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Non-functional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are relatively common intracranial sellar tumors. The diagnostic rate of NFPAs has significantly increased in recent years due to the widespread application of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice. NFPAs do not exhibit increased biochemical hormone secretion, so they may not present with obvious clinical manifestations. However, as the tumor grows, it can cause mass effect symptoms, such as headache, visual impairment, and related pituitary target gland dysfunction, and even life-threatening pituitary stroke. The evaluation of pituitary function in patients with NFPAs and the selection of treatment plans require close collaboration and scientific management by a multidisciplinary team. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of NFPAs have not yet been fully elucidated. New treatment strategies may be developed through technologies such as whole-genome sequencing combined with chromatin structure analysis. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in epidemiology, histopathology, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NFPAs, aiming to provide reference and guidance for clinical management.

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E-mail:
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无功能垂体腺瘤(NFPAs)是较常见的颅内鞍区肿瘤,近年来随着计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)在临床的广泛应用,其诊断率明显增高。NFPAs无生化上的激素分泌增多,故可无明显的临床表现,而随着肿瘤的增大可表现为肿块压迫症状,如头痛、视力受损及相关垂体靶腺功能减退症状,甚至出现危及生命的垂体卒中。NFPAs患者垂体功能的评估和治疗方案的选择需要多学科团队的密切合作和科学管理。NFPAs发生发展的遗传和表观遗传机制尚未完全阐明,通过全基因组测序结合染色质结构分析等技术,可能开发出新的治疗策略。本文就NFPAs的流行病学、组织病理学、临床诊治及预后的研究进展进行系统阐述,以期为临床管理提供借鉴和指导。

, correspAuthors=鞠海兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
鞠海兵,E-mail:
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徐茜,医学硕士,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

鞠海兵,主任医师,教授,解放军联勤保障部队第920医院内分泌科主任,昆明医科大学硕士研究生导师。担任解放军内分泌学会委员,云南省内分泌学会副主任委员,云南省内分泌代谢科医师协会副主任委员,《联勤军事医学》杂志编委,《中华糖尿病杂志》审稿专家。主持完成省级以上课题4项,获军队及云南省科技进步奖6项,发表学术论文50余篇,入选云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”医疗卫生人才。

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徐茜,医学硕士,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

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徐茜,医学硕士,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

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鞠海兵,主任医师,教授,解放军联勤保障部队第920医院内分泌科主任,昆明医科大学硕士研究生导师。担任解放军内分泌学会委员,云南省内分泌学会副主任委员,云南省内分泌代谢科医师协会副主任委员,《联勤军事医学》杂志编委,《中华糖尿病杂志》审稿专家。主持完成省级以上课题4项,获军队及云南省科技进步奖6项,发表学术论文50余篇,入选云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”医疗卫生人才。

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鞠海兵,主任医师,教授,解放军联勤保障部队第920医院内分泌科主任,昆明医科大学硕士研究生导师。担任解放军内分泌学会委员,云南省内分泌学会副主任委员,云南省内分泌代谢科医师协会副主任委员,《联勤军事医学》杂志编委,《中华糖尿病杂志》审稿专家。主持完成省级以上课题4项,获军队及云南省科技进步奖6项,发表学术论文50余篇,入选云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”医疗卫生人才。

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无功能垂体腺瘤的临床管理策略
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徐茜 , 韩香 , 赵静 , 鞠海兵 *
解放军医学杂志 | 垂体疾病诊疗及管理专题 2024,49(11): 1259-1265
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解放军医学杂志 | 垂体疾病诊疗及管理专题 2024, 49(11): 1259-1265
无功能垂体腺瘤的临床管理策略
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徐茜, 韩香, 赵静, 鞠海兵*
作者信息
  • 解放军联勤保障部队第920医院内分泌科,云南昆明 650032
  • 徐茜,医学硕士,主要从事内分泌代谢疾病方面的研究

    鞠海兵,主任医师,教授,解放军联勤保障部队第920医院内分泌科主任,昆明医科大学硕士研究生导师。担任解放军内分泌学会委员,云南省内分泌学会副主任委员,云南省内分泌代谢科医师协会副主任委员,《联勤军事医学》杂志编委,《中华糖尿病杂志》审稿专家。主持完成省级以上课题4项,获军队及云南省科技进步奖6项,发表学术论文50余篇,入选云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”医疗卫生人才。

通讯作者:

鞠海兵,E-mail:
Clinical management strategies for non-functional pituitary adenomas
Qian Xu, Xiang Han, Jing Zhao, Hai-Bing Ju*
Affiliations
  • Department of Endocrinology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0048.2024.0909
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无功能垂体腺瘤(NFPAs)是较常见的颅内鞍区肿瘤,近年来随着计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)在临床的广泛应用,其诊断率明显增高。NFPAs无生化上的激素分泌增多,故可无明显的临床表现,而随着肿瘤的增大可表现为肿块压迫症状,如头痛、视力受损及相关垂体靶腺功能减退症状,甚至出现危及生命的垂体卒中。NFPAs患者垂体功能的评估和治疗方案的选择需要多学科团队的密切合作和科学管理。NFPAs发生发展的遗传和表观遗传机制尚未完全阐明,通过全基因组测序结合染色质结构分析等技术,可能开发出新的治疗策略。本文就NFPAs的流行病学、组织病理学、临床诊治及预后的研究进展进行系统阐述,以期为临床管理提供借鉴和指导。

无功能垂体腺瘤  /  垂体功能  /  经鼻碟手术  /  放射治疗  /  多巴胺受体激动剂

Non-functional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are relatively common intracranial sellar tumors. The diagnostic rate of NFPAs has significantly increased in recent years due to the widespread application of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice. NFPAs do not exhibit increased biochemical hormone secretion, so they may not present with obvious clinical manifestations. However, as the tumor grows, it can cause mass effect symptoms, such as headache, visual impairment, and related pituitary target gland dysfunction, and even life-threatening pituitary stroke. The evaluation of pituitary function in patients with NFPAs and the selection of treatment plans require close collaboration and scientific management by a multidisciplinary team. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of NFPAs have not yet been fully elucidated. New treatment strategies may be developed through technologies such as whole-genome sequencing combined with chromatin structure analysis. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in epidemiology, histopathology, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NFPAs, aiming to provide reference and guidance for clinical management.

non-functional pituitary adenomas  /  pituitary function  /  transsphenoidal surgery  /  radiation therapy  /  dopamine receptor agonists
徐茜, 韩香, 赵静, 鞠海兵. 无功能垂体腺瘤的临床管理策略. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1259 -1265 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0048.2024.0909
Qian Xu, Xiang Han, Jing Zhao, Hai-Bing Ju. Clinical management strategies for non-functional pituitary adenomas[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1259 -1265 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0048.2024.0909
垂体腺瘤(pituitary adenomas,PAs)为来源于腺垂体细胞的肿瘤,是一种常见的颅内神经内分泌肿瘤,占颅内肿瘤的10%~20%[1-2]。根据肿瘤细胞有无合成和分泌激素的功能可将PAs分为功能性垂体腺瘤(functioning pituitary adenomas,FPAs)和无功能垂体腺瘤(non-functioning pituitary adenomas,NFPAs)。按照2017年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)内分泌肿瘤分类的定义,NFPAs可根据其垂体激素和转录因子谱进行进一步分类,免疫组化检测显示表达一种或多种垂体前叶激素或其转录因子,但在临床相关水平上不分泌激素的肿瘤可称为沉默垂体腺瘤(silent pituitary adenomas,SPAs)[3]。PAs按照肿瘤大小可分为微腺瘤与大腺瘤,约50%的PAs为微腺瘤(直径10 mm)。NFPAs虽然不分泌过量的垂体激素,但会对正常的垂体组织及周围的组织和血管造成压迫而继发垂体功能减退及颅内压迫症状,因此需要及时诊治以保护患者的垂体功能。本文对NFPAs的流行病学、组织病理学、临床诊治及预后研究进展进行系统论述,以期为临床管理提供参考。
近年来随着计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)的广泛应用,临床上发现的垂体偶发瘤明显增多,导致垂体疾病的诊断率明显增高。近期一项包含210例无功能大腺瘤患者的研究显示,69例(33%)为偶发瘤;210例患者的肿瘤进展风险为每年10%,且已经存在垂体功能障碍的患者进展更快[4]。根据影像学和尸检研究结果,PAs是常见的颅内病变[5],且目前的诊断率越来越高,是继脑膜瘤和神经胶质瘤之后第三大常见的中枢神经系统肿瘤。其中NFPAs约占PAs总数的1/3及垂体大腺瘤的3/4,NFPAs因为无明显的垂体功能障碍,大多隐匿性发展为大腺瘤,表现为肿块占位效应的症状。
NFPAs是仅次于催乳素瘤的第二常见的PAs类型。来自欧洲、北美和南美的数据显示,与临床相关的NFPAs的患病率为(7.0~41.3)/10万,标准化发病率为(0.65~2.34)/10万[6]。韩国的一项研究显示,NFPAs的年发病率为3.5/10万,明显高于其他国家如瑞典、芬兰和阿根廷报告的年发病率,可能与亚洲人群的遗传和环境因素或研究间的异质性有关,也可能与MRI和CT检查的开展范围有关[7]。大多数NFPAs患者在40岁以后被诊断,女性的发病年龄早于男性。大多数PAs为偶发,但也可能作为遗传性内分泌综合征的一部分发生。在多发性内分泌瘤病1型(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1,MEN1)患者中,NFPAs占所有PAs患者的14.7%~42.3%[8]。在一项对138例家族性单纯性垂体腺瘤(familial simple pituitary adenoma,FIPAs)进行的大型回顾性多中心研究中,28例为NFPAs,占FIPAs患者的1/5[9]。国内李一君等[10]统计了2005-2020年在解放军总医院第一医学中心首次住院的4276例PAs患者,其中无功能瘤占60.67%,多集中在41~60岁人群。
NFPAs无生化上的肿瘤相关激素分泌增多,故可无明显的临床表现,而随着肿瘤的增大可表现为肿块压迫的症状,如头痛、视力受损及相关垂体靶腺功能减退的症状,甚至出现危及生命的垂体卒中。头痛是常见的症状,也是患者就诊的常见原因之一[11],可见于19%~75%的垂体肿瘤患者,与肿瘤引起的颅内压增高、硬脑膜牵拉及海绵窦受累等因素有关。视野缺陷是肿瘤压迫视交叉所致,典型的视觉缺陷为双颞偏盲,约见于40%的患者,但因压迫部位为完全或部分、单侧或双侧的不同,可表现为不同的视野丧失模式。严重的慢性压迫可导致视盘水肿、视神经萎缩、视力下降和瞳孔异常等。如果侵犯海绵窦可影响脑神经,导致眼肌麻痹、上睑下垂、复视或斜视。最常受累的脑神经为动眼神经,其次是展神经。如果侵犯脑实质、硬脑膜等周围结构可导致颞叶癫痫、颅内高压和梗阻性脑积水。如果肿瘤向下侵犯可损害鞍底,导致脑脊液鼻漏。NFPAs合并垂体卒中是一种危及生命的急性出血或缺血性事件,典型的表现为严重头痛、呕吐和视力障碍,伴或不伴意识障碍,其中,中枢性肾上腺功能不全症状占垂体卒中临床表现的0.20%~0.83%[12]。虽然垂体卒中的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,但垂体腺瘤的血供不正常和血管壁受损等内在因素可能会影响卒中的发生[13],手术、放射治疗、刺激试验、多巴胺受体激动剂(dopamine receptor agonists,DAs)治疗、凝血功能障碍和抗凝药物的使用均可能是诱发因素,但大多数患者没有任何诱发因素,男性、大腺瘤和海绵窦侵犯在垂体卒中患者中较为常见。Han等[14]对接受非手术治疗的52例无功能垂体大腺瘤和266例无功能垂体微腺瘤的垂体功能进行评价,结果显示,无功能垂体大腺瘤中13例(25.0%)垂体功能受到影响,且每例患者均存在2个以上靶腺功能异常,发生率依次是中枢性性腺功能减退9例(17.3%)、中枢性肾上腺功能减退7例(13.5%)、生长激素减少6例(11.5%)、中枢性甲状腺功能减退5例(9.6%),另外,8例(15.4%)无功能垂体大腺瘤表现为高催乳素血症;无功能垂体微腺瘤中20例(7.5%)患者垂体功能受损。虽然大多数NFPAs在诊断时为大腺瘤,但中枢性尿崩症(central diabetes insipidus,CDI)很少见[15]。CDI的存在提醒医师应考虑其他鞍部病变,如颅咽管瘤、垂体炎或生殖细胞瘤等。
在NFPAs的诊断程序中,应首先确定存在垂体瘤,并结合临床表现和必要的内分泌检查明确是否有激素分泌功能。NFPAs按其大小可分为大腺瘤(≥10 mm)和微腺瘤(10 mm)。影像学检查是评估NFPAs占位的重要手段,其中MRI是评价鞍区和鞍旁肿块的主要检查方法。在蝶鞍受损的情况下,CT扫描可评估蝶鞍的骨性结构。功能性核素显像(PET或PET-CT)可用于侵袭性PAs/癌的定位诊断,以及实验室检测与疾病程度不一致时的明确诊断[16]。大腺瘤患者和有肿块占位症状的患者需要对视野进行眼科专科检查。NFPAs是一种排除性的诊断,在考虑为NFPAs之前,应排除垂体激素分泌过多的FPAs,进行血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)、皮质醇、性激素、促甲状腺激素、游离甲状腺激素和催乳素等激素水平的检测。其中排除催乳素瘤尤其重要,因为它是唯一可主要采用药物治疗的垂体肿瘤。对于年轻患者出现的垂体大腺瘤,要排除Carney综合征和MEN1综合征。除了排除FPAs外,对NFPAs的垂体功能进行评价也是必要的。大腺瘤可通过累及正常腺体或垂体柄受压而导致垂体功能受损,而垂体功能减退的风险与肿瘤体积直接相关;微腺瘤最终也可能导致垂体功能障碍,特别是5 mm的微腺瘤。一项包含218例NFPAs患者的回顾性队列研究发现,33.3%的微腺瘤患者中至少有一种垂体功能受损[17],因此评估垂体功能对于NFPAs患者非常重要。此外,NFPAs还需与邻近垂体的其他肿瘤如Rathke囊肿、颈内动脉瘤、鞍旁肿瘤、颅咽管瘤、生殖细胞瘤、视神经胶质瘤、脊索瘤等进行鉴别,主要的鉴别依据是影像学检查,尤其是高分辨CT和MRI。
垂体腺瘤发生的病理机制主要与癌基因过度表达、抑癌基因失活、调节细胞生长和分化的转化因子改变等因素有关。鸟嘌呤核苷酸结合蛋白α刺激素(guanine nucleotidebinding protein alpha stimulating,GNAS)、垂体瘤转化基因(pituitary tumor transforming gene,PTTG)及芳香烃受体相互作用蛋白(aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein,AIP)等基因是参与垂体肿瘤发生的主要遗传因子[18]。Németh等[19]应用测序技术检测发现高水平的线粒体DNA变异可促进PAs的发生。表观遗传学改变也参与了NFPAs的发生发展过程[20]。抑癌基因的DNA甲基化改变是人类肿瘤中最普遍的表观遗传改变之一,DNA甲基化转移酶(DNMTs)在DNA甲基化和肿瘤进展中发挥着重要作用。Yagnik等[21]对42例NFPAs及其外周血淋巴细胞中肿瘤蛋白53(tumour protein 53,TP53)基因编码区基因组DNA进行测序分析发现,NFPAs基因组DNA无突变存在,但发现了TP53基因第4外显子72密码子上rs1042522:CG的多态性,该基因位点的突变导致精氨酸增加,并促进了腺瘤细胞的增殖,普遍见于NFPAs和催乳素型PAs,可导致患者提前10年出现腺瘤症状,提示基因多态性可能参与NFPAs的发生。肿瘤细胞可分泌一种可溶性主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)-类链相关分子A(MICA),结合到自然杀伤细胞表面后,可下调自然杀伤细胞的表达以促进免疫逃逸。Han等[22]研究发现,与正常脑组织比较,NFPAs中p38、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、MICA蛋白的表达及MMP-9MICA mRNA表达水平明显升高,且MMP-9、MICA的表达水平与p38的表达呈正相关,提示活化的p38/MAPK通路可通过增加MMP-9和MICA的表达,促使NFPAs发生免疫逃逸,进而促进肿瘤的发生发展。除了免疫机制的参与,细胞周期紊乱可能也会影响NFPAs的发展过程。尽管目前NFPAs的发生机制仍不明确,但基因突变、表观遗传学改变、基因多态性、免疫逃逸、细胞周期紊乱等因素可能参与了其发生发展。
在组织学上,NFPAs是一组异质性的肿瘤,表达但不分泌垂体前叶激素,2017年WHO根据垂体细胞系、免疫组化染色(immunohistochemical staining,IHC)和转录因子对SPAs进行分类[23],根据肿瘤细胞IHC的结果来判断表达不同激素的组织亚型,促性腺激素腺瘤是最常见的亚型,其次是促皮质激素、生长激素/催乳素/促甲状腺素谱系和零细胞。一项包含268例垂体肿瘤的大型观察性横断面研究在IHC分类的基础上,使用实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测垂体激素的基因表达情况并用于分类诊断,结果将零细胞亚型的比例从36%降低到19%[24],并发现与FPAs相比,SPAs患者腺垂体特异性激素的基因表达水平较低。
NFPAs应该在多学科团队(multidisciplinary teams,MDT)中进行讨论,最好在PAs管理方面具有丰富经验的专科中心进行,并根据个体情况选择最合适的治疗方案。现有的治疗方案包括随访观察、手术、药物治疗和放射治疗。
由于NFPAs既有有症状的患者也有无症状的患者,随着时间的推移,肿瘤有可能进展,因此,很有必要对肿瘤的发展变化进行动态随访观察。基于NFPAs的自然病程以及肿瘤在病程中有自发缩小的可能性[25],对无明显症状的NFPAs患者进行随访观察是比较合适的。在14个回顾性观察队列研究纳入的648例NFPAs患者中,421例(65%)为大腺瘤,227例(35%)为微腺瘤,MRI随访1~8年发现,大腺瘤患者中98例(23%)肿瘤增大、274例(65%)肿瘤大小维持不变、49例(12%)肿瘤缩小,微腺瘤患者中23例(10%)肿瘤增大、189例(83%)维持不变、15例(7%)肿瘤缩小;8例垂体卒中有7例发生在大腺瘤组,仅1例发生在微腺瘤组[26]。实体肿瘤较囊性肿瘤具有更明显的生长倾向,而肿瘤增大率存在明显的异质性,与肿瘤初始大小无关,肿瘤大小倍增时间为0.8~27.2年[5]。有研究表明,NFPAs患者垂体功能减退和肿瘤增大并不常见,初诊时不到8%的患者有垂体功能减退的表现,随访29个月后,约8.1%的患者肿瘤有增大的趋势,其余的患者肿瘤大小保持稳定[27]
手术切除是有症状NFPAs的主要治疗方法。Rikvold等[28]发现,NFPAs患者中需积极手术治疗者约占7%,其中大腺瘤患者中每年行手术治疗者约占3.1%,微腺瘤为0.4%。有压迫症状的无功能性大腺瘤和除催乳素瘤以外的功能性腺瘤均首选手术治疗,一般来说,手术指征包括视力丧失、神经功能缺陷和激素缺乏,尤其是那些存在视力缺陷和意识水平恶化的垂体卒中患者。治疗目标是减轻或消除肿瘤占位的压迫症状,纠正激素的过多分泌,以及使减退的垂体功能恢复,尽可能保留垂体功能。目前,经鼻蝶窦入路神经内镜或显微镜下垂体瘤切除术已成为公认的垂体瘤首选手术方法,该术式在改善生化指标、缓解原发症状及减少并发症等方面均表现出积极的效果。Penn等[29]回顾了NFPAs手术治疗的效果,发现56.4%~90.0%最初出现视野和视力缺陷的患者视力得到改善,约89.7%的患者头痛明显缓解,16.0%~48.0%的垂体功能得到恢复。视力丧失、垂体功能减退、CDI是较多见的并发症,总发生率为9.1%。术后持续的脑脊液漏可导致脑膜炎和颅内出血。此外,术后肿瘤复发也是一个问题,可能需要对有症状的患者进行第二次手术和(或)放射治疗。垂体功能应在术后1~3个月重新评估,并根据激素缺乏情况来治疗垂体功能减退,术后3~6个月应行鞍部MRI检查,以评估肿瘤切除的程度。一项包含24个经蝶窦手术治疗NFPAs对垂体功能影响研究的Meta分析表明,术后至少有一个垂体轴功能恢复的患者比例为10.2%~97.7%,而垂体手术后至少有一个垂体轴功能缺失的患者比例为0~36.6%[30]。因此,对于有压迫症状同时存在垂体功能下降的NFPAs,手术治疗对缓解症状、恢复垂体功能是有效的方法。
NFPAs中有生长抑素受体2型(somatostatin receptor type 2,SSTR2)和3型(SSTR3)及多巴胺受体D2(dopamine receptor D2,D2R)的表达,为此类肿瘤的药物治疗提供了理论依据。DAs被推荐用于肿瘤未完全切除的NFPAs患者的治疗。有研究发现,在NFPAs术后应用DAs治疗,可预防超过85%的患者残余肿瘤扩大[31]。关于卡麦角林(cabergoline,CAB)对术后肿瘤残留影响的研究表明,CAB治疗后,75%~91%的患者肿瘤缩小或稳定,9%~25%的患者肿瘤仍发生进展[32-33]。根据上述研究数据,DAs可用于NFPAs患者的治疗以预防术后残余肿瘤的再生,从而减少对二次手术或放射治疗的需求,但由于NFPAs是一组异质性肿瘤,不同研究应用的DAs种类、剂量和治疗时间不同,评估治疗效果的方法也不尽相同,因此研究结果存在明显的差异。此外,有研究发现由于生长抑素受体(SSTR)在NFPAs中广泛表达,因此奥曲肽可使81%的NFPAs患者术后残余肿瘤保持稳定,50%的患者视野缺损改善,提示生长抑素受体配体在防止残余肿瘤再生方面具有潜在的作用[34],但NFPAs中SSTR表达的高变异性限制了其疗效。有一种靶向抗癌药物递送方法是通过将强效化疗药物或放射性核素与生长抑素类似物偶联,进而递送至SSTR2特异性部位,从而减少全身不良反应的发生,并增强其抗肿瘤疗效。肽受体放射性核素治疗目前已应用于少数具有不同反应模式的侵袭性NFPAs患者[35]。替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)是一种口服烷化剂,对侵袭性PAs和垂体癌的疗效分别为55%和58%[16],可作为治疗侵袭性和复发性PAs及垂体癌的重要选择。FPAs对TMZ治疗的反应优于NFPAs,对于对TMZ有反应的患者,治疗应持续至少6个月。抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号通路也可能成为垂体肿瘤和NFPAs的一个有价值的治疗策略。有研究发现,在NFPAs原代培养细胞中应用依维莫司后,细胞活力明显降低,细胞凋亡明显增强,而PI3K和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)的双激酶抑制剂NVP-BEZ235对NFPAs的抗增殖作用也显示了其潜在的应用价值[36]
不推荐术后常规放射治疗,只有当海绵窦受累不适合手术切除和(或)术后存在明显残余肿瘤时才应考虑放射治疗。尽管放射治疗的疗效良好,但辐射有引起垂体功能减退和神经损伤的潜在风险,因而使用受限;近年来随着成像技术和导航系统的进步,定位精准度逐渐提高,辐射剂量逐渐降低,明显改善了患者的总体疗效。Minniti等[37]回顾性分析了13个中心NFPAs常规放射治疗的疗效,结果显示10年和20年的肿瘤控制率分别为80%~90%和75%~90%;垂体功能减退是最常见的长期并发症,5年后的发生率为20%~30%,且发生率随时间推移而增高;1%~5%的病例报告有视神经和脑神经损伤的风险;继发性脑肿瘤10年和20年的累积发生率分别为2.0%和2.4%。该研究同时分析了伽马刀治疗NFPAs的效果,结果显示,肿瘤的5年控制率为90%~95%,在20%~60%的病例中观察到肿瘤缩小,25%的患者眼部运动和视觉功能得到改善;肿瘤体积大、鞍上扩张和低辐射剂量与较差的肿瘤控制结果相关,垂体功能减退也是常见的长期并发症,5年后的发生率为10%~40%,此外,1%~4%的患者可出现视觉障碍和脑神经功能障碍[37]。目前,对于未完全切除的NFPAs术后是否系统使用放射治疗仍未达成共识,一般来说,放射治疗适用于有大量肿瘤残余,以及在随访中出现肿瘤进行性生长的患者。
健康女性的脑垂体在妊娠期间也会增大。在进行病情评估时,应考虑妊娠期激素的正常生理变化。Lambert等[38]和Karaca等[39]的两篇文献总共报道了28例妊娠期诊断的NFPAs患者,8例为大腺瘤,其中6例有肿瘤压迫的体征和症状。2021年8月,欧洲内分泌学会(European Society of Endocrinology,ESE)首次发布了妊娠期FPAs和NFPAs的管理指南[40],其中对NFPAs患者提供的建议主要包括:(1)对于视交叉附近有NFPAs的女性,在计划怀孕前可考虑手术以降低视交叉压迫的风险,并提高生育能力,手术可使30%的患者垂体功能恢复,但在术前应充分考虑手术的风险;(2)对于妊娠期间鞍内无功能微腺瘤和平稳妊娠的女性,不需要进行常规的内分泌随访,而对于大腺瘤和(或)鞍外NFPAs,仅在出现肿瘤进展或垂体卒中症状时才进行神经功能、眼科检查及MRI检查,如需缩小腺瘤体积,手术是首选的方法。该指南还指出,有以下情况之一者,建议在妊娠中期行腺瘤切除术:(1)视力、视野、光学相干断层扫描或MRI等检查证实肿瘤侵犯视觉通路;(2)影像学检查证实肿瘤持续增大,导致视力进一步恶化,或引起眼肌麻痹、严重偏头痛;(3)积极内科治疗无效。建议在分娩后3~6个月和母乳喂养后重新评估垂体功能,并行垂体MRI检查。
NFPAs患者的长期生存与肿瘤本身、选定的治疗方式及其不良反应密切相关。有研究发现,NFPAs患者病死率高于一般人群,其死亡主要与循环系统、呼吸系统和感染有关,单因素分析提示,放射治疗、肿瘤再生和未治疗的生长激素缺乏,以及诊断时的年龄等因素是病死率的独立预测因素[41]。NFPAs患者各种类型的肿瘤发病率较高,其原因尚不清楚,可能与遗传和(或)表观遗传易感性有关[18]。虽然大多数NFPAs是良性的,但其中45%~55%表现出侵袭特征,反映细胞增殖的指标如Ki-67、有丝分裂率和p53免疫反应性通常可用于评估肿瘤的侵袭性,微小染色体维持缺陷蛋白7(MCM7)是一种细胞周期调节蛋白,也被视为NFPAs肿瘤进展的标志物[42]。无功能垂体癌(nonfunctioning pituitary carcinoma,NFPC)定义为腺垂体起源的肿瘤,伴有脑脊液、脑膜或远处转移,无激素分泌过多的特征,临床非常罕见,仅占所有PAs的0.1%~0.5%[43]。截至2018年,已报告38例NFPC,通常由侵袭性大腺瘤演变而来,从原发肿瘤诊断到转移的平均潜伏期为6.6年,脑脊液和颅内转移较为常见[43-44]。NFPC的预后非常差,中位生存期仅8个月。
NFPAs在临床上较常见,包括从完全无症状的偶发瘤,到由于肿块占位效应导致明显的下丘脑/垂体功能障碍和视觉症状的较大肿瘤。对于微腺瘤和无症状或相对较小的大腺瘤(10~20 mm),可进行随访观察。如果在随访过程中发现肿瘤生长、视野缺损或进行性垂体功能障碍,则需手术治疗。根据垂体激素和转录因子谱以及Ki-67进行分类有助于预测病程和选择合理的治疗方案。放射治疗是一种有效的治疗方法,适用于垂体术后仍存在肿瘤残余的患者,在放射治疗有困难的患者中使用DAs药物治疗可作为一种替代方法。高侵袭性肿瘤需密切随访,多学科垂体团队的密切合作有利于更好地服务这一具有挑战性的患者群体。NFPAs发展和侵袭性背后的遗传和表观遗传机制尚未完全阐明,通过全基因组测序结合染色质结构分析等技术对肿瘤进行深入研究,可能会揭示影响染色质开放和(或)特定转录因子结合的非编码区突变,从而开发出新的治疗策略。通过垂体肿瘤免疫谱预测免疫治疗的反应性近年来逐渐受到重视,根据肿瘤浸润免疫细胞和免疫检查点分子的表达对这些肿瘤进行分类,可提高肿瘤的免疫治疗反应性。
  • 云南省兴滇英才医疗卫生人才项目(XDYC-YLWS-2023-0098)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0048.2024.0909
  • 接收时间:2024-01-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-12
  • 录用日期:2024-07-14
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Yunnan Province Xingdian Talent Medical and Health Talent Project(XDYC-YLWS-2023-0098)
云南省兴滇英才医疗卫生人才项目(XDYC-YLWS-2023-0098)
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    解放军联勤保障部队第920医院内分泌科,云南昆明 650032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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