Article(id=1198200259865309733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0232.2024.1011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717257600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-02, onlineDate=1763602803436, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763602803436, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763602803436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763602803436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198200256912519683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='11', pageStart='1221', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763602802732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603918291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204935973204862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204935973204863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1281, endPage=1288, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198200260095996460, articleId=1198200259865309733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of chemokine CXC ligand 9 on cognitive function impairment in breast cancer patients with brain metastases receiving whole-brain radiotherapy, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of chemokine CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9) on cognitive function impairment in patients with breast cancer brain metastases undergoing whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) using bioinformatics methods. Methods The mRNA of breast cancer brain metastases datasets GSE43837 and GSE12276 and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dataset GSE161199 were screened and downloaded from GEO database. Limma method and Venn diagrams were used to identify common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and protein-protein interaction and functional prediction through GeneMANIA website assays were performed. A total of 42 patients with breast cancer brain metastases who first visited the Department of Radiotherapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected. Patients were divided into normal cognitive function group and cognitive function impairment group based on cognitive status. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect serum CXCL9 levels one week before and three months after radiotherapy. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was used to assess patients' cognitive function. Results The DEGs from datasets GSE43837 and GSE12276 included PKP1, POLDIP2, SPAG5, ALDOC, PTPRZ1, PKIA, TLCD1, CPE, PMP22 and CXCL9. The DEGs from GSE161199 included RPS16, CD79A, LYPD3, RPL28, HBG2, RPL23AP7, TRNR, CXCL9. Venn diagram showed that CXCL9 was a common DEG between breast cancer brain metastasis and AD. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that CXCL9 was involved in cellular responses to chemokines, negative regulation of immune system processes, negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‑like receptor signaling pathway, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Before radiotherapy, patients with cognitive function impairment and normal cognitive function accounted for 61.9% and 38.1%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference in MMSE scores [(24.53±2.19) vs. (28.89±1.36), P˂0.01]. Compared with normal cognitive function group, patients with cognitive function impairment had a significantly increased number of brain metastases and significantly lower Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scores and serum CXCL9 levels (P˂0.05). Three months after radiotherapy, patients with cognitive function impairment and normal cognitive function accounted for 47.6% and 52.4%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference in MMSE scores [(25.16±1.98) vs. (28.18±1.08), P˂0.01]. Compared with normal cognitive function group, patients with cognitive function impairment had significantly lower CXCL9 levels (P=0.003). In patients with normal cognitive function, CXCL9 levels were remarkably lower after radiotherapy compared to those before radiotherapy (P=0.009). Conclusions Patients with cognitive function impairment had significantly lower CXCL9 levels than those with normal cognitive function, and whole-brain radiotherapy may be related to a certain degree of reduction in CXCL9 levels.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Lin Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 基于生物信息学方法探讨趋化因子配体9(CXCL9)对乳腺癌脑转移全脑放射治疗患者认知功能衰退的影响。方法 筛选和下载GEO数据库中乳腺癌脑转移数据集GSE43837和GSE12276及阿尔茨海默病(AD)数据集GSE161199的mRNA,采用limma法和韦恩图筛选共同差异表达基因(DEGs),通过GeneMANIA网站进行蛋白互作和功能预测。选取2021年1月-2023年1月于河北北方学院附属第一医院放射治疗科首次就诊的乳腺癌脑转移患者42例,根据认知功能情况分为认知功能正常组与认知功能衰退组,分别于放射治疗前1周和放射治疗后3个月采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清CXCL9水平,采用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评估患者的认知功能。结果 GSE43837和GSE12276数据集的DEGs包括PKP1POLDIP2SPAG5ALDOCPTPRZ1PKIATLCD1CPEPMP22CXCL9,GSE161199数据集的DEGs包括RPS16CD79ALYPD3RPL28HBG2RPL23AP7TRNRCXCL9等。韦恩图显示,CXCL9为乳腺癌脑转移与AD的共有DEGs,功能富集分析提示CXCL9参与了细胞对趋化因子的反应、免疫系统进程的负调控、血管形态发生的负调控、Toll样受体信号通路、核苷酸寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体信号通路和JAK-STAT信号通路等。放射治疗前,认知功能衰退和认知功能正常乳腺癌脑转移患者分别占61.9%、38.1%,MMSE评分差异有统计学意义[(24.53±2.19)分 vs. (28.89±1.36)分,P˂0.01]。与认知功能正常组比较,认知功能衰退组患者脑转移瘤数目明显增加,卡氏健康状况量表(KPS)评分、血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P˂0.05)。放射治疗后3个月,认知功能衰退和认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者分别占47.6%和52.4%,MMSE评分差异有统计学意义[(25.16±1.98)分 vs. (28.18±1.08)分,P˂0.01);与认知功能正常组比较,认知功能衰退组患者的血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P=0.003)。与放射治疗前认知功能正常患者比较,放射治疗后认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P=0.009)。结论 认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平明显低于认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者,全脑放射治疗可能与CXCL9水平降低有一定的相关性。

, correspAuthors=张志林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张志林,E-mail:
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王聪,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事常见肿瘤放射治疗的临床研究

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Med Dosim, 2023, 48(3): 134-139., articleTitle=Hippocampal-sparing whole-brain radiotherapy under coplanar or noncoplanar VMAT, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198318987642762064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, awardId=20220595, language=EN, fundingSource=Medical Science Research Project in Hebei Province(20220595), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198318987751813973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, awardId=20220595, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省医学科学研究课题(20220595), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198318982412464742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318982420853351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, companyId=1198318982412464742, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318982429241960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, companyId=1198318982412464742, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北北方学院附属第一医院放射治疗科,河北张家口 075000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198318986711626540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=De-batching effect and screening of DEGs between GSE43837 and GSE12276 of mRNA data set of breast cancer brain metastases, figureFileSmall=afrs7hTipHkLf5bVhsMzTA==, figureFileBig=p14G5eG54fFkWD4b2HsnFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318986824872754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=CN, label=图1, caption=乳腺癌脑转移患者mRNA表达数据集GSE43837和GSE12276的去批次效应及其DEGs的筛选

DEGs. 差异表达基因;UMAP. 统一流形逼近和投影;A. GSE43837和GSE12276数据集的合并矩阵;B. GSE43837和GSE12276数据集去批次效应前后样本分布的比较;C. GSE43837和GSE12276数据集去批次效应的DEGs的筛选

, figureFileSmall=afrs7hTipHkLf5bVhsMzTA==, figureFileBig=p14G5eG54fFkWD4b2HsnFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318986942313270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Intersection and functional enrichment analysis of DEGs between AD and breast cancer with brain metastases, figureFileSmall=08pSOsp4hTuu2uUjhA5T7g==, figureFileBig=+NdhZxAxVmAgeeZMEc74ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318987022005050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=CN, label=图2, caption=AD DEGs与乳腺癌脑转移DEGs的交集及功能富集分析

DEGs. 差异表达基因;AD. 阿尔茨海默病;CCL. 趋化因子配体9;CXCL. C-X-C基序趋化因子配体;CXCR3. C-X-C基序趋化因子受体3;PPBP. 促血小板碱性蛋白;XCL1. X-C基序趋化因子配体1;PF4. 血小板因子4;STAT1. 信号转导和转录激活因子;A. AD患者DEGs的火山图可视化;B. AD DEGs与乳腺癌脑转移DEGs的交集;C. CXCL9基因的蛋白互作及功能富集分析

, figureFileSmall=08pSOsp4hTuu2uUjhA5T7g==, figureFileBig=+NdhZxAxVmAgeeZMEc74ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318987164611390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Difference of CXCL9 levels in breast cancer patients with brain metastases between normal cognitive function and cognitive function impairing before and after radiotherapy, figureFileSmall=IJXBxnexlseIKQMj8vm4MQ==, figureFileBig=oQQkHNYxT0YYggcI1cCPhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318987244303167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=CN, label=图3, caption=放射治疗前后认知功能正常与认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平差异分析

CXCL9. 趋化因子配体9;A. 放射治疗前后认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平比较;B. 放射治疗前后认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平比较;**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=IJXBxnexlseIKQMj8vm4MQ==, figureFileBig=oQQkHNYxT0YYggcI1cCPhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318987357549381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of clinical characteristics in breast cancer patients with brain metastases between normal cognitive function and cognitive function impairing before and after radiotherapy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目放射治疗前放射治疗后

认知功能衰退组

(n=26)

认知功能正常组

(n=16)

t/χ2P

认知功能衰退组

(n=20)

认知功能正常组

(n=22)

t/χ2P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)64.4±8.960.1±11.91.3080.19862.2±9.162.5±10.30.1070.916
脑转移瘤数目[个, M(Q1, Q3)]8.0(6.8, 10.8)6.0(5.0, 7.8)2.1530.0378.0(5.3, 12.3)6.0(5.0, 9.0)1.5420.131
KPS评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)64.28±10.2376.23±9.763.740˂0.00168.93±9.4373.90±9.411.7080.095
分子分型[例(%)]1.4760.7540.5980.968
Luminal A型2(7.7)3(18.8)2(10.0)3(13.6)
Luminal B型4(15.4)2(12.5)3(15.0)3(13.6)
HER2+9(34.6)4(25.0)7(35.0)6(27.3)
三阴型11(42.3)7(43.8)8(40.0)10(45.5)
其他部位转移瘤[例(%)]-0.380-1.000
1个21(80.8)15(93.8)17(85.0)19(86.4)
两个及以上5(19.2)1(6.2)3(15.0)3(13.6)
CXCL9[pg/ml, M(Q1, Q3)]22.2(4.9, 119.3)1699.0(777.9, 3808.0)5.294˂0.00129.6(12.8, 208.5)492.8(97.2, 978.8)3.2170.003
), ArticleFig(id=1198318987441435464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200259865309733, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

放射治疗前后认知功能正常与认知功能衰退乳腺癌脑转移患者的临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目放射治疗前放射治疗后

认知功能衰退组

(n=26)

认知功能正常组

(n=16)

t/χ2P

认知功能衰退组

(n=20)

认知功能正常组

(n=22)

t/χ2P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$)64.4±8.960.1±11.91.3080.19862.2±9.162.5±10.30.1070.916
脑转移瘤数目[个, M(Q1, Q3)]8.0(6.8, 10.8)6.0(5.0, 7.8)2.1530.0378.0(5.3, 12.3)6.0(5.0, 9.0)1.5420.131
KPS评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)64.28±10.2376.23±9.763.740˂0.00168.93±9.4373.90±9.411.7080.095
分子分型[例(%)]1.4760.7540.5980.968
Luminal A型2(7.7)3(18.8)2(10.0)3(13.6)
Luminal B型4(15.4)2(12.5)3(15.0)3(13.6)
HER2+9(34.6)4(25.0)7(35.0)6(27.3)
三阴型11(42.3)7(43.8)8(40.0)10(45.5)
其他部位转移瘤[例(%)]-0.380-1.000
1个21(80.8)15(93.8)17(85.0)19(86.4)
两个及以上5(19.2)1(6.2)3(15.0)3(13.6)
CXCL9[pg/ml, M(Q1, Q3)]22.2(4.9, 119.3)1699.0(777.9, 3808.0)5.294˂0.00129.6(12.8, 208.5)492.8(97.2, 978.8)3.2170.003
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趋化因子配体9对乳腺癌脑转移全脑放射治疗患者认知功能衰退的影响
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王聪 , 张志林 * , 李锦秋 , 宋晓 , 席强 , 马欢 , 庞永鹏 , 田龙
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(11): 1281-1288
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(11): 1281-1288
趋化因子配体9对乳腺癌脑转移全脑放射治疗患者认知功能衰退的影响
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王聪, 张志林* , 李锦秋, 宋晓, 席强, 马欢, 庞永鹏, 田龙
作者信息
  • 河北北方学院附属第一医院放射治疗科,河北张家口 075000
  • 王聪,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事常见肿瘤放射治疗的临床研究

通讯作者:

张志林,E-mail:
Effect of chemokine CXC ligand 9 on cognitive function impairment in breast cancer patients with brain metastases receiving whole-brain radiotherapy
Cong Wang, Zhi-Lin Zhang* , Jin-Qiu Li, Xiao Song, Qiang Xi, Huan Ma, Yong-Peng Pang, Long Tian
Affiliations
  • Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0232.2024.1011
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目的 基于生物信息学方法探讨趋化因子配体9(CXCL9)对乳腺癌脑转移全脑放射治疗患者认知功能衰退的影响。方法 筛选和下载GEO数据库中乳腺癌脑转移数据集GSE43837和GSE12276及阿尔茨海默病(AD)数据集GSE161199的mRNA,采用limma法和韦恩图筛选共同差异表达基因(DEGs),通过GeneMANIA网站进行蛋白互作和功能预测。选取2021年1月-2023年1月于河北北方学院附属第一医院放射治疗科首次就诊的乳腺癌脑转移患者42例,根据认知功能情况分为认知功能正常组与认知功能衰退组,分别于放射治疗前1周和放射治疗后3个月采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清CXCL9水平,采用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评估患者的认知功能。结果 GSE43837和GSE12276数据集的DEGs包括PKP1POLDIP2SPAG5ALDOCPTPRZ1PKIATLCD1CPEPMP22CXCL9,GSE161199数据集的DEGs包括RPS16CD79ALYPD3RPL28HBG2RPL23AP7TRNRCXCL9等。韦恩图显示,CXCL9为乳腺癌脑转移与AD的共有DEGs,功能富集分析提示CXCL9参与了细胞对趋化因子的反应、免疫系统进程的负调控、血管形态发生的负调控、Toll样受体信号通路、核苷酸寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体信号通路和JAK-STAT信号通路等。放射治疗前,认知功能衰退和认知功能正常乳腺癌脑转移患者分别占61.9%、38.1%,MMSE评分差异有统计学意义[(24.53±2.19)分 vs. (28.89±1.36)分,P˂0.01]。与认知功能正常组比较,认知功能衰退组患者脑转移瘤数目明显增加,卡氏健康状况量表(KPS)评分、血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P˂0.05)。放射治疗后3个月,认知功能衰退和认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者分别占47.6%和52.4%,MMSE评分差异有统计学意义[(25.16±1.98)分 vs. (28.18±1.08)分,P˂0.01);与认知功能正常组比较,认知功能衰退组患者的血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P=0.003)。与放射治疗前认知功能正常患者比较,放射治疗后认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P=0.009)。结论 认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平明显低于认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者,全脑放射治疗可能与CXCL9水平降低有一定的相关性。

乳腺癌脑转移  /  全脑放射治疗  /  容积调强技术  /  趋化因子配体9  /  简易精神状态检查量表

Objective To investigate the effect of chemokine CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9) on cognitive function impairment in patients with breast cancer brain metastases undergoing whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) using bioinformatics methods. Methods The mRNA of breast cancer brain metastases datasets GSE43837 and GSE12276 and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dataset GSE161199 were screened and downloaded from GEO database. Limma method and Venn diagrams were used to identify common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and protein-protein interaction and functional prediction through GeneMANIA website assays were performed. A total of 42 patients with breast cancer brain metastases who first visited the Department of Radiotherapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected. Patients were divided into normal cognitive function group and cognitive function impairment group based on cognitive status. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect serum CXCL9 levels one week before and three months after radiotherapy. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was used to assess patients' cognitive function. Results The DEGs from datasets GSE43837 and GSE12276 included PKP1, POLDIP2, SPAG5, ALDOC, PTPRZ1, PKIA, TLCD1, CPE, PMP22 and CXCL9. The DEGs from GSE161199 included RPS16, CD79A, LYPD3, RPL28, HBG2, RPL23AP7, TRNR, CXCL9. Venn diagram showed that CXCL9 was a common DEG between breast cancer brain metastasis and AD. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that CXCL9 was involved in cellular responses to chemokines, negative regulation of immune system processes, negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‑like receptor signaling pathway, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Before radiotherapy, patients with cognitive function impairment and normal cognitive function accounted for 61.9% and 38.1%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference in MMSE scores [(24.53±2.19) vs. (28.89±1.36), P˂0.01]. Compared with normal cognitive function group, patients with cognitive function impairment had a significantly increased number of brain metastases and significantly lower Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scores and serum CXCL9 levels (P˂0.05). Three months after radiotherapy, patients with cognitive function impairment and normal cognitive function accounted for 47.6% and 52.4%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference in MMSE scores [(25.16±1.98) vs. (28.18±1.08), P˂0.01]. Compared with normal cognitive function group, patients with cognitive function impairment had significantly lower CXCL9 levels (P=0.003). In patients with normal cognitive function, CXCL9 levels were remarkably lower after radiotherapy compared to those before radiotherapy (P=0.009). Conclusions Patients with cognitive function impairment had significantly lower CXCL9 levels than those with normal cognitive function, and whole-brain radiotherapy may be related to a certain degree of reduction in CXCL9 levels.

breast cancer brain metastases  /  whole-brain radiotherapy  /  volumetric modulated arc therapy  /  chemokine CXC ligand 9  /  mini-mental state examination
王聪, 张志林, 李锦秋, 宋晓, 席强, 马欢, 庞永鹏, 田龙. 趋化因子配体9对乳腺癌脑转移全脑放射治疗患者认知功能衰退的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1281 -1288 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0232.2024.1011
Cong Wang, Zhi-Lin Zhang, Jin-Qiu Li, Xiao Song, Qiang Xi, Huan Ma, Yong-Peng Pang, Long Tian. Effect of chemokine CXC ligand 9 on cognitive function impairment in breast cancer patients with brain metastases receiving whole-brain radiotherapy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1281 -1288 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0232.2024.1011
全脑放射治疗(whole brain radiotherapy,WBRT)已成为乳腺癌脑转移的主要治疗手段之一,可将患者的中位生存期延长3~6个月[1]。然而,在接受WBRT且生存期超过6个月的乳腺癌患者中,有50%~90%会出现辐射相关的认知功能衰退[2-3],严重影响患者的生活质量。目前放射治疗相关认知功能衰退已成为放射治疗效果的重要监测指标之一[4],但其潜在机制仍不明确。据报道,在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)患者中辐射导致认知功能衰退的风险更高,且辐射诱发的氧化损伤与AD的发病机制有关[5-6]。有研究认为,脑肿瘤与衰老存在双向关系,其机制可能包括脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DAN)损伤和突变、表观遗传衰老、氧化应激(干细胞损伤)和炎症等[7]。循环趋化因子水平与AD患者认知功能衰退密切相关,前者作为神经炎症的介质,可通过激活驻留的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及诱导炎性因子释放,对神经功能产生有益或有害的影响[8]。WBRT诱发的认知功能衰退与AD发病机制中趋化因子水平的关系鲜见研究报道。本研究通过生物信息学方法分析乳腺癌脑转移患者与AD患者的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),观察乳腺癌脑转移患者放射治疗前后趋化因子配体(chemokine CXC ligand,CXCL)9水平的变化,旨在为乳腺癌脑转移WBRT导致的认知功能衰退的潜在机制研究提供参考。
通过GEO数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)筛选乳腺癌脑转移与非脑转移患者的mRNA表达数据,并从Sangerbox(http://vip.sangerbox.com/home.html,version 3.0)下载GSE43837和GSE12276数据集的资料,其中GSE43837包括19例乳腺癌脑转移患者和19例非脑转移患者,GSE12776包括16例乳腺癌脑转移患者和19例非脑转移患者[9]。为了将两个数据集进行数据合并,采用R软件包inSilicoMerging合并成矩阵,以COMBAT法进行去批次效应并获得去批次前后的统一流形逼近和投影(uniform manifold approximation and projection,UMAP)图[10-11]。将去批次后的矩阵导入R软件包limma(version 3.40.6)进行DEGs分析,条件为P˂0.05及|log2差异倍数(fold change,FC)|1.5,最终获得DEGs并绘制火山图[12]
通过GEO数据集及其GEO2R平台(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r)对GSE161199数据集进行DEGs分析,GSE161199包括6例AD患者和11例非AD患者的血标本。采用R软件包limma(version 3.40.6)绘制火山图。
采用韦恩图将乳腺癌脑转移DEGs与AD DEGs进行交集,获得共有DEG CXCL9。将CXCL9导入GeneMANIA(http://genemania.org/search/homo-sapiens)网站进行蛋白互作及功能预测[13]。按照CXCL9的中位表达水平将样本分为高表达组(≥50%)与低表达组(˂50%),导入GSEA网站(http://software.broadin-stitute.org/gsea/index.jsp),通过GSEA软件(version 3.0)中的c2.cp.kegg.v7.4.symbols.gmt进行相关途径及分子机制的评估。设定最小基因集为5,最大基因集为5000,P˂0.05和错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)˂0.25进行1000次重抽样。
回顾性选取2021年1月-2023年1月于河北北方学院附属第一医院放射治疗科首次就诊的乳腺癌脑转移患者。纳入标准:(1)经病理确诊,且头颅增强MRI证实脑转移瘤≥5个;(2)卡氏健康状况量表(Karnofsky performance scale,KPS)评分≥60分,预计生存期≥3个月;(3)无脑部放射治疗及手术史;(4)能配合完成放射治疗及问卷调查。排除标准:(1)近3个月内发生脑出血或脑血栓等影响神经认知功能的脑血管疾病;(2)明确有精神疾病或器质性心理疾病;(3)既往有AD、帕金森病等疾病引起的认知功能衰退;(4)既往有脑原发恶性肿瘤引起的认知功能衰退。最终纳入42例患者,根据认知功能情况分为认知功能正常组与认知功能衰退组。分别于放射治疗前1周及放射治疗后3个月采用简易精神状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评估患者的认知功能,内容包括定向力、记忆力、注意和计算力、回忆和语言能力认知功能,以及心理和生活质量测试;总分为30分,评分˂27分提示存在认知功能衰退[14]。本研究获河北北方学院附属第一医院伦理委员会审批(K2021089)。
所有患者采用仰卧位定位,给予热塑膜头部面罩固定,CT平扫定位,层厚3 mm,扫描范围从颅顶至颅底线以下5 cm,将CT定位片通过网络传输至TPS系统(Monaco,瑞典医科达公司)进行处理,同时将患者放射治疗前的强化T1加权轴位、冠状位、矢状位MRI图像导入TPS工作站。靶区勾画:全颅内容物为临床靶区(clinical target volume,CTV),CTV外放3 mm为计划靶区(planning target volume,PTV);危及器官勾画包括脑干、晶状体、眼、视神经、视交叉。根据CT-MRI融合图像参考RTOG 0933勾画海马,海马外放5 mm为剂量限制区域(hippocampus avoidance,HA),即计划危及器官区(planning organs at risk volume,PRV海马),危及器官剂量限制:双侧PRV海马 Dmean˂8 Gy,双侧PRV海马 Dmax˂12 Gy[15]。脑干、视交叉外放3 mm为常规剂量限制,即PRV脑干和PRV视交叉,剂量要求:PRV脑干 Dmax˂38 Gy,PRV视交叉 Dmax˂33 Gy;双侧晶状体Dmax˂5 Gy。PTV则为全脑减去HA的区域,即PTV-HA,95%(PTV-HA)剂量为30 Gy。采用容积调强放射治疗(volumetric modulation arc therapy,VMAT)计划:双弧照射,一个逆时针旋转179°至181°,另一个顺时针旋转181°至179°,准直器角度分别为45°和135°,治疗床角度为0°。采用X-ray voxel Monte Carlo(XVMC)算法在Monaco 5.1版的TPS系统中进行优化[16]。计划完成后经副主任医师审核通过,并在医科达直线加速器(Synergy,瑞典医科达公司)上通过锥形束X线计算机断层成像(CBCT)验证位置后进行治疗。
分别于放射治疗前1周及放射治疗后3个月采集患者空腹静脉血,离心收集血清置于-80 ℃备用[17]。CXCL9试剂盒(ab219047)购自英国Abcam公司,根据试剂盒说明书进行操作,采用Luminex LX200分析仪进行检测。
采用SPSS 26.0软件(StaSoft Inc.,Tulsa,OK,USA)和R软件包进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,两组间比较采用秩和检验;采用配对t检验比较放射治疗前后CXCL9水平的差异。计数资料以例(%)表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
图1A所示,分别将GSE43837和GSE12276数据集中18 789和20 549个基因进行合并和去批次效应,并比较去批次前后样本的分布差异,结果显示,两个数据集的样本互相聚集并交织在一起,提示去批次效应良好(图1B)。将去批次效应的数据集进行差异分析,结果显示,共获得13个DEGs,其中上调基因包括血小板亲和蛋白1(plakophilin 1,PKP1)、DNA聚合酶δ相互蛋白2(DNA polymerase delta interacting protein 2,POLDIP2)、精子相关抗原5(sperm associated antigen 5,SPAG5)、醛缩酶,果糖二磷酸C(aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate C,ALDOC)、蛋白酪氨酸性磷酸酶受体Z1型(protein tyrosine phosphatase, eceptor-type, Z polypeptide 1,PTPRZ1)、蛋白激酶抑制因子α(protein kinase inhibitor alpha,PKIA)、TLC结构域1(TLC domain containing 1,TLCD1)、羧肽酶E(carboxypeptidase E,CPE)、外周髓磷脂蛋白22(peripheral myelin protein 22,PMP22)、磷脂酰肌醇聚糖锚定生物合成类S(phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class S,PIGS)、黏蛋白16(mucin 16,MUC16);下调基因包括CXCL9、Serpin家族A成员6(serpin family A member 6,SERPINA6) (图1C)。
GEO数据库筛选结果显示,AD患者与非AD患者之间共获得DEGs 1692个,其中上调基因包括核糖体蛋白S16(ribosomal protein S16,RPS16)、分化簇79A(cluster of differentiation 79 alpha,CD79A)、Ly6/PLAUR结构域3(Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 3,LYPD3)、核糖体蛋白配体28(ribosomal protein ligand 28,RPL28)、神经细胞黏附分子(neuronal cell adhesion molecule,NRCAM)、磷脂酰肌醇聚糖锚定生物合成类T(phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class T,PIGT)、GATA结合蛋白3(GATA binding protein 3,GATA3)、非编码单链RNA4420(microRNA 4420,MIR4420)等;下调基因包括血红蛋白亚基γ2(hemoglobin subunit gamma 2,HBG2)、核糖体蛋白L23α假基因7(ribosomal protein L23α pseudogene 7,RPL23AP7)、突触结合蛋白样4(synaptotagmin like 4,SYTL4)、心肌粘连带蛋白(myocardial zonula adherens protein,MYZAP)、前胶原赖氨酸-2-酮戊二酸5-双加氧酶2(procollagen-lysine-2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2,PLOD2)、血红蛋白亚基δ(hemoglobin subunit delta,HBD)、蛋白质S(protein S,PROS)1CXCL9等(图2A)。将AD DEGs与乳腺癌脑转移DEGs进行交集,韦恩图显示交集基因仅有CXCL9(图2B)。GeneMANIA和GSEA软件预测结果显示,CXCL9的功能主要富集于细胞对趋化因子的反应、免疫系统进程的负调控、血管形态发生的负调控、Toll样受体信号通路、核苷酸寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain,NOD)样受体信号通路和JAK-STAT信号通路等(图2C)。
放射治疗前,42例乳腺癌脑转移患者中,26例(61.9%)出现认知功能衰退,MMSE评分为(24.53±2.19)分,16例(38.1%)认知功能正常,MMSE评分为(28.89±1.36)分;认知功能正常组与认知功能衰退组乳腺癌脑转移患者的MMSE评分比较差异有统计学意义(P˂0.01)。与认知功能正常组比较,认知功能衰退组乳腺癌脑转移患者的脑转移瘤数目明显增加,KPS评分及血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P˂0.05,表1)。
放射治疗后3个月,认知功能衰退和认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者分别为20例(47.6%)和22例(52.4%),MMSE评分分别为(25.16±1.98)分和(28.18±1.08)分。认知功能正常与认知功能衰退乳腺癌脑转移患者的MMSE评分比较差异有统计学意义(P˂0.01)。与认知功能正常组比较,认知功能衰退组乳腺癌脑转移患者的血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P=0.003),但两组在年龄、脑转移瘤数目、KPS评分、分子分型、其他部位转移瘤方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05) (表1)。
与放射治疗前认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者比较,放射治疗后认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平明显降低(P=0.009,图3A);认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平在放射治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图3B)。
虽然WBRT在恶性肿瘤脑转移患者的认知功能衰退中发挥着重要作用,然而认知功能衰退的具体机制仍不清楚。研究发现,认知功能衰退不仅与遗传倾向相关蛋白分子如载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,ApoE)、儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)和脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)等有关,而且与患者年龄、认知储备、睡眠等社会因素及化学治疗等有关[6]。研究已证实,AD患者的认知功能衰退与具有遗传倾向的ApoE基因型变化密切相关[18]。为了探讨WBRT诱发的认知功能衰退与AD患者发生认知功能衰退的机制是否相关,本研究通过生物信息学分析发现,乳腺癌脑转移与AD共有DEGs为CXCL9,说明CXCL9可能与AD和脑转移患者认知功能衰退有关。CXCL9是一种由γ干扰素诱导的因子,在肿瘤微环境炎症反应刺激下产生[19-20],其表达与多种肿瘤如乳腺癌、鼻咽癌、前列腺癌和卵巢癌等相关[21]。在乳腺癌预测指标中,CXCL9不仅是三阴性乳腺癌无病生存期和总生存期的保护因子,也是评估免疫治疗效果的潜在生物标志物[22-23]。研究显示,趋化因子是参与控制所有免疫细胞迁移和驻留的趋化性炎性介质,与脑炎密切相关,这被认为是与认知功能衰退相关的潜在机制之一[24]。有研究发现,循环血中趋化因子配体CXCL10、CXCL9、CCL27、CCL15水平升高与AD合并轻度认知功能衰退密切相关[8]。究其原因:一方面可能是CXCL9不仅参与了血管周围炎性介质的调控并能改善脑Glymphatic功能,而且可维持血管通畅进而提高脑白质的完整性及改善认知功能[25]。另一方面CXCL9可能与AD患者β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)斑块的调控有关[26]。本研究分析了CXCL9富集的功能,结果显示其可能通过调控细胞因子和血管形成、JAK-STAT信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路和NOD样受体信号通路进而保护认知功能。然而,本研究未进一步明确CXCL9影响认知功能的潜在机制。
为了明确CXCL9在WBRT患者放射治疗诱发的认知功能衰退中的作用,本研究分析了放射治疗前乳腺癌脑转移患者认知状态与CXCL9的关系,结果显示脑转移本身对认知功能衰退有一定的影响,并伴有CXCL9水平的变化。有研究发现,与脑转移前相比,约69%的乳腺癌脑转移患者出现认知下降,具体表现为,52%的患者出现记忆力下降,33%的患者处理事情的速度显著减慢,29%的患者出现情绪识别缺陷,超过50%的患者出现两个认知领域的缺陷,仅21%的患者没有认知功能衰退[27]。本研究结果显示,在放射治疗前,约61.9%的乳腺癌脑转移患者出现认知功能衰退,MMSE评分明显低于认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者。与认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者相比,认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者脑转移瘤数目较多,身体状态较差(KPS评分相对低),同时血清CXCL9水平也明显降低。表明无论有无WBRT的参与,CXCL9水平的降低均与认知功能衰退有关。研究发现,在AD患者中,具有小胶质细胞炎症反应者CXCL9水平下降,并表现出年龄依赖性端粒长度减少[28]。虽然放射治疗前认知状态与脑转移瘤患者临床特征关系的研究较少,然而有研究表明,WBRT对脑转移瘤患者认知功能造成了一定的影响[29]。有研究发现,在WBRT治疗后3个月,脑转移瘤患者MMSE评分明显降低,影像学表现为胼胝体、内侧前额叶皮质、边缘叶、枕叶、顶叶、壳核等部位出现微结构损伤,这是WBRT导致认知能力下降的结构变化[30]。在细胞分子层面,WBRT诱导的认知功能衰退涉及神经血管单位的各个组成部位,如内皮细胞的衰老,进而导致血脑屏障的破坏和神经血管偶合反应的损伤[31]。除了上述变化,WBRT还可调控ApoE、ApoJ、ApoA、Aβ1-42蛋白水平以及趋化因子CXCL9/10、CCL2/4的表达等,进而影响认知功能[18,32]。但本研究发现,WBRT治疗后,认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者占47.6%,低于治疗前,提示WBRT杀死肿瘤后,部分患者的认知能力有所改善。有研究发现,保护海马的容积调强计划可能会改善脑转移瘤患者的认知能力,但随着时间的延长,患者的认知能力及生活质量逐渐下降[4,33]。本研究进一步分析发现,与认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者相比,CXCL9水平在认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者中明显降低,提示WBRT治疗后乳腺癌脑转移患者认知功能衰退也与CXCL9水平相关。为了进一步了解认知功能衰退与CXCL9水平变化的关系,本研究分析了WBRT治疗前后认知功能衰退与认知功能正常乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平的差异,结果显示,在认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者中,WBRT治疗前后CXCL9水平无明显差异,而在认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者中,WBRT治疗后CXCL9水平明显低于治疗前,提示WBRT可能与CXCL9水平降低有一定的相关性。有研究发现,在AD小鼠中,低剂量放射治疗可抑制促炎细胞因子CXCL9、CXCL10等的释放,进而减轻小鼠的认知障碍,这可能与Aβ斑块的累积减少有关[32]
综上所述,本研究结果显示,认知功能衰退的乳腺癌脑转移患者血清CXCL9水平明显低于认知功能正常的乳腺癌脑转移患者,WBRT可能与血清CXCL9水平降低有一定的相关性。但本研究存在许多不足,如样本量小,未明确CXCL9与认知功能衰退的关系,未分析CXCL9水平在长期随访中的变化等。今后应严格设计大样本、前瞻性、多中心研究,进一步明确放射治疗后患者认知功能衰退与CXCL9的关系。
  • 河北省医学科学研究课题(20220595)
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2024年第49卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0232.2024.1011
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
  • 录用日期:2024-06-02
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Medical Science Research Project in Hebei Province(20220595)
河北省医学科学研究课题(20220595)
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    河北北方学院附属第一医院放射治疗科,河北张家口 075000

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张志林,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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