Article(id=1198200257688465923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1189.2024.0918, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722528000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1725724800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-08, onlineDate=1763602802917, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763602802917, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763602802917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763602802917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198200256912519683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='11', pageStart='1221', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763602802732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603918291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204935973204862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204935973204863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198200256912519683, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1221, endPage=1236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198200257948512775, articleId=1198200257688465923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (2024 edition), columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC), a critical and potentially lethal condition arising from sepsis, results in endothelial damage and significant coagulation dysregulation, making it a major factor contributing to mortality among sepsis patients. Early diagnosis and treatment of SIC are expected to improve the prognosis of sepsis patients. In 2019, the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) issued the first guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of SIC, but there are no corresponding protocols in China. Therefore, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association, and Chinese People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine jointly formulated the "Chinese Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sepsis-induced Coagulopathy (2024 edition)." This consensus includes 5 parts: pathogenesis, classification, laboratory approaches, diagnosis and treatment, with a total of 14 evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical practice.

, correspAuthors=Jing-Chun Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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脓毒症性凝血病(SIC)是脓毒症导致的血管内皮损伤和凝血紊乱,是导致脓毒症患者死亡的重要因素。对SIC实现早期诊断和治疗有望改善患者的预后。2019年国际血栓止血学会(ISTH)颁布了首部SIC诊疗指南,但我国尚无相关规范。因此,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会和全军重症医学专业委员会共同编写了《脓毒症性凝血病诊疗中国专家共识(2024版)》。该共识包括发病机制、分型、实验室评估、诊断和治疗等5个部分,共14条推荐意见,以便指导相应的临床工作。

, correspAuthors=宋景春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋景春,E-mail:
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宋景春,医学博士,主任医师,主要从事血栓与止血危重病方面的研究

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宋景春,医学博士,主任医师,主要从事血栓与止血危重病方面的研究

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Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318983683338943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, companyId=1198318983666561724, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福建福州 350002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198318983775613637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, xref=7, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318983779807942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, companyId=1198318983775613637, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=7Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318983788196552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, companyId=1198318983775613637, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=7四川大学华西医院实验医学科,四川成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198318983851111117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, xref=8, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318983859499724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, companyId=1198318983851111117, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=8Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198318983863694029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, companyId=1198318983851111117, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=8四川大学华西医院重症医学科,四川成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198318989119157119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mechanism of immunothrombosis and thromboinflammation development, figureFileSmall=aveegih7JGmoNmT2kQt9qA==, figureFileBig=Jl2S7o6z4Nt5S+NypyQDtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318989286929284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=图1, caption=免疫血栓与血栓炎症的发生机制

黑色线条代表免疫血栓形成过程,蓝色线条代表血栓炎症形成过程

, figureFileSmall=aveegih7JGmoNmT2kQt9qA==, figureFileBig=Jl2S7o6z4Nt5S+NypyQDtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318989391786889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Phenotype classification of sepsis-induced coagulopathy, figureFileSmall=tAJLHJJbH/yvxwZDxjqVQw==, figureFileBig=ENUhF/+OP8PkmbLaDh2ifQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318989496644493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SIC的表型分类

SIC. 脓毒症性凝血病

, figureFileSmall=tAJLHJJbH/yvxwZDxjqVQw==, figureFileBig=ENUhF/+OP8PkmbLaDh2ifQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318989848966033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Diagnostic diagram of SIC, figureFileSmall=AXsC46mgyI0PUpBcfgD5yw==, figureFileBig=sce8gO6eoMVEWYZ1c0KqEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318989932852118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SIC诊断关系图

SIC. 脓毒症性凝血病;DIC. 弥散性血管内凝血

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DIC. 弥散性血管内凝血;SIC. 脓毒症性凝血病

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SIC. 脓毒症性凝血病

, figureFileSmall=OmPtGGmP1YR8jtpWri+LpA==, figureFileBig=6yndhQa7KUc/fgnr31JLYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318990574580646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Selection of anticoagulant drugs for SIC treatment, figureFileSmall=bqA1d1Fe9HWtaqF2AW5/IQ==, figureFileBig=0xPGivPon9lHQqJFdKWmeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318990679438250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SIC的抗凝治疗药物选择

SIC. 脓毒症性凝血病;DIC. 弥散性血管内凝血

, figureFileSmall=bqA1d1Fe9HWtaqF2AW5/IQ==, figureFileBig=0xPGivPon9lHQqJFdKWmeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318990754935726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Heparinase-modified thromboelastography, figureFileSmall=XbJPu9p7FWer0GB4AOFj4A==, figureFileBig=rWr2iNrp5x3eZZqoUY0dtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318990847210418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=图7, caption=血栓弹力图肝素酶对比试验, figureFileSmall=XbJPu9p7FWer0GB4AOFj4A==, figureFileBig=rWr2iNrp5x3eZZqoUY0dtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318990964650932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Anticoagulation monitoring of nafamostat mesilate in patients at high risk of bleeding, figureFileSmall=vZ7Zzs5j0RTaD5JFA54Xbg==, figureFileBig=jkp8IEmNSz9oB4e6L8jO2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318991056925622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=图8, caption=高出血风险患者应用甲磺酸萘莫司他的抗凝监测, figureFileSmall=vZ7Zzs5j0RTaD5JFA54Xbg==, figureFileBig=jkp8IEmNSz9oB4e6L8jO2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318991145006012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Classification and description of clinical recommendation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐强度等级释义及临床建议
强。循证证据肯定或良好(A-B级);循证证据一般(C-D级),但在国内外指南中明确推荐,能够改善健康结局,利大于弊
中等。循证证据一般(C-D级);可改善健康结局
弱。循证证据不足或矛盾;无法明确利弊,但可能改善健康结局
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991245669311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

临床推荐强度分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐强度等级释义及临床建议
强。循证证据肯定或良好(A-B级);循证证据一般(C-D级),但在国内外指南中明确推荐,能够改善健康结局,利大于弊
中等。循证证据一般(C-D级);可改善健康结局
弱。循证证据不足或矛盾;无法明确利弊,但可能改善健康结局
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991346332611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Evidence-based level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据等级分级释义
A基于多个随机对照试验的荟萃分析或系统评价;大样本随机对照试验
B基于至少一个质量较高的随机对照试验;设计规范、结果明确的观察性研究或横断面研究;前瞻性队列研究
C基于设计良好的非随机病例对照研究;观察性研究;非前瞻性队列研究
D基于非随机的回顾性研究;病例报告;专家共识
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991514104777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

循证证据等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据等级分级释义
A基于多个随机对照试验的荟萃分析或系统评价;大样本随机对照试验
B基于至少一个质量较高的随机对照试验;设计规范、结果明确的观察性研究或横断面研究;前瞻性队列研究
C基于设计良好的非随机病例对照研究;观察性研究;非前瞻性队列研究
D基于非随机的回顾性研究;病例报告;专家共识
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991610573773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Changes in coagulation laboratory indicators at different phases of SIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目普通脓毒症SIC高凝血症SIC低凝血症DIC
常规凝血项目
血小板计数升高/减少升高/减少减少减少
PT正常正常或缩短延长延长
APTT正常正常或缩短延长延长
纤维蛋白原正常正常或升高正常或降低降低
D-二聚体升高升高升高升高
纤维蛋白降解产物升高升高升高升高
内皮细胞功能
血栓调节蛋白正常或升高升高升高升高
t-PAIC正常正常正常或升高升高
凝血酶
凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物正常或升高升高升高升高
纤溶酶
纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物正常正常正常或升高升高
血栓弹力图
R时间正常缩短延长延长
K时间正常缩短延长延长
α角正常增大减小减小
血块最大振幅正常增大正常或减小减小
活化凝血时间正常缩短延长延长
凝血速率正常升高降低降低
血小板功能正常升高正常或降低降低
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991723819982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SIC不同时相的凝血实验室指标改变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目普通脓毒症SIC高凝血症SIC低凝血症DIC
常规凝血项目
血小板计数升高/减少升高/减少减少减少
PT正常正常或缩短延长延长
APTT正常正常或缩短延长延长
纤维蛋白原正常正常或升高正常或降低降低
D-二聚体升高升高升高升高
纤维蛋白降解产物升高升高升高升高
内皮细胞功能
血栓调节蛋白正常或升高升高升高升高
t-PAIC正常正常正常或升高升高
凝血酶
凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物正常或升高升高升高升高
纤溶酶
纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物正常正常正常或升高升高
血栓弹力图
R时间正常缩短延长延长
K时间正常缩短延长延长
α角正常增大减小减小
血块最大振幅正常增大正常或减小减小
活化凝血时间正常缩短延长延长
凝血速率正常升高降低降低
血小板功能正常升高正常或降低降低
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991837066193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Diagnostic criteria for SIC and ISTH-DIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标ISTH-SIC中国SICISTH-DIC凝血衰竭评分
SOFA(分)11--1
≥2≥22
血小板(×109/L)≤150≤100≤100-1
≤100≤50≤50≤502
PT延长值(s)/INR(1.2, 1.4)(1.2, 1.4)(3.0, 6.0)-1
1.41.4≥6.0≥6.02
D-二聚体(μg/ml)--(2.5, 5.0)-2
--≥5.0≥5.03
纤维蛋白原(g/L)--1.01.01
乳酸(mmol/L)---2
总分(分)≥4≥4≥5-
), ArticleFig(id=1198318991912563667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SIC与ISTH-DIC诊断标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标ISTH-SIC中国SICISTH-DIC凝血衰竭评分
SOFA(分)11--1
≥2≥22
血小板(×109/L)≤150≤100≤100-1
≤100≤50≤50≤502
PT延长值(s)/INR(1.2, 1.4)(1.2, 1.4)(3.0, 6.0)-1
1.41.4≥6.0≥6.02
D-二聚体(μg/ml)--(2.5, 5.0)-2
--≥5.0≥5.03
纤维蛋白原(g/L)--1.01.01
乳酸(mmol/L)---2
总分(分)≥4≥4≥5-
), ArticleFig(id=1198318992004838357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Characteristics of anticoagulant drugs for SIC patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

药物

分类

药物

名称

半衰期代谢途径初始剂量给药方式监测方法并发症

推荐

意见

肝素类药物普通肝素60~90 min肾脏1~4 U/(kg.h)静脉注射

(1)TEG肝素酶对比试验:R普通检测/R肝素酶检测的比值为1.5~2.0;

(2)抗Xa活性0.5~0.7 U/ml;

(3)APTT延长至基线值的1.5倍以内

出血、肝素诱导的血小板减少症推荐
低分子肝素2.0~4.5 h肾脏50 U/kg,每12 h一次皮下或静脉注射

(1)皮下注射后4 h或静脉注射后10 min的抗Xa活性为0.3~0.5 U/ml;

(2)动态监测抗Xa活性或TEG-R时间

出血、肝素诱导的血小板减少症推荐
磺达肝癸钠17~21 h;老年人和肾功能不全者延长肾脏

1.5~2.5 mg,

1次/d

皮下注射抗Xa活性或TEG-R时间出血、恶心、呕吐、肝酶升高不推荐
丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂甲磺酸萘莫司他5~8 min80%经肝脏,20%由红细胞降解2~20 mg/h静脉注射APTT或TEG-R时间高钾血症、出血推荐
直接凝血酶抑制剂阿加曲班39~51 min肝脏代谢0.2 μg/(kg.min)静脉注射APTT或TEG-R时间至基线值的1.5倍以内出血、肝功能异常不推荐
比伐卢定25 min80%蛋白水解,20%经肾脏0.8 μg/(kg.min)静脉注射APTT或TEG-R时间至基线值的1.5倍以内疼痛、低血压、恶心不推荐
), ArticleFig(id=1198318992122278871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

SIC抗凝药物的特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

药物

分类

药物

名称

半衰期代谢途径初始剂量给药方式监测方法并发症

推荐

意见

肝素类药物普通肝素60~90 min肾脏1~4 U/(kg.h)静脉注射

(1)TEG肝素酶对比试验:R普通检测/R肝素酶检测的比值为1.5~2.0;

(2)抗Xa活性0.5~0.7 U/ml;

(3)APTT延长至基线值的1.5倍以内

出血、肝素诱导的血小板减少症推荐
低分子肝素2.0~4.5 h肾脏50 U/kg,每12 h一次皮下或静脉注射

(1)皮下注射后4 h或静脉注射后10 min的抗Xa活性为0.3~0.5 U/ml;

(2)动态监测抗Xa活性或TEG-R时间

出血、肝素诱导的血小板减少症推荐
磺达肝癸钠17~21 h;老年人和肾功能不全者延长肾脏

1.5~2.5 mg,

1次/d

皮下注射抗Xa活性或TEG-R时间出血、恶心、呕吐、肝酶升高不推荐
丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂甲磺酸萘莫司他5~8 min80%经肝脏,20%由红细胞降解2~20 mg/h静脉注射APTT或TEG-R时间高钾血症、出血推荐
直接凝血酶抑制剂阿加曲班39~51 min肝脏代谢0.2 μg/(kg.min)静脉注射APTT或TEG-R时间至基线值的1.5倍以内出血、肝功能异常不推荐
比伐卢定25 min80%蛋白水解,20%经肾脏0.8 μg/(kg.min)静脉注射APTT或TEG-R时间至基线值的1.5倍以内疼痛、低血压、恶心不推荐
), ArticleFig(id=1198318992260690906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Alternative treatments for SIC patients with high bleeding risk or active bleeding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
治疗目的启动指征替代措施
补充凝血因子PT或APTT延长1.5倍;或TEG-R时间15 min;或凝血与血小板功能分析ACT240 s新鲜冰冻血浆(10~15 ml/kg)或4种凝血因子凝血酶原复合物(10~15 U/kg)
补充纤维蛋白原纤维蛋白原1.0 g/L;或TEG功能纤维蛋白原检测指标FFMA10 mm;或凝血与血小板功能分析CR10冷沉淀(10 ml/kg)或人纤维蛋白原(30~50 mg/kg)
补充血小板非出血的SIC患者血小板计数20×109/L机采血小板1~2个治疗量
发生活动性出血且血小板计数50×109/L
正在进行ECMO治疗且血小板计数80×109/L
TEG-MA43 mm且纤维蛋白原1.0 g/L
凝血与血小板功能分析PF1
), ArticleFig(id=1198318992327799773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198200257688465923, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

高出血风险或活动性出血的SIC患者的替代治疗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
治疗目的启动指征替代措施
补充凝血因子PT或APTT延长1.5倍;或TEG-R时间15 min;或凝血与血小板功能分析ACT240 s新鲜冰冻血浆(10~15 ml/kg)或4种凝血因子凝血酶原复合物(10~15 U/kg)
补充纤维蛋白原纤维蛋白原1.0 g/L;或TEG功能纤维蛋白原检测指标FFMA10 mm;或凝血与血小板功能分析CR10冷沉淀(10 ml/kg)或人纤维蛋白原(30~50 mg/kg)
补充血小板非出血的SIC患者血小板计数20×109/L机采血小板1~2个治疗量
发生活动性出血且血小板计数50×109/L
正在进行ECMO治疗且血小板计数80×109/L
TEG-MA43 mm且纤维蛋白原1.0 g/L
凝血与血小板功能分析PF1
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脓毒症性凝血病诊疗中国专家共识(2024)
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宋景春 1, * , 丁仁彧 2 , 吕奔 3 , 梅恒 4 , 王岗 5 , 张伟 6 , 周静 7 , 郭军 8 , 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会 , 全军重症医学专业委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2024,49(11): 1221-1236
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2024, 49(11): 1221-1236
脓毒症性凝血病诊疗中国专家共识(2024)
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宋景春1, * , 丁仁彧2, 吕奔3, 梅恒4, 王岗5, 张伟6, 周静7, 郭军8, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会, 全军重症医学专业委员会
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,江西南昌 330002
  • 2中国医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科,辽宁沈阳 110001
  • 3中南大学湘雅二医院血液科,湖南长沙 410011
  • 4华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院血液科,湖北武汉 430030
  • 5西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科,陕西西安 710004
  • 6解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福建福州 350002
  • 7四川大学华西医院实验医学科,四川成都 610041
  • 8四川大学华西医院重症医学科,四川成都 610041
  • 宋景春,医学博士,主任医师,主要从事血栓与止血危重病方面的研究

通讯作者:

宋景春,E-mail:
Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (2024 edition)
Jing-Chun Song1, * , Ren-Yu Ding2, Ben Lyu3, Heng Mei4, Gang Wang5, Wei Zhang6, Jing Zhou7, Jun Guo8, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, the 908th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, China
  • 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
  • 3Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
  • 4Department of Hematology, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
  • 5Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
  • 6Department of Emergency, the 900th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
  • 7Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
  • 8Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1189.2024.0918
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脓毒症性凝血病(SIC)是脓毒症导致的血管内皮损伤和凝血紊乱,是导致脓毒症患者死亡的重要因素。对SIC实现早期诊断和治疗有望改善患者的预后。2019年国际血栓止血学会(ISTH)颁布了首部SIC诊疗指南,但我国尚无相关规范。因此,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会和全军重症医学专业委员会共同编写了《脓毒症性凝血病诊疗中国专家共识(2024版)》。该共识包括发病机制、分型、实验室评估、诊断和治疗等5个部分,共14条推荐意见,以便指导相应的临床工作。

脓毒症  /  凝血病  /  免疫血栓  /  血栓炎症  /  表型  /  抗凝

Sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC), a critical and potentially lethal condition arising from sepsis, results in endothelial damage and significant coagulation dysregulation, making it a major factor contributing to mortality among sepsis patients. Early diagnosis and treatment of SIC are expected to improve the prognosis of sepsis patients. In 2019, the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) issued the first guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of SIC, but there are no corresponding protocols in China. Therefore, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association, and Chinese People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine jointly formulated the "Chinese Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sepsis-induced Coagulopathy (2024 edition)." This consensus includes 5 parts: pathogenesis, classification, laboratory approaches, diagnosis and treatment, with a total of 14 evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical practice.

sepsis  /  coagulopathy  /  immunothrombosis  /  thromboinflammation  /  phenotypes  /  anticoagulation
宋景春, 丁仁彧, 吕奔, 梅恒, 王岗, 张伟, 周静, 郭军, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会, 全军重症医学专业委员会. 脓毒症性凝血病诊疗中国专家共识(2024). 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1221 -1236 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1189.2024.0918
Jing-Chun Song, Ren-Yu Ding, Ben Lyu, Heng Mei, Gang Wang, Wei Zhang, Jing Zhou, Jun Guo, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (2024 edition)[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (11) : 1221 -1236 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1189.2024.0918
脓毒症是机体对感染的反应失调导致的致死性器官功能障碍[1]。脓毒症性凝血病(sepsis-induced coagulopathy,SIC)是脓毒症导致的血管内皮细胞损伤和凝血紊乱[2]。据统计,全球有24.0%~60.0%的脓毒症患者发生SIC,而我国则高达67.9%,如处理不当可发展为弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC),使患者病死率增高2倍[3-8]。国际血栓止血学会(International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis,ISTH)和欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)已发布了SIC的诊断标准和治疗指南,但迄今为止我国尚未制定SIC的诊疗规范[9-10]。因此,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会和全军重症医学专业委员会共同编写了本共识,内容包括发病机制、分型、实验室评估、诊断和治疗等5个部分,共14条推荐意见,推荐强度及循证证据等级见表12,以供临床医护人员参考。
推荐意见1 SIC是从适度免疫血栓发展成过度血栓炎症的过程(推荐强度,证据等级D)
免疫血栓是感染早期机体在微血管内形成的具有免疫功能的血栓。免疫血栓过度形成可导致血栓炎症的失调和扩散,进而发生SIC[11]。免疫血栓形成是由白细胞和血小板共同参与的先天固有免疫反应。中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等表面均可表达各种受体,如Toll样受体、免疫球蛋白Fc γ受体、G蛋白偶联受体、黏附受体和细胞因子受体,以发现病原体的入侵。中性粒细胞死亡后释放出DNA和组蛋白组成中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs),NETs与血小板、纤维蛋白原共同组成免疫血栓,对病原体进行拦截、分隔、捕捉和灭杀[12]。存活的中性粒细胞可以非细胞溶解的方式排出组蛋白和线粒体DNA,参与NETs的形成[13]。NETs可为血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)、纤维蛋白原、凝血因子、组织因子(tissue factor,TF)等促凝因子和携带TF等促凝因子的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)提供支架,以促进血栓形成[14]。巨噬细胞和单核细胞也可通过类似中性粒细胞的机制形成胞外诱捕网(extracellular traps,ETs),加强免疫血栓形成效应[15]。当系统性免疫反应持续进行时,广泛形成的免疫微血栓会导致血栓炎症失控,加重血管内皮细胞功能障碍,导致毛细血管渗漏和消耗性凝血病,乃至DIC和多器官衰竭[16](图1)。
推荐意见2 SIC可分为高凝血症和低凝血症两种表型,临床上可表现为血栓形成和(或)出血(推荐强度,证据等级C)
SIC既可表现为以血栓形成为主的高凝血症,又可呈现为以出血倾向为主的低凝血症[17-18](图2)。当病原体作用于机体后,可通过病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)或损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)造成内皮细胞损伤,协同炎性细胞和血小板共同释放大量TF,通过外源性凝血途径激活凝血酶,促进纤维蛋白与血小板在微血管内广泛形成微血栓,最终导致多器官功能损害[19]。脓毒症时中性粒细胞和单核细胞可通过含半胱氨酸的胱天蛋白酶11(cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-11,caspase-11)介导的细胞焦亡途径和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体促进TF大量活化,这一过程也被称为TF“解密”[20-21]。内皮细胞损伤还会抑制抗凝血酶(antithrombin,AT)、活化蛋白C(activated protein C,APC)系统和组织因子途径抑制剂(tissue factor pathway inhibitor,TFPI)等生理性抗凝物质的合成与释放,增强纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)、凝血酶激活的纤溶抑制物(thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI)的活性,进而促进血栓的形成。当凝血因子和血小板被大量消耗后,可导致显著的低凝血症,机体表现为出血倾向甚至发生出血[22]
推荐意见3 充分使用凝血实验室指标对SIC患者的凝血功能进行动态评估(推荐强度,证据等级C)
根据检测原理的不同,凝血实验室指标可分为以血浆标本及以全血标本为检测对象的指标。血浆标本的凝血指标重在反映某一个或几个凝血蛋白的活性,全血标本的凝血指标重在反映凝血功能的整体效应。基于SIC的病理生理机制,凝血实验室指标改变可呈现典型的时相特征(表3)。
SIC高凝血症时,血管内皮细胞出现损伤,血浆血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)水平升高;内皮细胞损伤后,凝血酶活化,凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物(thrombin-antithrombin complex,TAT)水平升高,凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)可处于正常范围或轻度缩短;微血栓形成后可继发纤溶活动,进而出现D-二聚体和纤维蛋白降解产物(fibrin degradation products,FDP)水平升高;在炎症反应的刺激下,部分患者的血小板计数可出现增多或轻度减少;作为急性反应时相蛋白,纤维蛋白原水平也可升高[23]。血栓弹力图(thromboelastograph,TEG)可出现R时间(代表凝血因子活性)、K时间(代表纤维蛋白原功能)缩短,α角(代表纤维蛋白原功能)、血块最大振幅(maximum amplitude,MA,代表血小板功能)增大,凝血指数(coagulation index,CI)增高,整体呈现高凝状态[24-25]。凝血与血小板功能分析发现活化凝血时间(activated clotting time,ACT,代表凝血因子活性)缩短,凝血速率(clotting rate,CR,代表纤维蛋白原功能)增高,以及血小板功能(platelet function,PF)增强[26]。此时患者可无特征性的临床表现,但可出现器官功能损害或凝血功能的实验室指标异常。如患者存在糖尿病、冠心病等易导致血栓形成的基础疾病,则脓毒症可能诱发心肌梗死、脑梗死等缺血事件[27]
SIC低凝血症时,血管内皮细胞损伤加重,凝血酶过度活化,血浆TM和TAT水平均明显升高;凝血底物过度消耗,可导致血小板计数减少,PT、APTT明显延长,纤维蛋白原水平下降;促进纤溶活动的组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,t-PA)和PAI-1水平均升高,但PAI-1升高的幅度更大,血浆t-PA/PAI-1比值降低,总体呈现纤溶抑制状态。此时D-二聚体和FDP水平会明显升高,但纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物(plasmin-antiplasmin complex,PIC)水平升高不明显。出现脓毒症性休克时,组织缺血缺氧造成血管内皮细胞损伤进一步加重,纤溶酶原激活物-纤溶酶原激活抑制物-1复合物(tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complex,t-PAIC)水平明显升高[28]。TEG出现R时间和K时间延长,α角减小,MA和CI降低,整体呈现低凝状态[29-30]。凝血与血小板功能分析发现ACT延长、CR降低和PF减弱。此时,脓毒症患者可因广泛血栓形成出现多器官衰竭、肢端发绀甚至坏疽,如凝血底物严重消耗可合并皮肤瘀斑、牙龈出血、消化道出血、尿道出血等表现,同时PIC水平明显升高。
推荐意见4 推荐使用中国SIC评分系统诊断SIC,使用ISTH-DIC评分诊断脓毒症性DIC(推荐强度,证据等级B)
DIC是因致病因素诱发机体产生促凝物质激活凝血酶,导致广泛形成微血栓,凝血因子大量消耗并继发纤溶亢进,引起全身出血与微循环衰竭的综合征[31]。2001年,ISTH将DIC分为显性DIC(即失代偿期DIC)与非显性DIC(即代偿期DIC),强调在DIC代偿期需每日评估DIC是否进展到失代偿期,并推荐采用DIC诊断积分系统诊断显性DIC[32]。近年研究发现,在DIC代偿期即开始针对DIC进行治疗可能使患者获益[33]。因此,ISTH科学标准化委员会于2019年提出使用SIC诊断脓毒症性DIC的代偿期[34]
ISTH推荐的SIC评分系统纳入了PT的国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)、血小板计数和脓毒症相关性器官功能衰竭评价(sepsis-related organ failure assessment,SOFA)3项指标,评分≥4分即可诊断SIC(表4)[34]。ISTH推荐的DIC积分系统纳入了PT、血小板计数、纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体等指标进行积分,评分≥5分即可诊断显性DIC[32]。当ISTH-DIC积分达到最高8分且血乳酸水平2 mmol/L时,可诊断凝血衰竭[35]。已有研究显示,SIC诊断标准对死亡的预测敏感度高于ISTH-DIC诊断标准[36]。遗憾的是,ISTH-SIC诊断方案中血小板计数是以150×109/L开始积分的,符合欧美人群血小板计数以150×109/L作为血小板减少的诊断标准,而中国人群以血小板计数100×109/L作为血小板减少的诊断标准。因此,直接使用ISTH-SIC诊断标准会导致中国人群诊断SIC的假阳性率增高,并导致部分血小板计数在(100~150)×109/L范围内的SIC患者接受不必要的抗凝治疗[37]。依据《凝血障碍诊断规范》,本共识推荐应用中国SIC诊断标准诊断SIC,使用ISTH-DIC评分诊断脓毒症性DIC[35]
该诊断方案为SIC的早期诊断和抗凝治疗时机的选择提供了依据,有利于临床实施。但仍存在以下局限:(1)SIC诊断标准主要用于诊断处于脓毒症性DIC代偿期的患者,并不能区分SIC患者的血液高凝或低凝状态;(2)ISTH-DIC患者积分最高值为8分,不能有效区分DIC患者凝血障碍的严重程度。因此,本共识依据《凝血障碍诊断规范》,推荐应用中国SIC诊断标准诊断SIC,使用ISTH-DIC评分诊断脓毒症性DIC,使用凝血衰竭诊断标准诊断特重型DIC(图3)[30]
SIC的治疗主要遵循“三抗一防”的原则,即抗凝、抗炎、抗感染和预防稀释性凝血病(图4)。
推荐意见5 积极有效的抗感染是治疗SIC的前提(推荐强度,证据等级B)
感染是导致SIC的根本原因,因此积极有效的抗感染是成功治疗SIC的前提。具体步骤包括及时全面筛查感染源、控制感染源和尽早合理使用抗生素[38-40]。控制感染源的具体措施包括脓肿引流、感染坏死组织清创、移除潜在感染装置或对持续性微生物污染源进行确定性控制等[41]。在进行相关有创操作前,还要对SIC患者的出血风险进行评估[42]
此外,尽早合理使用抗生素进行抗感染治疗时,需关注部分抗生素对凝血功能的影响。已有文献报道,头孢哌酮、利福平和哌拉西林他唑巴坦等广谱抗生素可破坏肠道菌群并抑制维生素K的合成,导致维生素K相关的凝血因子缺乏,凝血实验室指标检测表现为PT和APTT延长[43-45]。一旦因使用抗生素导致维生素K相关的凝血因子缺乏,除停用相关抗生素外,如无出血可补充维生素K,如合并出血还需使用凝血酶原复合物。替加环素相关的凝血障碍可表现为PT和APTT延长、纤维蛋白原水平降低、血小板减少;其机制除了抑制维生素K合成外,还包括影响肝功能和凝血因子的合成,因此停用替加环素后仅补充维生素K难以改善凝血指标,通常还需输注血制品[46]。部分抗生素能够抑制骨髓合成血小板而导致血小板减少,如利奈唑胺,相应的治疗为停用抗生素或联合使用促血小板生成药物[47]。此外,抗生素引起的免疫性血小板减少往往进展迅速,严重者血小板计数可10×109/L,甚至造成严重出血。已有报道可引起免疫性血小板减少的抗生素包括氨曲南、万古霉素、哌拉西林、达托霉素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑和利福平等[48]。治疗措施除停用相关抗生素外,还需采用激素或丙种球蛋白冲击治疗,必要时需行血浆置换[49]
推荐意见6 推荐对SIC患者进行抗炎治疗(推荐强度,证据等级C)
脓毒症从本质上来说是一种由宿主免疫反应介导的炎症性疾病,SIC的发生发展与系统性炎症失调密切相关。因此,抗炎治疗有望治疗脓毒症并减轻凝血紊乱的严重程度。糖皮质激素、免疫球蛋白、维生素C、乌司他丁和血液净化是目前研究较多的抗炎疗法,但均缺乏充分有效的循证医学依据[50-52](图5)。
糖皮质激素是目前临床上应用最广泛的抗炎药物。1962年,Bennett等[53]进行了第一个尝试使用糖皮质激素治疗脓毒症的临床试验。遗憾的是,这项试验并未显示糖皮质激素有效。2018年,Rochwerg等[54]对包括10 194例患者的42项随机对照试验进行荟萃分析,结果显示低剂量的糖皮质激素可能有益。同年,Venkatesh等[55]对3800例患者进行随机对照试验,结果显示,与安慰剂相比,接受机械通气的脓毒症休克患者行氢化可的松持续输注治疗并不影响其90 d病死率。因此,2021版国际脓毒症指南仅推荐脓毒症休克且需血管升压素维持血压的成年脓毒症患者使用低剂量氢化可的松[56]。2024年美国和欧洲重症学会共同发布的应用糖皮质激素治疗脓毒症的指南也指出,小剂量短期使用糖皮质激素可小幅度降低病死率,并逆转器官功能障碍[57]
免疫球蛋白也是临床常用的免疫调节药物,具有抑制内皮细胞表达黏附分子和趋化因子、抑制补体过度活化、中和毒素、减轻毛细血管渗漏和保护血管内皮的作用[58-59]。2015年,Ishikura等[60]进行了一项应用丙种球蛋白治疗41例脓毒症合并凝血障碍患者的回顾性研究,结果显示接受丙种球蛋白治疗(5.0 g/d,共3 d)的脓毒症患者凝血指标(PT-INR下降、APTT缩短、PAI-1水平降低)、炎症指标(C反应蛋白和降钙素原水平降低)均明显改善,病死率也明显降低(5.3% vs. 18.2%)。2016年,Wand等[61]报道应用IgM免疫球蛋白治疗严重脓毒症患者可缓解血小板减少与低纤维蛋白原血症。后续的荟萃分析结果显示,IgG和IgM可降低患者的病死率,但因证据质量较低,并未得到2021版国际脓毒症指南的明确推荐[56,62-63]。需要注意的是,部分品牌的药物说明书提示应用免疫球蛋白可能导致血栓栓塞,其机制与药品生产过程中混有凝血因子有关[64]
维生素C又称抗坏血酸,是一种水溶性维生素。因为人体无法合成维生素C,所以其获取主要依靠饮食摄入。维生素C具有抗氧化、改善毛细血管通透性、减轻毛细血管损伤和抗菌等药理学作用[65-66]。已有研究显示,危重患者的血浆维生素C水平明显下降,故有学者认为补充外源性维生素C有望治疗脓毒症[67-68]。2017年,一项单中心回顾性研究发现,在对脓毒症和脓毒症休克患者联合使用高剂量维生素C、氢化可的松和硫胺素后,血管升压素治疗时间缩短,病死率明显降低(8.5% vs. 40.4%)[69]。但多项RCT研究及荟萃分析结果均显示,使用维生素C、氢化可的松和硫胺素的组合治疗对病死率并无明显改善[70-73]。因此,2021版国际脓毒症指南暂未推荐通过静脉注射维生素C治疗脓毒症[56]
乌司他丁是一种主要由肝细胞产生、存在于人类尿液或血液中的胰蛋白酶抑制剂[74]。乌司他丁可通过降低p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38-MAPK)的磷酸化和核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化发挥抗炎作用,并能抑制中性粒细胞释放弹性蛋白酶和炎性介质[75-76]。一项纳入13项单中心随机对照试验的荟萃分析显示,乌司他丁可降低脓毒症患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平,并明显降低脓毒症患者的全因死亡率,但迄今尚无多中心随机对照研究的相关证据[77]
肾脏替代治疗(renal replacement therapy,RRT)已被广泛应用于脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者的治疗,而近年来研究认为其还具有抗炎的作用[78]。具体机制包括:(1)清除细胞因子。已有研究证实,高水平的细胞因子与脓毒症相关器官损伤严重程度和病死率增高有关[79]。标准RRT治疗能够有效清除分子量在40 kD以下的细胞因子,包括血浆IL-1β、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子等[80-81]。(2)减轻组织水肿。因为RRT治疗可实现精准的容量管理,从而减轻组织水肿,改善血管通透性,促进淋巴回流。(3)稳定内环境。血液净化能够纠正电解质紊乱和酸中毒,维持内环境稳定,改善凝血因子活性[82]。(4)减少凝血酶活化。RRT可通过降低细胞因子水平,减轻内皮细胞损伤,减少凝血酶活化,从而实现间接的抗凝作用[83]。一项探讨连续性RRT(continuous RRT,CRRT)对脓毒症患者凝血功能影响的单中心随机对照研究显示,经CRRT治疗7 d后常规凝血指标PT、APTT、血浆纤维蛋白原和D-二聚体水平均较常规治疗组更接近正常范围,炎症指标C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子和IFN-γ水平降幅也更大[84]。另一项小样本量研究对比分析了CRRT与间断血液透析治疗对脓毒症合并肾损伤患者凝血功能和炎性因子水平的影响,结果显示,与间断血液透析相比,接受CRRT治疗的患者IL-6、IL-8、超敏C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α、PT、APTT、纤维蛋白原和血小板计数均优于普通血液透析组(P<0.05)[85]。此外,采用多黏菌素B血液吸附治疗能够去除脓毒症患者体内的内毒素,也被认为是脓毒症的有效治疗方法[86]。JSEPTIC-DIC[87]和EUPHRATES[88]试验结果显示,多黏菌素B血液吸附可改善血浆内毒素水平明显升高、PT-INR1.4或乳酸3 mmol/L的脓毒症患者的预后,但对所有脓毒症患者的全因死亡率无明显影响[89]
推荐意见7 当患者达到SIC诊断标准时应尽早启动抗凝治疗(推荐强度,证据等级C)
准确把握SIC患者的抗凝时机是精准施治的基本要求。根据抗凝治疗目的的不同,SIC患者的抗凝指征有两种情况:一是当脓毒症患者达到SIC诊断标准时启动抗凝[34](图6)。此时启动抗凝的目的是保护血管内皮、减少凝血底物消耗、抑制血栓形成并改善器官血供。二是脓毒症患者出现明确的血栓并发症时需启动抗凝[51]。此时启动抗凝的目的是抑制血栓蔓延,以利于血栓自溶和管腔再通。需要注意的是,活动性出血是抗凝治疗的禁忌证。此外,治疗脓毒症时并非一发现高凝状态就要抗凝,因为脓毒症早期形成的免疫血栓具有杀灭病原体和防止病原体扩散的作用[90],过早启动抗凝可能导致感染加重。一项针对日本42家ICU的2663例脓毒症患者的回顾性分析发现,抗凝治疗仅能改善SIC患者的预后,而无法使所有脓毒症患者获益[91]
SIC患者往往合并器官功能障碍,易对抗凝药物的代谢造成影响,故应选择胃肠外抗凝药物。国内目前常用的抗凝药物包括肝素类药物、直接凝血酶抑制剂和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(表5)[92]。SIC患者的抗凝药物选择日本的一线抗凝药物重组人TM和抗凝血酶(recombinant human antithrombin,rhAT),在我国尚未供应,故本文不做推荐[93]。此外,因为SIC患者本身存在凝血障碍,所以选择抗凝药物前需先评估其出血风险(图6)。
推荐意见8 SIC患者抗凝药物宜首选肝素类药物(推荐强度,证据等级C)
普通肝素的半衰期短、监测方便,一旦过量可采用鱼精蛋白中和,故常作为SIC患者抗凝的首选药物[94]。普通肝素常选择静脉给药,决定药物剂量时需兼顾出血风险与抗凝效果。SIC患者使用肝素抗凝可从小剂量[1~4 U/(kg.h)]开始,根据实验室指标进行滴定式治疗。APTT是最常用于监测普通肝素抗凝效果的指标,通常以APTT延长至基线值的1.5倍为宜。但因为SIC患者本身可能存在APTT延长,再用APTT指导普通肝素抗凝会增加出血风险,故可使用血栓弹力图(TEG)肝素酶对比试验来指导普通肝素抗凝。TEG肝素酶对比试验需同时进行TEG普通试验及肝素酶试验。普通试验反映患者疾病和肝素共同作用的凝血障碍;肝素酶试验破坏了血液中的肝素,仅体现患者疾病相关的凝血障碍。通过两个试验R时间的对比可全面准确地评估患者的凝血功能并指导肝素剂量的调整,以R普通检测(RCK)/R肝素酶检测(RCKH)的比值在1.5~2.0为宜[95](图7)。如使用抗Xa活性来监测SIC患者的抗凝效果,其控制目标范围为0.5~0.7 U/ml。
低分子肝素因半衰期长、不易监测,故建议在轻中度凝血功能障碍时使用。低分子肝素产品规格较多,一般建议起始剂量为50 U/kg,每12 h一次静脉注射或皮下注射,并应用抗Xa活性监测剂量,控制目标范围为0.3~0.5 U/ml[96]。因为低分子肝素经肾脏代谢,肾功能不全者尤其应注意监测。当凝血功能障碍基本得到纠正(具体表现为血小板计数可自行维持在正常水平,TAT、D-二聚体等凝血指标和黏弹力试验结果基本正常)时,即可停用抗凝药物。
应用肝素类药物应尽量维持抗凝血酶活性30%,否则可能影响抗凝效果。如抗凝血酶活性明显降低,可通过补充新鲜冷冻血浆或抗凝血酶浓缩物提高抗凝血酶活性。应用肝素类药物还须监测血小板计数,如血小板计数明显减少甚至合并静脉、动脉血栓形成时,需考虑肝素诱导的血小板减少症(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)。据报道,HIT的发生率为0.1%~5.0%,且普通肝素的诱发风险明显高于低分子肝素[97]。HIT的发生机制为:肝素诱导产生抗血小板第4因子(platelet factor 4,PF4)抗体复合物,进而激活血小板形成血小板性血栓[98]。如发生HIT,应立即停用肝素类药物,并改用阿加曲班或比伐卢定抗凝[99]。现有的关于阿加曲班预防脓毒症深静脉血栓的小样本研究提示,需关注阿加曲班的应用剂量和出血并发症,但目前尚无阿加曲班或比伐卢定直接用于SIC抗凝治疗的证据[100-101]
遗憾的是,目前仍缺乏支持肝素治疗脓毒症和脓毒症性DIC的有效的循证医学证据。既往多项大样本随机对照研究显示,小剂量普通肝素对脓毒症的预后甚至凝血功能实验室指标并无明显影响[102-103]。近期一项针对MIMIC 数据库中3377例SIC患者的回顾性研究显示,普通肝素可改善SIC评分≥4分的脓毒症患者的预后[104]。应用rhTM治疗SIC的多中心随机对照试验(SCARLET试验)结果显示,rhTM不能改善SIC患者的总体预后,但可改善TAT水平升高SIC患者的预后[105-106]。上述研究均提示选择恰当的目标人群是抗凝治疗改善脓毒症和SIC预后的关键[107]
推荐意见9 高出血风险SIC患者需抗凝时可选择甲磺酸萘莫司他(推荐强度,证据等级C)
当血管内皮严重损伤和凝血底物过度消耗时,SIC患者可能面临高出血风险。甲磺酸奈莫司他为丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,可抑制活化的凝血因子a、a、a和组织因子TF-复合物,同时还具有抗血小板聚集、抑制纤溶酶、抗炎和保护血管内皮的作用[108]。甲磺酸萘莫司他在血液中可被羧酸酯酶迅速降解,半衰期仅8 min,在体内会迅速失活,发挥抗凝作用时出血风险低,被广泛用于体外循环和DIC的抗凝治疗[109-112]。通常可通过检测患者的APTT或TEG-R时间调整甲磺酸萘莫司他的抗凝剂量。对高出血风险且行血液净化的患者,也可在滤器后和体内同时采血,全面评估萘莫司他的抗凝强度及出血风险[113](图8)。2020年日本的一项回顾性研究显示,萘莫司他可降低接受血液净化的脓毒症患者的病死率[114]。此外,作为跨膜蛋白酶丝氨酸2(transmembrane protease serine 2,TMPRSS2)抑制剂,萘莫司他能够抑制新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)与血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)结合物向细胞内的转移,因此被认为是抑制新冠病毒传播的有效药物[115]。已有研究显示,萘莫司他能够改善新冠病毒感染患者的预后并减轻器官损伤[116-117]
推荐意见10 对合并高心血管血栓风险的SIC患者,可根据血小板计数调整抗血小板治疗措施(推荐强度,证据等级A)
由于脓毒症早期血小板过度活化可能加重凝血紊乱和炎症失调,因此,有学者对脓毒症患者使用抗血小板药物能否获益开展了相关研究。多项大型回顾性队列研究显示,接受阿司匹林治疗的全身炎症反应综合征或肺炎患者病死率较未使用者明显降低,进展为脓毒症的发生率也明显降低,但氯吡格雷无此效应[118-120]。目前,多项探讨阿司匹林能否使脓毒症患者获益的大型多中心随机对照研究纷纷展开。遗憾的是,这些研究结果显示,无论是预防或治疗,阿司匹林对脓毒症患者的预后和器官保护均未显示出有益的作用[121-122]。ESC和ISTH共同发布的《严重感染患者抗栓治疗管理指南》推荐,具有高心血管血栓风险的SIC患者需接受抗血小板药物治疗时,需综合评估出血与血栓风险,当血小板计数≤20×109/L时,需停用抗血小板药物或仅维持一种抗血小板药物;当血小板计数20×109/L时,可考虑使用单一或双联抗血小板药物治疗[10]
推荐意见11 不推荐常规使用抗纤溶药物治疗SIC(推荐强度,证据等级B)
氨甲环酸是人工合成的赖氨酸衍生物,可竞争性结合纤溶酶原和纤溶酶的赖氨酸结合位点,从而抑制纤维蛋白的降解,发挥止血作用[123]。氨甲环酸一般适用于治疗高纤溶性DIC。脓毒症时纤溶系统功能总体呈抑制状态,使用氨甲环酸等抗纤溶药物会加重纤溶抑制,促进血栓形成,导致器官功能障碍加重甚至增加死亡风险[124]。因此,不推荐常规使用抗纤溶药物治疗SIC。如SIC患者合并大出血或原发性纤溶亢进,需根据病情谨慎决定抗纤溶药物的使用剂量及疗程。
推荐意见12 高出血风险或已经发生出血的SIC患者应进行目标导向的替代治疗(推荐强度,证据等级C)
高出血风险或发生活动性出血的SIC患者可以凝血实验室指标为目标进行替代治疗[125](表6)。目前尚无SIC患者进行替代治疗的循证医学证据,以下推荐意见主要依据现有的DIC治疗指南[126-128]。SIC患者进行替代治疗总体应采取个体化输血原则,防止过早、过多输注以免加重血栓栓塞。
推荐意见13 如SIC发展成脓毒症性DIC,可行血浆置换(推荐强度,证据等级C)
血浆置换是先将患者血液引至体外,经离心法或膜分离法分离血浆和细胞成分,然后弃去血浆,再将细胞成分及所需补充的新鲜血浆回输体内[129]。血浆置换既能清除大量炎性介质,又能去除血浆中的胆红素等毒性物质,同时补充凝血因子以改善危重患者的凝血状态,是治疗脓毒症性DIC的有效方法[130]。一项针对102名欧洲重症医师的网络调查显示,34.1%的医师认为血浆置换是治疗脓毒症休克最常用的方法,且51.5%的医师认为其有效[131]。多项纳入随机对照研究和队列研究的荟萃分析显示,接受血浆置换治疗的脓毒症合并严重器官功能障碍患者的短期生存率明显高于标准治疗组[132-133],其机制主要与改善血管内皮细胞功能有关[134]。此外,一项纳入851例新冠感染重症患者的回顾性研究显示,入院96 h内给予甲泼尼龙、机械通气和血浆置换“三联”疗法可改善患者预后[135]。血浆置换的剂量通常以每次1.2~1.5倍血浆量为宜,具体频次应根据患者对血浆置换的治疗反应和器官功能损害的严重程度而定。
推荐意见14 治疗SIC时应预防稀释性凝血病(推荐强度,证据等级C)
液体复苏是治疗脓毒症的基本技术。2021版国际拯救脓毒症指南明确推荐,对于脓毒症导致的低血压或脓毒症休克患者,在最初3 h内应静脉输注至少30 ml/kg的晶体液[56]。但对于初始液体复苏后仍有低灌注和容量不足的脓毒症休克患者,尚无证据证实后续24 h内应采用限制性还是开放性液体管理策略[56,136]。已有研究证实,脓毒症时高容量液体复苏会导致血管内皮功能损害、凝血时间延长和器官功能障碍,甚至增高病死率[137-140]。因此,SIC患者进行液体复苏时应加强液体管理,避免发生稀释性凝血病[141-142]
本共识依据最新研究进展和专家诊疗经验,从发病机制上介绍了免疫血栓与血栓炎症的序贯过程,从分型上提出了高凝血症与低凝血症,从诊断上提出了适合中国人群的SIC诊断方法,从治疗上提出了“三抗一防”的治疗策略。但因为SIC的机制复杂,异质性大,同时缺乏有力的循证医学依据,本共识仍存在以下不足:(1)对免疫血栓和血栓炎症的认识仍停留在理论阶段,临床上尚缺乏可靠的识别方法;(2)虽然介绍了脓毒症性高凝血症和低凝血症的典型实验室表现,但因为缺乏循证依据,没有推荐明确的诊断标准;(3)目前的SIC诊断方法尚未包括内皮细胞损伤分子标志物,还需要持续优化并进行临床验证;(4)SIC伴出血时的替代治疗方案的具体标准仍需要开展临床研究进行验证。
编写组成员:
顾问(按拼音排序)李维勤(解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科);林洪远(解放军总医院第四医学中心重症医学科);马晓春(中国医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科);宋青(解放军总医院海南医院重症医学科);杨仁池(中国医学科学院血液病医院血栓与止血中心)
编委会成员(按拼音排序):陈淼(海南医学院第一附属医院急诊科);程鹏(广西医科大学第一附属医院血液科);戴菁(上海交通大学附属瑞金医院检验科);刁孟元(杭州市第一人民医院重症医学科);丁仁彧(中国医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科);房云海(山东省血液中心血友病诊疗中心);桂培根(湖南师范大学附属长沙医院急重症医学部);郭军(四川大学华西医院重症医学科);贾宝辉(郑州大学附属郑州市中心医院重症医学科);柯路(解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科);赖冬(厦门市第二医院输血科);李传保(北京医院检验科);吕奔(中南大学附属湘雅二医院);马林浩(海军军医大学附属长征医院急救科);梅恒(华中科技大学医学院附属协和医院血液科);潘景业(温州医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科);施贤清(贵州省人民医院重症医学科);寿松涛(天津医科大学附属天津总医院急诊科);宋景春(解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科);宋振举(复旦大学附属中山医院急诊科);唐宁(华中科技大学医学院附属同济医院检验科);王岗(西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科);王昊(山东大学附属齐鲁医院重症医学科);王秋实(中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科);吴俊(首都医科大学附属北京积水潭医院检验科);杨军(武汉亚洲心脏病医院检验科);尹海燕(暨南大学附属第一医院重症医学科);张根生(浙江大学医学院第二附属医院重症医学科);张进华(福建省妇幼保健院药学科);张磊(西安交通大学第二附属医院检验科);张美齐(浙江中医药大学附属杭州中医院);张伟(解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科);周静(四川大学华西医院检验科);朱峰(同济大学附属东方医院重症医学科)
秘书钟林翠(解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科);张小玲(西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科)
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2024年第49卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1189.2024.0918
  • 接收时间:2024-08-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-02
  • 录用日期:2024-09-08
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    1解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,江西南昌 330002
    2中国医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科,辽宁沈阳 110001
    3中南大学湘雅二医院血液科,湖南长沙 410011
    4华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院血液科,湖北武汉 430030
    5西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科,陕西西安 710004
    6解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科,福建福州 350002
    7四川大学华西医院实验医学科,四川成都 610041
    8四川大学华西医院重症医学科,四川成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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