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Pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) adenomas is a rare pituitary disorder, accounting for less than 2% of pituitary adenomas. The clinical manifestations primarily include mild to moderate symptoms of hyperthyroidism, corresponding symptoms caused by other anterior pituitary hormone secretion disorders, and symptoms resulting from the mass effect of pituitary tumors. Pituitary TSH adenomas need to be differentiated from primary hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), as misdiagnosis can lead to tumor growth and aggravation of the condition. Currently, with the help of sensitive laboratory tests, imaging examinations, and targeted functional tests, pituitary TSH adenomas can be diagnosed relatively accurately. The preferred treatment is surgical resection. In cases where surgery is not feasible or unsuccessful, radiotherapy or medical therapy can be considered. Long-acting somatostatin analogs can effectively reduce tumor volume and decrease TSH secretion, thereby normalizing free 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (FT4) and free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (FT3). Early identification and effective treatment are significant for patients with pituitary TSH adenomas. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathological characteristics, screening objects, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations, diagnosis and treatment, follow-up and evaluation of pituitary TSH adenoma, aiming to provide guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

, correspAuthors=Lin-Lang Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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垂体促甲状腺激素(TSH)腺瘤是一种罕见的垂体疾病,在垂体腺瘤中占比不足2%;临床表现主要为轻中度的甲状腺功能亢进症状、其他垂体前叶激素分泌障碍以及垂体肿瘤占位效应引起的相应症状。垂体TSH腺瘤需与原发性甲亢(Graves病)、甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(RTH)相鉴别,误诊可导致肿瘤增长,加重病情。目前,借助于灵敏的实验室检查、影像学检查及针对性的功能试验,可较为准确地诊断垂体TSH腺瘤,其治疗首选手术切除,在无法手术或手术失败等情况下,可选择放射治疗或药物治疗。长效生长抑素类似物可有效缩小肿瘤体积,并减少TSH的分泌,从而使游离甲状腺素(FT4)和游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)水平恢复正常。早期识别并给予有效治疗对垂体TSH腺瘤患者意义重大。本文从垂体TSH腺瘤的流行病学、病理学特点、筛查对象、临床表现、辅助检查、诊断及治疗、随访与评估等方面进行阐述,旨在为垂体TSH腺瘤的临床诊治提供指导。

, correspAuthors=梁琳琅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
梁琳琅,E-mail:
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于浩,医学博士,副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科主任,兼任辽宁省医学会内分泌专业委员会常委,解放军内分泌专业青年委员会委员,辽宁省医学会中西医结合内分泌专业委员会委员,沈阳市医师协会内分泌专业协会副会长。主要科研方向为TRPs通道对高血压及糖脂代谢的影响。在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文30余篇,获实用新型专利5项,参编论著5部;主持辽宁省自然科学基金项目2项,军队课题1项。曾赴“汶川抗震”“援鄂火神山医院”执行任务,荣立三等功1次。

梁琳琅,主任医师,教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科前主任,兼任中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会委员、中国老年保健医学研究会老年内分泌与代谢病分会副主任委员及老年骨质疏松分会常委、全军医学会内分泌专业委员会常委、辽宁省医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会前任主任委员及糖尿病学会常委、沈阳医学会内分泌学分会主任委员,《中国实用内科杂志》《临床军医杂志》等学术期刊编委;主持国家、军队、省级课题8项,在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文70余篇,荣获军队医疗成果奖5项,荣立三等功2次,荣获“辽宁名医”称号。

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于浩,医学博士,副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科主任,兼任辽宁省医学会内分泌专业委员会常委,解放军内分泌专业青年委员会委员,辽宁省医学会中西医结合内分泌专业委员会委员,沈阳市医师协会内分泌专业协会副会长。主要科研方向为TRPs通道对高血压及糖脂代谢的影响。在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文30余篇,获实用新型专利5项,参编论著5部;主持辽宁省自然科学基金项目2项,军队课题1项。曾赴“汶川抗震”“援鄂火神山医院”执行任务,荣立三等功1次。

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于浩,医学博士,副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科主任,兼任辽宁省医学会内分泌专业委员会常委,解放军内分泌专业青年委员会委员,辽宁省医学会中西医结合内分泌专业委员会委员,沈阳市医师协会内分泌专业协会副会长。主要科研方向为TRPs通道对高血压及糖脂代谢的影响。在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文30余篇,获实用新型专利5项,参编论著5部;主持辽宁省自然科学基金项目2项,军队课题1项。曾赴“汶川抗震”“援鄂火神山医院”执行任务,荣立三等功1次。

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梁琳琅,主任医师,教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科前主任,兼任中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会委员、中国老年保健医学研究会老年内分泌与代谢病分会副主任委员及老年骨质疏松分会常委、全军医学会内分泌专业委员会常委、辽宁省医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会前任主任委员及糖尿病学会常委、沈阳医学会内分泌学分会主任委员,《中国实用内科杂志》《临床军医杂志》等学术期刊编委;主持国家、军队、省级课题8项,在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文70余篇,荣获军队医疗成果奖5项,荣立三等功2次,荣获“辽宁名医”称号。

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梁琳琅,主任医师,教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科前主任,兼任中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会委员、中国老年保健医学研究会老年内分泌与代谢病分会副主任委员及老年骨质疏松分会常委、全军医学会内分泌专业委员会常委、辽宁省医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会前任主任委员及糖尿病学会常委、沈阳医学会内分泌学分会主任委员,《中国实用内科杂志》《临床军医杂志》等学术期刊编委;主持国家、军队、省级课题8项,在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文70余篇,荣获军队医疗成果奖5项,荣立三等功2次,荣获“辽宁名医”称号。

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Criteria of cure and follow-up of central hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996, 81(8): 3084-3090., articleTitle=Criteria of cure and follow-up of central hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198318992441045985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=82, issue=6, pageStart=1224, pageEnd=1231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Kirkman MA, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, journalName=World Neurosurg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kirkman MA, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, et al. Active and silent thyroid-stimulating hormone-expressing pituitary adenomas: presenting symptoms, treatment, outcomes, and recurrence[J].World Neurosurg, 2014, 82(6): 1224-1231., articleTitle=Active and silent thyroid-stimulating hormone-expressing pituitary adenomas: presenting symptoms, treatment, outcomes, and recurrence, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198318986510299941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, awardId=2022-MS-048, language=EN, fundingSource=Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program(2022-MS-048), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198318986585797416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, awardId=2022-MS-048, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省科技计划项目(2022-MS-048), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198318982131446352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318982148223570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, companyId=1198318982131446352, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318982177583699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, companyId=1198318982131446352, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北部战区总医院内分泌科,辽宁沈阳 110016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198318985973429004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flow chart of treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up for patients with pituitary TSH adenoma, figureFileSmall=uo5Kc4s+Hdr7+mmWtBcD+A==, figureFileBig=wmTau1I9+aQNRlkUfV2p6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318986048926480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, language=CN, label=图1, caption=垂体TSH腺瘤患者治疗、疗效评估、随访的流程图

T4. 甲状腺素;T3. 三碘甲腺原氨酸;TSH. 促甲状腺激素;TRH. 促甲状腺素释放激素;MRI. 磁共振成像;PTU. 丙基硫氧嘧啶

, figureFileSmall=uo5Kc4s+Hdr7+mmWtBcD+A==, figureFileBig=wmTau1I9+aQNRlkUfV2p6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318986187338516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Identification of TSH adenoma, Graves' disease and RTH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征TSH腺瘤Graves病RTH
发病率较罕见常见稀有
发病原因腺瘤导致TH分泌增多自身免疫引起甲状腺功能亢进垂体或外周组织对TH抵抗
临床表现垂体大腺瘤占位效应,可能合并高PRL、高GH、高FSH的相关症状甲亢相关症状、甲状腺肿大,眼球突出甲亢相关症状或甲减相关症状
甲状腺功能TSH水平升高,TH水平升高TSH水平降低,TH水平升高TSH水平正常/升高,TH水平升高
抗体水平甲状腺抗体阴性常伴有甲状腺抗体阳性甲状腺抗体阴性
), ArticleFig(id=1198318986300584728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200261576589787, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TSH腺瘤、Graves病及RTH的鉴别要点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征TSH腺瘤Graves病RTH
发病率较罕见常见稀有
发病原因腺瘤导致TH分泌增多自身免疫引起甲状腺功能亢进垂体或外周组织对TH抵抗
临床表现垂体大腺瘤占位效应,可能合并高PRL、高GH、高FSH的相关症状甲亢相关症状、甲状腺肿大,眼球突出甲亢相关症状或甲减相关症状
甲状腺功能TSH水平升高,TH水平升高TSH水平降低,TH水平升高TSH水平正常/升高,TH水平升高
抗体水平甲状腺抗体阴性常伴有甲状腺抗体阳性甲状腺抗体阴性
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垂体促甲状腺激素腺瘤的诊疗策略
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于浩 , 郭孛 , 裴京 , 童慧昕 , 李钰婕 , 梁琳琅 *
解放军医学杂志 | 垂体疾病诊疗及管理专题 2024,49(11): 1251-1258
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解放军医学杂志 | 垂体疾病诊疗及管理专题 2024, 49(11): 1251-1258
垂体促甲状腺激素腺瘤的诊疗策略
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于浩, 郭孛, 裴京, 童慧昕, 李钰婕, 梁琳琅*
作者信息
  • 北部战区总医院内分泌科,辽宁沈阳 110016
  • 于浩,医学博士,副主任医师,副教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科主任,兼任辽宁省医学会内分泌专业委员会常委,解放军内分泌专业青年委员会委员,辽宁省医学会中西医结合内分泌专业委员会委员,沈阳市医师协会内分泌专业协会副会长。主要科研方向为TRPs通道对高血压及糖脂代谢的影响。在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文30余篇,获实用新型专利5项,参编论著5部;主持辽宁省自然科学基金项目2项,军队课题1项。曾赴“汶川抗震”“援鄂火神山医院”执行任务,荣立三等功1次。

    梁琳琅,主任医师,教授,硕士研究生导师;北部战区总医院内分泌科前主任,兼任中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会委员、中国老年保健医学研究会老年内分泌与代谢病分会副主任委员及老年骨质疏松分会常委、全军医学会内分泌专业委员会常委、辽宁省医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会前任主任委员及糖尿病学会常委、沈阳医学会内分泌学分会主任委员,《中国实用内科杂志》《临床军医杂志》等学术期刊编委;主持国家、军队、省级课题8项,在SCI收录期刊及核心期刊发表论文70余篇,荣获军队医疗成果奖5项,荣立三等功2次,荣获“辽宁名医”称号。

通讯作者:

梁琳琅,E-mail:
Diagnosis and treatment strategies of pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone adenomas
Hao Yu, Bei Guo, Jing Pei, Hui-Xin Tong, Yu-Jie Li, Lin-Lang Liang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0252.2024.0919
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垂体促甲状腺激素(TSH)腺瘤是一种罕见的垂体疾病,在垂体腺瘤中占比不足2%;临床表现主要为轻中度的甲状腺功能亢进症状、其他垂体前叶激素分泌障碍以及垂体肿瘤占位效应引起的相应症状。垂体TSH腺瘤需与原发性甲亢(Graves病)、甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(RTH)相鉴别,误诊可导致肿瘤增长,加重病情。目前,借助于灵敏的实验室检查、影像学检查及针对性的功能试验,可较为准确地诊断垂体TSH腺瘤,其治疗首选手术切除,在无法手术或手术失败等情况下,可选择放射治疗或药物治疗。长效生长抑素类似物可有效缩小肿瘤体积,并减少TSH的分泌,从而使游离甲状腺素(FT4)和游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)水平恢复正常。早期识别并给予有效治疗对垂体TSH腺瘤患者意义重大。本文从垂体TSH腺瘤的流行病学、病理学特点、筛查对象、临床表现、辅助检查、诊断及治疗、随访与评估等方面进行阐述,旨在为垂体TSH腺瘤的临床诊治提供指导。

垂体促甲状腺激素腺瘤  /  甲状腺激素抵抗症  /  甲状腺毒症  /  诊断  /  治疗

Pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) adenomas is a rare pituitary disorder, accounting for less than 2% of pituitary adenomas. The clinical manifestations primarily include mild to moderate symptoms of hyperthyroidism, corresponding symptoms caused by other anterior pituitary hormone secretion disorders, and symptoms resulting from the mass effect of pituitary tumors. Pituitary TSH adenomas need to be differentiated from primary hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), as misdiagnosis can lead to tumor growth and aggravation of the condition. Currently, with the help of sensitive laboratory tests, imaging examinations, and targeted functional tests, pituitary TSH adenomas can be diagnosed relatively accurately. The preferred treatment is surgical resection. In cases where surgery is not feasible or unsuccessful, radiotherapy or medical therapy can be considered. Long-acting somatostatin analogs can effectively reduce tumor volume and decrease TSH secretion, thereby normalizing free 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (FT4) and free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (FT3). Early identification and effective treatment are significant for patients with pituitary TSH adenomas. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathological characteristics, screening objects, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations, diagnosis and treatment, follow-up and evaluation of pituitary TSH adenoma, aiming to provide guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone adenomas  /  resistance to thyroid hormone  /  thyrotoxicosis  /  diagnosis  /  treatment
于浩, 郭孛, 裴京, 童慧昕, 李钰婕, 梁琳琅. 垂体促甲状腺激素腺瘤的诊疗策略. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1251 -1258 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0252.2024.0919
Hao Yu, Bei Guo, Jing Pei, Hui-Xin Tong, Yu-Jie Li, Lin-Lang Liang. Diagnosis and treatment strategies of pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone adenomas[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1251 -1258 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0252.2024.0919
垂体促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)腺瘤是中枢性甲状腺功能亢进症的常见病因,其特征表现为TSH自主性分泌,不受甲状腺激素的负反馈调节。典型的垂体TSH腺瘤在诊断阶段即发展为侵袭性大腺瘤,难以治愈。非典型的垂体TSH腺瘤/混合瘤往往被误诊为其他垂体腺瘤(催乳素瘤、肢端肥大症或非分泌性垂体瘤)、原发性甲状腺功能亢进症,进而接受垂体手术、垂体放射治疗、生长抑素类似物治疗、甲状腺手术、131I放射等治疗措施[1]。因此,早期识别、正确诊断并给予有效治疗,对垂体TSH腺瘤/混合瘤患者具有重要意义。本文从垂体TSH腺瘤的流行病学、病理学特点、筛查对象、临床表现、辅助检查、诊断及治疗、随访与评估这几方面进行阐述,旨在为垂体TSH腺瘤的临床诊治提供指导。
垂体TSH腺瘤是一种罕见的垂体神经内分泌肿瘤,占垂体腺瘤的0.5%~2.0%,发病率为(1~2)/100万[1-5]。垂体TSH腺瘤的发病年龄为8~84岁[6-7],诊断年龄为(46±6)岁[8]。与其他以女性为主的甲状腺疾病不同,垂体TSH腺瘤在男性与女性中的发病率基本相当,比例约为1:1.07[8]。对于家族性垂体TSH腺瘤病例,应注意与多发性内分泌肿瘤1型(MEN1)综合征或芳烃受体相互作用蛋白增多症(AIP)及基因突变的家族性孤立性垂体腺瘤(FIPA)[9]等疾病鉴别。
光镜下垂体TSH腺瘤细胞通常呈嫌色[10]。在超微结构上,良性TSH腺瘤细胞类似于正常细胞类型。相反,低分化腺瘤则由具有不规则细胞核、发育不良的粗面内质网和稀疏的小分泌颗粒(通常位于细胞膜上)的长形细胞组成。研究表明,几乎所有的TSH腺瘤都表达不同数量的生长抑素受体,这为生长抑素类似物(somatostatin analogs,SSAs)的应用提供了理论依据[10]
TSH、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和绒毛膜促性腺激素均属于糖蛋白激素家族[11],由α、β亚基构成,其中无生物活性的α亚基(α-subunit,α-SU)为糖蛋白激素共享,具有生物活性的β亚基决定受体选择的特异性[12]。2022年第五版WHO垂体神经内分泌肿瘤(pituitary neuroendocrine tumor,PitNET)分类以细胞分化谱系来源为基础来判定肿瘤的类型和亚型[13],主要分为垂体特异性转录因子1(PIT1)谱系PitNET、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)分化特异性转录因子(TPIT)谱系PitNET、类固醇生长因子1(SF1)谱系PitNET、无明显细胞谱系PitNET。生长激素(GH)细胞瘤、催乳素(PRL)细胞瘤、TSH细胞瘤、成熟性多激素PIT1谱系细胞瘤、未成熟性PIT1谱系细胞瘤均属于PIT1谱系PitNET。需要注意的是,TSH细胞瘤、成熟性多激素PIT1谱系细胞瘤、未成熟性PIT1谱系细胞瘤均可分泌TSH。据报道,在TSH肿瘤细胞中能够检测到α-SU和TSH β-亚基,高表达转录因子PIT1、辅助的锌指转录调控蛋白的GATA家族成员(GATA3),而低分子量的细胞角蛋白(low molecular weight cytokeratin,LMWK)呈弱表达或阴性。在成熟性多激素PIT1谱系细胞瘤和未成熟性PIT1谱系细胞瘤中单一形态的肿瘤细胞主要表达GH,也可部分表达PRL、α-SU及TSH β-亚基,高表达转录因子PIT1、GATA3及雌激素受体α(ERα)。成熟性多激素PIT1谱系细胞瘤细胞核周表达LMWK,而未成熟性PIT1谱系细胞瘤仅部分局部表达LMWK。因此,专家建议常规进行网织蛋白或型胶原染色,并对所有垂体转录因子(PIT1、TPIT、SF1、ERα、GATA3)和激素(ACTH、GH、PRL、TSH β-亚基、FSH β-亚基和LH β-亚基及α-SU)进行完整的免疫染色[13]
筛查对象包括:(1)多次、不同实验室复查游离甲状腺素(FT4)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)水平超过正常范围,TSH水平正常或升高者;(2)FT3、FT4异常升高,合并甲状腺激素抵抗、异常甲状腺素球蛋白血症者;(3)甲状腺切除术后接受甲状腺素替代治疗,TSH仍无法恢复正常水平者;(4)甲状腺毒症的临床症状及体征少,同时伴有其他垂体激素分泌过多,需筛查混合性垂体TSH腺瘤/混合瘤者。
垂体TSH腺瘤主要为大腺瘤(10 mm),多具有侵袭性,而垂体大腺瘤的占位效应可引起视野缺损、头痛、垂体功能减退[8,14],其中垂体功能减退可出现皮肤苍白、脱毛、性欲下降、电解质紊乱、低血压、心率下降等症状和体征。垂体肿瘤分泌的TSH导致甲状腺激素分泌过多,累及机体的多个系统,可出现轻中度甲状腺功能亢进的临床表现,如心悸、颤抖、多汗、易怒、失眠、大便次数增多、体重下降等,甲状腺激素过量对大部分患者心脏的有害影响较小,仅极少数表现出心房颤动、心力衰竭、大量胸膜和心包积液等症状[15]。长期TSH过度刺激可能导致甲状腺肿或甲状腺结节[8,16-17],如采取手术治疗甲状腺结节,常因TSH继续刺激导致结节复发,约72%的病例报告发现单结节性甲状腺肿,但一般不会进展为毒性结节性甲状腺肿[18];部分甲状腺结节患者可发生分化型甲状腺癌,故甲状腺结节的监测和细针穿刺活检具有重要意义[8,16-17]。个别病例可表现为甲亢伴周期性麻痹、甲亢危象[19-20],少数患者由于垂体瘤侵犯眼眶而引起单侧眼球突出[21]
部分(40%)垂体TSH腺瘤可能与其他功能性腺瘤并存而出现相应的临床表现,TSH/PRL混合腺瘤可致PRL水平升高,继而抑制促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)的脉冲式分泌,并抑制垂体分泌FSH、LH,同时卵巢对LH的反应降低,雌、孕激素水平下降。此外,高浓度的PRL可直接抑制卵巢颗粒细胞产生孕酮,升高的甲状腺素亦可直接作用于卵巢,使性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)合成增加,青少年患者可发生青春期延迟、生长发育迟缓,女性可出现月经稀发甚至闭经。慢性高PRL血症可抑制下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能,还可导致性腺功能减退、肥胖、多毛、痤疮、骨质疏松[21]。在部分垂体TSH腺瘤或TSH/FSH混合腺瘤男性患者中也发现了中枢性性腺功能减退、青春期延迟和性欲减退等情况[22-23]。在TSH/GH混合瘤患者中,肢端肥大症的体征和症状可能掩盖甲状腺功能亢进症状[10]
(1)垂体前叶激素及相关靶腺激素检测:FSH、LH、ACTH-皮质醇(CORT)、PRL、GH、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)。(2)甲状腺功能:总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、FT3、FT4、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)。(3)甲状腺周围靶组织检测:型胶原羧基端肽β交联肽(β-CTX)、骨钙素、SHBG、性激素、血脂、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶、血清铁蛋白等[24]。(4)功能实验:常采用促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)兴奋试验和L-T3抑制试验[24]。(5)其他常规实验室检查等。
(1)甲状腺超声检查、甲状腺静态显像、甲状腺碘-131摄取率。(2)鞍区磁共振平扫和增强、鞍区CT平扫和重建评估是否存在垂体占位及周围毗邻关系;鞍区磁共振成像多提示为垂体前叶大腺瘤(约80%患者)或微腺瘤,少数为鞍上区、鼻咽部、蝶骨异位肿瘤[25-26]
(1)垂体瘤切除术后病理学检测;(2)甲状腺结节细针穿刺活检病理学检查,不作为常规检查。
(1)存在甲状腺毒症的临床表现,FT4和FT3超过正常范围,且血清TSH水平不被抑制。(2)影像学检查证实存在垂体占位。(3)功能试验:TRH兴奋试验TSH反应低下;L-T3抑制试验TSH不被抑制。(4)其他:β-CTX、SHBG水平升高等。(5)TSH水平可被SSAs抑制。(6)手术后病理支持或生化缓解[27]
首先,需排除抗体(抗FT3或抗FT4抗体、抗动物或嗜异性抗体)、前白蛋白/白蛋白异常等引起的FT3和(或)FT4水平假性升高。前白蛋白/白蛋白作为载体蛋白发生变化时,可导致FT4轻度升高,FT3正常,TSH正常。建议不同实验室使用不同的技术多次检测,或使用聚乙二醇等沉淀干扰抗体的试剂[24]。询问患者近期用药史以排除肝素、生物素等对FT3、FT4的影响,如肝素可促进血管内皮细胞释放脂肪酶,水解三酰甘油,使游离脂肪酸增加,与FT3、FT4竞争性结合甲状腺素结合球蛋白(TBG),从而使FT3、FT4假性升高[28]
其次,垂体TSH腺瘤应与Graves病相鉴别(表1)。Graves病原发于甲状腺,甲状腺毒症表现明显,通常伴甲状腺弥漫性肿大、突眼、胫前黏液性水肿,甲状腺功能检查提示FT3、FT4升高,TSH降低。垂体TSH腺瘤患者的临床症状较轻微,突眼、黏液性水肿少见;TSH不被抑制是两者最主要的鉴别要点。
最后,垂体TSH腺瘤需与甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(RTH)鉴别(表1),两者FT3、FT4、TSH水平均升高[27]。RTH根据突变基因分为THRβ基因突变所致RTH(RTHβ)与THRα基因突变所致RTH(RTHα)[29]。约70%的RTH病例为显性遗传疾病,75%~80%的RTH病例存在甲状腺激素受体β基因的突变。从临床表现来看,RTH以甲状腺肿大、窦性心动过速、甲状腺功能减退为主要表现,儿童期可出现骨骼发育异常、神经认知功能受损[30]。TSH腺瘤患者可伴有垂体腺瘤及其周围组织受压表现(视觉缺陷、头痛等)或其他垂体激素分泌过多的症状(肢端肥大、溢乳、闭经等),磁共振成像或CT提示垂体占位时强烈支持垂体TSH腺瘤的诊断,而当垂体腺瘤很小或存在空泡蝶鞍等情况时容易造成混淆;约20%的RTH患者同时合并垂体病变,存在垂体偶发瘤的可能性[31-37]。同时,应进一步完善功能实验:L-T3抑制试验中,RTH患者TSH可被抑制,而垂体TSH腺瘤患者TSH不被抑制;TRH兴奋试验中,绝大多数RTH患者TSH可被兴奋,绝大多数垂体TSH腺瘤患者TSH不被兴奋。此外,垂体TSH腺瘤患者的β-CTX、SHBG水平升高,而RTH患者多正常。垂体TSH腺瘤患者血清TSH-α亚单位水平以升高为主,且TSH-α/TSH比值1,而RTH则无该表现。此外,应用长效SSAs进行诊断性治疗(至少2个月)可用于鉴别诊断。RTH患者长效SSAs治疗后,FT3和FT4水平完全无反应,而垂体TSH腺瘤患者FT3和FT4水平则明显下降[38-41]。综上,临床上遇到以下情况需考虑RTH[42],并对甲状腺激素受体进行基因突变分析(敏感度为85%)[14]以区分中枢甲状腺功能亢进症和甲状腺激素抗性:(1)甲状腺肿大,不伴有甲状腺功能异常表现,且多次复查甲状腺素水平皆升高者;(2)甲状腺肿大,临床表现为甲减,但甲状腺素水平升高者;(3)甲状腺肿大,临床表现为甲亢,甲状腺素与TSH水平均升高,且排除垂体占位者;(4)甲减患者使用较大剂量甲状腺素替代治疗,但疗效不佳者;(5)采用多种方法治疗,但甲亢症状仍反复者;(6)患者一级亲属中有已诊断为RTH者。然而,需要注意的是,15%的RTH患者基因分析为阴性。
手术切除是垂体TSH腺瘤的主要一线治疗方式,采用微创经蝶窦或经颅腺瘤切除术,大多可彻底清除肿瘤病灶,恢复正常垂体-甲状腺轴功能。微腺瘤患者常可完全切除肿瘤,超过1/3的大腺瘤患者术后仍有残余,而当肿瘤向鞍上或鞍旁侵犯,或肿瘤过度纤维化时,根治性切除变得极为困难,同时还会增加围手术期出血、脑脊液鼻漏、中枢性尿崩及垂体功能减退等并发症的发生[2,10]
放射治疗作为二线治疗手段,多用于无法手术或术后失败等情况下。一般采用照射总剂量为45~50 Gy的“调强放疗”,分25次进行精确治疗。同时,伽马刀、射波刀及X线刀也是放射外科治疗的主要手段,一般剂量为12~25 Gy,且视交叉的单次受照量8 Gy[43]。放射治疗的主要并发症为垂体功能低下,需给予相应激素进行替代治疗。此外,对于手术完全切除瘤体,且实现临床、生化缓解的患者不推荐进行预防性放射治疗。目前关于垂体TSH腺瘤放射治疗的长期有效性及安全性研究较少。
SSAs是垂体TSH腺瘤的首选治疗药物。SSAs可通过与垂体TSH腺瘤细胞膜上高表达的生长抑素受体(somatostatin receptors,SSTRs)——SSTR2和SSTR5结合,发挥缩小肿瘤体积,减少TSH、GH、PRL等激素不适当分泌的生物学效应[44]。目前应用较多的是奥曲肽和兰瑞肽,这两种药物对SSTR2均有较高的亲和力[45],主要用于垂体TSH腺瘤的术前准备及术后未愈的患者,术后生化缓解率可达76.0%,且可使81.3%的肿瘤残余患者病情稳定[8,16]。有研究报道,SSAs治疗期间,约50%的患者肿瘤缩小,75%的患者视力改善,通过抑制TSH和α-SU分泌,大多数患者甲状腺功能可恢复,也有少部分患者出现甲状腺功能减退[46-47]。应用SSAs治疗,大多数患者耐受性良好,少数患者可出现胆石症和碳水化合物不耐受等不良反应,因此,应注意监测并酌情个体化调整给药剂量[46]。帕瑞肽(Pasireotid)是一种新型SSAs,与SSTR2的亲和力类似于奥曲肽和兰瑞肽,而与SSTR5的亲和力远高于奥曲肽和兰瑞肽[44],目前主要用于治疗无法手术或术后未治愈或通过其他SAAs治疗效果不佳的肢端肥大症患者,缺乏对垂体TSH腺瘤及垂体TSH混合腺瘤的疗效评估。
多巴胺2型受体在大多数垂体TSH腺瘤中表达,因此,以溴隐亭或卡麦角林为代表的多巴胺激动剂可用于同时合并高PRL的患者[48-52],但治疗效果差异较大,在大多数情况下仅观察到部分TSH抑制,其积极效果主要见于PRL/TSH混合瘤患者中[53]
抗甲状腺药物(antithyroid drug,ATD)联合β受体阻滞剂可用于短期控制甲状腺激素水平及甲亢引起的高代谢症状,有效降低手术应激导致的甲亢危象风险[20]。ATD的代表药物为甲巯咪唑和丙硫氧嘧啶,但此类药物不宜长期应用,因其可负反馈地导致TSH升高,腺瘤增大、质地变硬等不良结局。因此,通常不作为垂体TSH腺瘤的常规治疗。
由于垂体TSH腺瘤较罕见,且存在个体差异,其治愈标准尚未明确。对于疗效的评估,应考虑到甲状腺功能亢进和神经系统症状的缓解、神经影像学改变、甲状腺激素水平、TSH水平或血清糖蛋白激素α-亚基(α-GSU)/TSH摩尔比等[1,54]。新近的研究提出,术后12 h检测TSH水平是垂体TSH腺瘤治愈的较强预测因子,临界值为0.62 μU/ml[33]。L-T3抑制试验如完全抑制或TRH兴奋试验阳性,可认为治愈。完全缓解的评价指标包括术后3~6个月甲亢症状消失、神经症状消失、术后影像学提示肿瘤消失,血TSH、FT3、FT4水平正常;肿瘤复发的评价指标包括完全缓解后再次出现临床症状、甲状腺激素水平升高和(或)影像学检查发现肿瘤增大。目前尚缺少手术或放疗后治愈的垂体TSH腺瘤患者复发率的数据。至少在手术成功后的前几年,垂体TSH腺瘤复发率并不高[55]。一般情况下,术后第1年需要进行2~3次随访评估,包括临床体征、甲状腺功能及其他垂体激素检测。预后良好的患者,每2~3年进行一次垂体影像学检查,如果出现甲状腺毒症高代谢表现,且TSH和甲状腺激素水平升高时,应及时进行影像学复查。对于大腺瘤或手术残余瘤,需要密切进行视野随访,警惕视功能受到损害。
综上所述,垂体TSH腺瘤属于临床罕见的垂体神经内分泌肿瘤,高敏实验室检验和影像学检查有助于其早期诊断及鉴别。基于以上研究,笔者总结了垂体TSH腺瘤治疗、疗效评估及随访的流程图[1,2,8,10,16,43-55](图1)。目前的治疗手段包括手术治疗、药物治疗及放射治疗,但相关的大规模临床研究有限,需要综合评估患者的病情,选择合适的治疗方案,使患者获得更稳定的生化控制、症状缓解,以最大限度地改善患者的生活质量。
  • 辽宁省科技计划项目(2022-MS-048)
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2024年第49卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0252.2024.0919
  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
  • 录用日期:2024-08-04
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Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program(2022-MS-048)
辽宁省科技计划项目(2022-MS-048)
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    北部战区总医院内分泌科,辽宁沈阳 110016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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