Article(id=1198202430421824019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1340.2024.0426, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696953600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708963200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-27, onlineDate=1763603320937, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763603320937, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763603320937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603320937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198202427301265552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='10', pageStart='1099', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763603320193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603941762, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198205034396746241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198205034396746242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1213, endPage=1220, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198202430698648086, articleId=1198202430421824019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress of neoantigens in tumor immunotherapy, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tumor neoantigens are antigens encoded by tumor-specific mutated genes, characterized by high specificity, significant exogenous origin, mutation randomness, clonal distribution and correlation with gene mutation. Because these antigens are not negatively screened by the thymus and recognized by T cells as "heterogeneous". They are less easily affected by the immune tolerance mechanism and exhibit strong immunogenicity, making them excellent targets for immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens can be used to develop therapeutic vaccines, induce and cultivate T cells with stronger targeting capabilities, and are promising for predicting tumor survival prognosis and responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances in clinical application of tumor neoantigen-based immunotherapy, and prospects for future research directions.

, correspAuthors=Dan Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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肿瘤新抗原是由肿瘤特异性突变基因编码产生的抗原,具有高度特异性、显著外源性、突变随机性、分布集落性和基因突变相关性。这类抗原由于未受胸腺的阴性筛选,被T细胞识别为“异类”,不易受免疫耐受机制的影响且具有强免疫原性,是较好的免疫治疗靶点。肿瘤新抗原可用于制备治疗性疫苗,诱导培养靶向性更强的T淋巴细胞,用于肿瘤生存预后和免疫检查点封锁疗法应答的预测,在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用前景广阔。本文综述了近年来基于肿瘤新抗原免疫治疗的临床应用研究进展,并展望了未来的相关研究方向。

, correspAuthors=王丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王丹,E-mail:
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陈劲松,医学博士,副教授,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

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陈劲松,医学博士,副教授,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

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肿瘤新抗原在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展
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陈劲松 , 王丹 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(10): 1213-1220
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(10): 1213-1220
肿瘤新抗原在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展
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陈劲松, 王丹*
作者信息
  • 西安医学院第二附属医院科研科,陕西西安 710038
  • 陈劲松,医学博士,副教授,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

王丹,E-mail:
Research progress of neoantigens in tumor immunotherapy
Jing-Song Chen, Dan Wang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi`an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1340.2024.0426
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肿瘤新抗原是由肿瘤特异性突变基因编码产生的抗原,具有高度特异性、显著外源性、突变随机性、分布集落性和基因突变相关性。这类抗原由于未受胸腺的阴性筛选,被T细胞识别为“异类”,不易受免疫耐受机制的影响且具有强免疫原性,是较好的免疫治疗靶点。肿瘤新抗原可用于制备治疗性疫苗,诱导培养靶向性更强的T淋巴细胞,用于肿瘤生存预后和免疫检查点封锁疗法应答的预测,在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用前景广阔。本文综述了近年来基于肿瘤新抗原免疫治疗的临床应用研究进展,并展望了未来的相关研究方向。

肿瘤新抗原  /  肿瘤  /  免疫治疗  /  临床试验

Tumor neoantigens are antigens encoded by tumor-specific mutated genes, characterized by high specificity, significant exogenous origin, mutation randomness, clonal distribution and correlation with gene mutation. Because these antigens are not negatively screened by the thymus and recognized by T cells as "heterogeneous". They are less easily affected by the immune tolerance mechanism and exhibit strong immunogenicity, making them excellent targets for immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens can be used to develop therapeutic vaccines, induce and cultivate T cells with stronger targeting capabilities, and are promising for predicting tumor survival prognosis and responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances in clinical application of tumor neoantigen-based immunotherapy, and prospects for future research directions.

neoantigen  /  tumor  /  immunotherapy  /  clinical trial
陈劲松, 王丹. 肿瘤新抗原在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (10) : 1213 -1220 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1340.2024.0426
Jing-Song Chen, Dan Wang. Research progress of neoantigens in tumor immunotherapy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (10) : 1213 -1220 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1340.2024.0426
恶性肿瘤已成为威胁公众健康的主要慢性疾病之一,且其发病和死亡人数均呈上升趋势[1-3]。目前,恶性肿瘤的治疗以手术、放疗、化疗及靶向治疗为主,这些治疗方法各有其局限性,常引起患者不同程度的不良反应或耐药性,整体疗效欠佳,患者长期生存率较低[4-7]。近年来,免疫治疗蓬勃发展,为多种肿瘤的治疗带来了革命性变化。利用免疫细胞识别肿瘤表面的新抗原(neoantigen),并激活免疫系统来杀伤肿瘤细胞,已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的重要方向[8]。这些新抗原由于其高度特异性、显著外源性和高效免疫原性等特点而成为较好的免疫治疗靶点[4-5]。肿瘤新抗原可用于制备治疗性疫苗,诱导培养靶向性更强的T淋巴细胞,用于肿瘤生存预后和免疫检查点封锁疗法(immune checkpoint blockade,ICB)应答的预测,因而在肿瘤诊断和治疗中应用前景广阔。本文简要综述肿瘤新抗原及其在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展,旨在为肿瘤免疫治疗的相关研究与临床应用提供参考。
肿瘤新抗原是指由肿瘤细胞突变基因编码产生的,并能被免疫细胞所识别,激活机体免疫应答的一类异常蛋白质[9]。新一代测序技术(next generation sequencing,NGS)的应用显示,肿瘤新抗原的来源主要包括[10]:(1)基因组变异,包括单核苷酸变异(SNVs)、小插入和缺失(INDELs);(2)基因组基因融合;(3)转录组选择性剪接;(4)转录组RNA编辑;(5) 转录组非编码区;(6)蛋白质组选择性剪接。肿瘤新抗原属于肿瘤特异性抗原(tumor specific antigen,TSA),为肿瘤细胞所特有,不存在于正常组织,不易诱导自身免疫,具有较强的肿瘤特异性和免疫原性,不受中枢和周围免疫耐受的影响[11-13]。因此,肿瘤新抗原是治疗性肿瘤疫苗和基于T细胞的过继治疗(adoptive cell therapy,ACT)的理想靶点。利用肿瘤新抗原的免疫活性,根据肿瘤细胞的突变情况可设计合成新抗原药物,激活免疫系统,从而达到抗肿瘤的目的[14-15]
肿瘤新抗原根据被呈递的主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)分子类型不同可分为两类:MHC Ⅰ类新抗原和MHC Ⅱ类新抗原,二者在特征、加工呈递过程上均不同[16]。MHC Ⅰ类新抗原多为长度8~11个氨基酸的多肽链,交叉呈递(cross-presentation)后内化至内质网-吞噬小体[endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagosome]并生成肽-MHC Ⅰ类复合物,经内质网衍生易位复合体(endoplasmic reticulum-derived Sec61 translocation complex)输出至胞质成为蛋白酶体的底物,产生的多肽被抗原呈递相关转运体(transporter associated with antigen presentation,TAP)运输回内质网-吞噬小体,之后与MHC Ⅰ类分子结合并运输至细胞表面,细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)因此被激活并发挥肿瘤杀伤作用。而MHC Ⅱ类新抗原长度多为9~30个氨基酸,大多来源于外源蛋白。MHC Ⅱ类的α和β链在内质网与不变链形成复合体后在MHC Ⅱ类腔室(MHC class Ⅱ compartment,MⅡC)中,内吞的蛋白质被驻留蛋白酶降解为多肽,在分子伴侣HLA-DM的帮助下交换为抗原肽,之后MHC Ⅱ类分子被运输至质膜,将MHC Ⅱ类抗原肽呈递给CD4+ T细胞,启动体液免疫应答。已有研究报道的 MHC Ⅰ类分子限制性肿瘤新抗原的肿瘤类型包括黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、肾细胞癌、胃肠癌、肺癌、胶质细胞瘤及头颈部恶性肿瘤等;MHC Ⅱ类分子限制性肿瘤新抗原的肿瘤类型则主要包括黑色素瘤、白血病、胆管细胞癌和食管癌等[17-25]
肿瘤新抗原具有以下特点:(1)高度特异性,只表达于肿瘤组织而不表达于正常组织;(2)显著外源性,肿瘤细胞突变产生的新抗原,通常未经胸腺阴性选择,因此具有显著的外源性;(3)突变随机性,肿瘤突变的位点和类型是随机的,并无规律可循;(4)分布集落性,大多数的肿瘤细胞都存在新抗原的表达,由于突变随机性的存在,并非所有肿瘤细胞表达的新抗原是相同的,因此,新抗原在肿瘤中的分布通常是集落性或克隆性的[15];(5)基因突变相关性,基因突变后编码的序列与原编码的序列差别越明显,则突变产生的新抗原肽免疫原性越强,成为被 T 细胞所识别的新抗原肽的可能性就越大[26]。高肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutational burden,TMB)提示肿瘤突变产生的候选新抗原数量多、同质性强,肿瘤的免疫原性也较高,免疫治疗的效果可能更好,患者预后也更好[27-28]。而较低的TMB常会导致免疫逃逸[29]
目前通过临床试验或病例报道已确定的针对肿瘤新抗原的两种主要方法,包括基于肿瘤新抗原的癌症疫苗和ACT治疗。此外还有基于肿瘤新抗原和免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)、放疗、化疗或靶向治疗的联合治疗[30]
基于肿瘤新抗原的癌症疫苗主要包括合成长肽(synthetic long-peptide,SLP)疫苗、核酸(DNA/ mRNA)疫苗、基于树突细胞(dendritic cell,DC)的疫苗,这些疫苗可诱导大量现有和新生的、多靶点、广谱、有记忆表型的肿瘤特异性T细胞,并增强其强度和持久性,可解决常规抗癌治疗失败时的时空异质性。多项研究显示,肿瘤新抗原疫苗可导致有临床意义的癌症回归[31]
基于新抗原反应性肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,TILs)、外周血中识别出的TILs和记忆T细胞或T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)基因工程新抗原特异性T细胞的ACT治疗,具有新抗原反应性T细胞(neoantigen-reactive T cell,NRT)可直接进入肿瘤、数量较多、通过信号分子的基因修饰克服肿瘤微环境(tumor micro-environment,TME)抑制等潜在优势,允许靶向许多细胞及无法通过其他途径获得的抗原,其强度高于一般的癌症疫苗和抗体治疗,不易产生脱靶作用,且能够根除已建立的肿瘤[32]
联合治疗是肿瘤治疗的有效方式。靶向肿瘤新抗原的影响已从ICI的抑制作用延伸到治疗性疫苗及ACT,并产生了较好的临床效果,其机制可能是新抗原激活患者的免疫系统,促进肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞和间质细胞分泌γ干扰素(IFN-γ),使得肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞表面产生程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、PD-1配体(PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(CTLA-4)等抑制分子,可与ICI协同发挥抗肿瘤的效应[33]。放疗和化疗除直接的细胞毒性作用外,还可增加新抗原的释放,改善TME,增强T细胞的运输和应答[34];在化疗和靶向治疗过程中,肿瘤细胞常发生逆转突变,这些突变可能产生肿瘤特异性新抗原。所有这些因素都将“冷肿瘤”转化为“热肿瘤”,进而促进肿瘤的免疫治疗[35]
在肿瘤免疫治疗中,肿瘤新抗原的应用主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)新抗原直接参与T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤过程[36];(2)新抗原导向的肿瘤治疗,包括新抗原定向疫苗、新抗原靶向T细胞ACT,以及能与其他免疫疗法和常规疗法产生协同抗肿瘤作用的整合疗法[31];(3)新抗原可作为肿瘤生存预后和ICI反应的生物标志物,多项研究显示,肿瘤新抗原负荷(tumor neoantigen burden,TNB)、新抗原质量、新抗原膜定位(membrane-localized antigens,mAgs)与肿瘤改善的客观反应、持久的临床获益和无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)明显相关[34,37-39],结合亚克隆新抗原(如低亚克隆性新抗原和高TNB)的预测和预后价值大于单独考虑任何一种指标[40]
黑色素瘤是新抗原免疫治疗研究较早、较深入的一类高度免疫原性肿瘤[41]。SLP疫苗是研究较多的肿瘤新抗原疫苗。Ott等[17]报道这种疫苗分别诱导了黑色素瘤患者中16%的CD8+ T细胞和 60%的CD4+ T细胞应答,6例接受肿瘤切除术的患者接种疫苗后,4例在20~32个月内未复发。Hu等[42]报道接种疫苗后,新抗原特异性T细胞出现记忆表型及多种T细胞受体克隆型,表位扩散后出现肿瘤浸润;疫苗治疗后8例患者均存活,其中6例在4.5年中病情稳定。Sahin等[18]验证了RNA新表位疫苗靶向单个癌症突变的临床可行性、安全性和抗肿瘤活性;13例Ⅲ或Ⅳ期黑色素瘤患者接种疫苗后,60%能检测到免疫应答,8例患者在23个月的随访中未复发。
肿瘤新抗原疫苗可联合其他肿瘤治疗方法发挥协同效应。Ott等[43]采用个体化新抗原疫苗(NEO-PV-01)联合ICI治疗27例黑色素瘤患者,疫苗接种后均观察到新抗原特异性、持久性CD4+和CD8+ T细胞反应,这些细胞具有激活、效应记忆表型和肿瘤趋向性;联合治疗后产生表位传播到未包括在疫苗中的新抗原,肿瘤细胞数量减少,9例ICI治疗未获得主要病理反应(MPR)(所有活检核心残余活肿瘤<5%)的患者出现MPR;随访12个月,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为59%,中位PFS为23.5个月,1年总生存 (overall survival,OS)率为96%,无严重不良事件,与ICI单药治疗的历史数据相近。Mørk等[44]采用个体化新抗原肽疫苗联合ICI和新型佐剂CAF®09b治疗了5例不可切除及ICI治疗无效的转移性黑色素瘤患者,疫苗诱导了新生的特异性、持久性细胞反应并向新抗原迁移;联合治疗的患者中,2例部分缓解(partial response,PR),1例完全缓解(complete response,CR),所有免疫治疗相关不良反应(immune-related adverse event,irAEs)均为1级。这些结果提示,个体化新抗原疫苗联合ICI治疗黑色素瘤效果良好且安全、可行。
针对肿瘤特异性新抗原的ACT可介导转移性黑色素瘤患者的长期生存。Veatch等[45]采用自体TILs 回输治疗1 例晚期复发性Ⅳ期肢端黑色素瘤患者,TILs后外周血中检测到针对驱动基因突变 BRAFV600E 来源的新抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞,这些特异性CD4+ T细胞在血液中增多并长期持续存在(24个月),左侧大腿病变消失并持续至32个月。Lu等[46]制备NRT治疗了1例转移性黑色素瘤患者,ACT后超过7年肿瘤完全消退且未复发,识别新抗原突变PPP1R3B表位的外周血T细胞持续时间超过5年。
除了某些“高突变体”外,胶质瘤突变通常不高[47]。研究显示,超过70%的弥漫性Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级胶质瘤携带IDH1(R132H)突变,这是一种肿瘤特异性潜在新抗原[48-50]。Platten等[51]对33例经常规治疗无效的Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级IDH1(R132H)+星形细胞瘤患者接种IDH1(R132H)肽类新抗原疫苗,结果显示,可明显激活反应性Th细胞并重新诱导细胞毒性T细胞反应,在93.3%具有多个MHC等位基因的患者中观察到免疫应答,3年无进展率和无死亡率分别为63%和84%,且与疫苗相关的不良事件仅限于1级,没有进一步的阳性预后因素。
肿瘤新抗原疫苗接种是治疗TMB低、TILs少的胶质母细胞瘤的有效策略。一项针对胶质母细胞瘤的临床试验显示,两种高度个性化的肿瘤新抗原疫苗主要诱导CD4+ Th1细胞应答,治疗后患者中位OS延长至29.0个月,优于替莫唑胺单药治疗[52]。Keskin等[23]采用多表位、个性化新抗原疫苗对8例胶质母细胞瘤进行治疗,结果显示,在注射期间未接受地塞米松治疗的患者产生了循环多功能新抗原特异性、富集记忆表型的CD4+和CD8+ T细胞反应,TILs数量增多,且疫苗诱导的T细胞可从外周血液迁移到大脑,从而改变胶质母细胞瘤的免疫微环境;PFS和OS分别为7.6个月和16.8个月。在一项新抗原疫苗联合化疗治疗Ⅳ级胶质母细胞瘤的临床试验中,患者接受靶向pp65的DC疫苗与剂量强化的替莫唑胺联合治疗,接受疫苗的患者显示出抗原特异性免疫扩张,中位PFS达25.3个月,OS达41.1个月,两者均明显高于常规治疗结果(中位OS <15个月)和匹配的历史对照(中位PFS 8.0个月,中位OS 19.2个月)[53]
肺癌具有较高水平的TMB和肿瘤新抗原[54]。一项采用新抗原个性化疫苗联合ICI治疗非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的临床试验显示,疫苗接种后均观察到新抗原特异性、持久性的CD4+和CD8+ T细胞应答,这些细胞具有细胞毒性和效应记忆表型,能迁移到肿瘤中;联合治疗后,产生表位扩散,放射学反应加深,中位PFS为8.5个月,1年OS率为83%,无治疗相关严重不良事件,与ICI单药治疗的历史数据相比效果良好;该策略可通过诱导、扩大肿瘤定向T细胞库,提高ICI抑制结果的反应率和持久性[43]。Ding等[55]采用一种个体化新抗原肽脉冲自体DC疫苗(Neo-DCVac)治疗了12例转移性肺癌患者,这些患者观察期内疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为75%,PFS为5.5个月,OS为7.9个月,与治疗相关的不良事件均为1或2级;与ICI联合应用时,ICI治疗原发性无反应或复发的4例患者中2例PR,2例病情稳定(stable disease,SD),肿瘤缩小高达80%,提示Neo-DCVac能诱导特异性T细胞免疫并增强治疗效益,ICI和Neo-DCVac具有协同治疗效应。
大多数NSCLC对表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)抑制剂(EGFRi)治疗易产生获得性耐药且携带EGFR突变的患者对ICI具有相对较差的反应[56]。一项采用个性化新抗原肽疫苗治疗既往接受包括EGFRi在内的多种标准治疗无效的晚期NSCLC患者的临床试验结果显示,单独接种疫苗和联合EGFRi治疗的ORR分别为42.9%、44.4%,PFS为4.2、13.8个月,OS为7.6、13.8个月,提示疫苗接种逆转了EGFR突变患者的进展,与EGFRi联用则有助于新抗原疫苗诱导的T细胞反应[57]
Awad等[58]采用新抗原肽疫苗、化疗和ICI对21例非鳞状NSCLC进行了一线治疗,疫苗接种后显示CD4+ T细胞浸润效应增加并显示出细胞毒性表型;联合治疗则对KRAS G12C和KRAS G12V驱动突变产生了表位传播,ORR和临床获益率(clinical benefit rate,CBR)分别为69%、100%,中位PFS和OS分别为7.2、20.0个月,该方案耐受性良好,与之前报道的转移性NSCLC派姆单抗联合培美曲塞/卡铂及基于新抗原的个性化疫苗联合免疫治疗的安全性相似。一项采用JAK1突变为靶点的新抗原DC疫苗联合抗PD-1治疗PD-1耐药的Ⅳ期鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SqCC)病例报告显示,联合治疗后肿瘤明显消退,总OS延长至48个月,未发生严重的不良反应[59]
微卫星稳定的胃肠癌症通常表现出低频率的体细胞突变,难以使用ICI进行治疗[60]。一项采用新抗原负载单核细胞来源的DC疫苗(Neo-MoDC)联合ICI治疗晚期转移性胃癌(gastric cancer)的临床试验显示,单独接受Neo-MoDC后,出现了新抗原T细胞反应并增加了特异性T细胞克隆的频率,联合治疗则介导了所有肿瘤超过25个月的完全消退,且不良反应小,不受先前治疗的干扰,提示亚克隆新抗原可用于基于新抗原的治疗[61]
Yu等[62]对6例术后或化疗后复发、转移的微卫星稳定性结直肠癌(microsatellite stability-advanced colorectal cancer,MSS-CRC)患者进行个体化新抗原疫苗接种治疗,4例具有新抗原特异性免疫反应的患者PFS明显长于其他2例没有反应的患者(19个月vs. 11个月),所有患者疫苗治疗后均无明显的治疗相关不良事件,结直肠癌患者功能评估(functional assessment of cancer therapy-colorectal cancer,FACT-C)量表评分显示所有患者的生活质量均有改善。Lo等[63]和Tran等[21]分别筛选TILs以识别转移性结直肠癌患者中突变的新抗原,结果显示,p53 p.R175和KRAS G12D突变产生的新抗原存在于多例患者中,或许可在众多相关肿瘤人群中展现出不错的抗肿瘤效果。
以新抗原为靶点的基因工程TCR可引起广泛的癌症消退。Neefjes等[16]发现,靶向驱动突变Kras(G12D)的自体CD8+ T细胞的转移治疗介导了转移性结直肠癌患者所有肺转移的客观回归。
研究显示,在晚期肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)中存在高度免疫抑制的TME和效应T细胞招募缺陷及较高的复发率[64-66]。Shen等[67]采用预先免疫的“个性化”新抗原肽疫苗及该疫苗体外活化的CTL治疗晚期HCC,同时给予放疗以原位接种疫苗,结果显示有效率为33%,疾病控制率为66%,明显优于经导管动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、索拉非尼和化疗。一份NRT联合放疗治疗晚期HCC的病案报道显示,该患者达到长时间PFS,早期NRT治疗为后续的PD-1治疗提供了基础[68]。为预防复发,Cai等[69]采用RNA新抗原疫苗治疗可手术切除的HCC和门静脉支血管侵犯的患者,疫苗成功激活了T细胞的抗肿瘤活性和持久性(最长10个月),并可侵袭肿瘤部位;治疗后中位RFS达到11.3个月,5例应答者比无应答者或仅接种初级疫苗和倾向得分匹配对照(propensity scores matching,PSM)的患者RFS延长,无明显的治疗相关不良事件。Peng等[66]采用新抗原DC疫苗联合NRT预防手术切除或射频消融术后HCC的复发,联合治疗重新产生了76.5%有效的新抗原特异性、持久的T细胞反应,并产生表位播散(持续至治疗后3个月),与同期单独接受局部治疗匹配的HCC患者相比,联合治疗2年无病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)率更高(71.4% vs. 60%),且抗原扩散的患者DFS明显延长,所有不良事件均为1或2级。该方案保留了肝功能,为其他联合治疗抗复发提供了可行性,在改善患者长期预后方面可能发挥重要作用。
NRT过继治疗是一项切实可行且极具临床潜力的免疫治疗策略。Tran等[24]在1例多次化疗无效的转移性胆管癌患者中鉴定出3种不同的多功能、具有溶细胞潜能的效应记忆CD4+ T细胞克隆,可特异性识别胆管癌中ERBB2IP突变;由患者自身TILs扩增、分选所得的个性化CD4+ T细胞可占回输细胞总数的25%~95%,细胞数目可达到1×1010个;TILs输注后2个月观察到肿瘤消退,7个月肿瘤缩少30%并稳定至13个月;随后出现肺部进展,输入含>95%浓度的TILs细胞后再次经历肿瘤消退。
对于胰腺癌,ICI单独或联合化疗在临床研究中未取得明显疗效[70]。一项对接受过手术或标准化疗的胰腺癌患者接种个性化新抗原肽疫苗的临床试验显示,所有7例患者的外周血中CD4+ CTLA4+ T细胞和CD8+ CTLA4+ T细胞群均有所增加;平均OS、与疫苗治疗相关的OS和PFS分别为24.1、8.3和3.1个月,提示新抗原治疗对低TMB(<10个突变/Mb)的胰腺癌具有可行性[71]。TG01(Targovax ASA)是一种新抗原疫苗,可激活RAS突变特异性T细胞反应。Palmer等[72]采用低、高剂量的TG01联合吉西他滨治疗了32例Ⅰ或Ⅱ期接受手术切除的胰腺癌患者,随访3年后的中位DFS为16.1个月,中位OS为33.3个月,远优于吉西他滨单药甚至是吉西他滨联合卡培他滨治疗。Rojas等[73]采用阿替唑珠单抗、基于尿苷mRNA-脂质体纳米颗粒个体化新抗原疫苗和mFOLFIRINOX(叶酸、氟尿嘧啶、伊立替康和奥沙利铂)序贯治疗16例手术切除的胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)患者,结果显示,疫苗在50%的患者中诱导了至少一种新抗原特异性、功能性和持久的CD8+ T细胞应答,具有根除微转移的能力并与延迟PDAC复发相关;联合治疗后疫苗扩增的T细胞持续高表达至术后2年,有应答者的血清癌抗原(CA)19-9水平持续降低,所有患者的不良反应均为1或2级。
膀胱癌属于高TMB转移性肿瘤[74]。在一项卡介苗治疗无效的晚期膀胱癌采用新抗原疫苗联合ICI治疗的Ⅰb 期临床试验中,患者分别有42%和24%的疫苗接种肽CD4+和CD8+ T细胞应答并产生记忆表型,可迁移至肿瘤处并介导细胞杀伤效应;表位传播发生在接种疫苗后并与PFS相关;12个月的联合治疗随访期内,患者的ORR为27%,中位PFS为5.8个月,中位OS为20.7个月,1年的OS率为67%,优于抗PD-1单药治疗的历史数据[43]
肾集合管癌(collecting duct carcinoma,CDC)是一种罕见、TMB水平较低、高侵袭性的恶性肿瘤。Zeng等[75]采用新抗原SLP疫苗和相应的NRT治疗1例索拉非尼治疗后出现广泛进展的CDC患者,在13个突变肽中12个免疫治疗后诱导了强烈的免疫应答,92%新抗原对应的突变等位基因频率降低,经典共刺激因子(CD70和4-1BB)出现一定的上调,在治疗的9个月内,患者肿瘤疾病状态稳定,骨痛明显减轻,无明显的不良反应。
对突变率较低的乳腺癌,Zacharakis 等[76]体外扩增并回输了对4种突变蛋白(SLC3A2、KIAA0368、CADPS2和CTSB)产生应答的NRT并联合ICI治疗1例化疗耐药的激素阳性转移性乳腺癌患者,结果显示,ACT后6周靶肿瘤负荷降低51%,影像学检查发现22个月后所有靶病变和非靶病变消失。随后该团队采用相似的方法治疗了6例难治性乳腺癌患者,其中3例患者客观肿瘤消退,1例CR(持续时间超过5.5年),2例PR(持续时间6个月和10个月)[77]
卵巢癌(ovarian cancer,OC)具有相对较低的TMB[78]。Bobisse等[79]序贯采用全肿瘤裂解液疫苗(oxidized autologous whole-tumor lysate,OCDC)启动、扩增的自体外周血T细胞和促进T细胞肿瘤归巢的OCDC支持及贝伐单抗治疗17例常规及疫苗无效的OC患者,结果显示,ACT后针对自体DC及肿瘤细胞新表位的循环、多功能CD8+ T细胞的频率明显增加,并产生了表位扩散,ACT后临床获益的患者新肽反应检测与放射学反应或血清CA-125反应之间呈负相关,所有患者中位OS为14.2个月,超过OC三线化疗后的历史中位OS(5.0~6.2个月),严重不良反应主要有血液学不良事件,提示通过疫苗启动的外周血T细胞ACT与额外的OCDC接种可推进抗肿瘤免疫。
子宫内膜癌具有中低TMB(<100个突变/Mb)。Harari等[80]使用个体化肽新抗原脉冲DC疫苗(PEP-DC)联合化疗治疗 1 例错配修复基因完整(proficient DNA mismatch repair,pMMR)、p53突变的浆液性子宫内膜癌(serous endometrial cancer,SEC),成功诱导了患者13个月的放射应答和肿瘤标志物CA-125的正常化。
肿瘤新抗原免疫治疗充满挑战,也孕育着更多的发展机遇。随着NGS、蛋白质基因组学及生物信息学的不断进步、肿瘤与免疫相互作用研究的深入,肿瘤新抗原在免疫逃逸、抗肿瘤免疫反应和成功的癌症免疫治疗中发挥着关键作用。肿瘤新抗原是癌症免疫治疗的首选靶点,在恶性肿瘤的疗效预测、生存期分析及ICI反应的预测方面可发挥重要作用,基于新抗原的疫苗和ACT治疗均显示了良好的抗肿瘤效果,以及高特异性和安全性。但是,作为一种新兴的肿瘤治疗方式,尚未形成成熟的设计及应用体系,在发展过程中仍面临众多亟待解决的问题与挑战。
在未来研究中,需纳入更多的临床反应数据,提升新抗原预测算法的精度,改进TCR测序和候选新抗原响应的TILs的分离、扩增技术等;还需在临床试验中加强诱导、测试和评估基于驱动基因突变产生的通用型新抗原及多表位疫苗,完善新抗原免疫治疗的疗效预测、评估的系统监测和评估体系;确定适用于新抗原癌症疫苗的临床环境,优化疫苗设计,选择合适的疫苗靶点,建立临床前模型评估疫苗配方、佐剂、剂量、用药时间、给药途径,优化疗效、毒性和耐受性等,发展递送平台;探索最优化、个体化肿瘤新抗原组合及实用的新抗原产品;开发常规、靶向和免疫疗法的合理组合,探索其相关机制,发挥协同抗肿瘤的效应,提高患者的生存质量;加强学术、药业、政府和非营利机构之间的合作,积极开发新兴技术和治疗方法。相信不久的将来,针对肿瘤新抗原的治疗方法将彻底改变肿瘤患者在未来几十年的治疗策略,有望将肿瘤当作慢性病进行管理与治疗;更完善的新抗原精准免疫疗法将为肿瘤治疗带来一次新革命。
  • 陕西省教育厅重点科研计划项目(20JS141)
  • 陕西省科技厅青年项目(2022JQ-893)
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2024年第49卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1340.2024.0426
  • 接收时间:2023-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-11
  • 录用日期:2024-02-27
基金
Key Scientific Research Plan of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(20JS141)
陕西省教育厅重点科研计划项目(20JS141)
Youth Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2022JQ-893)
陕西省科技厅青年项目(2022JQ-893)
作者信息
    西安医学院第二附属医院科研科,陕西西安 710038

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王丹,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1340.2024.0426
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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