Article(id=1198202433982791973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0645.2024.0418, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1683302400000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1694361600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-11, onlineDate=1763603321786, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763603321786, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763603321786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603321786, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198202427301265552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='10', pageStart='1099', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763603320193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603941762, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198205034396746241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198205034396746242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1163, endPage=1173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198202434498691373, articleId=1198202433982791973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of LETM1 on malignant behavior of osteosarcoma cells, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of leucine zipper/EF-hand-containing transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1) on proliferation, migration, apoptosis, osteogenic differentiation, and tumorigenesis in vivo of human osteosarcoma MG63 and 143B cells. Methods The osteosarcoma MG63 and 143B cells were divided into blank control group (without adenovirus infection), negative control group (sh-NC group, infected with RNAi negative control virus), and LETM1 knockdown group (sh-LETM1 group, infected with sh-LETM1 adenovirus). Western blotting was performed to detect LETM1 expression in normal human osteoblasts hFOB1.19 and osteosarcoma cells, and to verify the knockdown effect of adenovirus; cell clone formation assays and CCK-8 method were used to detect the proliferation of MG63 and 143B cells; wound-healing assay and Transwell assay were used to test cell migration; DAPI staining and Annexin V-APC/7-AAD flow cytometry double staining were used to detect the apoptosis of MG63 and 143B cells; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin Red S staining were used to evaluate early and late osteogenic differentiation of MG63 and 143B cells. Ten nude mice were divided into sh-NC group (n=5, injected subcutaneously into nude mice with 143B cells infected with RNAi negative control virus) and sh-LETM1 group (n=5, injected subcutaneously into nude mice with 143B cells infected with sh-LETM1 adenovirus), and nude mice subcutaneous tumor formation assay was used to examine the in vivo tumor-forming ability of 143B cells in each group. Results Western blotting showed that the expression of LETM1 protein in osteosarcoma MG63 and 143B cells was significantly higher than that in human normal osteoblasts hFOB1.19 (P<0.05), and that the expression of LETM1 protein was markedly reduced after injection with sh-LETM1 adenovirus in MG63 and 143B cells. The results of cell clone formation assay and CCK-8 assay indicated that in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells, the clone formation ability and proliferation ability were significantly reduced in sh-LETM1 group compared with sh-NC group and blank control group (P<0.01). The results of wound-healing assay and Transwell assay demonstrated that in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells, the cell migration rate in sh-LETM1 group was significantly lower than that in sh-NC group and blank control group (P<0.01). DAPI staining and flow cytometry results revealed that the apoptosis rate in sh-LETM1 group was significantly higher than those in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells in sh-NC group (P<0.01). Alkaline phosphatase staining and Alizarin red S staining experiments showed more stained areas and calcium salt nodules in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells in sh-LETM1 group than those in sh-NC group and blank control group. The results of the subcutaneous tumor formation assay in nude mice indicated that subcutaneous tumor formation ability was reduced in 143B sh-LETM1 group compared with 143B sh-NC group. Conclusion LETM1 promotes the proliferation, migration and in vivo tumor formation of MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation.

, correspAuthors=Qing Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1(LETM1)对人骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞增殖、迁移、凋亡、成骨分化及体内成瘤的作用及其机制。方法 将骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞分为空白对照组(未加入腺病毒感染)、阴性对照组(sh-NC组,用RNAi阴性对照病毒感染)及LETM1敲低组(sh-LETM1组,用sh-LETM1腺病毒感染)。采用Western blotting检测各组LETM1蛋白在健康人成骨细胞hFOB1.19及骨肉瘤细胞中的表达水平,以验证腺病毒敲低效果;细胞克隆形成实验及CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况;划痕愈合实验及Transwell实验检测细胞迁移情况;DAPI染色法及Annexin V-APC/7-AAD流式细胞术双染法检测细胞凋亡情况;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色及茜素红S染色检测细胞的早期及晚期成骨分化情况。将10只裸鼠分为sh-NC组(n=5,以RNAi阴性对照病毒感染的143B细胞注入裸鼠皮下)与sh-LETM1组(n=5,以sh-LETM1腺病毒感染的143B细胞注入裸鼠皮下),并采用裸鼠皮下成瘤实验检测各组细胞的体内成瘤能力。结果 Western blotting检测结果显示,LETM1蛋白在骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞中的表达明显高于健康人成骨细胞hFOB1.19(P<0.05),sh-LETM1腺病毒感染MG63及143B细胞后明显降低了LETM1蛋白的表达。细胞克隆形成实验及CCK-8法检测结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组及空白对照组的克隆形成能力及增殖能力明显降低(P<0.01)。Wound-healing实验及Transwell实验结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组及空白对照组的细胞迁移率明显降低(P<0.01)。DAPI染色及流式细胞术结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组的细胞凋亡率明显增高(P<0.01)。ALP染色及茜素红S染色实验结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组及空白对照组染色区域及钙盐结节增多。裸鼠皮下成瘤实验结果显示,143B sh-LETM1组较143B sh-NC组细胞的皮下成瘤能力降低。结论 LETM1可促进MG63和143B骨肉瘤细胞的增殖、迁移及体内成瘤,其机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡及成骨分化有关。

, correspAuthors=罗庆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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石雨鹭,硕士研究生,主要从事骨肉瘤诱导分化方面的研究

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Hum Pathol, 2018, 81: 148-156., articleTitle=Identification of LETM1 as a marker of cancer stem-like cells and predictor of poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198319033369067972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, awardId=81172545, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81172545), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198319033448759756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, awardId=81172545, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81172545), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198319033532645842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, awardId=cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198319033654280662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, awardId=cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198319026389745889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198319026393940194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, companyId=1198319026389745889, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development Disease Research/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198319026402328803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, companyId=1198319026389745889, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198319026532352228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198319026540740837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, companyId=1198319026532352228, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198319026549129446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, companyId=1198319026532352228, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2川北医学院附属医院儿科,四川南充 637000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198319026624626919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198319026633015528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, companyId=1198319026624626919, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of General and Trauma Surgery, the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198319026637209833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, companyId=1198319026624626919, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆医科大学附属儿童医院普通外科创伤外科,重庆 400014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198319030709879125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Expression of LETM1 in osteosarcoma cells and adenovirus infection, figureFileSmall=/GSpWNNUQtNhnJKYOoYolA==, figureFileBig=rHT1dZRhVan+c49cxjuuyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319030793765210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LETM1在骨肉瘤细胞中的表达及腺病毒感染情况

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;GFP. 绿色荧光蛋白;A. Western blotting检测在不同细胞中LETM1蛋白的表达水平;B. MG63和143B细胞在腺病毒感染72 h后的荧光表达情况;C. Western blotting检测LETM1蛋白在MG63、143B细胞腺病毒感染72 h后的表达水平;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=/GSpWNNUQtNhnJKYOoYolA==, figureFileBig=rHT1dZRhVan+c49cxjuuyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319030911205731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Proliferation inhibition of MG63 and 143B cells by knocking down LETM1, figureFileSmall=zJ4K7IWkuYU32LsXfq5SVg==, figureFileBig=QjjINKaHdzsboJE0tT3+Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319031053812075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图2, caption=敲低LETM1对MG63及143B细胞的增殖抑制作用

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;A-C. 克隆形成实验检测敲低LETM1对MG63、143B细胞克隆形成的影响;D. CCK-8法检测敲低LETM1对MG63及143B细胞活力的影响;*P<0.05,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=zJ4K7IWkuYU32LsXfq5SVg==, figureFileBig=QjjINKaHdzsboJE0tT3+Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319031213195637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Migration inhibition of MG63 cells by knocking down LETM1, figureFileSmall=JJseKd6gYbybdgog6hSUVw==, figureFileBig=Qo+zaad8OcmhIqe8vcxMpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319031326441853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图3, caption=敲低LETM1对MG63细胞的迁移抑制作用

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;A. 划痕愈合实验;B. Transwell实验;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=JJseKd6gYbybdgog6hSUVw==, figureFileBig=Qo+zaad8OcmhIqe8vcxMpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319032450515338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Migration inhibition of 143B cells by knocking down LETM1, figureFileSmall=MxNSoenkIMiAbhasIUnkAA==, figureFileBig=0yugjI8KgubD6FsM3HUNig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319032546984336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图4, caption=敲低LETM1对143B细胞的迁移抑制作用

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;A. 划痕愈合实验;B. Transwell实验;***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=MxNSoenkIMiAbhasIUnkAA==, figureFileBig=0yugjI8KgubD6FsM3HUNig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319032639259030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Promotion of apoptosis in MG63 and 143B cells by knocking down LETM1, figureFileSmall=Y/DAPn+rkIYy7+g4BBdakg==, figureFileBig=WebcX+JAWfbWpON9NRcqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319032794448285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图5, caption=敲低LETM1对MG63和143B细胞凋亡的促进作用

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;A. DAPI染色检测LETM1敲低对MG63和143B细胞凋亡的影响,黄色箭头示凋亡细胞;B. 流式细胞术检测敲低LETM1对MG63和143B细胞凋亡的影响;**P<0.01,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=Y/DAPn+rkIYy7+g4BBdakg==, figureFileBig=WebcX+JAWfbWpON9NRcqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319032924471720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Promotion of osteogenic differentiation of MG63 and 143B cells by knocking down LETM1, figureFileSmall=CjFp9IG/bpJj2EgjHyXgLQ==, figureFileBig=fDI9Qy7j7SAOFmwD5t+y9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319033016746415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图6, caption=敲低LETM1对MG63及143B细胞成骨分化的促进作用

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;ALP. 碱性磷酸酶;A. ALP染色检测敲低LETM1对MG63及143B细胞早期成骨分化的影响;B. 茜素红S染色检测敲低LETM1对MG63、143B细胞晚期成骨分化的影响

, figureFileSmall=CjFp9IG/bpJj2EgjHyXgLQ==, figureFileBig=fDI9Qy7j7SAOFmwD5t+y9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319033096438193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Inhibition of 143B cell tumour formation in vivo by knocking down LETM1, figureFileSmall=Inv9vZAWFJMEX/ynV+B6Jw==, figureFileBig=6mDsjFjxrqD+S5z6qUhqrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319033188712887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202433982791973, language=CN, label=图7, caption=敲低LETM1对143B细胞体内成瘤的抑制作用

LETM1. 亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1;A. 瘤体组织的体积;B. 瘤体的重量;C. 瘤体组织的HE染色结果;**P<0.01

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LETM1对骨肉瘤细胞恶性生物学行为的作用及其机制
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石雨鹭 1, 2 , 康权 3 , 岳小涵 1 , 罗庆 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(10): 1163-1173
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(10): 1163-1173
LETM1对骨肉瘤细胞恶性生物学行为的作用及其机制
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石雨鹭1, 2, 康权3, 岳小涵1, 罗庆1, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
  • 2川北医学院附属医院儿科,四川南充 637000
  • 3重庆医科大学附属儿童医院普通外科创伤外科,重庆 400014
  • 石雨鹭,硕士研究生,主要从事骨肉瘤诱导分化方面的研究

通讯作者:

Effect and mechanism of LETM1 on malignant behavior of osteosarcoma cells
Yu-Lu Shi1, 2, Quan Kang3, Xiao-Han Yue1, Qing Luo1, *
Affiliations
  • 1The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development Disease Research/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
  • 2Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
  • 3Department of General and Trauma Surgery, the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0645.2024.0418
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目的 探讨亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1(LETM1)对人骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞增殖、迁移、凋亡、成骨分化及体内成瘤的作用及其机制。方法 将骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞分为空白对照组(未加入腺病毒感染)、阴性对照组(sh-NC组,用RNAi阴性对照病毒感染)及LETM1敲低组(sh-LETM1组,用sh-LETM1腺病毒感染)。采用Western blotting检测各组LETM1蛋白在健康人成骨细胞hFOB1.19及骨肉瘤细胞中的表达水平,以验证腺病毒敲低效果;细胞克隆形成实验及CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况;划痕愈合实验及Transwell实验检测细胞迁移情况;DAPI染色法及Annexin V-APC/7-AAD流式细胞术双染法检测细胞凋亡情况;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色及茜素红S染色检测细胞的早期及晚期成骨分化情况。将10只裸鼠分为sh-NC组(n=5,以RNAi阴性对照病毒感染的143B细胞注入裸鼠皮下)与sh-LETM1组(n=5,以sh-LETM1腺病毒感染的143B细胞注入裸鼠皮下),并采用裸鼠皮下成瘤实验检测各组细胞的体内成瘤能力。结果 Western blotting检测结果显示,LETM1蛋白在骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞中的表达明显高于健康人成骨细胞hFOB1.19(P<0.05),sh-LETM1腺病毒感染MG63及143B细胞后明显降低了LETM1蛋白的表达。细胞克隆形成实验及CCK-8法检测结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组及空白对照组的克隆形成能力及增殖能力明显降低(P<0.01)。Wound-healing实验及Transwell实验结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组及空白对照组的细胞迁移率明显降低(P<0.01)。DAPI染色及流式细胞术结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组的细胞凋亡率明显增高(P<0.01)。ALP染色及茜素红S染色实验结果显示,在MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组及空白对照组染色区域及钙盐结节增多。裸鼠皮下成瘤实验结果显示,143B sh-LETM1组较143B sh-NC组细胞的皮下成瘤能力降低。结论 LETM1可促进MG63和143B骨肉瘤细胞的增殖、迁移及体内成瘤,其机制可能与抑制细胞凋亡及成骨分化有关。

骨肉瘤细胞  /  亮氨酸拉链-EF-hand跨膜蛋白1  /  细胞增殖  /  细胞迁移  /  凋亡  /  细胞分化

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of leucine zipper/EF-hand-containing transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1) on proliferation, migration, apoptosis, osteogenic differentiation, and tumorigenesis in vivo of human osteosarcoma MG63 and 143B cells. Methods The osteosarcoma MG63 and 143B cells were divided into blank control group (without adenovirus infection), negative control group (sh-NC group, infected with RNAi negative control virus), and LETM1 knockdown group (sh-LETM1 group, infected with sh-LETM1 adenovirus). Western blotting was performed to detect LETM1 expression in normal human osteoblasts hFOB1.19 and osteosarcoma cells, and to verify the knockdown effect of adenovirus; cell clone formation assays and CCK-8 method were used to detect the proliferation of MG63 and 143B cells; wound-healing assay and Transwell assay were used to test cell migration; DAPI staining and Annexin V-APC/7-AAD flow cytometry double staining were used to detect the apoptosis of MG63 and 143B cells; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin Red S staining were used to evaluate early and late osteogenic differentiation of MG63 and 143B cells. Ten nude mice were divided into sh-NC group (n=5, injected subcutaneously into nude mice with 143B cells infected with RNAi negative control virus) and sh-LETM1 group (n=5, injected subcutaneously into nude mice with 143B cells infected with sh-LETM1 adenovirus), and nude mice subcutaneous tumor formation assay was used to examine the in vivo tumor-forming ability of 143B cells in each group. Results Western blotting showed that the expression of LETM1 protein in osteosarcoma MG63 and 143B cells was significantly higher than that in human normal osteoblasts hFOB1.19 (P<0.05), and that the expression of LETM1 protein was markedly reduced after injection with sh-LETM1 adenovirus in MG63 and 143B cells. The results of cell clone formation assay and CCK-8 assay indicated that in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells, the clone formation ability and proliferation ability were significantly reduced in sh-LETM1 group compared with sh-NC group and blank control group (P<0.01). The results of wound-healing assay and Transwell assay demonstrated that in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells, the cell migration rate in sh-LETM1 group was significantly lower than that in sh-NC group and blank control group (P<0.01). DAPI staining and flow cytometry results revealed that the apoptosis rate in sh-LETM1 group was significantly higher than those in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells in sh-NC group (P<0.01). Alkaline phosphatase staining and Alizarin red S staining experiments showed more stained areas and calcium salt nodules in MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells in sh-LETM1 group than those in sh-NC group and blank control group. The results of the subcutaneous tumor formation assay in nude mice indicated that subcutaneous tumor formation ability was reduced in 143B sh-LETM1 group compared with 143B sh-NC group. Conclusion LETM1 promotes the proliferation, migration and in vivo tumor formation of MG63 and 143B osteosarcoma cells and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis and osteogenic differentiation.

osteosarcoma cell  /  leucine zipper-EF-hand-containing transmembrane protein 1  /  cell proliferation  /  cell migration  /  apoptosis  /  cell differentiation
石雨鹭, 康权, 岳小涵, 罗庆. LETM1对骨肉瘤细胞恶性生物学行为的作用及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (10) : 1163 -1173 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0645.2024.0418
Yu-Lu Shi, Quan Kang, Xiao-Han Yue, Qing Luo. Effect and mechanism of LETM1 on malignant behavior of osteosarcoma cells[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (10) : 1163 -1173 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0645.2024.0418
骨肉瘤是儿童及青少年中最常见的原发性骨恶性肿瘤,主要累及长骨干骺端,易发生局部浸润及早期肺转移[1-3]。目前的治疗策略可使局部病变患者的5年生存率高达70%,但骨肉瘤患者的总生存率在过去30年中基本保持不变,转移率及复发率较高,复发及转移病例的5年生存率低于20%[4]。本课题组一直致力于骨发育异常与肿瘤发生的研究,认为骨肉瘤是一种分化异常的疾病[5],骨肉瘤向正常成骨方向分化可逆转其恶性表型。近年来,骨肉瘤发生的分子机制得到了广泛的关注,但其发生发展的影响因素尚不清楚。因此,揭示骨肉瘤发生发展的分子机制可为其诊断及治疗提供新的机会。亮氨酸拉链-EF-Hand跨膜蛋白1(leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1,LETM1)基因位于染色体4P16.3的关键区域WHSCR-2中,可维持线粒体的结构及功能[6]。在多种人类恶性肿瘤(包括乳腺癌[7]、肝癌[8]、肺癌[9]、胃癌[10]、结直肠腺癌[11])患者中,高LETM1表达与癌症干性基因上调、血管生成增加、预后不良及存活率低有关。与此相反,也有研究显示,LETM1为潜在的肺癌抑制基因,腺病毒介导的LETM1过表达可增强AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的活性,并通过选择性破坏ATP耗竭的线粒体来抑制细胞周期进程[12]。在肝癌中,LETM1和羧基末端调节蛋白(carboxyl-terminal modulator protein,CTMP)的共同递送可协同抑制H-ras12V肝癌模型小鼠的肿瘤生长[13]。但是,LETM1在骨肉瘤中的表达及作用目前尚未见报道。本研究以高表达LETM1的骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞为实验材料,以敲低LETM1的重组腺病毒(AD-LETM1-RNAi)感染骨肉瘤细胞来抑制LETM1的表达,探讨LETM1对骨肉瘤恶性生物学行为及成骨分化的作用及其机制,旨在为骨肉瘤的发病机制及治疗提供新的思路。
细胞培养皿、孔板及24孔Transwell小室购自美国Corning公司;DMEM基础培养基(C11995500BT)购自美国Gibco公司;胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS;11011-8611)购自南京四季青生物工程有限公司;兔抗人LETM1多克隆抗体(16024-1-AP)购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;鼠抗人β-actin单克隆抗体(T200068-8F10)购自成都正能生物公司;辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的山羊抗小鼠二抗(ZB-2305)、HRP标记的山羊抗兔二抗(ZB-2301)购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;CCK-8检测试剂盒(HY-K0301)购自美国MedChemExpress公司;5×SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(P0015L)、DAPI染色液(C1005)、结晶紫染色液(C0121-100ml)、BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶显色试剂盒(C3206)、BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒(P0010)、快速封闭液(P0252)、0.25%胰酶细胞消化液(C0201)、RIPA裂解液(P0013B)及蛋白酶抑制剂(ST506)购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;β-甘油磷酸盐二钠盐水合物(G9422)购自美国Sigma公司;维生素C(A800295)购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;茜素红S染色液(G1450)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;凋亡检测试剂盒(KGA1026)购自南京凯基生物科技发展有限公司;4%多聚甲醛溶液通用型组织固定液(BL539A)购自广州赛国生物科技有限公司;PVDF膜购自美国MerckMilipore公司。阴性对照腺病毒及人LETM1干扰腺病毒的设计、包装及纯化均由上海吉凯基因医学科技股份有限公司完成。细胞培养箱、多功能酶标仪、超净台均购自美国Thermo Electron公司;细胞计数仪购自上海Countstar公司;倒置相差显微镜、荧光显微镜购自日本Nikon公司;流式细胞仪购自美国BD公司;ChemiDocTM Touch显影仪购自美国伯乐公司。
人骨肉瘤细胞系TE85、MG63、143B及健康人成骨细胞系hFOB1.19由本实验室保存,均培养在含10% FBS、青霉素(100 U/ml)、链霉素(0.1 mg/ml)的DMEM培养基中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中。每2~3 d更换一次培养基,细胞融合度达90%时进行传代。将MG63及143B细胞分为空白对照组(未加入腺病毒感染)、阴性对照组(sh-NC组,用RNAi阴性对照病毒感染)及LETM1敲低组(sh-LETM1组,用sh-LETM1腺病毒感染)。
使用RIPA裂解液提取细胞总蛋白,并用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。加入5×SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液及ddH2O使样本最终浓度一致,在99 ℃条件下加热10 min使其充分变性。将蛋白加入上样孔中,依次进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,切胶转膜;用Tris-HCl 8.0及吐温20(TBST)洗膜3次后,使用快速封闭液封闭15 min,再次洗膜3次后加入一抗:兔抗LETM1多克隆抗体(1∶4000)、鼠抗β-actin单克隆抗体(1∶2000),4 ℃孵育10~12 h;再次用TBST洗膜3次,分别加入HRP标记的兔、鼠二抗(1∶10 000)室温孵育2 h;最后一次TBST洗膜后,使用超敏ECL化学发光试剂盒配制显影液,使用显影仪在自动曝光状态下对PVDF膜进行显影。使用ImageJ软件分析图片灰度值,通过目的蛋白与内参蛋白的比值来表示目的蛋白的相对表达水平。
根据腺病毒预感染实验确定sh-LETM1腺病毒(序列:5'-GCTATGGATCGACACCAAGAT-3')及RNAi阴性对照病毒(序列:5'-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3')的最佳感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)。在细胞生长状态良好时加入腺病毒,加入病毒的体积=(MOI值×细胞数量)/病毒滴度,感染8~12 h后细胞换液,在感染后24、48及72 h用荧光显微镜观察荧光情况,若有90%以上的细胞可观察到绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)且细胞生长状态良好,则可用于后续实验。
腺病毒感染48 h后将细胞接种于6孔培养板中(MG63:2000个细胞/孔,143B:1000个细胞/孔),在培养箱中继续培养10~14 d,当形成较多大于500个细胞的克隆团时,用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定细胞,结晶紫染色并拍照。
细胞接种于96孔板中(每孔接种4000个细胞),4~6 h后细胞贴壁即加入腺病毒,分别在腺病毒感染0、24、48、72 h后弃去原培养液,每孔避光加入含10% CCK-8溶液的DMEM,并设置无细胞的空白对照孔,放入细胞培养箱中孵育3 h,用酶标仪检测450 nm波长处的吸光度。
在腺病毒感染72 h后将细胞接种于6孔培养板,细胞融合度达到100%时,用200 μl枪头在6孔板的底部十字划线;用无菌PBS洗涤细胞2次,去掉划痕内的细胞,加入不含血清的DMEM培养基并置于细胞培养箱中继续培养。在划痕形成后的0、24、48 h使用倒置显微镜拍照,用Photoshop软件测量划痕的宽度,以划痕愈合率表示细胞迁移率。细胞迁移率(%)=(0 h划痕宽度-24 h划痕宽度)/0 h划痕宽度×100%。
腺病毒感染72 h后收集细胞沉淀,用PBS洗涤细胞2次,去除残留血清,用无血清的DMEM培养基重悬细胞,制备细胞悬液。将Transwell小室放入24孔板中,预先在每孔加入500 μl含20% FBS的DMEM培养基,在培养箱中继续培养24 h。取出小室,用PBS洗去培养基,4%多聚甲醛溶液固定20 min,用棉签小心擦去小室上层细胞,结晶紫染色15 min,最后用PBS洗去多余的结晶紫染液,晾干后在倒置显微镜下观察并拍照。用75%乙醇脱色,将脱色液加入96孔板中,用酶标仪检测570 nm处的吸光度以检测穿膜细胞数。
腺病毒感染细胞72 h后用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定10 min,PBS洗3次,加入DAPI染色液,室温避光放置10 min;用PBS洗3次,在荧光显微镜下观察,凋亡细胞的细胞核呈碎片状或致密浓染,在随机视野下拍照并记录。
腺病毒感染72 h后采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,收集旧的培养基置于离心管中,细胞用含钙、镁离子的PBS洗3次,收集PBS于离心管中,用不含EDTA的胰酶消化细胞,收集于离心管中,以800 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清;用PBS洗2次,最后将细胞置于流式管中,加入300 μl结合缓冲液重悬细胞,再依次加入5 μl Annexin V-APC及5 μl 7-AAD染液,室温避光孵育15 min,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。
腺病毒感染48 h后,细胞在成骨诱导培养基(含5% FBS、10 mmol/L β-磷酸甘油、50 μmol/L维生素C、0.1 μmol/L地塞米松、100 U/ml青霉素及0.1 mg/ml链霉素的DMEM培养基)中培养7~14 d,用PBS洗2次;用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞10 min,用ddH2O洗5 min×3次;吸尽ddH2O后加入BCIP/NBT染色工作液,室温避光孵育12 h;去除染色液,用ddH2O洗2次,置于显微镜下随机拍照记录。
细胞在成骨诱导培养基中培养14~21 d,移除培养基并用PBS洗2次;4%多聚甲醛溶液固定细胞15 min;弃去固定液,用ddH2O洗涤3次,将水吸干后缓慢加入茜素红S染液染色24 h;弃去染液,用ddH2O洗掉多余的染色液,置于显微镜下观察并随机拍照记录。
所有动物实验已获重庆医科大学动物实验伦理委员会审批(CHCMU-IACUC20220429007)。10只雌性SPF级BALB/c-nu裸小鼠,3~5周龄,购自重庆腾鑫生物技术有限公司[动物许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0008]。实验动物分为两组(n=5):sh-NC组(以RNAi阴性对照病毒感染的143B细胞注入裸鼠皮下)与sh-LETM1组(以sh-LETM1腺病毒感染的143B细胞注入裸鼠皮下)。腺病毒感染48 h后收集143B细胞,用无菌PBS重悬细胞,细胞计数仪计数,并使每组细胞最终浓度为1×107/ml,在每只裸鼠右侧大腿根部皮下注射200 μl细胞悬液。4周后采用颈椎脱臼法处死裸鼠,分离瘤体,称重并拍照记录。用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定瘤体组织,脱水、石蜡包埋、切片,行常规HE染色,显微镜下观察肿瘤形态并拍照记录。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Turkey HSD-t检验。
P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
Western blotting检测结果显示,LETM1蛋白在骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞中的表达水平明显高于健康人成骨细胞hFOB1.19(P<0.05),而恶性程度较低的TE85细胞中LETM1的表达水平与hFOB1.19细胞比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图1A),因此后续实验使用恶性程度较高的MG63及143B细胞。腺病毒感染72 h时,用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光,MG63及143B细胞的sh-NC组及sh-LETM1组中90%以上发出绿色荧光且细胞形态正常(图1B)。Western blotting检测结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,空白对照组及sh-NC组的LETM1蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而sh-LETM1组的LETM1蛋白较空白对照组及sh-NC组明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01或P<0.001)(图1C)。
克隆形成法检测结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组较空白对照组、sh-NC组克隆团的数量明显减少,单个克隆团的大小减小(图2A-C)。CCK-8实验结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞腺病毒感染48 h前,sh-LETM1组与空白对照组、sh-NC组的细胞增殖速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在MG63及143B细胞腺病毒感染48~72 h时,sh-LETM1组较空白对照组、sh-NC组的细胞增殖速率明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.001),而空白对照组与sh-NC组的细胞增殖速率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图2D)。
Wound-healing实验结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组划痕愈合率较空白对照组及sh-NC组明显降低(P<0.05,图3A图4A)。Transwell实验显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组的OD570 nm值明显低于空白对照组及sh-NC组(P<0.01或P<0.001或P<0.0001,图3B图4B)。
DAPI染色显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组呈现固缩、碎裂或溶解的细胞核较空白对照组及sh-NC组增多(图5A)。流式细胞术检测结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组的细胞凋亡率较sh-NC组明显增高(P<0.01或P<0.001,图5B)。
ALP染色结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组较空白对照组及sh-NC组的染色范围增大,颜色加深(图6A)。茜素红S染色结果显示,在MG63及143B细胞中,sh-LETM1组较空白对照组及sh-NC组橙红色的钙盐结节增多(图6B)。
143B骨肉瘤细胞的分化程度低,恶性程度高,且体内成瘤能力强,故后续动物实验采用143B细胞。裸鼠皮下成瘤实验结果显示,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组瘤体组织的体积明显缩小、重量明显减轻(P<0.01)(图7A、B)。HE染色显示,骨肉瘤细胞异型性明显,sh-LETM1组较sh-NC组骨肉瘤组织存在更多的红染坏死区域(图7C)。
骨肉瘤是最常见的恶性骨肿瘤,由于组织学异质性及基因组成的不稳定而具有高度的异质性,目前的治疗手段主要包括新辅助化疗与手术结合的多学科治疗[14]。骨肉瘤的异质性强给治疗造成了困难,因而在过去几十年中,转移性及复发性骨肉瘤患者的预后未能获得改善。因此,迫切需要寻找新的治疗方法来延长骨肉瘤患者的总生存期。骨肉瘤是一种由成骨分化缺陷引起的疾病,鉴于大多数骨肉瘤在组织病理学上分化程度较低,需要更广泛及深入地研究骨肉瘤中成骨分化缺陷的机制,以寻找发病的关键基因及通路。
本研究结果显示,LETM1在骨肉瘤细胞中高表达,sh-LETM1腺病毒感染MG63及143B细胞后,LETM1蛋白表达水平明显降低。抑制LETM1可降低MG63及143B细胞的增殖能力及迁移能力,并促进细胞凋亡;抑制LETM1蛋白表达可促进MG63及143B细胞的早、晚期成骨分化;敲低LETM1可抑制143B细胞在裸鼠体内成瘤。
越来越多的研究表明,LETM1在多种人类恶性实体瘤中高度表达,而关于其在骨肉瘤中表达及作用的研究却少见。本研究结果显示,骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞较正常成骨细胞明显高表达LETM1,与其他研究结果一致[10,15-17]。而恶性程度较低的TE85细胞中LETM1蛋白的表达与正常成骨细胞比较差异无统计学意义,表明LETM1蛋白的表达与骨肉瘤细胞的恶性程度有关。敲低LETM1可抑制胃癌[10]、食管鳞状细胞癌[15]、结直肠癌[16]及肾细胞癌[17]等肿瘤细胞的增殖及迁移。本研究也表明,抑制LETM1的表达可抑制骨肉瘤细胞的增殖及迁移。之前的研究大多停留在体外实验,体内实验的数据不足[10,15,17-18]。因此本研究通过裸鼠皮下成瘤实验进一步说明敲低LETM1可以抑制骨肉瘤细胞在体内的增殖能力。在胃癌及食管鳞状细胞癌中,LETM1可能通过磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路调节肿瘤细胞的增殖及迁移[10,15];在结直肠癌中,抑制LETM1可增高活性氧的水平,进而激活AMPK/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标(mTOR)信号通路,启动自噬,并抑制细胞增殖和癌症干细胞样特性[16];在肾细胞癌及膀胱癌中,敲低LETM1后可通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路来抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭[17-18]。多种细胞内信号通路的失调与骨肉瘤有关,其中,PI3K/Akt信号通路的过度激活可促进肿瘤的发生发展[19]。此外,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路也是正常骨骼发育及骨肉瘤进展的关键途径[20]。在骨肉瘤中,LETM1是否通过调控PI3K/Akt或Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对恶性生物学行为及成骨分化产生影响,还是存在其他途径或多个通路的串扰,仍需要进一步的研究。
有研究发现,敲低LETM1可促进胃癌、肝癌细胞的凋亡[10,21]。另一项研究发现,敲低LETM1可通过肝细胞癌中AMPK介导的Beclin-1/Bcl-2复合物解离促进细胞的自噬及凋亡[8]。本研究发现,敲低LETM1也可促进骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞的凋亡。与将LETM1视为促癌基因的研究相反,也有研究提示,LETM1过表达可抑制线粒体的生物发生,减少ATP产生,从而通过激活AMPK及抑制Akt来抑制肺肿瘤的生长[12]。LETM1及CTMP的共递送可协同抑制肝癌模型小鼠的肿瘤生长,与细胞凋亡增加有关[13]。更早的研究结果显示,LETM1诱导的细胞死亡是坏死而不是凋亡[22]。上述研究表明,LETM1在肿瘤进展中具有重要作用,但其潜在的分子机制仍有待阐明。
骨髓间充质干细胞向正常成骨细胞发育是一个精确且复杂的调控过程[23-25],涉及多种分子及通路,这一过程被异常中断则有可能导致细胞分化受阻及异常增殖,造成骨肉瘤发生。本研究结果显示,在敲低LETM1的MG63及143B骨肉瘤细胞中,ALP染色及茜素红S染色阳性细胞更多,提示敲低LETM1可促进骨肉瘤细胞向成骨方向分化,同时也降低了细胞的恶性行为,这与本课题组之前的研究结果[26-27]一致。LETM1的表达与癌症干细胞样细胞标志物的表达有关[11,28],因此LETM1可被视为判断癌症干性的有前途的指标。干细胞可自我更新及分化,而负责骨肉瘤发展的潜在癌症干细胞尚未确定,仍有待进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究结果显示,LETM1在骨肉瘤细胞中表达上调,靶向抑制LETM1的表达能够逆转骨肉瘤MG63及143B细胞的恶性生物学行为,促进细胞凋亡并诱导其向正常成骨方向分化,为进一步探讨LETM1促进骨肉瘤恶性表型的机制奠定了基础,为未来骨肉瘤的诊断及治疗提供了新的依据。但本研究未深入探讨LETM1在维持线粒体结构和功能中的具体机制,未来可进一步探讨LETM1是否通过影响骨肉瘤细胞线粒体能量代谢来影响其恶性生物学行为及分化。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81172545)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113)
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2024年第49卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0645.2024.0418
  • 接收时间:2023-05-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-06
  • 录用日期:2023-09-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81172545)
国家自然科学基金(81172545)
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113)
重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0113)
作者信息
    1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
    2川北医学院附属医院儿科,四川南充 637000
    3重庆医科大学附属儿童医院普通外科创伤外科,重庆 400014

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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