
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(9): 1022-1028
病原体靶向测序技术在疑似肺部感染患者中的应用价值分析
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张彩霞, 叶黎文, 黄春艳*
作者信息
  • 江汉大学附属湖北省第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,湖北武汉 430033
  • 张彩霞,医学硕士,副主任医师,主要从事肺癌及肺部感染性疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

黄春艳,E-mail:
Application value of pathogen targeted next generation sequencing technology in patients with suspected pulmonary infection
Cai-Xia Zhang, Li-Wen Ye, Chun-Yan Huang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1543.2024.0428
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目的 探讨病原体靶向测序(tNGS)技术在疑似肺部感染患者中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月-2023年7月湖北省第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的80例疑似肺部感染患者的临床资料,所有患者均行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)tNGS及常规病原学检测。分析患者人口学特征,比较tNGS与常规方法检测的病原体分布结果,并比较确诊肺部单一感染者与混合感染者的临床资料。结果 80例中,74例确诊感染。大部分感染者存在基础疾病,以慢性心脏疾病(42.5%)、慢性呼吸系统疾病(35.0%)和糖尿病(20.0%)为主。tNGS检测结果致35例患者(43.8%)的治疗策略改变。共检出45种病原体,其中tNGS检出病原体169株,常规方法检出病原体63株;两者联合检测出的病原体以细菌较多。tNGS检出的病原体株数排序:细菌>病毒>真菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌。常规方法检出的病原体株数排序:真菌>病毒>细菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌。两种方法检测结果的一致性较差(Kappa值0.172,P=0.020)。tNGS检出病原菌阳性比例及在细菌、病毒、非典型病原体的阳性检出率均明显高于常规方法(P<0.05),但在真菌、人结核分枝杆菌的阳性检出率与常规方法比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以临床诊断为金标准,tNGS检测的敏感度明显高于常规方法(P=0.026),而两者特异度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在74例确诊肺部感染者中,6例无明确的病原体,单一感染者23例,混合感染者45例。在混合感染者中,常见的组合是细菌-病毒混合感染(12/45,26.7%)。混合感染者的病死率和住院天数均明显高于或长于单一感染者(P<0.05);两者性别、年龄、基础疾病、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 tNGS技术较常规方法的病原体检测敏感度高,尤其对细菌、病毒、非典型病原体及少见病原体更为敏感。此技术有利于识别混合感染,可作为临床常规病原学检测方法的补充。

病原体靶向测序  /  常规病原学检测  /  肺部感染  /  支气管肺泡灌洗液  /  应用价值

Objective To explore the application value of pathogen-targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) technology in patients with suspected pulmonary infections. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 80 patients with suspected pulmonary infections admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine at the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2021 to July 2023. All patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) tNGS and conventional pathogen detection. Demographic characteristics of the patients were analyzed, and the distribution of pathogens detected by tNGS and conventional methods were compared. The clinical data of patients diagnosed with single pulmonary infections and those with mixed infections were also compared. Results Among the 80 patients, 74 were diagnosed with infections. Most of the infected patients had underlying conditions, mainly chronic heart disease (42.5%), chronic respiratory disease (35%), and diabetes (20%). The tNGS test results led to changes in treatment strategy for 35 patients (43.8%). A total of 45 types of pathogens were detected, with 169 strains identified by tNGS and 63 strains by conventional methods. Within pathogens detected by both methods, bacteria were detected the most. The order of pathogen types detected by tNGS was bacteria > viruses > fungi > atypical pathogens > Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The order of pathogen types detected by conventional methods was fungi > viruses > bacteria > atypical pathogens > Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The consistency between the two pathogen detection methods was poor (kappa value 0.172, P=0.020). The number of positive cases and the positive detection rates for bacteria, viruses, and atypical pathogens detected by tNGS were significantly higher than those of conventional methods (P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in the positive detection rates for fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis between the two methods (P>0.05). Using clinical diagnosis as the gold standard, the sensitivity of tNGS detection was significantly higher than that of conventional methods (P=0.026), while there was no statistically significant difference in specificity between the two methods (P>0.05). Among the 74 confirmed pulmonary infection cases, 6 had no clear pathogen, 23 had single infections, and 45 had mixed infections. Among the mixed infections, the most common combination was bacterial-viral mixed infections (12/45, 26.7%). The mortality rate and hospitalization duration of patients with mixed infections were significantly higher than those with single infections (P<0.05); there were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, underlying conditions, white blood cell count, and neutrophil percentage between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions tNGS technology has higher pathogen detection sensitivity compared to conventional methods, especially for bacteria, viruses, atypical pathogens, and rare pathogens. This technology is beneficial for identifying mixed infections and can serve as a supplement to conventional pathogen detection methods in clinical practice.

pathogen targeted next generation sequencing technology  /  routine pathogen detection  /  pulmonary infection  /  bronchoalveolar lavage fluid  /  application value
张彩霞, 叶黎文, 黄春艳. 病原体靶向测序技术在疑似肺部感染患者中的应用价值分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (9) : 1022 -1028 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1543.2024.0428
Cai-Xia Zhang, Li-Wen Ye, Chun-Yan Huang. Application value of pathogen targeted next generation sequencing technology in patients with suspected pulmonary infection[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (9) : 1022 -1028 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1543.2024.0428
肺部感染的病原体种类繁多、临床表现复杂,严重威胁公众健康;及时、准确地获取病原学证据,并予以针对性治疗是改善预后的关键[1]。传统病原学检测方法存在操作复杂、耗时长、检测效率低等缺点,难以满足临床需要[2]。近年来,随着分子检测技术的不断进步,宏基因组二代测序(metagenomic next generation sequencing,mNGS)已广泛应用于包括呼吸道感染在内的多种感染性疾病的病原体诊断[3]。然而,mNGS存在价格昂贵、宿主/人源比例偏低、无法同时进行DNA/RNA双流程检测等问题[4-5]。病原体靶向测序(targeted next generation sequencing,tNGS)技术将超多重PCR与高通量测序技术相结合,可对样本中目标病原体(可检测几十至几百种常见病原微生物)和目标耐药基因进行靶向检测,在增加样本病原微生物信息的同时,可提高敏感度并减少测序数据量,从而实现成本及性能的双重优化[6-7],有望解决临床病原体检测的部分难题。本研究分析80例疑似肺部感染行支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)tNGS检测的患者的临床资料,并与常规方法检测结果比较,探讨tNGS用于肺部感染病原体检测的效能,以期为临床决策提供参考。
回顾性分析2021年1月-2023年7月入住湖北省第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,因疑似肺部感染行BALF tNGS患者的临床资料。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)肺部影像学检查显示新的或进展性浸润、实变或毛玻璃影;(3)伴或不伴发热、咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难等;(4)入院送检了BALF tNGS,同步进行了BALF常规细菌、真菌培养和抗酸染色;(5)在BALF采集前或之后24 h内检测了常规血液和炎症标志物。排除标准:(1)BALF样本或检测过程未能通过tNGS的质量控制;(2)临床和实验室检查资料不完整。最终纳入80例疑似肺部感染患者,由两位经验丰富的临床医师根据流行病学、临床表现、实验室检测结果、影像学检查结果、抗感染治疗后的结果等多种临床因素,对tNGS与常规方法的最终临床诊断结果进行评估。
所有患者在BALF采集前或之后24 h内收集一般标本(包括BALF和痰液),行常规细菌、真菌培养及抗酸染色,咽拭子呼吸道病原学核酸(包括腺病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、柯萨奇病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、鼻病毒、肺炎支原体、新型冠状病毒)检测,血清肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体抗体检测。临床行胸部CT、常规血液和炎症标志物检测[如血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)等],必要时行血清(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖、结核分枝杆菌感染T细胞(T-SPOT)和(或)BALF 结核分枝杆菌及利福平耐药(GeneXpert)检测,并结合临床信息以辅助诊断。
由经验丰富的支气管镜医师进行支气管镜检查,以获取BALF标本。患者禁水、禁食4 h,2%利多卡因喷雾局麻咽部和鼻腔后,在Olympus BF-260型电子支气管镜下采集BALF,按照《肺部感染性疾病支气管肺泡灌洗病原体检测中国专家共识(2017年版)》的要求[8]进行操作,严格遵守无菌原则,灌洗部位根据胸部影像学确定,病变局限者选择病变段,弥漫性病变者选择右肺中叶或左肺上叶舌段。当支气管镜到达目标支气管段或亚段后,将顶端嵌顿在入口处,经操作孔道快速注入37 ℃ 0.9%氯化钠溶液,总量60~120 ml,分次注入(20~50 m1/次),注入后立即以100 mmHg负压抽吸,回收率40%~60%,回收的灌洗液装入灭菌容器中,取灌洗液第2管(≥5 ml)行tNGS检测,同步(≥10 ml)送检常规细菌、真菌培养及抗酸染色。
常规方法检测或培养出病原体,则结果判定为阳性。病原体分类为细菌(不含结核分枝杆菌)、人结核分枝杆菌、病毒、真菌、非典型病原体。
(1)tNGS检测。合格样本采集后,干冰保存送至上海冰缘医疗科技有限公司(tNGS标本的采集、保存和运输严格按照该公司标准化规范执行)行tNGS检测。tNGS检测过程包括DNA抽提、RNA抽提、反转录、超多重PCR靶向扩增、病原体特异性基因片段靶向扩增、第二轮PCR、NGS建库、PCR产物质量检测、高通量测序、报告解读等。(2)责任病原体的判定方法。当tNGS主报告出现高致病性病原微生物及条件致病菌,如浓度高(≥1×105拷贝/ml)、信号强度高,着重考虑;如浓度高(≥1×105拷贝/ml)、信号强度中,重点考虑;如浓度中(<1×105拷贝/ml)、信号强度高,重点考虑;如浓度中(<1×105拷贝/ml)、信号强度中,次要考虑+部分临床信息;如浓度<1×102拷贝/ml、信号强度高,次要考虑+部分临床信息;如浓度<1×102拷贝/ml、信号强度中,次要考虑+50%以上临床信息。当背景菌列表中出现第三类或第四类病原微生物(致病性低,如皮肤及呼吸道定植菌和环境菌等),任何浓度、信号强度高或中,主报告未有可疑检出时,可参考+80%以上临床信息;当灰区信号出现高致病性病原微生物及条件致病菌,浓度为1~50拷贝/ml、无信号强度,主报告未有可疑检出时,可谨慎参考+90%以上临床信息。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布时以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布时以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-whitney U检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验、校正χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。一致性分析采用Kappa一致性检验。敏感度、特异度比较采用配对χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
80例疑似肺部感染患者中,74例确诊为感染,6例确诊为非感染;因tNGS检测结果致治疗策略改变35例。80例疑似肺部感染患者的基线资料见表1
(1)采用tNGS和常规方法联合检测80例患者,共检出45种病原体;其中tNGS检出病原体169株,常规方法检出病原体63株。病原体按检出的株数排序:细菌>病毒>真菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌。(2)tNGS检出的病原体株数排序:细菌>病毒>真菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌;细菌中肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌均为14例(17.5%),其次为肺炎克雷伯菌10例(12.5%);病毒中EB病毒12例(15.0%)、新型冠状病毒6例(7.5%);真菌中白色假丝酵母菌13例(16.3%)、曲霉10例(12.5%),新生隐球菌1例(1.3%);非典型病原体中,鹦鹉热衣原体7例(8.8%),人结核分枝杆菌5例(6.3%)。(3)常规方法检测病原体株数排序:真菌>病毒>细菌>非典型病原体>人结核分枝杆菌,较多见的真菌为白色假丝酵母菌12例(15.0%)、曲霉8例(10.0%);较多见的病毒为新型冠状病毒10例(12.5%)、甲型流感病毒6例(7.5%);此外,非典型病原体中,肺炎支原体4例(5.0%),人结核分枝杆菌3例(3.8%)(图1图2表2)。
80例中,两种方法检测结果同为阳性者40例(50.0%),其中,tNGS与常规方法结果完全一致6例(7.5%),部分一致14例(17.5%),不一致20例(25.0%);tNGS与常规方法检测结果同为阴性11例(13.8%),仅tNGS检测阳性者28例(35.0%),仅常规方法检测阳性者1例(1.3%)。两种方法检测结果的一致性较差(Kappa值0.172,P=0.020,图3图4)。
80例中,tNGS检出的病原菌阳性比例明显高于常规方法[68(85.0%) vs. 41(51.3%),P<0.05]。对病原菌进一步分类,tNGS在细菌、病毒、非典型病原体中阳性检出率均明显高于常规方法(P<0.05),而真菌、人结核分枝杆菌的阳性检出率与常规方法比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。以临床诊断为参照标准,tNGS的敏感度明显高于常规方法(89.2% vs. 51.4%,P=0.026),两种方法的特异度比较差异无统计学意义(66.7% vs. 50.0%,P=1.000,表3)。
将tNGS或常规方法确定≥2种以上的感染性病原体定义为混合感染,结果显示,在74例确诊肺部感染病例中,单一感染者23例,混合感染者45例,6例无明确的病原体。45例混合感染中,细菌-病毒组合(12例,26.7%)最多,其次是细菌-细菌、细菌-真菌和细菌-真菌-病毒(均为8例,17.8%);另外,真菌-病毒6例(13.3%),细菌-非典型病原体2例(4.4%),病毒-病毒1例(2.2%)(图5)。混合感染组的病死率和住院天数明显高于或长于单一感染组(P<0.05);两组患者在性别、年龄、基础疾病、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、CRP和PCT等方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表4)。
本研究在病原体常规检测方法的基础上,引入较mNGS经济、快速的tNGS技术,结果显示,在80例疑似肺部感染患者中,指导了35例(43.8%)治疗策略改变。因此,tNGS或许能为临床肺部感染患者的治疗带来较大帮助。
本组80例分析结果显示,经临床确诊74例感染,6例非感染。大部分感染者存在基础疾病,以慢性心脏疾病(42.5%)、慢性呼吸系统疾病(35.0%)、糖尿病(20.0%)为主。在检出的病原体中,tNGS检出169株,常规方法检出63株,两者联合检出的病原体以细菌较多。tNGS检出病原体,主要为肺炎链球菌(14/80,17.5%)、流感嗜血杆菌(14/80,17.5%)。这一结果与Wei等[9]报道的一致。Wei等[9]认为,mNGS在检测儿童社区获得性肺炎病原体方面有一定优势,特别是肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌。本研究常规方法检出病原体中,真菌较多,如白色假丝酵母菌(12/80,15.0%)。两种方法检测结果不一致的可能原因:白色假丝酵母菌易寄生于口腔,而常规检测方法易受口腔污染影响;常规培养检测细菌敏感度较低。本研究进一步分析了tNGS与常规方法的一致性,结果显示,两种方法检测结果的一致性较差(Kappa值为0.172),提示二者之间可相互补充。
本研究进一步比较了tNGS与常规检测方法的差异,结果显示,tNGS病原体检出率(68/80,85.0%)明显高于常规方法(41/80,51.3%),这与国内外对mNGS与常规方法比较的结论相近[10-11]。Chen等[10]报道,在下呼吸道感染病例中,mNGS的致病菌检出率为65.0%,而常规培养法仅为20.0%。本研究的致病菌检出率高于Chen等[10],究其原因:首先,从技术角度看,tNGS不受人类基因组及背景微生物的影响,而mNGS在去除人类背景基因的过程中,可能导致较高的假阴性;其次,本研究常规方法包括传统的微生物培养、抗原和(或)抗体免疫学方法及部分病原体PCR检测,而Chen等[10]比较的仅为常规培养法。因此,tNGS与mNGS在明确病原体方面均具有明显优势。另外,本研究结果显示,tNGS在细菌、病毒、非典型病原体的阳性检出率均明显高于常规方法,而真菌、人结核分枝杆菌的阳性检出率与常规方法差异无统计学意义,与Xie等[12-13]对mNGS的研究一致;但与Miao等[14]研究结果不一致,他们认为mNGS检测常见细菌并不优于常规方法,而对真菌的检测性能优于常规方法。分析上述差异的原因:(1)标本来源不同,本研究仅收集BALF进行分析;(2)纳入疾病及个体免疫状态不同;(3)研究方法不同,既往研究分析的是mNGS,而本研究分析的是tNGS;(4)实验室检测条件存在差异。
近年来,随着mNGS的临床应用,由非典型病原体引起的肺部感染病例报告增多[15-17]。本研究以tNGS代替mNGS,在常规方法阴性情况下,通过tNGS报告了7例鹦鹉热衣原体,提示tNGS在识别非典型病原体方面具有优势。肺孢子虫肺炎是一种机会性感染,在免疫功能低下的患者中发病率较高,常规方法难以确诊[18]。mNGS的应用促进了肺孢子虫肺炎的诊断[19-21]。本研究采用tNGS检测到5例耶氏肺孢子虫,提示tNGS也可促进肺孢子虫肺炎的诊断。但与常规方法比较,tNGS在人结核分枝杆菌方面未显示明显优势,考虑与人结核分枝杆菌破壁困难有关。令人欣喜的是,tNGS还检测到1例隐球菌肺炎,显示其在少见病原体检测方面具有优势。
本研究以临床诊断为金标准,结果显示,tNGS对病原体检测的敏感度明显高于常规方法(89.2% vs. 51.4%),特异度与常规方法差异无统计学意义(66.7% vs. 50.0%)。这一结果与大部分mNGS相关研究一致[22-23];但Cai等[24]研究结果显示,mNGS的敏感度和特异度均明显优于常规培养方法。
本研究结果还显示,确诊肺部感染患者中混合感染比较达64.3%(45/74),高于预期。本研究中的混合感染模式以细菌-病毒感染(12/45,26.7%)居多,与Legoff等[25]研究一致;其次是细菌-细菌、细菌-真菌、细菌-真菌-病毒感染(均为8/45,17.8%)。Wu等[26]报道,免疫功能正常患者中较多见的混合感染组合是细菌-病毒和细菌-细菌感染,而在免疫功能受损的患者中,细菌-病毒、细菌-真菌感染则更多见。本研究结果与其略有不同,考虑与未进一步对患者免疫状态进行分类及免疫功能低下患者的比例较低有关。进一步对混合感染与单一感染患者的临床资料进行比较,结果显示,仅凭患者性别、年龄、基础疾病状态及炎症指标(白细胞、中性粒细胞比率、CRP、PCT等)来区分混合感染与单一感染是不可取的;此时,将tNGS与患者临床症状、影像学、实验室检查等相关资料相结合,则有助于混合感染的识别。同时,本研究结果显示,混合感染患者的病死率和住院天数均明显高于或长于单一感染者,提示前者预后较差,与Voiriot等[27]研究结果相近,他们的结果显示病毒-细菌合并感染的患者预后较差。因此,早期识别混合感染对于改善预后尤为重要,对于危重疑难患者早期使用tNGS技术有利于混合感染的识别及精准靶向治疗,进而降低病死率。
综上所述,与常规方法相比,tNGS可明显提高对疑似肺部感染的诊断效能,尤其对细菌、病毒、非典型病原体及少见病原体引起的感染。此外,tNGS是一种较有前途的混合感染检测技术,可作为临床常规病原学检测方法的重要补充。本研究亦存在一定局限性:样本量偏小,且为单中心、回顾性研究,可能存在选择偏倚;最终诊断由两名临床专家根据患者的综合病情确定,主观偏见难以避免;部分BALF标本在采集过程中可能被污染;BALF和痰液来自呼吸道,呼吸道通常有共生微生物定植混合,可能导致一定假阳性;仅收集BALF进行tNGS分析,未收集其他标本。因此,今后需对tNGS在感染性疾病中的临床应用进行前瞻性、多中心、大规模研究,并对tNGS在不同标本类型中的阳性检测进行比较。
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2024年第49卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1543.2024.0428
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 录用日期:2023-12-28
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    江汉大学附属湖北省第三人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,湖北武汉 430033

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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