Article(id=1198202428635054233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1654.2024.0905, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702569600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717257600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-02, onlineDate=1763603320511, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763603320511, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763603320511, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603320511, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198202427301265552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='10', pageStart='1099', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763603320193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603941762, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198205034396746241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198205034396746242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198202427301265552, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1123, endPage=1133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198202429989814443, articleId=1198202428635054233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Relationship of uric acid metabolism and brain injury post-cardiopulmonary bypass in rats, columnId=1198202428035268754, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Mechanisms and Protective Strategies of Perioperative Organ Injury Ⅱ, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the relationship between uric acid metabolism and brain injury following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in rats. Methods Healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned to either a Sham group or a CPB group, each comprising 12 rats. The Sham group only underwent vascular puncture and did not perform CPB conversion, while the CPB group was subjected to a CPB procedure with a perfusion duration of 110 min, and the brain tissue was collected post-procedure. Microdialysate was collected 1 h before and after CPB initiation. Apoptosis in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was assessed using TUNEL staining, and the expression of Bax mRNA in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus was determined via real-time quantitative PCR. Apoptosis-related protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA-sequencing between brain tissues of two groups, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to identify enriched pathways among the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using String and Cytoscape softwares to identify key genes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to analyze differential metabolites in the PVN before and after CPB, with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis constructed subsequently. Uric acid levels in the hypothalamus was measured using a uric acid assay kit, and the expression of key enzymes of uric acid metabolism [xanthine reductase (XDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA)] and uric acid transporter [organic anion transporter family protein 1 (OAT1), organic anion transporter family protein 3 (OAT3), ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9)] genes in the hypothalamus was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Results Real-time quantitative PCR revealed a significant upregulation of Bax mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of CPB group compared to Sham group (P<0.05). TUNEL staining indicated a significantly higher apoptosis rate of cells in PVN region in CPB group than that in Sham group (19.0%±5.0% vs. 7.6%±0.8%, P=0.01). Western blotting showed a significantly increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the hypothalamus of CPB group compared to Sham group (P<0.05). A total of 2829 DEGs were identified between Sham group and CPB group, with 1374 upregulated genes and 1455 downregulated genes. Uric acid metabolism-related pathways were predominantly enriched in purine nucleoside metabolism and biosynthesis, purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolism, purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism, purine ribonucleotide metabolism and biosynthesis, purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism and biosynthesis, purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism and biosynthesis, and reaction to purine compounds. Eighteen differential metabolites were identified in the microdialysate, with 13 upregulated and 5 downregulated metabolites. KEGG enrichment analysis identified 7 significantly enriched metabolic pathways, among which the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways were closely related to uric acid metabolism. Both RNA-sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis suggested alterations in uric acid metabolism in CPB groups. Post-CPB, uric acid concentration in the hypothalamic tissue significantly increased (P<0.01), and the expression of XDH and ADA mRNA in the hypothalamus were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the expression of ABCG2, OAT1, OAT3 and GLUT9 mRNA significantly decreased (P<0.001). Conclusion Uric acid metabolism in brain is altered during CPB, which may be an important mechanism for brain injury following CPB.

, correspAuthors=Chi Cheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探究大鼠体外循环(CPB)后脑损伤与尿酸代谢的关系。方法 将健康雄性SD大鼠分为假手术组与CPB组,每组12只。假手术组仅行血管穿刺,不进行CPB转流;CPB组建立CPB模型,转流时长110 min,结束后采集脑组织。CPB前及CPB开始后均收集微透析液1 h。采用TUNEL染色检测大鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)区域细胞凋亡情况,实时荧光定量PCR检测大脑皮质及下丘脑中Bax mRNA的表达,Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。采用RNA-seq分析两组脑组织中的差异表达基因(DEGs),基因本体论(GO)分析DEGs富集的通路,使用String在线软件和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络并筛选出关键基因;采用液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析CPB前后PVN处微透析液的差异代谢物并进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析。采用尿酸测定试剂盒检测下丘脑中的尿酸浓度,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测下丘脑中尿酸代谢关键酶[黄嘌呤还原酶(XDH)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)]及尿酸转运体[有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白1(OAT1)、有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白3(OAT3)、ATP结合盒式转运体亚家族G成员2(ABCG2)、葡萄糖转运体9(GLUT9)]基因的表达。结果 实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠大脑皮质及下丘脑中Bax mRNA表达量明显增高(P<0.05)。TUNEL染色结果显示,CPB组大鼠PVN区域细胞凋亡率明显增高(19.0%±5.0% vs. 7.6%±0.8%,P=0.01)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠下丘脑中Bcl-2/Bax比值明显增高(P<0.05)。假手术组与CPB组大鼠脑组织中的DEGs共2829个,其中上调基因1374个,下调基因1455个。GO富集分析显示,尿酸代谢相关通路主要富集于嘌呤核苷酸代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核苷单磷酸代谢、嘌呤核苷三磷酸代谢、嘌呤核糖核苷酸代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸代谢及生物合成、对嘌呤化合物的反应等。两组微透析液差异代谢物共18种,其中上调代谢物13种,下调代谢物5种;KEGG富集分析得到7条显著富集的代谢通路,其中烟酸盐和烟酰胺代谢通路与尿酸代谢密切相关。RNA-seq与微透析液LC-MS/MS分析结果均提示CPB组尿酸代谢发生改变。CPB后下丘脑组织中尿酸浓度明显升高(P<0.01),XDHADA mRNA表达量明显增高(P<0.05),ABCG2OAT1OAT3GLUT9 mRNA表达量明显降低(P<0.001)。结论 CPB过程中脑组织尿酸代谢发生了改变,而尿酸代谢改变可能是CPB后脑损伤的一个重要机制。

, correspAuthors=程翅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Bax. Bcl2关联X蛋白;CPB. 体外循环;Bcl-2. B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因;A. 大脑皮质及下丘脑中Bax mRNA相对表达量;B. Bcl-2/Bax比值;C. 下丘脑室旁核(PVN)处TUNEL染色;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=/rOgcFLRK7uduLM0Atzlgw==, figureFileBig=fyovflwjB/UKgkrSu23ayg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319035743039980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=M-versus-A plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), figureFileSmall=xFA8Esl852+8alZh6AoOfQ==, figureFileBig=WuZoiSwfVyBufIdb8+AKQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319035852091889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=CN, label=图2, caption=差异表达基因(DEGs)的MA图

CPB. 体外循环;图中每一个点代表一个基因,X轴为假手术组该基因log10(表达量的平均值),Y轴为CPB组该基因log10(表达量的平均值)。灰色的点表示表达差异不显著的基因,绿色的点表示CPB组明显下调的基因,橙色的点表示CPB组明显上调的基因

, figureFileSmall=xFA8Esl852+8alZh6AoOfQ==, figureFileBig=WuZoiSwfVyBufIdb8+AKQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319036971971061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs with uric acid metabolism visualized by the Cytoscape software, figureFileSmall=I0xZBTVobN0CBkc1loCjJA==, figureFileBig=kqzh/maVPWeWeyN5eppqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037085217271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Cytoscape软件可视化尿酸代谢相关DEGs的PPI网络

PPI. 蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用;颜色由深至浅相关性降低,圆越大表明相关性越强

, figureFileSmall=I0xZBTVobN0CBkc1loCjJA==, figureFileBig=kqzh/maVPWeWeyN5eppqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037219435002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The expression of genes with apoptosis in the hypothalamic of rats in two groups (n=6), figureFileSmall=f0C87iReI+DXlVl0e2SVjw==, figureFileBig=FmUx4OO/NRt8EUwp2t3G0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037328486910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两组大鼠下丘脑中凋亡相关基因的表达(n=6)

CPB. 体外循环;Dctn1. 动力蛋白激活蛋白1;Vdac2. 电压依赖性阴离子通道2;Hspa5. 70 kD热休克蛋白5;Tuba4a. α微管蛋白4A;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=f0C87iReI+DXlVl0e2SVjw==, figureFileBig=FmUx4OO/NRt8EUwp2t3G0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037517230595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Score scatter plot for PCA model total, figureFileSmall=EZPwSeq3iDHnbbMRQUsDyQ==, figureFileBig=Hss3HGeodJGU04HCuw73PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037613699591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=CN, label=图5, caption=微透析液的PCA得分散点图

PCA. 主成分分析;CPB. 体外循环;A. 正离子模式下微透析液的PCA得分散点图;B. 负离子模式下微透析液的PCA得分散点图

, figureFileSmall=EZPwSeq3iDHnbbMRQUsDyQ==, figureFileBig=Hss3HGeodJGU04HCuw73PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037743723019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The concentration of uric acid, the mRNA expression of key uric acid enzymes and transporter in the hypothalamus of rats (n=12), figureFileSmall=+ajBPShYPxeAwI72UowDrQ==, figureFileBig=h4FSAjKO32/ccIDBboq22w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198319037798248974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=CN, label=图6, caption=大鼠下丘脑中尿酸浓度、尿酸代谢关键酶及尿酸转运体基因的表达(n=12)

CPB. 体外循环;Xdh. 黄嘌呤还原酶;Ada. 腺苷脱氨酶;Gda. 鸟嘌呤脱氨酶;Oat1. 有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白1;Oat3. 有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白3;Abcg2. ATP结合盒式转运体亚家族G成员2;Glut9. 葡萄糖转运体9;A. 下丘脑中尿酸浓度;B. 下丘脑中尿酸代谢关键酶基因表达量;C. 下丘脑中尿酸转运体基因表达量;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

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Primer sequences for real-time PCR

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基因正向引物(5'-3')反向引物(5'-3')
XDHTGATGGTTCGGTGCTGTTGAGGGACGGTGTTAGTGCTTGT
ADAAGAGCAAGCATTCGGCATCAAGGTCCATAGCCACCACGGTCTTCTG
GDACTGAACGTGCTCGATGTCCTGAAGCTGCTCTTCGGATGGCGTCAAG
GLUT9TCCTACTGCTTCCTCGTCTTTGCATGGGTTCTGTTCTTGGTCTCTGG
OAT1TTTATGGTGACCCCCACACTAGCTCTAAATACTTCCAACTGTGA
OAT3CCTGGTGCCATGACCTTCTCTGGTGGGCTATTCCGAGGAC
ABCG2TAGGTCGGTGTGCGAGTCAGTAGGATCTATGCCTTTCTAGCTGT
GAPDHCCTGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGGCCATCCACAGTCTTCTGA
DCTN1CACCTTGCCGAACAGCCTGAGCAGCCGTCCTACCTCCACACTC
VDAC2TTGGATCCCACTGCTTCCATTTCTGCAAAATTAATGCTCTTCCCATCTACCAGAGCAGA
HSPA5ATGATGAAGTTCACTGTGGTGGTTCTGATGTATCCTCTTCACCA
TUBA4AGCCCTACAACTCCATCCTGAATGGCTTCATTGTCCACCA
BaxCGGCGAATTGGAGATGAACTGGCTAGCAAAGTAGAAGAGGGCAACC
), ArticleFig(id=1198319038175736342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实时荧光定量PCR引物序列

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基因正向引物(5'-3')反向引物(5'-3')
XDHTGATGGTTCGGTGCTGTTGAGGGACGGTGTTAGTGCTTGT
ADAAGAGCAAGCATTCGGCATCAAGGTCCATAGCCACCACGGTCTTCTG
GDACTGAACGTGCTCGATGTCCTGAAGCTGCTCTTCGGATGGCGTCAAG
GLUT9TCCTACTGCTTCCTCGTCTTTGCATGGGTTCTGTTCTTGGTCTCTGG
OAT1TTTATGGTGACCCCCACACTAGCTCTAAATACTTCCAACTGTGA
OAT3CCTGGTGCCATGACCTTCTCTGGTGGGCTATTCCGAGGAC
ABCG2TAGGTCGGTGTGCGAGTCAGTAGGATCTATGCCTTTCTAGCTGT
GAPDHCCTGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGGCCATCCACAGTCTTCTGA
DCTN1CACCTTGCCGAACAGCCTGAGCAGCCGTCCTACCTCCACACTC
VDAC2TTGGATCCCACTGCTTCCATTTCTGCAAAATTAATGCTCTTCCCATCTACCAGAGCAGA
HSPA5ATGATGAAGTTCACTGTGGTGGTTCTGATGTATCCTCTTCACCA
TUBA4AGCCCTACAACTCCATCCTGAATGGCTTCATTGTCCACCA
BaxCGGCGAATTGGAGATGAACTGGCTAGCAAAGTAGAAGAGGGCAACC
), ArticleFig(id=1198319038377062939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198202428635054233, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

GO analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with uric acid metabolism

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类别编号项目基因数量Padj
生物过程GO:0006163嘌呤核苷酸代谢840.034
GO:0009126嘌呤核苷单磷酸代谢580.010
GO:0009127嘌呤核苷单磷酸盐的生物合成350.019
GO:0009144嘌呤核苷三磷酸代谢580.012
GO:0009145嘌呤核苷三磷酸的生物合成330.014
GO:0009150嘌呤核糖核苷酸代谢820.022
GO:0009152嘌呤核糖核苷酸生物合成460.037
GO:0009167嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐代谢570.014
GO:0009168嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐的生物合成350.019
GO:0009205嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸代谢580.008
GO:0009206嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸的生物合成330.013
GO:0014074对含嘌呤化合物的反应460.030
分子功能GO:0001883嘌呤核苷结合700.039
GO:0032550嘌呤核糖核苷结合700.033
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尿酸代谢相关差异表达基因(DEGs)的GO富集分析

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类别编号项目基因数量Padj
生物过程GO:0006163嘌呤核苷酸代谢840.034
GO:0009126嘌呤核苷单磷酸代谢580.010
GO:0009127嘌呤核苷单磷酸盐的生物合成350.019
GO:0009144嘌呤核苷三磷酸代谢580.012
GO:0009145嘌呤核苷三磷酸的生物合成330.014
GO:0009150嘌呤核糖核苷酸代谢820.022
GO:0009152嘌呤核糖核苷酸生物合成460.037
GO:0009167嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐代谢570.014
GO:0009168嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐的生物合成350.019
GO:0009205嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸代谢580.008
GO:0009206嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸的生物合成330.013
GO:0014074对含嘌呤化合物的反应460.030
分子功能GO:0001883嘌呤核苷结合700.039
GO:0032550嘌呤核糖核苷结合700.033
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Different metabolites in positive and negative ion mode

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模式代谢物VIP差异倍数P
正离子模式蛋氨酰-组氨酰-赖氨酸1.831.4260.072
半胱氨酰-赖氨酰-组氨酸2.101.6910.014
硬脂酰胺2.041.4710.022
赖氨酰-组氨酰-蛋氨酸2.331.3350.008
β-环吡喃糖1.452.0690.064
甲巯基咪唑1.701.3380.090
乙基2,4-二氧己酸2.231.8430.021
鞘氨醇1.831.8080.080
2-乙酰吡咯烷1.700.6590.086
氨基甲酸甲酯1.792.6300.056
四氢蝶啶1.770.4040.081
C16鞘氨醇2.621.6540.024
(2R,3R)-1,2,3-丁三醇1.812.4470.077
3-甲基十八醛2.040.6000.090
负离子模式赤酮酸内酯2.060.8550.033
甘油醛2.610.4440.001
磺基乙酸1.872.0180.021
烟酸1.431.9950.083
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正、负离子模式下差异代谢物

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模式代谢物VIP差异倍数P
正离子模式蛋氨酰-组氨酰-赖氨酸1.831.4260.072
半胱氨酰-赖氨酰-组氨酸2.101.6910.014
硬脂酰胺2.041.4710.022
赖氨酰-组氨酰-蛋氨酸2.331.3350.008
β-环吡喃糖1.452.0690.064
甲巯基咪唑1.701.3380.090
乙基2,4-二氧己酸2.231.8430.021
鞘氨醇1.831.8080.080
2-乙酰吡咯烷1.700.6590.086
氨基甲酸甲酯1.792.6300.056
四氢蝶啶1.770.4040.081
C16鞘氨醇2.621.6540.024
(2R,3R)-1,2,3-丁三醇1.812.4470.077
3-甲基十八醛2.040.6000.090
负离子模式赤酮酸内酯2.060.8550.033
甘油醛2.610.4440.001
磺基乙酸1.872.0180.021
烟酸1.431.9950.083
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KEGG pathway annotation information table

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模式KEGG通路化合物
正离子模式rno00600:鞘脂代谢cpd:C00836鞘氨醇
rno01100:代谢途径cpd:C00836鞘氨醇
rno04071:鞘脂信号通路cpd:C00836鞘氨醇
负离子模式rno00430:牛磺酸和低牛磺酸的代谢cpd:C14179磺基乙酸盐
rno00760:烟酸盐和烟酰胺的代谢cpd:C00253烟酸
rno01100:代谢途径cpd:C00253烟酸
rno05133:百日咳cpd:C00253烟酸
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KEGG通路注释信息表

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模式KEGG通路化合物
正离子模式rno00600:鞘脂代谢cpd:C00836鞘氨醇
rno01100:代谢途径cpd:C00836鞘氨醇
rno04071:鞘脂信号通路cpd:C00836鞘氨醇
负离子模式rno00430:牛磺酸和低牛磺酸的代谢cpd:C14179磺基乙酸盐
rno00760:烟酸盐和烟酰胺的代谢cpd:C00253烟酸
rno01100:代谢途径cpd:C00253烟酸
rno05133:百日咳cpd:C00253烟酸
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大鼠体外循环后脑损伤与尿酸代谢的关系
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于婷婷 1 , 喻田 2 , 王海英 1 , 邓胜利 1 , 张琳 2 , 程翅 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 围手术期器官损伤机制及保护策略专题Ⅱ 2024,49(10): 1123-1133
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解放军医学杂志 | 围手术期器官损伤机制及保护策略专题Ⅱ 2024, 49(10): 1123-1133
大鼠体外循环后脑损伤与尿酸代谢的关系
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于婷婷1, 喻田2, 王海英1, 邓胜利1, 张琳2, 程翅1, *
作者信息
  • 1遵义医科大学附属医院麻醉科,贵州遵义 563000
  • 2遵义医科大学麻醉与器官保护基础研究重点实验室,贵州遵义 563000
  • 于婷婷,硕士研究生,主要从事麻醉与器官保护方面的研究

通讯作者:

程翅,E-mail:
Relationship of uric acid metabolism and brain injury post-cardiopulmonary bypass in rats
Ting-Ting Yu1, Tian Yu2, Hai-Ying Wang1, Sheng-Li Deng1, Lin Zhang2, Chi Cheng1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Anesthesiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
  • 2Key laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University,Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1654.2024.0905
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目的 探究大鼠体外循环(CPB)后脑损伤与尿酸代谢的关系。方法 将健康雄性SD大鼠分为假手术组与CPB组,每组12只。假手术组仅行血管穿刺,不进行CPB转流;CPB组建立CPB模型,转流时长110 min,结束后采集脑组织。CPB前及CPB开始后均收集微透析液1 h。采用TUNEL染色检测大鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)区域细胞凋亡情况,实时荧光定量PCR检测大脑皮质及下丘脑中Bax mRNA的表达,Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。采用RNA-seq分析两组脑组织中的差异表达基因(DEGs),基因本体论(GO)分析DEGs富集的通路,使用String在线软件和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络并筛选出关键基因;采用液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析CPB前后PVN处微透析液的差异代谢物并进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析。采用尿酸测定试剂盒检测下丘脑中的尿酸浓度,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测下丘脑中尿酸代谢关键酶[黄嘌呤还原酶(XDH)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)]及尿酸转运体[有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白1(OAT1)、有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白3(OAT3)、ATP结合盒式转运体亚家族G成员2(ABCG2)、葡萄糖转运体9(GLUT9)]基因的表达。结果 实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠大脑皮质及下丘脑中Bax mRNA表达量明显增高(P<0.05)。TUNEL染色结果显示,CPB组大鼠PVN区域细胞凋亡率明显增高(19.0%±5.0% vs. 7.6%±0.8%,P=0.01)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠下丘脑中Bcl-2/Bax比值明显增高(P<0.05)。假手术组与CPB组大鼠脑组织中的DEGs共2829个,其中上调基因1374个,下调基因1455个。GO富集分析显示,尿酸代谢相关通路主要富集于嘌呤核苷酸代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核苷单磷酸代谢、嘌呤核苷三磷酸代谢、嘌呤核糖核苷酸代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸代谢及生物合成、对嘌呤化合物的反应等。两组微透析液差异代谢物共18种,其中上调代谢物13种,下调代谢物5种;KEGG富集分析得到7条显著富集的代谢通路,其中烟酸盐和烟酰胺代谢通路与尿酸代谢密切相关。RNA-seq与微透析液LC-MS/MS分析结果均提示CPB组尿酸代谢发生改变。CPB后下丘脑组织中尿酸浓度明显升高(P<0.01),XDHADA mRNA表达量明显增高(P<0.05),ABCG2OAT1OAT3GLUT9 mRNA表达量明显降低(P<0.001)。结论 CPB过程中脑组织尿酸代谢发生了改变,而尿酸代谢改变可能是CPB后脑损伤的一个重要机制。

体外循环  /  脑损伤  /  尿酸  /  代谢组学  /  转录组学

Objective To investigate the relationship between uric acid metabolism and brain injury following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in rats. Methods Healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned to either a Sham group or a CPB group, each comprising 12 rats. The Sham group only underwent vascular puncture and did not perform CPB conversion, while the CPB group was subjected to a CPB procedure with a perfusion duration of 110 min, and the brain tissue was collected post-procedure. Microdialysate was collected 1 h before and after CPB initiation. Apoptosis in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was assessed using TUNEL staining, and the expression of Bax mRNA in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus was determined via real-time quantitative PCR. Apoptosis-related protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA-sequencing between brain tissues of two groups, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to identify enriched pathways among the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using String and Cytoscape softwares to identify key genes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to analyze differential metabolites in the PVN before and after CPB, with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis constructed subsequently. Uric acid levels in the hypothalamus was measured using a uric acid assay kit, and the expression of key enzymes of uric acid metabolism [xanthine reductase (XDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA)] and uric acid transporter [organic anion transporter family protein 1 (OAT1), organic anion transporter family protein 3 (OAT3), ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9)] genes in the hypothalamus was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Results Real-time quantitative PCR revealed a significant upregulation of Bax mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of CPB group compared to Sham group (P<0.05). TUNEL staining indicated a significantly higher apoptosis rate of cells in PVN region in CPB group than that in Sham group (19.0%±5.0% vs. 7.6%±0.8%, P=0.01). Western blotting showed a significantly increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the hypothalamus of CPB group compared to Sham group (P<0.05). A total of 2829 DEGs were identified between Sham group and CPB group, with 1374 upregulated genes and 1455 downregulated genes. Uric acid metabolism-related pathways were predominantly enriched in purine nucleoside metabolism and biosynthesis, purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolism, purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism, purine ribonucleotide metabolism and biosynthesis, purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism and biosynthesis, purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism and biosynthesis, and reaction to purine compounds. Eighteen differential metabolites were identified in the microdialysate, with 13 upregulated and 5 downregulated metabolites. KEGG enrichment analysis identified 7 significantly enriched metabolic pathways, among which the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways were closely related to uric acid metabolism. Both RNA-sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis suggested alterations in uric acid metabolism in CPB groups. Post-CPB, uric acid concentration in the hypothalamic tissue significantly increased (P<0.01), and the expression of XDH and ADA mRNA in the hypothalamus were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the expression of ABCG2, OAT1, OAT3 and GLUT9 mRNA significantly decreased (P<0.001). Conclusion Uric acid metabolism in brain is altered during CPB, which may be an important mechanism for brain injury following CPB.

cardiopulmonary bypass  /  cerebral injury  /  uric acid  /  metabolomics  /  transcriptomics
于婷婷, 喻田, 王海英, 邓胜利, 张琳, 程翅. 大鼠体外循环后脑损伤与尿酸代谢的关系. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (10) : 1123 -1133 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1654.2024.0905
Ting-Ting Yu, Tian Yu, Hai-Ying Wang, Sheng-Li Deng, Lin Zhang, Chi Cheng. Relationship of uric acid metabolism and brain injury post-cardiopulmonary bypass in rats[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (10) : 1123 -1133 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1654.2024.0905
体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)是心脏手术的基石。近几十年来,随着术前评估的完善,麻醉、外科手术及CPB技术的提高,心脏疾病患者CPB手术后存活率明显提高[1],但围手术期脑损伤(卒中、脑病和认知功能障碍发生率分别为1.5%~5.2%、8.4%~32.0%、20.0%~30.0%)仍是患者预后不良及术后病死率增高的重要因素[2]。调查显示,在进行CPB心脏手术的过程中,超过50%的患者缺血2 h后即可通过磁共振加权成像发现微小梗死灶,约80%的患者在术后早期发生中枢神经系统紊乱[3]。然而脑损伤的发生机制目前尚不清楚。既往研究发现,尿酸可抑制短暂性局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠的氧化应激反应,发挥神经保护作用[4]。此外,血尿酸也与神经退行性疾病密切相关,可作为肌萎缩性侧索硬化症病情进展的评价指标,较高水平的尿酸可能对帕金森病具有治疗作用[5-6]。目前,尿酸及其代谢在CPB过程中的相关研究较少。鉴于尿酸在中枢神经系统中的重要作用,本研究利用基因组学和代谢组学方法分析尿酸代谢的变化,探讨CPB导致脑损伤的相关机制,以期为CPB后脑损伤的机制研究提供依据。
SPF级健康雄性SD大鼠30只,10~11周龄,体重350~400 g,购自长沙市天勤生物技术有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(湘)2019-0004]。大鼠自由活动和进食,饲养于室温(23±2) ℃、相对湿度55%±5%的环境中。本研究获遵义医科大学附属医院伦理委员会审核批准[KLLY(A)-2020-060]。
将大鼠随机分为假手术组与CPB组,每组15只。假手术组仅行血管穿刺,不进行CPB转流;CPB组建立CPB模型,转流时长110 min。CPB转流过程中采集大鼠微透析液,转流结束即刻取脑组织。在整个实验过程中,假手术组由于颈静脉穿刺失败或穿刺过程进入空气死亡3只;CPB组由于颈静脉穿刺失败及脏器出血死亡3只。最终每组12只大鼠完成实验。
SD大鼠腹腔注射2%戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg),麻醉生效后行气管插管(14G静脉注射导管),连接小动物呼吸机,给予机械通气(潮气量3 ml/kg,呼吸频率60次/min,吸呼比1:1.5),吸入纯氧。依次进行右颈静脉(14 G)、双侧股动脉(22 G)、尾静脉(24 G)穿刺置管。置管后连接充满肝素溶液的三通管,尾静脉注射肝素(500 U/kg)、舒芬太尼(3 μg/kg)。连接装置和管道,配制预充液,排空管道中的气泡。CPB开始时调整颈静脉置管,寻找最佳的引流位置。肝素化后开始CPB,逐渐增加灌注量,最终灌注流量为100 ml/(kg.min),整个过程中维持平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)>60 mmHg,若不能维持则增加灌注量以维持到目标血压。灌注液体后大鼠体温下降,利用加热毯等措施维持肛温在(30±0.5) ℃。CPB总时长110 min,结束后迅速取脑组织置于液氮中。
大鼠吸入七氟醚麻醉后固定于脑立体固定仪上,切开头皮暴露颅骨,根据大鼠脑立体定位图谱定位下丘脑室旁核(paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus,PVN)区域(坐标:Bregma后1.8 mm,中线左右旁开0.4 mm,深度7.9 mm),行颅骨钻孔术,暴露硬脑膜,将微透析探针缓慢放至核团内,并以两颗小螺丝固定于同一平面,手术结束后用牙科水泥固定,再以导管帽及锁紧螺帽封闭导管,3 d后进行CPB模型的建立。将导管连接到1 ml注射器,放入微注射泵中,以2 μl/min的流速灌注林格液。分别于CPB前及CPB开始后收集微透析液1 h。
所有样本均采用LC-MS/MS进行分析,数据分析主要分为基础数据分析、高级数据分析和可选择数据分析3个部分。主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)是将一组观测的可能相关变量通过正交变换转换为线性不相关变量(即主成分)的统计方法。将差异倍数、t-test的P值与正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)模型的变量投影重要度(variable importance in the projection,VIP)值相结合的方法来筛选差异代谢物,筛选标准为P<0.1和VIP>1。对差异代谢物进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析。此部分由武汉华联科生物技术有限公司完成。
使用RNAiso Plus(日本TaKaRa公司)提取脑组织总RNA。然后使用PrimeScriptTM RT试剂盒(日本TaKaRa公司)将总RNA反转录成cDNA,并使用TBGreenTM预混式Ex Taq Ⅱ(日本TaKaRa公司)扩增靶基因。采用CFX96 Real-Time PCR检测系统(美国Bio-Rad公司)进行扩增。反应条件:95 ℃ 30 s(预变性);PCR反应:95 ℃ 5 s(变性),60 ℃ 30 s(退火),共40个循环。绘制熔解曲线。以GAPDH作为内参照,采用2-ΔΔCT法计算目的基因的相对表达量。引物序列如表1所示。
大鼠灌注0.9% NaCl和4%多聚甲醛溶液后,取脑组织置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中,4 ℃冰箱内保存过夜。制作石蜡切片,厚度为4 μm,切片42 ℃烘烤过夜,脱蜡处理,使用凋亡试剂盒(七海复泰生物科技有限公司)进行染色。滴加20 μg/ml蛋白酶K增加通透性,滴加标准反应液(37 ℃,1 h)、PI染色液(37 ℃,5 min),抗荧光淬灭剂封片后,于荧光显微镜下观察。
取脑组织加入裂解液裂解后提取总蛋白,BCA试剂盒(中国Solarbio公司)定量后进行凝胶电泳分离蛋白并转至聚偏二氟乙烯膜上,封闭1 h,滴加Bcl-2(1:2000)、Bax(1:2000)、GAPDH(1:4000)一抗(中国武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司),4 ℃孵育过夜,次日滴加HRP羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(1:2000,武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司)二抗孵育45 min(37 ℃,摇床),显影、充分曝光后进行灰度值分析。
Easy-RNA Seq测序文库的构建分为3个部分:样本RNA提取和反转录、第二链形成、Tn5转座酶文库构建。采用Direct-zol RNA mini Prep Kit(美国ZYMO Research公司)提取脑组织RNA,加入Oligo T引物进行反转录,生成第一链cDNA;通过RNase H酶、DNA聚合酶和T4连接酶共同反应,生成两链cDNA;双链cDNA经Tn5酶片段化,并在双端加上测序所需的RD序列;通过两端的RD序列连接P5、P7两端测序引物,并进行富集PCR扩增;文库混合送测序。P<0.05为显著DEGs的阈值。对DEGs进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)分析,包括生物过程(biological process,BP)、细胞组分(cellular component,CC)、分子功能(molecular function,MF),P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。使用DESeq2软件包分析样本组间的DEGS,将原始表达谱数据进行负二项分布统计检验。此部分由重庆微浪生物科技有限公司大渡口分公司完成。
将CPB组与假手术组的DEGs导入String在线软件,以0.4为阈值分析构建PPI网络。导出数据,采用Cytoscape软件进行PPI网络的可视化分析,并通过CytoNCA插件得到Degree值,筛选最为相关的基因。通过GeneCards数据库(https://www.genecards.org/)以“apoptosis”为检索词获取凋亡相关基因,与DEGs取交集,根据Relevance score值筛选关键基因。
采用尿酸检测试剂盒(C012-1-1,中国南京建成生物工程研究所)测定尿酸浓度。将下丘脑及大脑皮质用PBS缓冲液匀浆,10 000×g离心5 min。取100 μl上清液加入96孔板中,加入缓冲液及显色液混匀,10 min后使用全波长多功能酶标仪(美国Thermo公司)在690 nm波长下(光径1 cm,空白调零)检测吸光度(OD)值。另取50 μl组织匀浆用于BCA检测(北京Solarbio公司)。最终结果为尿酸浓度与蛋白质浓度的比值。
采用SPSS 29.0软件进行统计分析。所有数据先行正态性检验,符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,两组间比较采用非参数检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠大脑皮质及下丘脑中凋亡相关基因Bax mRNA表达量明显增高(P<0.05,图1A)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠下丘脑中Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高(P<0.05,图1B)。TUNEL染色结果显示,与假手术组比较,CPB组大鼠PVN区域细胞凋亡率明显增高(19.0%±5.0% vs. 7.6%±0.8%,P=0.01,图1C)。
对假手术组和CPB组大鼠脑组织进行RNA-seq测序,共得到2829个DEGs,其中上调基因1374个,下调基因1455个。DEGs的可视化MA图如图2所示。
GO富集分析结果显示,在生物过程方面,尿酸代谢相关的通路包括嘌呤核苷酸代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核苷单磷酸代谢、嘌呤核苷三磷酸代谢、嘌呤核糖核苷酸代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核糖核苷单磷酸盐代谢及生物合成、嘌呤核糖核苷三磷酸代谢及生物合成、对嘌呤化合物的反应等;分子功能方面包括嘌呤核苷结合及嘌呤核糖核苷结合;细胞组分方面没有显著富集的通路(表2)。
String在线软件分析结果显示,122个DEGs参与了尿酸代谢蛋白网络的构建,该蛋白网络共有128条边,蛋白评价节点度为8.85,局部聚类系数为0.52(P<0.01)。前10位关键基因分别为70 kD热休克蛋白5(Hspa5)磷酸甘油激酶1(Pgk1)转录因子Jun(Jun)柠檬酸合酶基因(Cs)磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白1(Pebp1)缺氧诱导因子1α(Hif1a)超氧化物歧化酶1(Sod1)磷酸丙糖异构酶1(Tpi1)核苷二磷酸激酶1(Nme1)琥珀酰辅酶A合成酶α亚基(Suclg1)(图3)。其中Hif1a为下调基因,其余均为上调基因。
筛选GeneCards数据库中的凋亡相关基因,分别为动力蛋白激活蛋白1(Dctn1)电压依赖性阴离子通道2(Vdac2)、Hspa5、α微管蛋白4A(Tuba4a),均为上调基因。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,CPB组大鼠下丘脑中Dctn1、Vdac2、Hspa5、Tuba4a mRNA表达量明显高于假手术组(P<0.05,图4),与RNA-seq结果一致。
代谢组学PCA分析结果显示,正、负离子模式中的组间样本全部处于95%置信区间(CI)内(图5)。
微透析液差异代谢物的筛选结果如表3所示,以CPB前对CPB后进行说明。在正、负两种离子模式下共检测出18种具有已知结构的代谢物:正离子模式下14种,其中上调代谢物11种,下调代谢物3种;负离子模式下4种,其中上调代谢物2种,下调代谢物2种。
KEGG富集分析结果显示,共得到7条显著富集的代谢通路,如表4所示。在这些通路中,烟酸盐和烟酰胺代谢通路可能与尿酸代谢密切相关。
图6所示,CPB组大鼠下丘脑中尿酸浓度明显高于假手术组(P<0.01);CPB组大鼠下丘脑中尿酸代谢关键酶基因黄嘌呤还原酶(Xdh)、腺苷脱氨酶(Ada) mRNA相对表达量明显高于假手术组(P<0.001、P<0.05),而鸟嘌呤脱氨酶(Gda)mRNA表达量明显低于假手术组(P<0.05);CPB组中尿酸转运体基因有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白1(Oat1)、有机阴离子转运体家族蛋白3(Oat3)、ATP结合盒式转运体亚家族G成员2(Abcg2)、葡萄糖转运体9(Glut9) mRNA表达量均明显低于假手术组(P<0.001)。
本研究发现,CPB可促进脑组织细胞凋亡。RNA-seq及代谢组学分析结果提示CPB后尿酸代谢可能发生改变,而既往研究发现尿酸与神经系统疾病之间关系密切[5-7],因此本研究进一步探索了尿酸代谢改变的相关因素。结果显示,CPB后下丘脑尿酸浓度明显升高,尿酸生成关键酶基因Xdh mRNA相对表达量明显增高,尿酸转运体基因(Oat1、Oat3、Abcg2Glut9) mRNA相对表达量明显降低,提示尿酸代谢改变可能是CPB后脑损伤的一个重要机制。
脑损伤作为CPB后主要的并发症,与患者的转归密切相关,然而脑损伤的发生机制目前尚不清楚[8],脑损伤的识别及检测已成为近期的研究热点。凋亡、缺血、炎症反应及氧化应激可能是心脏外科手术后神经系统损伤的主要原因[9-10]。本研究RNA-seq结果提示,CPB后脑组织大量基因表达发生改变,其中Tuba4a、Dctn1、Vdac2、Hspa5等与凋亡密切相关,对这些基因进行荧光定量PCR检测,结果与RNA-seq结果一致,表明RNA-seq结果比较可靠。Tuba4a负责编码α微管蛋白4A,有研究发现在猪出血性脑卒中模型中,该基因表达量是对照组的3.88倍[11]Dctn1是负责编码动力蛋白激活蛋白(dynactin)亚基p150glued的基因,而p150glued在凋亡通路中具有重要作用[12]。Vdac2对Bax发挥生物学效应至关重要,敲除Vdac2可抑制Bax的促凋亡功能[13]Hspa5基因编码免疫球结合蛋白(BiP),该蛋白是内质网应激的标志。最近有研究发现,脑缺血后BiP表达增加,香叶醇在缺血再灌注损伤模型中可发挥神经保护作用,其机制与下调BiP、减轻内质网应激有关[14]。本研究进一步检测凋亡基因Bax mRNA相对表达量及Bcl-2/Bax比值的变化,并通过TUNEL染色观察大脑细胞凋亡情况,结果均提示CPB后脑组织发生了损伤。
既往关于尿酸与CPB的研究主要集中在术前,血尿酸浓度是CPB后肾损伤的独立危险因素[15-16],罕有探讨CPB后脑组织损伤与尿酸代谢关系的研究。本研究RNA-seq结果显示CPB后脑组织嘌呤代谢相关基因表达发生改变,同时代谢组学分析显示CPB后烟酸类物质含量增加,提示脑损伤可能与尿酸代谢改变密切相关。
RNA-seq结果提示,CPB后大量基因表达发生改变,其中包含嘌呤代谢途径的基因,而尿酸是嘌呤核苷酸的分解代谢产物。进一步利用软件分析发现,122个DEGs参与了尿酸代谢网络的构建,前10位的关键基因为Hspa5、Pgk1、Jun、Cs、Pebp1、Hif1a、Sod1、Tpi1、Nme1、Suclg1
Hspa5编码葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和BiP,它们是热休克蛋白家族的成员,参与多种细胞生理过程。如前所述,Hspa5基因可能在CPB后脑损伤过程中发挥重要作用。最近有研究发现,2型糖尿病患者循环GRP78水平升高,且与血尿酸浓度呈正相关[17]。另有研究发现利用尿酸处理肝细胞后GRP78表达增加,可诱导内质网应激,进而促进脂肪在肝细胞内蓄积[18]
Pgk1编码磷酸甘油激酶1(PGK1),HIF-1α由Hif1a基因编码。PGK1参与了由HIF-1α调节的糖酵解途径。研究发现,IgA肾病患者的血清HIF-1α水平与血尿酸浓度呈正比[19]。HIF-1通过激活多种基因的转录参与能量代谢、血管生成、细胞凋亡等生物学过程。最新研究显示,泄浊化瘀益气通络方治疗尿酸性肾病的机制与HIF-1信号通路密切相关[20]
Jun编码AP-1转录因子亚基,AP-1被激活后可诱导神经炎症的发生,进而出现神经毒性[21]。AP-1结合位点是尿酸诱导内皮素-1(ET-1)基因表达的重要顺式元件[22]。另有研究发现,高尿酸可通过JNK激活AP-1,进而上调肝细胞脂质基因的表达[23]。2-氯乙醇可活化星形胶质细胞,释放促炎因子。神经炎症抑制剂GIBH-130可抑制p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)或AP-1,进而减轻2-氯乙醇的促炎效应[24]
Pebp1编码Raf激酶抑制蛋白(raf kinase inhibitory protein,RKIP),该蛋白参与抑制Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路,缺氧时大鼠脊髓中该蛋白表达水平明显降低[25]。另有研究发现,脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠脑组织中RKIP蛋白表达下调;过表达RKIP后,大脑皮质梗死面积减小;进一步检测血浆代谢物发现,尿酸、甜菜碱、α-酮戊二酸和磷酸鞘氨醇等12种代谢物发生了改变[26]
烟酸可转化为烟酰胺,烟酰胺是烟酸的酰胺形式,是烟酰胺腺嘌呤核苷酸(NAD+)的前体,也是多种生物学过程的重要辅助因子和底物,参与能量产生、DNA修复、基因表达、钙依赖性二级信使信号转导和免疫调节等生物学过程[27],同时与氧化应激密切相关。大多数研究认为,提高NAD+水平可减轻大脑中细胞的氧化损伤[28-29],然而也有少数研究发现,提高NAD+水平可诱导毒性代谢产物增加,促进肿瘤发生,并诱使细胞衰老[30]。既往研究发现,烟酸可通过作用于肾脏尿酸盐转运蛋白1(uric acid transporter 1,URAT1)抑制肾脏排泄尿酸,也可增加尿酸盐在肾脏的重吸收,继而增加血尿酸浓度。烟酸盐也可干扰OAT10的功能,影响尿酸盐与烟酸盐的交换而使尿酸浓度升高[31]。最近有研究发现,糖尿病患者泪液中烟酸及尿酸浓度增高,烟酸可能是一种与糖尿病相关的新型生物标志物[32]。结合本研究结果,CPB后脑组织烟酸与尿酸浓度增高提示二者可能在CPB所致脑损伤中发挥重要作用,但尿酸浓度增加是否由于烟酸促进其重吸收尚需进一步验证。
RNA-seq及代谢组学分析结果提示,CPB可能使脑组织的尿酸代谢发生改变。嘌呤代谢在下丘脑信号传递中发挥重要作用[33]。研究发现,大鼠进食高蛋白饮食后,下丘脑中尿酸浓度明显增高[34]。另外,最近研究发现,下丘脑功能紊乱的人群血尿酸浓度较对照人群明显增高[35],表明下丘脑功能与尿酸代谢之间关系密切。因此本研究进一步检测了CPB后下丘脑中尿酸及其转运体基因的表达变化。结果显示,CPB后下丘脑中尿酸浓度增高,尿酸转运体基因表达发生了改变。嘌呤代谢过程中,黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)/XDH、ADA和GDA是合成尿酸的关键酶。在大脑中,尿酸相关转运蛋白包括重吸收转运体(如URAT1和GLUT9)和分泌转运体(如OAT1、OAT3和ABCG2)。研究发现,高尿酸血症大鼠连续28 d口服白杨素可通过抑制肝脏中XOD/XDH的活性下调GLUT9的表达,上调OAT1和ABCG2蛋白的表达,从而降低尿酸浓度[36-37]。Ganguly等[38]对敲除乳腺癌抵抗蛋白ABCG2/Pgp大鼠的脑脊液进行非靶向代谢组学分析,结果显示,脑脊液中组氨酸、支链氨基酸、嘌呤和嘧啶代谢均发生变化,尿酸浓度增高。因此,推测本研究中CPB过程中尿酸浓度增高是由于脑组织尿酸生成增加同时排泄减少导致的。
尿酸是嘌呤代谢的终产物,可清除氧自由基,包括羟自由基、超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和过氧亚硝酸盐,这使其成为人体血浆中最有效的抗氧化剂[39]。尿酸可能在阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病中发挥神经保护作用,而低尿酸血症是疾病加速进展的危险因素[40]。在肌萎缩侧索硬化症果蝇模型中,尿酸盐可通过减轻运动损伤、增强抗氧化能力来提高生存率。在体外研究中,尿酸盐可通过减少活性氧的产生,减轻携带hSOD1-G93A基因的运动神经元的损伤和凋亡[41]。但若尿酸浓度超过生理范围,会引起多种病理反应,如氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、细胞凋亡、炎症反应等[41]。最近研究显示,失血性休克后,杏仁核及海马中的尿酸浓度增高,引起血脑屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)改变、神经炎症反应及神经元凋亡,提示尿酸可能是一种新的循环炎性介质[42]。总之,尿酸可诱发神经元凋亡,也可抑制凋亡的发生,具有神经保护作用。本研究发现CPB后脑组织尿酸浓度升高,但其发挥何种作用仍需进一步研究。
本研究存在以下局限性:实验过程中大鼠处于麻醉状态,未能进行神经行为学实验;尿酸对于中枢神经系统的作用具有两面性,本研究未能明确CPB过程中脑组织局部尿酸浓度增高发挥何种作用。后续拟针对上述两点进行实验,进一步探讨CPB后脑损伤的机制。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,CPB后脑组织发生损伤,尿酸浓度增高,而后者是嘌呤代谢及转运体水平等多方面改变的结果。尿酸在中枢神经系统中具有重要作用,因此CPB后尿酸代谢改变可能是CPB后脑损伤的一个重要机制。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82060128)
  • 贵州省高层次人才创新创业择优资助项目[(2021)06号]
  • 遵义市科技计划[遵市科合HZ(2019)108号]
  • 遵义医科大学学术新苗培养及创新探索专项项目黔科合平台人才)([2017]5733-007)
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2024年第49卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1654.2024.0905
  • 接收时间:2023-12-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-15
  • 录用日期:2024-06-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060128)
国家自然科学基金(82060128)
High Level Talents Innovation and Entrepreneurship Optimal Support Project of Guizhou Province[(2021)06]
贵州省高层次人才创新创业择优资助项目[(2021)06号]
Zunyi Science and Technology Fund [Zunyi Kehe HZ (2019) No. 108]
遵义市科技计划[遵市科合HZ(2019)108号]
Zunyi Medical University Academic New Seed Cultivation and Innovation Exploration Special Project Qiankehe Platform Talent([2017]5733-007)
遵义医科大学学术新苗培养及创新探索专项项目黔科合平台人才)([2017]5733-007)
作者信息
    1遵义医科大学附属医院麻醉科,贵州遵义 563000
    2遵义医科大学麻醉与器官保护基础研究重点实验室,贵州遵义 563000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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