Article(id=1198200260859363799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1346.2024.0430, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697040000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1703692800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-28, onlineDate=1763602803673, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763602803673, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763602803673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763602803673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198200256912519683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='11', pageStart='1221', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763602802732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603918291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204935973204862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204935973204863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1302, endPage=1310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198200261220073945, articleId=1198200260859363799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of rivaroxaban anticoagulant therapy on lower limb deep vein thrombosis after artificial knee arthroplasty, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of rivaroxaban anticoagulant therapy on lower deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after artificial knee arthroplasty. Methods One hundred and forty-four patients who received artificial knee replacement in the Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University from June 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients received rivaroxaban anticoagulant treatment after surgery. Among them, the patients who started anticoagulant therapy at platelets > 100×109/L were included in the observation group (n=76), and the patients who started anticoagulant at platelets > 300×109/L were included in the control group (n=68). The propensity score matching was used to adjust the balance, and each group included 56 patients. The changes of coagulation markers [D-dimer and plasma viscosity (PV)] before and after operation were compared between the two groups. The survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the occurrence of DVT in the two groups within 30 days after operation. According to the presence or absence of lower limb DVT events after knee arthroplasty, the patients were divided into DVT group (n=36) and non-DVT group (n=76). Logistic regression model was used to analyze the independent correlation between platelet level before anticoagulant therapy and postoperative DVT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of DVT after knee arthroplasty. The nomogram was established by R software and verified 1000 times by Bootstrap method. The area under ROC curve (AUC) and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and accuracy. Results After matching, the baseline characteristics of the observation group and the control group were balanced (P>0.05). Univariate analysis showed that compared with non-DVT group, BMI and the proportion of bilateral knee arthroplasty, intraoperative blood loss ≥400 ml, general anesthesia, use of bone cement, and triacylglycerol ≥1.7 mmol/L, and the levels of D-dimer and platelet increased, prothrombin time (PT) shortened, and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) extended in the DVT group (P<0.05). After adjusting the confounding factors of age, sex, BMI, triglyceride, D-dimer, PT and APTT, the platelet level before anticoagulant therapy was still an independent risk factor for postoperative DVT (OR=3.858, 95%CI 1.849-6.054), and there was a significant difference in platelet trend test from low to high quintile (Ptrend<0.001). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI ≥25 kg/m2, bilateral knee arthroplasty, general anesthesia, D-dimer ≥190 μg, platelet ≥300×109/L were risk factors for DVT after knee arthroplasty (OR>1, P<0.05), while not using bone cement and PT ≥12 s were protective factors (OR<1, P<0.05). Before and after the verification of the nomogram, the AUC was 0.851(95%CI 0.773-0.912) and 0.813 (95%CI 0.736-0.894), and the average absolute error of the calibration curve was 0.015. Conclusion The application of rivaroxaban anticoagulation therapy can quickly improve the coagulation function of patients with platelet > 100×109/L after artificial knee replacement surgery and reduce the incidence of DVT.

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目的 探讨利伐沙班抗凝治疗对人工膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响。方法 收集2020年6月-2022年6月于南方医科大学珠江医院接受人工膝关节置换术的144例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者术后均服用利伐沙班抗凝治疗,其中血小板>100×109/L开始抗凝的患者作为观察组(n=76),血小板300×109/L开始抗凝的患者作为对照组(n=68)。采用倾向性评分匹配调整均衡性,两组各纳入56例,比较两组手术前后凝血指标[D-二聚体、血浆黏度(Pv)]的变化;Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线分析两组术后30 d内发生DVT的情况。依据人工膝关节置换术后下肢DVT发生情况分为DVT组(n=36)与无DVT组(n=76)。采用logistic回归模型分析抗凝治疗前血小板水平与术后DVT的相关性;多因素logistic回归分析人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的危险因素;R软件建立列线图,Bootstrap法重复抽样1000次进行验证,以ROC曲线下面积(AUC)和校准曲线评价区分度与准确度。结果 匹配后观察组与对照组基线特征均衡(P>0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,观察组30 d内DVT发生率低于对照组(P=0.043)。单因素分析结果显示,与无DVT组比较,DVT组BMI以及双侧膝关节置换、术中失血量≥400 ml、全身麻醉、使用骨水泥、三酰甘油≥1.7 mmol/L者比例明显增加,D-二聚体、血小板水平明显升高,PT明显缩短,APTT明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。校正年龄、性别、BMI、三酰甘油、D-二聚体、PT、APTT相关混杂因素后,抗凝治疗前血小板水平仍是术后DVT的独立危险因素(OR=3.858,95%CI 1.849~6.054),且血小板从低到高水平五分位数组趋势性检验差异有统计学意义(P趋势<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,BMI≥25 kg/m2、双侧膝关节置换术、全身麻醉、D-二聚体≥190 μg/L、血小板≥300×109/L是人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),而未使用骨水泥、PT≥12 s是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。列线图模型验证前后AUC分别为0.851(95%CI 0.773~0.912)和0.813(95%CI 0.736~0.894),校准曲线平均绝对误差均为0.015。结论 人工膝关节置换术后血小板>100×109/L时应用利伐沙班抗凝治疗能够快速改善患者的凝血功能指标,降低DVT发生率。

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陈玉萍,药师,主要从事药物不良反应及个体化用药方面的研究

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陈玉萍,药师,主要从事药物不良反应及个体化用药方面的研究

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Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 2197., articleTitle=Using machine learning to predict venous thromboembolism and major bleeding events following total joint arthroplasty, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198318981359694374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318981368082983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, companyId=1198318981359694374, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 520000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318981376471592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, companyId=1198318981359694374, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南方医科大学珠江医院药学部,广东广州 520000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198318983347794599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Tendency score distribution and coverage kernel density histogram before and after matching, figureFileSmall=Vnt4Ew0EI6fZFcrUNt9jmg==, figureFileBig=6NMMRQR9BgOqk8HuCJ3jMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318983519761073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=图1, caption=匹配前后的倾向性评分分布与覆盖核密度直方图, figureFileSmall=Vnt4Ew0EI6fZFcrUNt9jmg==, figureFileBig=6NMMRQR9BgOqk8HuCJ3jMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318983658173116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis of the non-occurrence of DVT in the two groups of patients after knee arthroplasty within 30 days, figureFileSmall=WrzpwX0Us4xDmoqhpT/mlQ==, figureFileBig=M2rh37yW6Alwpo2biZiw7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318983758836418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析两组人工关节置换术后患者30 d内未发生DVT的情况

DVT. 深静脉血栓;观察组:血小板100×109/L;对照组:血小板300×109/L

, figureFileSmall=WrzpwX0Us4xDmoqhpT/mlQ==, figureFileBig=M2rh37yW6Alwpo2biZiw7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318983834333897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Forest map of logistic regression analysis of multiple factors affecting the incidence of DVT after knee arthroplasty, figureFileSmall=qVgCP3hWf54kVwOfV2FIEg==, figureFileBig=3gEhop9uG8oYAuj7jao0uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318983947580111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=图3, caption=影响人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT的多因素logistic回归分析森林图

DVT. 深静脉血栓;BMI. 体重指数;PT. 凝血酶原时间;APTT. 活化部分凝血活酶时间

, figureFileSmall=qVgCP3hWf54kVwOfV2FIEg==, figureFileBig=3gEhop9uG8oYAuj7jao0uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318984052437718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Nomogram of DVT risk after knee arthroplasty, figureFileSmall=+aEomipLgmy3SzL9RN7LPw==, figureFileBig=4HGdO9E+b//Lq4O9d7B6dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318984220209883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=图4, caption=人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT风险的列线图模型

DVT. 深静脉血栓;BMI. 体重指数;PT. 凝血酶原时间

, figureFileSmall=+aEomipLgmy3SzL9RN7LPw==, figureFileBig=4HGdO9E+b//Lq4O9d7B6dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318984312484577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Verification of nomogram for predicting the occurrence of DVT after knee arthroplasty, figureFileSmall=aU2eIeef5vxWzRRWjP2NRw==, figureFileBig=aU1sq/legMlFYKl012Udtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318984455090917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=图5, caption=预测人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT的列线图模型验证

DVT. 深静脉血栓;A. 验证前模型的ROC曲线;B. 验证前模型的校准曲线;C. 经Bootstrap验证后模型的ROC曲线;D. 经Bootstrap验证后模型的校准曲线

, figureFileSmall=aU2eIeef5vxWzRRWjP2NRw==, figureFileBig=aU1sq/legMlFYKl012Udtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318984555754217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of baseline data of patients undergoing knee arthroplasty before and after propensity matching

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目匹配前(n=144)匹配后(n=112)
观察组(n=76)对照组(n=68)t/χ2P观察组(n=56)对照组(n=56)t/χ2P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)66.0±4.564.3±5.31.9970.04862.2±3.561.2±3.01.3130.252
性别[例(%)]4.0900.043
33(43.4)41(60.3)29(51.8)35(62.5)2.0360.154
43(56.6)27(39.7)27(48.2)21(37.5)
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.72±2.5425.08±2.160.9110.36425.66±2.7125.14±2.481.0590.292
婚姻情况[例(%)]0.5640.4530.3730.541
已婚67(88.2)57(83.8)51(91.1)49(87.5)
未婚9(11.8)11(16.2)5(8.9)7(12.5)
吸烟史[例(%)]25(32.9)26(38.2)0.4480.50412(21.4)17(30.4)1.1630.281
饮酒史[例(%)]27(35.5)29(42.6)0.7660.38222(39.3)20(35.7)0.1520.696
高血压[例(%)]21(27.6)23(33.8)0.6480.42119(33.9)14(25.0)1.0740.300
糖尿病[例(%)]10(13.2)11(16.2)0.2630.6087(12.5)5(8.9)0.3730.541
冠心病[例(%)]9(11.8)9(13.2)0.0640.8017(12.5)9(16.1)0.3270.568
呼吸系统疾病[例(%)]29(38.2)23(33.8)0.2920.58923(41.1)26(46.4)0.0850.771
疾病类型[例(%)]0.7060.7020.6230.732
类风湿关节炎27(35.5)21(30.9)20(35.7)18(32.1)
骨关节炎21(27.6)23(33.8)18(32.1)16(28.6)
创伤性关节炎28(36.8)24(35.3)18(32.1)22(39.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1198318984664806125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

倾向性评分匹配前后两组行人工膝关节置换术患者基线资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目匹配前(n=144)匹配后(n=112)
观察组(n=76)对照组(n=68)t/χ2P观察组(n=56)对照组(n=56)t/χ2P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)66.0±4.564.3±5.31.9970.04862.2±3.561.2±3.01.3130.252
性别[例(%)]4.0900.043
33(43.4)41(60.3)29(51.8)35(62.5)2.0360.154
43(56.6)27(39.7)27(48.2)21(37.5)
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)24.72±2.5425.08±2.160.9110.36425.66±2.7125.14±2.481.0590.292
婚姻情况[例(%)]0.5640.4530.3730.541
已婚67(88.2)57(83.8)51(91.1)49(87.5)
未婚9(11.8)11(16.2)5(8.9)7(12.5)
吸烟史[例(%)]25(32.9)26(38.2)0.4480.50412(21.4)17(30.4)1.1630.281
饮酒史[例(%)]27(35.5)29(42.6)0.7660.38222(39.3)20(35.7)0.1520.696
高血压[例(%)]21(27.6)23(33.8)0.6480.42119(33.9)14(25.0)1.0740.300
糖尿病[例(%)]10(13.2)11(16.2)0.2630.6087(12.5)5(8.9)0.3730.541
冠心病[例(%)]9(11.8)9(13.2)0.0640.8017(12.5)9(16.1)0.3270.568
呼吸系统疾病[例(%)]29(38.2)23(33.8)0.2920.58923(41.1)26(46.4)0.0850.771
疾病类型[例(%)]0.7060.7020.6230.732
类风湿关节炎27(35.5)21(30.9)20(35.7)18(32.1)
骨关节炎21(27.6)23(33.8)18(32.1)16(28.6)
创伤性关节炎28(36.8)24(35.3)18(32.1)22(39.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1198318985323311856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of coagulation indexes of patients undergoing knee arthroplasty before and after surgery between two groups ($\bar{x}±s$, n=56)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别D-二聚体(μg/L)Pv(mPa·s)
术前术后1 d术后3 d术后7 d术后14 d术前术后1 d术后3 d术后7 d术后14 d
观察组180.72±15.43179.81±14.21180.89±16.21181.36±12.09180.73±14.821.39±0.111.26±0.161.37±0.131.40±0.131.41±0.09
对照组182.53±14.39180.13±15.29181.92±15.69180.79±13.84181.91±15.121.41±0.161.32±0.151.38±0.141.41±0.111.42±0.12
t0.4200.0750.2240.1520.2730.5051.3400.2560.2880.327
P0.6760.9400.8240.8800.7860.6160.1870.7990.7750.745
), ArticleFig(id=1198318985453335285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组行人工膝关节置换术患者手术前后凝血指标比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=56)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别D-二聚体(μg/L)Pv(mPa·s)
术前术后1 d术后3 d术后7 d术后14 d术前术后1 d术后3 d术后7 d术后14 d
观察组180.72±15.43179.81±14.21180.89±16.21181.36±12.09180.73±14.821.39±0.111.26±0.161.37±0.131.40±0.131.41±0.09
对照组182.53±14.39180.13±15.29181.92±15.69180.79±13.84181.91±15.121.41±0.161.32±0.151.38±0.141.41±0.111.42±0.12
t0.4200.0750.2240.1520.2730.5051.3400.2560.2880.327
P0.6760.9400.8240.8800.7860.6160.1870.7990.7750.745
), ArticleFig(id=1198318985549804283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Univariate analysis of influencing factors of DVT in patients after knee arthroplasty

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目

DVT组

(n=36)

无DVT组

(n=76)

t/χ2P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)65.0±4.562.5±7.41.8910.061
性别[例(%)]0.9860.321
23(63.9)41(53.9)
13(36.1)35(46.1)
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)28.02±1.3626.97±2.342.4960.014
吸烟史[例(%)]0.6010.438
11(30.6)18(23.7)
25(69.4)58(76.3)
饮酒史[例(%)]0.0110.730
15(41.7)27(35.5)
21(58.3)49(34.5)
静脉曲张病史[例(%)]1.9650.161
24(66.7)40(52.6)
12(33.3)36(47.4)
血糖[例(%)]1.1280.288
6.9 mmol/L13(36.1)20(26.3)
≤6.9 mmol/L23(63.9)56(73.7)
合并糖尿病[例(%)]
5(13.9)7(9.2)0.5590.455
31(86.1)69(90.8)
合并高血压[例(%)]1.8990.168
14(38.9)17(22.4)
22(61.1)59(77.6)
合并冠心病[例(%)]1.1530.283
7(19.4)9(11.8)
29(80.5)67(88.2)
疾病类型[例(%)]2.3790.304
类风湿关节炎9(25.0)29(38.2)
骨关节炎11(30.6)23(30.3)
创伤性关节炎16(44.4)24(31.6)
置换位置[例(%)]8.2080.004
单侧膝关节16(44.4)55(72.4)
双侧膝关节20(55.6)21(27.6)
术中失血量[例(%)]4.5850.032
≥400 ml21(58.3)28(36.8)
400 ml15(41.7)48(63.2)
术中输血[例(%)]0.3820.536
12(33.3)21(27.6)
24(66.7)55(72.4)
麻醉方式[例(%)]11.3420.001
腰硬联合麻醉10(27.8)47(61.8)
全身麻醉26(72.2)29(38.2)
骨水泥[例(%)]4.0940.043
使用23(63.9)33(43.4)
未使用13(36.1)43(56.6)
使用激素[例(%)]0.2980.585
6(16.7)16(21.1)
30(83.3)60(78.9)
三酰甘油[例(%)]7.2180.007
≥1.7 mmol/L22(61.1)26(34.2)
1.7 mmol/L14(38.9)50(65.8)
胆固醇[例(%)]0.1640.684
≥5.98 mmol/L19(52.8)37(48.7)
5.98 mmol/L17(47.2)39(51.3)
手术时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$)104.32±36.45101.73±34.370.3650.716
D-二聚体(μg/L, $\bar{x}±s$)202.01±14.23191.51±16.263.3180.001
血小板(×109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)273.43±41.24256.45±32.872.3480.021
PT(s, $\bar{x}±s$)10.02±3.5211.98±2.413.4460.001
APTT(s, $\bar{x}±s$)37.92±5.7934.17±4.523.2290.002
红细胞计数(×109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)7.12±3.186.07±2.961.7120.090
白细胞计数(×109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)9.59±4.178.12±3.741.8720.064
止血带时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$)55.92±13.2453.63±11.050.9600.339
), ArticleFig(id=1198318985650467584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

影响人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目

DVT组

(n=36)

无DVT组

(n=76)

t/χ2P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)65.0±4.562.5±7.41.8910.061
性别[例(%)]0.9860.321
23(63.9)41(53.9)
13(36.1)35(46.1)
BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)28.02±1.3626.97±2.342.4960.014
吸烟史[例(%)]0.6010.438
11(30.6)18(23.7)
25(69.4)58(76.3)
饮酒史[例(%)]0.0110.730
15(41.7)27(35.5)
21(58.3)49(34.5)
静脉曲张病史[例(%)]1.9650.161
24(66.7)40(52.6)
12(33.3)36(47.4)
血糖[例(%)]1.1280.288
6.9 mmol/L13(36.1)20(26.3)
≤6.9 mmol/L23(63.9)56(73.7)
合并糖尿病[例(%)]
5(13.9)7(9.2)0.5590.455
31(86.1)69(90.8)
合并高血压[例(%)]1.8990.168
14(38.9)17(22.4)
22(61.1)59(77.6)
合并冠心病[例(%)]1.1530.283
7(19.4)9(11.8)
29(80.5)67(88.2)
疾病类型[例(%)]2.3790.304
类风湿关节炎9(25.0)29(38.2)
骨关节炎11(30.6)23(30.3)
创伤性关节炎16(44.4)24(31.6)
置换位置[例(%)]8.2080.004
单侧膝关节16(44.4)55(72.4)
双侧膝关节20(55.6)21(27.6)
术中失血量[例(%)]4.5850.032
≥400 ml21(58.3)28(36.8)
400 ml15(41.7)48(63.2)
术中输血[例(%)]0.3820.536
12(33.3)21(27.6)
24(66.7)55(72.4)
麻醉方式[例(%)]11.3420.001
腰硬联合麻醉10(27.8)47(61.8)
全身麻醉26(72.2)29(38.2)
骨水泥[例(%)]4.0940.043
使用23(63.9)33(43.4)
未使用13(36.1)43(56.6)
使用激素[例(%)]0.2980.585
6(16.7)16(21.1)
30(83.3)60(78.9)
三酰甘油[例(%)]7.2180.007
≥1.7 mmol/L22(61.1)26(34.2)
1.7 mmol/L14(38.9)50(65.8)
胆固醇[例(%)]0.1640.684
≥5.98 mmol/L19(52.8)37(48.7)
5.98 mmol/L17(47.2)39(51.3)
手术时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$)104.32±36.45101.73±34.370.3650.716
D-二聚体(μg/L, $\bar{x}±s$)202.01±14.23191.51±16.263.3180.001
血小板(×109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)273.43±41.24256.45±32.872.3480.021
PT(s, $\bar{x}±s$)10.02±3.5211.98±2.413.4460.001
APTT(s, $\bar{x}±s$)37.92±5.7934.17±4.523.2290.002
红细胞计数(×109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)7.12±3.186.07±2.961.7120.090
白细胞计数(×109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)9.59±4.178.12±3.741.8720.064
止血带时间(min, $\bar{x}±s$)55.92±13.2453.63±11.050.9600.339
), ArticleFig(id=1198318985755325186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Independent correlation between platelet level before anticoagulant therapy and postoperative DVT after knee arthroplasty

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未校正模型模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5
血小板3.952(1.845~6.043)4.028(1.862~6.133)4.016(1.839~6.084)3.983(1.855~6.077)3.879(1.862~6.069)3.858(1.849~6.054)
血小板二分类
300×109/L11111
≥300×109/L4.493(2.242~5.721)4.521(2.252~5.811)4.508(2.249~5.765)4.512(2.247~5.739)4.510(2.267~5.749)4.496(2.257~5.743)
血小板五分位数组
Q1(≤170×109/L)111111
Q2[(171~240)×109/L]4.485(2.239~5.832)4.508(2.249~5.902)4.577(2.212~5.781)4.609(2.258~5.841)4.549(2.312~5.802)4.511(2.306~5.837)
Q3[(241~310)×109/L]4.739(2.221~5.706)4.492(2.218~5.847)4.485(2.174~5.723)4.503(2.204~5.645)4.483(2.251~5.731)4.475(2.218~5.712)
Q4[(311~380)×109/L]4.796(2.218~5.689)4.483(2.192~5.729)4.473(2.106~5.685)4.487(2.188~5.602)4.762(2.439~5.547)4.648(2.149~5.685)
Q5(≥381×109/L)4.647(2.206~5.652)4.416(2.144~5.694)4.466(2.095~5.642)0.469(2.103~5.572)4.551(2.486~5.642)4.813(2.084~5.619)
P趋势0.0010.0020.0030.0020.0010.001
), ArticleFig(id=1198318985889542921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200260859363799, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

抗凝治疗前血小板水平与人工膝关节置换术后DVT的独立相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未校正模型模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5
血小板3.952(1.845~6.043)4.028(1.862~6.133)4.016(1.839~6.084)3.983(1.855~6.077)3.879(1.862~6.069)3.858(1.849~6.054)
血小板二分类
300×109/L11111
≥300×109/L4.493(2.242~5.721)4.521(2.252~5.811)4.508(2.249~5.765)4.512(2.247~5.739)4.510(2.267~5.749)4.496(2.257~5.743)
血小板五分位数组
Q1(≤170×109/L)111111
Q2[(171~240)×109/L]4.485(2.239~5.832)4.508(2.249~5.902)4.577(2.212~5.781)4.609(2.258~5.841)4.549(2.312~5.802)4.511(2.306~5.837)
Q3[(241~310)×109/L]4.739(2.221~5.706)4.492(2.218~5.847)4.485(2.174~5.723)4.503(2.204~5.645)4.483(2.251~5.731)4.475(2.218~5.712)
Q4[(311~380)×109/L]4.796(2.218~5.689)4.483(2.192~5.729)4.473(2.106~5.685)4.487(2.188~5.602)4.762(2.439~5.547)4.648(2.149~5.685)
Q5(≥381×109/L)4.647(2.206~5.652)4.416(2.144~5.694)4.466(2.095~5.642)0.469(2.103~5.572)4.551(2.486~5.642)4.813(2.084~5.619)
P趋势0.0010.0020.0030.0020.0010.001
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利伐沙班抗凝治疗对人工膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响
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陈玉萍 , 文映红 , 祁云
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(11): 1302-1310
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(11): 1302-1310
利伐沙班抗凝治疗对人工膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响
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陈玉萍, 文映红, 祁云
作者信息
  • 南方医科大学珠江医院药学部,广东广州 520000
  • 陈玉萍,药师,主要从事药物不良反应及个体化用药方面的研究

Effect of rivaroxaban anticoagulant therapy on lower limb deep vein thrombosis after artificial knee arthroplasty
Yu-Ping Chen, Ying-Hong Wen, Yun Qi
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 520000, China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1346.2024.0430
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目的 探讨利伐沙班抗凝治疗对人工膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响。方法 收集2020年6月-2022年6月于南方医科大学珠江医院接受人工膝关节置换术的144例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者术后均服用利伐沙班抗凝治疗,其中血小板>100×109/L开始抗凝的患者作为观察组(n=76),血小板300×109/L开始抗凝的患者作为对照组(n=68)。采用倾向性评分匹配调整均衡性,两组各纳入56例,比较两组手术前后凝血指标[D-二聚体、血浆黏度(Pv)]的变化;Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线分析两组术后30 d内发生DVT的情况。依据人工膝关节置换术后下肢DVT发生情况分为DVT组(n=36)与无DVT组(n=76)。采用logistic回归模型分析抗凝治疗前血小板水平与术后DVT的相关性;多因素logistic回归分析人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的危险因素;R软件建立列线图,Bootstrap法重复抽样1000次进行验证,以ROC曲线下面积(AUC)和校准曲线评价区分度与准确度。结果 匹配后观察组与对照组基线特征均衡(P>0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,观察组30 d内DVT发生率低于对照组(P=0.043)。单因素分析结果显示,与无DVT组比较,DVT组BMI以及双侧膝关节置换、术中失血量≥400 ml、全身麻醉、使用骨水泥、三酰甘油≥1.7 mmol/L者比例明显增加,D-二聚体、血小板水平明显升高,PT明显缩短,APTT明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。校正年龄、性别、BMI、三酰甘油、D-二聚体、PT、APTT相关混杂因素后,抗凝治疗前血小板水平仍是术后DVT的独立危险因素(OR=3.858,95%CI 1.849~6.054),且血小板从低到高水平五分位数组趋势性检验差异有统计学意义(P趋势<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,BMI≥25 kg/m2、双侧膝关节置换术、全身麻醉、D-二聚体≥190 μg/L、血小板≥300×109/L是人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),而未使用骨水泥、PT≥12 s是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。列线图模型验证前后AUC分别为0.851(95%CI 0.773~0.912)和0.813(95%CI 0.736~0.894),校准曲线平均绝对误差均为0.015。结论 人工膝关节置换术后血小板>100×109/L时应用利伐沙班抗凝治疗能够快速改善患者的凝血功能指标,降低DVT发生率。

人工膝关节置换  /  利伐沙班  /  下肢深静脉血栓  /  血小板

Objective To investigate the effects of rivaroxaban anticoagulant therapy on lower deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after artificial knee arthroplasty. Methods One hundred and forty-four patients who received artificial knee replacement in the Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University from June 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients received rivaroxaban anticoagulant treatment after surgery. Among them, the patients who started anticoagulant therapy at platelets > 100×109/L were included in the observation group (n=76), and the patients who started anticoagulant at platelets > 300×109/L were included in the control group (n=68). The propensity score matching was used to adjust the balance, and each group included 56 patients. The changes of coagulation markers [D-dimer and plasma viscosity (PV)] before and after operation were compared between the two groups. The survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the occurrence of DVT in the two groups within 30 days after operation. According to the presence or absence of lower limb DVT events after knee arthroplasty, the patients were divided into DVT group (n=36) and non-DVT group (n=76). Logistic regression model was used to analyze the independent correlation between platelet level before anticoagulant therapy and postoperative DVT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of DVT after knee arthroplasty. The nomogram was established by R software and verified 1000 times by Bootstrap method. The area under ROC curve (AUC) and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and accuracy. Results After matching, the baseline characteristics of the observation group and the control group were balanced (P>0.05). Univariate analysis showed that compared with non-DVT group, BMI and the proportion of bilateral knee arthroplasty, intraoperative blood loss ≥400 ml, general anesthesia, use of bone cement, and triacylglycerol ≥1.7 mmol/L, and the levels of D-dimer and platelet increased, prothrombin time (PT) shortened, and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) extended in the DVT group (P<0.05). After adjusting the confounding factors of age, sex, BMI, triglyceride, D-dimer, PT and APTT, the platelet level before anticoagulant therapy was still an independent risk factor for postoperative DVT (OR=3.858, 95%CI 1.849-6.054), and there was a significant difference in platelet trend test from low to high quintile (Ptrend<0.001). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI ≥25 kg/m2, bilateral knee arthroplasty, general anesthesia, D-dimer ≥190 μg, platelet ≥300×109/L were risk factors for DVT after knee arthroplasty (OR>1, P<0.05), while not using bone cement and PT ≥12 s were protective factors (OR<1, P<0.05). Before and after the verification of the nomogram, the AUC was 0.851(95%CI 0.773-0.912) and 0.813 (95%CI 0.736-0.894), and the average absolute error of the calibration curve was 0.015. Conclusion The application of rivaroxaban anticoagulation therapy can quickly improve the coagulation function of patients with platelet > 100×109/L after artificial knee replacement surgery and reduce the incidence of DVT.

artificial knee replacement  /  rivaroxaban  /  lower limb deep vein thrombosis  /  platelets
陈玉萍, 文映红, 祁云. 利伐沙班抗凝治疗对人工膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1302 -1310 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1346.2024.0430
Yu-Ping Chen, Ying-Hong Wen, Yun Qi. Effect of rivaroxaban anticoagulant therapy on lower limb deep vein thrombosis after artificial knee arthroplasty[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1302 -1310 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1346.2024.0430
人工膝关节置换术是缓解严重膝关节疼痛、改善膝关节功能的常见手术方式[1],也是终极治疗手段,其假体设计和手术技术已逐步完善,治疗效果良好[2-3],但其术后并发症仍是极大困扰,影响疗效。其常见并发症是下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thromborsis,DVT)。由于术中血管损伤、截骨、脱位等导致血管内皮损伤,且行人工膝关节置换术者多为老年人群,术后容易引发血液高凝状态;高龄患者因疼痛术后活动较少,血液运行滞缓,因此人工膝关节置换术后下肢DVT的发生率较高[4-6]。下肢DVT可能导致慢性疼痛、下肢肿胀和功能障碍,且是肺栓塞栓子的潜在来源,显著增加患者人工膝关节置换术围手术期的死亡风险[7]。如何降低术后下肢DVT发生率已成为临床研究的重点。对此,可采取多种预防措施,包括足底静脉泵和弹力袜等物理预防措施、运动疗法、药物预防性抗凝等,其中药物预防性抗凝的效果最好[8-10]。尽管人工膝关节置换术后积极采取预防措施,但下肢DVT发生率仍居高不下,可能与目前临床上尚未明确药物预防性抗凝时机有关,过早抗凝可能增加术后出血风险,而抗凝不及时则会降低下肢DVT预防效果。李宝亮等[11]分析了脾切断流术后以不同血小板水平开始抗凝对门静脉系统血栓形成的影响,结果显示,当术后血小板水平为(100~300)×109/L时开始抗凝能够降低血栓发生率,且未明显增加术后出血风险。但目前关于人工膝关节置换术后抗凝治疗时血小板水平与下肢DVT关系的研究较少。因此,本研究探讨在人工膝关节置换术后不同血小板水平应用利伐沙班抗凝治疗对下肢DVT的影响,以期为临床优化预防措施及改善预后提供参考。
回顾性收集2020年6月-2022年6月于南方医科大学珠江医院接受人工膝关节置换术的144例患者作为研究对象。根据人工关节置换术后抗凝治疗时血小板水平的不同,将血小板100×109/L的患者作为观察组(n=76),将血小板300×109/L的患者作为对照组(n=68)。纳入标准:(1)年龄60~70岁;(2)在原发性或继发性膝关节炎,或膝部创伤性骨折等因素影响下首次接受人工膝关节置换术;(3)无手术禁忌证;(4)无关节外畸形;(5)临床资料完整。排除标准:(1)术前检查存在凝血异常;(2)术前存在DVT;(3)合并肝肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤;(4)存在利伐沙班用药禁忌;(5)失访或中途退出。按照1:1的比例进行倾向性评分匹配后最终纳入112例患者,观察组与对照组各56例。本研究获南方医科大学珠江医院伦理委员会批准[科研伦(423961)]。
所有患者行术前检查以排除手术禁忌证。所有手术均由同一医疗小组通过标准化人工膝关节置换术进行,且均使用髁间闭合式膝关节假体,术后均常规给予抗生素预防感染。术后放置引流管,术后48 h根据引流情况拔除引流管。手术患者口服利伐沙班10 mg,1次/d。在无出血事件的情况下,给予利伐沙班10 mg/d,连续4周预防DVT。
两组患者手术前后均由同一位经验丰富的超声医师行双下肢静脉超声检查下肢DVT发生情况,并观察两组用药期间有无严重出血和肺动脉栓塞事件发生。DVT的定义:彩超显示有DVT,或虽未检查出DVT但患者下肢伴有轻微的临床症状,或患者临床症状明显且需要治疗,均定义为DVT。根据112例下肢DVT发生情况将其分为DVT组(n=36)与无DVT组(n=76)。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的影响因素。
(1)通过本院电子病历查询患者的基线资料,包括年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、婚姻情况、吸烟史、饮酒史、静脉曲张病史、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、呼吸系统疾病、疾病类型(类风湿关节炎、骨关节炎、创伤性关节炎)等;(2)手术相关指标,包括膝关节置换位置、术中失血量、有无术中输血、麻醉方式、是否使用激素、是否使用骨水泥、手术时间、止血带使用时间等;(3)实验室指标,包括术前凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、红细胞计数、白细胞计数,以及血糖、三酰甘油、胆固醇、血小板水平;(4)凝血指标,包括术前和术后1、3、7、14 d的血浆黏度(plasma viscosity,Pv)、D-二聚体水平。
(1)采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,分析人工膝关节置换术后根据血小板水平的不同,应用利伐沙班进行抗凝治疗的患者在30 d内发生DVT的情况;(2)Logistic回归模型分析抗凝治疗前血小板水平与术后DVT的独立相关性;多因素logistic回归分析患者人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT的危险因素。R软件构建列线图,Bootstrap法(原始数据重复抽样1000次)验证,以ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)和校准曲线评价区分度与准确度。
利用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验。倾向性匹配由logistic回归完成,将各协变量纳入logistic模型中进行匹配,采用1:1最邻近匹配法进行匹配后两组患者的个体特征基本平衡,匹配后,对照组与观察组均纳入56例患者。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
倾向性评分匹配前,观察组与对照组间年龄、性别等基线资料比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),BMI、婚姻情况、吸烟史等其他资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);匹配前两组年龄、性别差异较大,按照1:1的比例倾向性匹配后趋于一致,匹配效果较好,两组患者均衡性得到有效改善(图1)。匹配后,两组年龄、性别、BMI、婚姻情况、吸烟史等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
术前及术后1、3、7、14 d,两组D-二聚体、Pv水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。
Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,观察组30 d内DVT发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.043,图2)。
单因素分析结果显示,与无DVT组比较,DVT组BMI及双侧膝关节置换、术中失血量≥400 ml、全身麻醉、使用骨水泥、三酰甘油≥1.7 mmol/L者比例明显增加,D-二聚体、血小板水平明显升高,PT明显缩短,APTT明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组在年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、静脉曲张病史、血糖、合并糖尿病、合并高血压、合并冠心病、术中输血、使用激素、胆固醇、手术时间、红细胞计数、白细胞计数、止血带使用时间方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05) (表3)。
将单因素分析中P<0.05的指标纳入logistic回归模型,逐步排除存在共线性的混杂因素,最终校正年龄、性别、BMI、三酰甘油、D-二聚体、PT、APTT协变量(模型5)后,抗凝治疗前血小板水平与术后DVT仍独立相关(OR=3.858,95%CI 1.849~6.054)。将血小板转化为二分类变量后,与血小板<300×109/L比较,血小板≥300×109/L与术后DVT独立相关(OR=4.496,95%CI 2.257~5.743)。与血小板最低的五分位数(Q1)组比较,随着血小板水平逐渐升高(Q2~Q5),相关效应值分别为(OR=4.511,95%CI 2.306~5.837)、(OR=4.475,95%CI 2.218~5.712)、(OR=4.648,95%CI 2.149~5.685)和(OR=4.813,95%CI 2.084~5.619),趋势性检验结果显示差异有统计学意义(P<趋势0.001,表4)。
以单因素分析中P<0.05的指标作为自变量[BMI:<25 kg/m2=0,≥25 kg/m2=1;膝关节置换位置:单侧=0,双侧=1;术中失血量:<400 ml=0,≥400 ml=1;麻醉方式:腰硬联合麻醉=0,全身麻醉=1;是否使用骨水泥:使用=0,未使用=1;三酰甘油:<1.7 mmol/L=0,≥1.7 mmol/L=1;D-二聚体:<190 μg/L=0;≥190 μg/L=1;血小板:<300×109/L=0,≥300×109/L=1;PT:<12 s=0,≥12 s=1;APTT:<40 s=0,≥40 s=1],以患者发生DVT的情况(非DVT=0,DVT=1)作为因变量进行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示,BMI≥25 kg/m2、双侧膝关节置换、全身麻醉、D-二聚体≥190 μg/L、血小板≥300×109/L为人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),而未使用骨水泥、PT≥12 s是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05,图3)。
将影响人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT的因素BMI、膝关节置换位置、麻醉方式、D-二聚体、血小板、是否使用骨水泥、PT纳入列线图模型,以列线图模型读出对应指标的赋分结果,预测术后发生DVT的风险率,如图4所示。采用Bootstrap自抽样法进行验证,校准曲线与理想曲线为斜率接近1的直线,预测发生风险值与实际发生风险值基本一致(图5),验证前后AUC分别为0.851(95%CI 0.773~0.912)和0.813(95%CI 0.736~0.894),模型预测人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT具有良好的区分度与拟合度,校准曲线平均绝对误差均为0.015,准确度较高。
目前,人工膝关节置换术已成为中晚期患者恢复关节活动的有效方法[12]。但受手术应激、局部制动、肢体肿胀等因素的影响,极易诱发DVT甚至肺栓塞[13]。在骨科大手术后,DVT经常发生于术后或患有慢性病的卧床患者及肢体疾病患者[14]。该并发症若不能及时进行处理和治疗,可能使受感染的肢体肿胀,导致行动能力受损甚至残疾,栓子脱落后可继发肺动脉栓塞而危及生命[15]。目前人工膝关节置换术后下肢DVT的发生率随着抗凝药物的应用下降至0.6%~1.5%,但行人工膝关节置换术的患者数量较多(仅美国每年就有100万例),术后发生下肢DVT的人数仍较多,因此,其预防仍有待进一步研究[16]
现阶段临床上人工髋关节置换术后抗凝药物种类多样,包括低分子肝素、利伐沙班等,明显降低了患者术后DVT的发生风险,但长期应用低分子肝素易导致血小板减少,且需注射给药,患者依从性较差。利伐沙班为丝氨酸蛋白酶(Ⅹa)抑制剂,可有效抑制Ⅹa因子的形成与释放,减少凝血酶的产生从而达到良好的抗凝效果,具有作用时间长、生物利用度高、服用方便等特点。但抗凝药物使用不当易诱发手术区域出血、消化道出血等风险。有报道显示,全膝关节置换术后采用利伐沙班抗凝的出血并发症风险略高于低分子肝素和阿司匹林[17]。因此,在关注抗凝疗效的同时还需尽可能降低出血风险,但目前关于利伐沙班的抗凝时机尚无统一规律。Yoo等[18]认为,可根据患者的体重和年龄评估抗凝药物的剂量,建议低剂量组(年龄≥80岁或年龄60岁且体重55 kg)和高剂量组(年龄≤55岁且体重≥55 kg)服用华法林的剂量分别为5 mg和10 mg,其余患者服用华法林的剂量为7 mg,这种个体化抗凝方案可在不过度抗凝的情况下缩短达到国际正常化比率的目标时间。此外,抗凝药物的使用剂量还受种族差异、药物代谢相关酶等的影响,抗凝最佳时机仍存在较大争议。
Díaz等[19]认为,无论在静脉还是动脉出血凝血中,血小板都能促进血栓形成,抑制出血。但这种促进凝血的作用在血栓性疾病中也造成了很大的风险,如脑梗死、心肌梗死都是在血管条件不好的前提下形成了血小板血栓[20-21]。因此,在人工膝关节置换术后对血小板水平的监测非常必要,可反映术后患者体内的止血状态,指导抗凝药物的使用剂量和应用时机,避免抗凝不足达不到预防DVT的效果和过度抗凝引起的出血,从而使抗凝药物发挥最佳抗凝效果。李宝亮等[11]将血小板水平临界值100×109/L作为抗凝时机选择的依据,分析脾切断流术后不同抗凝时机对门静脉系统血栓形成的影响,结果显示,早期抗凝(血小板100×109/L)可降低门静脉系统的血栓发生率,且未明显增加术后出血风险。但目前鲜见关于人工膝关节置换术后根据血小板水平评估利伐沙班抗凝时机的研究。本研究比较了术后不同血小板水平开始应用利伐沙班抗凝对DVT的预防效果,结果显示,术后血小板100×109/L开始应用利伐沙班抗凝的患者术后30 d内DVT发生率明显低于血小板300×109/L时开始抗凝治疗的患者。虽然动静脉血栓形成的机制目前尚不明确,但与动脉血栓以血小板为核心并附在血管壁上的栓子形成特点不同,静脉血栓以纤维蛋白包裹血栓的形式附在血管壁上,血小板黏附在纤维蛋白的下游。上述研究结果表明,监测血小板水平有利于指导临床上对人工膝关节置换术后抗凝时机的选择,在降低DVT发生率的同时降低出血风险。
为降低人工膝关节置换术后患者的DVT发生率,改善预后效果,本研究比较DVT与非DVT患者的临床资料发现,BMI≥25 kg/m2、双侧膝关节置换、全身麻醉、D-二聚体≥190 μg/L、血小板≥300×109/L为人工膝关节置换术后患者发生DVT的危险因素。Kang等[22]认为,全膝关节置换术中,与全身麻醉相比,硬膜外麻醉可降低患者DVT的发生率,对患者认知功能和应激状态的影响较小,安全性较高。这是由于全身麻醉可使红细胞变形性减小,血液黏度增高,因此增高了血栓形成的概率。由于椎管内麻醉时抑制了交感神经,从而导致下肢血管扩张、血流量增加,若椎管内麻醉配合控制性低血压,会减少术中出血,保持血容量,从而进一步增加下肢的血流量,降低DVT的发生率。因此建议选择麻醉方式时尽量避免全身麻醉。本研究对术中失血量、三酰甘油、APTT等进行相关危险因素分析发现,其对术后并发DVT也有影响,但尚不是DVT形成的独立危险因素。目前的观点是,止血带充气后可能造成静脉淤滞和缺氧低体温,因此建议在保证手术质量的同时,尽量缩短止血带的使用时间,并减少骨水泥的使用[23]
综上所述,人工膝关节置换术后血小板100×109/L时应用利伐沙班可延长患者凝血时间、缓解肢体肿胀,并显著降低术后DVT发生率,值得临床推广。但本研究存在不足之处:样本量有限,可能存在样本选择性偏倚;未对模型进行外部验证,模型对不同种族、不同地区及不同级别医院患者经人工膝关节置换术后DVT发生率的预测价值尚未可知;纳入的指标有限,可能存在重要指标的遗漏。未来需要进行更大规模病例的多中心、前瞻性研究,深入探讨术后凝血状态的变化规律,以为指导人工关节置换术患者的药物抗凝治疗提供更好的帮助。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1346.2024.0430
  • 接收时间:2023-10-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-12
  • 录用日期:2023-12-28
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    南方医科大学珠江医院药学部,广东广州 520000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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