Article(id=1198196212982710916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1576.2024.0328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1705852800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-22, onlineDate=1763601838583, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763601838583, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763601838583, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763601838583, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198196207379120715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='12', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1459', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763601837248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603898104, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1426, endPage=1436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198196213246952071, articleId=1198196212982710916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Mechanism of DNA methyltransferase 3a mediating progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma and prognostic correlation analysis, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the correlation between DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) expression and prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), as well as to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms of DNMT3a in LSCC progression. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 47 LSCC patients who underwent surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University between May 2009 and January 2014. DNMT3a expression in LSCC tissues and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues was assessed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the median IHC score of DNMT3a in LSCC tissues: high DNMT3a expression group (n=25) and low DNMT3a expression group (n=22). Prognostic correlation was analyzed in combination with clinicopathological data and public biological databases. To explore the molecular mechanisms of DNMT3a in LSCC progression, H1703 LSCC cell lines with overexpressed DNMT3a were established using a lentiviral infection method, with the creation of DNMT3a overexpression group and control group. Functional phenotype experiments were then conducted to test the differences in cell proliferation and migration between the two groups. DNMT3a overexpression tumor xenograft models were also established in nude mice, with the creation of DNMT3a overexpression group and control group (3 mice per group), to observe the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors. Western blotting analysis was employed to detect the expression of related proteins in the two groups of cells and subcutaneous xenograft tumors. Functional rescue experiments involved treating DNMT3a overexpression cells with c-Myc inhibitor (10058-F4) and assessing cell proliferation using EdU proliferation staining. Subsequently, DNMT3a overexpression cells were infected with RNAi-Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) lentivirus to knock down ZEB1 expression, and a Transwell migration assay was utilized to detect cell migration. Finally, DNMT3a overexpression group and control group were treated with DNMT specific inhibitor (SGI-1027), and the effects of DNMT3a inhibition on cell proliferation and migration were observed in both overexpression and control groups. Results IHC analysis revealed significantly higher DNMT3a level in LSCC tissues compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.0001). High DNMT3a expression was closely associated with N stage, clinical stage and tumor differentiation degree (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and it was identified as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in LSCC patients (P<0.05). Functional phenotype experiments indicated that DNMT3a overexpression group exhibited significantly higher colony formation number, proportion of EdU-positive cells, wound healing migration rate, and Transwell cell migration number compared with control group (P<0.05). The volume and weight of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in DNMT3a overexpression group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001). Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of c-Myc and ZEB1 in DNMT3a overexpression group were significantly higher than those in control group. Functional rescue experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in the proportion of EdU-positive cells after 10058-F4 treatment in DNMT3a overexpression group (P<0.05). Knockdown of ZEB1 led to a significant decrease in the number of Transwell cell migration in DNMT3a overexpression group (P<0.05), with no significant change in DNMT3a protein expression. Additionally, inhibition of DNMT3a with SGI-1027 resulted in a significant decrease in colony formation number and migration rate in both DNMT3a overexpression group and control group (P<0.05). Conclusions High expression of DNMT3a is a significant independent risk factor for poor prognosis of LSCC patients. DNMT3a is likely to promote the proliferation of LSCC by upregulating c-Myc expression and to enhance the migration of LSCC by increasing ZEB1 expression.

, correspAuthors=Yi Hu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨DNA甲基转移酶3a(DNMT3a)表达与肺鳞癌预后的相关性及其介导肺鳞癌进展的潜在分子机制。方法 收集2009年5月-2014年1月于空军军医大学第二附属医院胸外科行手术治疗的47例肺鳞癌患者进行回顾性分析。采用免疫组织化学染色检测DNMT3a在肺鳞癌组织与癌旁组织中的表达,根据肺鳞癌中DNMT3a免疫组化评分中位数分为DNMT3a高表达组(n=25)与DNMT3a低表达组(n=22),结合临床病理信息与公共生物信息学数据库进行预后相关性分析。为探索DNMT3a介导肺鳞癌进展的分子机制,采用慢病毒感染法构建DNMT3a过表达的肺鳞癌H1703细胞系,设置DNMT3a过表达组与对照组,采用功能表型实验检测两组细胞增殖、迁移的差异。构建DNMT3a过表达的裸鼠皮下肿瘤异种移植模型,设置DNMT3a过表达组与对照组(n=3),观察两组皮下移植瘤的生长。Western blotting检测两组细胞与两组皮下移植瘤中相关蛋白的表达。功能回复实验先采用c-Myc抑制剂(10058-F4)处理DNMT3a过表达细胞,EdU增殖染色实验检测细胞增殖;再采用RNAi-锌指E盒结合同源框1(ZEB1)慢病毒感染DNMT3a过表达细胞敲低ZEB1表达,Transwell迁移实验检测细胞迁移。采用DNMT特异性抑制剂(SGI-1027)处理DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞,观察抑制DNMT3a后的细胞增殖及迁移。结果 免疫组化染色结果显示,肺鳞癌中DNMT3a免疫组化评分明显高于癌旁组织(P<0.0001)。DNMT3a高表达与N分期、TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度等密切相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),DNMT3a高表达是肺鳞癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。功能表型实验表明,DNMT3a过表达组的克隆形成数、Edu阳性细胞比例、细胞迁移率、细胞迁移数均高于对照组(P<0.05)。DNMT3a过表达组裸鼠皮下移植瘤体积与重量明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。Western blotting检测结果显示,DNMT3a过表达组细胞与皮下移植瘤的c-Myc、ZEB1蛋白表达量明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。功能回复实验表明,10058-F4处理DNMT3a过表达组细胞EdU阳性细胞比例明显降低(P<0.05);慢病毒敲低ZEB1后,DNMT3a过表达组细胞迁移数明显减少(P<0.05),而DNMT3a蛋白的表达则无明显变化(P>0.05)。此外,SGI-1027抑制DNMT3a表达后,DNMT3a过表达组与对照组克隆形成数及细胞迁移率均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 DNMT3a高表达是肺鳞癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素;DNMT3a可能通过上调c-Myc表达增强肺鳞癌的增殖能力,上调ZEB1表达增强肺鳞癌的迁移能力。

, correspAuthors=胡毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡毅,E-mail:
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周鑫,硕士研究生,主要从事肺癌表观遗传学相关分子机制方面的研究

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2Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
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2解放军总医院第五医学中心肿瘤医学部肿瘤内科,北京 100071
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周鑫,硕士研究生,主要从事肺癌表观遗传学相关分子机制方面的研究

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周鑫,硕士研究生,主要从事肺癌表观遗传学相关分子机制方面的研究

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318898429915346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=CN, label=图1, caption=DNMT3a在肺鳞癌中高表达并与患者预后不良相关

DNMT3a. DNA甲基转移酶3a;A. 免疫组织化学染色检测DNMT3a在肺鳞癌患者肿瘤组织与癌旁组织中的表达;B. 肺鳞癌组织及癌旁组织中DNMT3a水平比较(n=47);C. Kaplan-Meier生存分析DNMT3a不同表达对肺鳞癌患者累积总生存时间(OS)的影响;D. 基于GEPIA2数据库中482例肺鳞癌不同DNMT3a水平与患者生存的Kaplan-Meier生存分析;E. 基于Kaplan-Meier plotter数据库中300例肺鳞癌不同DNMT3a水平与患者生存的Kaplan-Meier生存分析

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DNMT3a. DNA甲基转移酶3a;ZEB1. 锌指E盒结合同源框1;A. Western blotting检测DNMT3a过表达组和对照组肺鳞癌细胞中DNMT3a、c-Myc、ZEB1蛋白的表达;B. CCK-8法检测两组肺鳞癌细胞体外增殖能力;C. 克隆形成实验检测两组肺鳞癌细胞体外增殖能力;D. 肿瘤异种移植实验模型检测两组裸鼠皮下肿瘤重量;E. Western blotting检测两组肿瘤组织中DNMT3a、c-Myc、ZEB1蛋白的表达;F. c-Myc特异性抑制剂10058-F4药物孵育肺鳞癌细胞48 h,采用EdU增殖染色实验检测各组细胞增殖能力;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.001;与DNMT3a过表达组比较,(3)P<0.05;与DNMT3a过表达+DMSO组比较,(4)P<0.05

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DNMT3a. DNA甲基转移酶3a;ZEB1. 锌指E盒结合同源框1;A. 划痕实验检测两组肺鳞癌细胞体外迁移能力;B. Transwell迁移实验检测两组肺鳞癌细胞体外迁移能力(×100);C. RNAi-ZEB1慢病毒转染DNMT3a过表达肺鳞癌细胞以敲低ZEB1的表达,采用Western blotting检测进行验证;D. Transwell迁移实验检测各组细胞迁移能力(×100);与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与DNMT3a过表达组比较,(3)P<0.05;与DNMT3a过表达+阴性对照组比较,(4)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=GHX25RKxHJLsIphKcxp3Ug==, figureFileBig=lv9ag7rw9qnRvpwxASH5tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318898966786277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of pharmacological inhibition of DNMT3a on the proliferation and migration of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro, figureFileSmall=UJrAaAV5+34trXRBejEgHQ==, figureFileBig=VjDUCBjKl+sKC5pWB/RWYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318899059060968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=CN, label=图4, caption=药理抑制DNMT3a对肺鳞癌细胞体外增殖、迁移能力的影响

DNMT3a. DNA甲基转移酶3a;A. 克隆形成实验检测各组肺鳞癌细胞体外迁移能力;B. 划痕实验检测各组肺鳞癌细胞体外迁移能力;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与SGI-1027组比较,(2)P<0.05;与DNMT3a过表达组比较,(3)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=UJrAaAV5+34trXRBejEgHQ==, figureFileBig=VjDUCBjKl+sKC5pWB/RWYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318899189084397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Correlation of DNMT3a expression with clinicopathological characteristics of lung squamous cell carcinoma patients [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床病理变量 总数(n=47) DNMT3a高表达组(n=25) DNMT3a低表达组(n=22) P
性别 0.926
2(4.3) 1(4.0) 1(4.5)
45(95.7) 24(96.0) 21(95.5)
年龄(岁) 0.319
≥60 25(53.2) 15(60.0) 10(45.5)
<60 22(46.8) 10(40.0) 12(54.5)
吸烟史 0.297
6(12.8) 2(8.0) 4(18.2)
41(87.2) 23(92.0) 18(81.8)
T分期 0.775
T3 33(70.2) 18(72.0) 15(68.2)
T4 14(29.8) 7(28.0) 7(31.8)
N分期 <0.010
N0 25(53.2) 10(40.0) 15(68.2)
N1–N3 22(46.8) 15(60.0) 7(31.8)
远处转移 0.281
46(97.9) 25(100.0) 21(95.5)
1(2.1) 0 1(4.5)
TNM分期 <0.050
Ⅰ–Ⅱ 19(40.4) 8(32.0) 11(50.0)
Ⅲ–Ⅳ 28(59.6) 17(68.0) 11(50.0)
肿瘤分化程度 <0.050
高中度分化 30(63.8) 12(48.0) 18(81.8)
低分化 17(36.2) 13(52.0) 4(18.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1198318900338323696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DNMT3a表达与肺鳞癌患者临床病理特征的相关性[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床病理变量 总数(n=47) DNMT3a高表达组(n=25) DNMT3a低表达组(n=22) P
性别 0.926
2(4.3) 1(4.0) 1(4.5)
45(95.7) 24(96.0) 21(95.5)
年龄(岁) 0.319
≥60 25(53.2) 15(60.0) 10(45.5)
<60 22(46.8) 10(40.0) 12(54.5)
吸烟史 0.297
6(12.8) 2(8.0) 4(18.2)
41(87.2) 23(92.0) 18(81.8)
T分期 0.775
T3 33(70.2) 18(72.0) 15(68.2)
T4 14(29.8) 7(28.0) 7(31.8)
N分期 <0.010
N0 25(53.2) 10(40.0) 15(68.2)
N1–N3 22(46.8) 15(60.0) 7(31.8)
远处转移 0.281
46(97.9) 25(100.0) 21(95.5)
1(2.1) 0 1(4.5)
TNM分期 <0.050
Ⅰ–Ⅱ 19(40.4) 8(32.0) 11(50.0)
Ⅲ–Ⅳ 28(59.6) 17(68.0) 11(50.0)
肿瘤分化程度 <0.050
高中度分化 30(63.8) 12(48.0) 18(81.8)
低分化 17(36.2) 13(52.0) 4(18.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1198318900430598389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for lung squamous cell carcinoma patients' survival

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床病理变量 单因素分析 多因素分析
HR 95%CI P HR 95%CI P
性别(女/男) 2.446 0.335~17.850 0.378
年龄(<60岁/≥60岁) 0.755 0.405~1.409 0.377
吸烟史(从未吸烟/有过吸烟) 1.073 0.419~2.752 0.883
T分期(T3/T4) 1.769 0.899~3.481 0.099
N分期(N0/N1-N3) 1.406 0.750~2.638 0.288
TNM分期(Ⅰ-Ⅱ/Ⅲ-Ⅳ) 1.367 0.716~2.609 0.343
肿瘤分化程度(高中度分化/低分化) 3.785 1.911~7.497 <0.001 3.025 1.468~6.232 <0.01
肿瘤DNMT3a表达(低表达/高表达) 2.723 1.404~5.284 <0.010 2.073 1.017~4.222 <0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1198318900552233207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196212982710916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

影响肺鳞癌患者生存的单因素和多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床病理变量 单因素分析 多因素分析
HR 95%CI P HR 95%CI P
性别(女/男) 2.446 0.335~17.850 0.378
年龄(<60岁/≥60岁) 0.755 0.405~1.409 0.377
吸烟史(从未吸烟/有过吸烟) 1.073 0.419~2.752 0.883
T分期(T3/T4) 1.769 0.899~3.481 0.099
N分期(N0/N1-N3) 1.406 0.750~2.638 0.288
TNM分期(Ⅰ-Ⅱ/Ⅲ-Ⅳ) 1.367 0.716~2.609 0.343
肿瘤分化程度(高中度分化/低分化) 3.785 1.911~7.497 <0.001 3.025 1.468~6.232 <0.01
肿瘤DNMT3a表达(低表达/高表达) 2.723 1.404~5.284 <0.010 2.073 1.017~4.222 <0.05
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DNA甲基转移酶3a与肺鳞癌预后的相关性及其介导肺鳞癌进展的分子机制
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周鑫 1, 2, 3 , 范昊 1, 2 , 王安 1, 2 , 秦嘉沛 1, 2 , 白怡冰 1, 2 , 马志强 2, 4 , 胡毅 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024,49(12): 1426-1436
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2024, 49(12): 1426-1436
DNA甲基转移酶3a与肺鳞癌预后的相关性及其介导肺鳞癌进展的分子机制
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周鑫1, 2, 3, 范昊1, 2, 王安1, 2, 秦嘉沛1, 2, 白怡冰1, 2, 马志强2, 4, 胡毅2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第五医学中心肿瘤医学部肿瘤内科,北京 100071
  • 3解放军总医院第二医学中心心血管内科,北京 100853
  • 4空军军医大学第二附属医院胸外科,陕西西安 710032
  • 周鑫,硕士研究生,主要从事肺癌表观遗传学相关分子机制方面的研究

通讯作者:

胡毅,E-mail:
Mechanism of DNA methyltransferase 3a mediating progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma and prognostic correlation analysis
Xin Zhou1, 2, 3, Hao Fan1, 2, An Wang1, 2, Jia-Pei Qin1, 2, Yi-Bing Bai1, 2, Zhi-Qiang Ma2, 4, Yi Hu2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
  • 3Department of Cardiology, the Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 4Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1576.2024.0328
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目的 探讨DNA甲基转移酶3a(DNMT3a)表达与肺鳞癌预后的相关性及其介导肺鳞癌进展的潜在分子机制。方法 收集2009年5月-2014年1月于空军军医大学第二附属医院胸外科行手术治疗的47例肺鳞癌患者进行回顾性分析。采用免疫组织化学染色检测DNMT3a在肺鳞癌组织与癌旁组织中的表达,根据肺鳞癌中DNMT3a免疫组化评分中位数分为DNMT3a高表达组(n=25)与DNMT3a低表达组(n=22),结合临床病理信息与公共生物信息学数据库进行预后相关性分析。为探索DNMT3a介导肺鳞癌进展的分子机制,采用慢病毒感染法构建DNMT3a过表达的肺鳞癌H1703细胞系,设置DNMT3a过表达组与对照组,采用功能表型实验检测两组细胞增殖、迁移的差异。构建DNMT3a过表达的裸鼠皮下肿瘤异种移植模型,设置DNMT3a过表达组与对照组(n=3),观察两组皮下移植瘤的生长。Western blotting检测两组细胞与两组皮下移植瘤中相关蛋白的表达。功能回复实验先采用c-Myc抑制剂(10058-F4)处理DNMT3a过表达细胞,EdU增殖染色实验检测细胞增殖;再采用RNAi-锌指E盒结合同源框1(ZEB1)慢病毒感染DNMT3a过表达细胞敲低ZEB1表达,Transwell迁移实验检测细胞迁移。采用DNMT特异性抑制剂(SGI-1027)处理DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞,观察抑制DNMT3a后的细胞增殖及迁移。结果 免疫组化染色结果显示,肺鳞癌中DNMT3a免疫组化评分明显高于癌旁组织(P<0.0001)。DNMT3a高表达与N分期、TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度等密切相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),DNMT3a高表达是肺鳞癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。功能表型实验表明,DNMT3a过表达组的克隆形成数、Edu阳性细胞比例、细胞迁移率、细胞迁移数均高于对照组(P<0.05)。DNMT3a过表达组裸鼠皮下移植瘤体积与重量明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。Western blotting检测结果显示,DNMT3a过表达组细胞与皮下移植瘤的c-Myc、ZEB1蛋白表达量明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。功能回复实验表明,10058-F4处理DNMT3a过表达组细胞EdU阳性细胞比例明显降低(P<0.05);慢病毒敲低ZEB1后,DNMT3a过表达组细胞迁移数明显减少(P<0.05),而DNMT3a蛋白的表达则无明显变化(P>0.05)。此外,SGI-1027抑制DNMT3a表达后,DNMT3a过表达组与对照组克隆形成数及细胞迁移率均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 DNMT3a高表达是肺鳞癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素;DNMT3a可能通过上调c-Myc表达增强肺鳞癌的增殖能力,上调ZEB1表达增强肺鳞癌的迁移能力。

DNA甲基转移酶3a  /  肺鳞状细胞癌  /  预后  /  细胞增殖  /  细胞迁移

Objective To investigate the correlation between DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) expression and prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), as well as to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms of DNMT3a in LSCC progression. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 47 LSCC patients who underwent surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University between May 2009 and January 2014. DNMT3a expression in LSCC tissues and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues was assessed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the median IHC score of DNMT3a in LSCC tissues: high DNMT3a expression group (n=25) and low DNMT3a expression group (n=22). Prognostic correlation was analyzed in combination with clinicopathological data and public biological databases. To explore the molecular mechanisms of DNMT3a in LSCC progression, H1703 LSCC cell lines with overexpressed DNMT3a were established using a lentiviral infection method, with the creation of DNMT3a overexpression group and control group. Functional phenotype experiments were then conducted to test the differences in cell proliferation and migration between the two groups. DNMT3a overexpression tumor xenograft models were also established in nude mice, with the creation of DNMT3a overexpression group and control group (3 mice per group), to observe the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors. Western blotting analysis was employed to detect the expression of related proteins in the two groups of cells and subcutaneous xenograft tumors. Functional rescue experiments involved treating DNMT3a overexpression cells with c-Myc inhibitor (10058-F4) and assessing cell proliferation using EdU proliferation staining. Subsequently, DNMT3a overexpression cells were infected with RNAi-Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) lentivirus to knock down ZEB1 expression, and a Transwell migration assay was utilized to detect cell migration. Finally, DNMT3a overexpression group and control group were treated with DNMT specific inhibitor (SGI-1027), and the effects of DNMT3a inhibition on cell proliferation and migration were observed in both overexpression and control groups. Results IHC analysis revealed significantly higher DNMT3a level in LSCC tissues compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.0001). High DNMT3a expression was closely associated with N stage, clinical stage and tumor differentiation degree (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and it was identified as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in LSCC patients (P<0.05). Functional phenotype experiments indicated that DNMT3a overexpression group exhibited significantly higher colony formation number, proportion of EdU-positive cells, wound healing migration rate, and Transwell cell migration number compared with control group (P<0.05). The volume and weight of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in DNMT3a overexpression group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001). Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of c-Myc and ZEB1 in DNMT3a overexpression group were significantly higher than those in control group. Functional rescue experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in the proportion of EdU-positive cells after 10058-F4 treatment in DNMT3a overexpression group (P<0.05). Knockdown of ZEB1 led to a significant decrease in the number of Transwell cell migration in DNMT3a overexpression group (P<0.05), with no significant change in DNMT3a protein expression. Additionally, inhibition of DNMT3a with SGI-1027 resulted in a significant decrease in colony formation number and migration rate in both DNMT3a overexpression group and control group (P<0.05). Conclusions High expression of DNMT3a is a significant independent risk factor for poor prognosis of LSCC patients. DNMT3a is likely to promote the proliferation of LSCC by upregulating c-Myc expression and to enhance the migration of LSCC by increasing ZEB1 expression.

DNA methyltransferase 3a  /  lung squamous cell carcinoma  /  prognosis  /  cell proliferation  /  cell migration
周鑫, 范昊, 王安, 秦嘉沛, 白怡冰, 马志强, 胡毅. DNA甲基转移酶3a与肺鳞癌预后的相关性及其介导肺鳞癌进展的分子机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1426 -1436 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1576.2024.0328
Xin Zhou, Hao Fan, An Wang, Jia-Pei Qin, Yi-Bing Bai, Zhi-Qiang Ma, Yi Hu. Mechanism of DNA methyltransferase 3a mediating progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma and prognostic correlation analysis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1426 -1436 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1576.2024.0328
肿瘤的发生发展过程伴随着DNA甲基化修饰[1]。作为一种广泛的表观遗传学修饰模式,DNA甲基化是指在DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase,DNMT)催化下,由S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl methionine,SAM)作为供体提供甲基(-CH3)基团与DNA序列中的特定碱基共价结合的化学修饰过程[2]。DNA甲基转移酶3a(DNA methyltransferase 3a,DNMT3a)是负责对CpG二核苷酸序列进行DNA甲基化的从头甲基转移酶,被认为对未甲基化的DNA会表现出优先活性[3],导致DNA从头甲基化,使一个新的甲基主动转移到DNA序列以沉默下游的抑癌基因[4]。DNMT3a最早在急性髓系白血病中被证实为致癌突变,严重影响患者的预后[5]。近年来研究发现,DNMT3a在部分实体瘤如胃腺癌、膀胱癌、卵巢癌中表达上调,并与患者不良预后相关[6-8]。在非小细胞肺癌研究领域,已有报道称DNMT3a在非侵袭性肺腺癌中过表达,DNMT3a表达下调可能与肺腺癌预后不良相关[9]。然而,非小细胞肺癌的另一分型肺鳞癌中,DNMT3a表达与预后的相关性及其影响肺鳞癌恶性进展的分子机制尚未见明确报道。为此,本研究分析DNMT3a表达与肺鳞癌患者预后生存之间的相关性,并构建DNMT3a过表达肺鳞癌细胞系,通过体内与体外实验探索DNMT3a影响肺鳞癌细胞增殖与迁移能力的分子机制,以期揭示DNMT3a在肺鳞癌预后监测与机制探索中的价值。
纳入2009年5月-2014年1月于空军军医大学第二附属医院胸外科接受过手术的47例肺鳞癌患者,所有患者此前均未接受过放疗、化疗和靶向治疗。本研究获空军军医大学第二附属医院(唐都医院)伦理委员会批准(202003-019),所有患者均签署知情同意书。采集患者的年龄、性别、吸烟史、肿瘤T分期、N分期、AJCC第8版临床分期(TNM分期)、肿瘤分化程度等临床信息,门诊及电话随访患者生存状态与生存时间,时间截至2018年7月或患者死亡,以先出现者为准。
将肺鳞癌患者肿瘤组织与癌旁组织进行石蜡包埋,制作病理组织芯片,使用抗DNMT3a抗体(20954-1-AP,美国Proteintech group公司,稀释倍数1:400)对病理芯片进行免疫组化染色。然后根据染色强度与阳性细胞比例对肿瘤组织与癌旁组织进行评分,染色强度评分为阴性(0分)、黄色(1分)、棕色(2分)、棕褐色(3分),阳性细胞比例评分为<5%(0分)、5%~25%(1分)、25%~50%(2分)、50%~75%(3分)、≥75%(4分),两个分数相乘得到总评分。每例患者免疫组化评分均采用盲法,由两名病理医师阅读后给出,在统计分析前均不了解患者的临床资料。根据肿瘤组织总评分的中位数,将肺鳞癌患者分为DNMT3a高表达组(n=25)与DNMT3a低表达组(n=22)。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析生存率,采用Cox比例风险回归模型对影响患者生存时间的可能临床病理变量进行单因素及多因素分析。
使用GEPIA2(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2)工具的Expression Analysis-Survival Analysis模块(http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/)与Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库的RNA-seq数据(https://kmplot.com/analysis/)分析DNMT3a水平对肺鳞癌患者生存时间的影响。
PBS缓冲液、0.5%结晶紫染液、4%多聚甲醛(合肥白鲨生物科技公司);胰蛋白酶、青-链霉素溶液、Opti-MEM培养基、DMEM高糖培养基(美国ThermoFisher科技公司);胎牛血清(上海逍鹏生物科技有限公司);Flag-DNMT3a慢病毒、CON238阴性对照慢病毒、RNAi-锌指E盒结合同源框1(zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1,ZEB1)慢病毒、CON313阴性对照慢病毒(上海吉凯基因医学科技公司);抗Flag抗体(ab125243)、抗β-actin抗体(ab8226;英国Abcam公司);抗DNMT3a抗体(20954-1-AP)、抗ZEB1抗体(21544-1-AP)、抗c-Myc抗体(10828-1-AP;美国Proteintech group公司);辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔IgG(ZB-2301)、山羊抗鼠IgG抗体(ZB-2305;北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司);二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、DNMT抑制剂SGI-1027、c-Myc特异性抑制剂10058-F4(美国MedChemExpress公司);RIPA裂解液、嘌呤霉素、EdU(5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine)-594细胞增殖检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司);促转染试剂Polybrene溶液(上海翊圣生物科技有限公司);5×上样缓冲液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);BCA蛋白定量分析试剂盒(美国ThermoFisher科技公司)。
人肺鳞癌H1703细胞系由解放军总医院肿瘤医学部研究所提供。采用含1%青-链霉素溶液、10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基,于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞孵箱中培养。待显微镜下观察细胞融合度达80%以上时,使用胰蛋白酶液消化细胞并进行传代培养。
DNMT3a过表达慢病毒感染:将H1703细胞消化配制成细胞悬液(细胞密度3×104个/ml),吸取500 μl接种于24孔板中。24 h后选择2个孔分别进行Flag-DNMT3a慢病毒与阴性对照慢病毒CON238感染。感染后16~20 h换液,待细胞密度达80%后使用嘌呤霉素进行筛选,待细胞稳定生长后,收集细胞。将感染Flag-DNMT3a慢病毒的H1703细胞系设置为DNMT3a过表达组,感染CON238阴性对照慢病毒的H1703细胞系设置为对照组。
ZEB1敲低慢病毒转染:在已感染Flag-DNMT3a慢病毒的H1703细胞系中进一步敲低ZEB1。将DNMT3a过表达H1703细胞消化配制成细胞悬液(细胞密度3×104个/ml),吸取500 μl接种于24孔板中。24 h后选择2个孔分别进行RNAi-ZEB1慢病毒与CON313阴性对照慢病毒感染。感染后16~20 h换液,待细胞密度达80%后使用嘌呤霉素进行筛选,待细胞稳定生长后,收集细胞。将感染RNAi-ZEB1慢病毒的DNMT3a过表达H1703细胞系设置为DNMT3a过表达+ZEB1敲低组,感染CON313阴性对照慢病毒的DNMT3a过表达H1703细胞系设置为DNMT3a过表达+阴性对照组。
CCK-8法:接种DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞于96孔板(3000个细胞/孔),每组3个复孔。待贴壁后于0、24、48、72、96 h加入10 µl CCK-8反应液,37 ℃下反应1.5 h后,采用酶标仪检测450 nm处的光密度值(OD450),绘制曲线。观察DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞在不同时间点OD450的差异,比较两组细胞的增殖能力。
克隆形成实验:接种DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞于6孔板(1000个细胞/孔),每组3个复孔。14 d后,观察克隆生长状态,用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定30 min,0.5%结晶紫染液染色30 min,拍照后采用ImageJ软件计算细胞克隆数。观察DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞的克隆形成数目的差异,比较两组细胞的增殖能力。
接种DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞于6孔板(5×105个细胞/孔),每组3个复孔。待镜下观察细胞融合度达90%以上后,用无菌枪头进行划痕。PBS冲洗后加入无血清培养基,镜下拍照记录。继续培养48 h后在同一位置拍照记录细胞变化情况,ImageJ软件分析划痕面积,最终计算48 h迁移率。迁移率=(0 h划痕面积-48 h划痕面积)/0 h划痕面积×100%。
采用无血清培养基饥饿DNMT3a过表达组与对照组细胞24 h后,用胰酶处理,配制细胞悬液。将无Matrigel基质胶Transwell小室置入24孔板中,在小室上室接种2×104个细胞,下室加入500 µl完全培养基,培养48 h。取出小室后用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定30 min,棉签轻轻擦去小室上层细胞,0.5%结晶紫染液染色30 min,400倍镜下随机选取5个视野拍照记录,ImageJ软件计算迁移细胞数。
将DNMT特异性抑制剂SGI-1027溶于DMSO,用完全培养基配制成含0.625 μmol/L SGI-1027的培养基用于后续实验。将细胞接种于培养皿24 h后分为4组:对照组(完全培养基培养)、SGI-1027组(使用含SGI-1027的培养基培养)、DNMT3a过表达组(使用完全培养基培养DNMT3a过表达细胞)及SGI-1027+DNMT3a过表达组(使用含SGI-1027的培养基培养DNMT3a过表达细胞)。48 h后同时对各组细胞开展克隆形成实验,14 d后观察组间克隆形成数目的差异,比较各组细胞增殖能力。此外,同时对上述4组细胞进行划痕实验,在划痕后使用相应的含SGI-1027培养基或完全培养基孵育,48 h后记录结果,观察组间48 h迁移率的差异,比较各组细胞迁移能力。
将c-Myc特异性抑制剂10058-F4溶于DMSO,用完全培养基配制成含0.2 mmol/L 10058-F4的培养基用于后续实验。将细胞接种于培养皿24 h后分为4组:对照组(使用完全培养基培养)、DNMT3a过表达组(使用完全培养基培养DNMT3a过表达细胞)、DNMT3a过表达+DMSO组(使用含DMSO的培养基培养DNMT3a过表达细胞)及DNMT3a过表达+10058-F4组(使用含10058-F4培养基培养DNMT3a过表达细胞)。孵育48 h后,使用EdU-594细胞增殖检测试剂盒测定EdU掺入含量来评估细胞增殖能力,使用Olympus FV 1000共聚焦显微镜对细胞进行图片成像,ImageJ软件计数EdU阳性细胞,统计EdU阳性细胞占Hoechst 33342核标记细胞数的百分比(EdU阳性细胞比例)。观察组间EdU阳性细胞比例的差异,比较各组细胞增殖能力。
使用RIPA裂解液提取DNMT3a过表达组和对照组细胞总蛋白,采用BCA法检测蛋白质浓度。煮沸8 min后,取30 μg样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳,电转印法转PVDF膜,5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h,加入Flag、DNMT3a、ZEB1、c-Myc、β-actin一抗4 ℃孵育过夜(稀释倍数1:1000),TBST洗膜后,常温辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔IgG或山羊抗鼠IgG抗体孵育2 h(稀释倍数1:5000),洗膜后ECL法显影。
6只雄性BALB/c-nu裸鼠,4~6周龄,体重18~20 g,购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司,饲养于解放军总医院动物实验中心免疫缺陷动物室。在明暗12 h交替循环、18~23 ℃、40%~60%湿度、充足食物和水条件下单独饲养。随机分为DNMT3a过表达组与对照组,每组3只。分别在两组裸鼠右侧胁腹部后侧皮下接种3×106个DNMT3a过表达组与对照组H1703细胞,建立肿瘤异种移植模型。每3 d评估肿瘤大小和体重,注意肿瘤最大径不超过2 cm。注射后21 d,将动物麻醉并切除肿瘤。在对肿瘤进行拍照和称重后,提取组织总蛋白,采用Western blotting检测蛋白表达水平。
使用GraphPad Prism 9与SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。所有计量资料均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用Student's t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
免疫组化染色结果显示,与癌旁组织相比,肺鳞癌组织中DNMT3a免疫组化评分明显升高(P<0.0001,图1A、B)。结合患者临床病理信息进行分析,结果显示,N分期高、TNM临床分期高、肿瘤分化程度低的肺鳞癌患者DNMT3a表达水平较高(P<0.05或P<0.01,表1)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,DNMT3a高表达组的肺鳞癌患者累积总生存时间(overall survival,OS)短于DNMT3a低表达组(P<0.01,图1C)。
单因素分析结果显示,DNMT3a高表达、肿瘤低分化程度与肺鳞癌病死率呈正相关(HR=2.723,95%CI 1.404~5.284,P<0.01;HR=3.785,95%CI 1.911~7.497,P<0.001,表2);多因素分析结果显示,当校正肿瘤分化程度因素后,DNMT3a高表达仍与较高的死亡风险相关(HR=2.073,95%CI 1.017~4.222,P<0.05,表2)。
GEPIA2公共数据库(图1D)与Kaplan-Meier Plotter公共数据库(图1E)分析结果显示,DNMT3a表达水平与肺鳞癌患者的生存预后相关,且在Ⅲ-Ⅳ期亚组患者中明显相关(P=0.0078),而在Ⅰ-Ⅱ期亚组患者差异无统计学意义(P=0.054)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组H1703细胞具有标签蛋白Flag的表达,且DNMT3a表达水平明显升高(P<0.05,图2A),表明DNMT3a过表达慢病毒转染成功。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,DNMT3a过表达组H1703细胞在72、96 h时的OD450明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2B)。克隆形成实验结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组H1703细胞克隆形成数明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2C)。
进一步在裸鼠体内环境构建肿瘤异种移植模型,结果显示两组裸鼠均出现了皮下移植瘤,但DNMT3a过表达组的肿瘤体积与重量明显大于或重于对照组(P<0.001,图2D)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组H1703细胞与裸鼠异种移植肿瘤中DNMT3a及c-Myc表达均明显上调(P<0.05,图2A、E)。
EdU增殖染色实验结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组EdU阳性细胞比例升高(P<0.05);与DNMT3a过表达组或DNMT3a过表达+DMSO组比较,DNMT3a过表达+10058-F4组EdU阳性细胞比例降低(P<0.05,图2F)。
划痕实验结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组H1703细胞迁移率明显增高(P<0.05,图3A)。Transwell迁移实验结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组H1703细胞迁移数明显增多(P<0.01,图3B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,在DNMT3a过表达H1703细胞系(ZEB1/β-actin:0.97 vs. 0.22,图2A)和裸鼠异种移植肿瘤中,DNMT3a过表达均能上调ZEB1的表达(P<0.05,图2E)。采用RNAi-ZEB1病毒感染DNMT3a过表达H1703细胞系,Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组、DNMT3a过表达+阴性对照组细胞中ZEB1与DNMT3a的表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与DNMT3a过表达组、DNMT3a过表达+阴性对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达+ZEB1敲低组细胞中ZEB1的表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),DNMT3a的表达水平无明显变化(P>0.05,图3C)。
Transwell迁移实验结果显示,与对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达组、DNMT3a过表达+阴性对照组细胞迁移数增多(P<0.05);与DNMT3a过表达组、DNMT3a过表达+阴性对照组比较,DNMT3a过表达+ZEB1敲低组细胞迁移数明显减少(P<0.05,图3D)。
采用DNMT特异性抑制剂SGI-1027孵育DNMT3a过表达组与对照组H1703细胞。克隆形成实验结果显示,与对照组相比,SGI-1027组克隆形成数明显减少(P<0.05),而DNMT3a过表达组克隆形成数明显增多(P<0.05);与SGI-1027组相比,DNMT3a过表达组与SGI-1027+DNMT3a过表达组克隆形成数明显增多(P<0.05);与DNMT3a过表达组相比,SGI-1027+DNMT3a过表达组克隆形成数明显减少(P<0.05,图4A)。
划痕实验结果显示,与对照组相比,SGI-1027组细胞迁移率明显降低(P<0.05),而DNMT3a过表达组细胞迁移率明显增高(P<0.05);与SGI-1027组相比,DNMT3a过表达组与SGI-1027+DNMT3a过表达组细胞迁移率明显增高(P<0.05);与DNMT3a过表达组相比,SGI-1027+DNMT3a过表达组细胞迁移率明显降低(P<0.05,图4B)。
鉴于当前肺鳞癌在治疗上缺乏明确的基因组靶标,近年来肺鳞癌发生发展的表观遗传学机制研究成为热点[10]。DNMT3a是由位于人类第2号染色体短臂2区3带上的23个外显子编码的130 kD蛋白[11]。作为负责催化CpG二核苷酸DNA从头甲基化发生的重要酶蛋白,DNMT3a介导的DNA甲基化修饰在生殖细胞发育和早期胚胎发育中发挥重要作用[12]。在癌症研究领域,DNMT3a被报道是DNMT家族中发生突变最为频繁的基因[9]DNMT3a突变最早在血液系统肿瘤领域备受关注,被认为可直接影响白血病相关基因谱的DNA甲基化水平,通过阻断造血细胞分化、促进过度增殖发挥致癌作用[13]。在急性单核细胞白血病中,DNMT3a突变频率高与预后不良相关,有望成为诊断和预后评估的新型分子标志物[14]
近年来,DNMT3a参与实体肿瘤发生发展的研究也有较多报道,提示其作为肿瘤治疗新靶点的潜能。Zhang等[15]采用miR-1538(microRNA-1538)靶向DNMT3a mRNA的3'-UTR区,发现降低DNMT3a的表达可抑制结直肠癌细胞的体外增殖与迁移能力。Li等[16]发现,DNMT3a能够参与结合髓性热带病毒整合位点1(myeloid ecotype virus insertion site 1,MEIS1)的启动子区域而使MEIS1下调,进而促进结直肠癌的进展及其对奥沙利铂的耐药性。Kataoka等[6]发现,DNMT3a的表达与胃腺癌Lauren肠型、浸润程度以及淋巴结转移明显相关,DNMT3a阳性表达患者的复发率更高,肝转移风险更为显著。Palmbos等[7]发现,上调DNMT3a导致DNA甲基化水平升高,能够沉默抑癌基因磷酸酯酶与张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)的转录,发挥抗侵袭性膀胱癌的作用。以上研究结果表明,DNMT3a可明显影响实体肿瘤的发生、进展及耐药机制,且与肿瘤患者的不良预后明显相关。本研究发现DNMT3a在肺鳞癌中具有相似价值。DNMT3a在肺鳞癌中高表达,并与N分期高、TNM分期高、肿瘤分化程度低等呈正相关,是肺鳞癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素。值得注意的是,这与此前在肺腺癌中报道的DNMT3a表达下调可能与预后不良相关的结果[9]有所不同,这种在不同病理类型肺癌中表现出的差异效应提示DNMT3a在肺癌研究中的价值值得进一步探索。在小细胞肺癌中,已有报道赖氨酸甲基转移酶2C(KMT2C)缺失可直接下调DNMT3a导致组蛋白-DNA协同低甲基化,以表观遗传重编程方式促进小细胞肺癌发生远端转移[17]。肺腺癌相关研究指出,miR-708-5p可靶向DNMT3a以降低DNA甲基化水平,抑制肿瘤细胞干性[18],本研究旨在探索DNMT3a介导肺鳞癌增殖与迁移的生物学效应机制。
SGI-1027是一种结构稳定、高度亲脂的喹啉类非核苷类抑制剂,能够与辅因子SAM竞争,直接抑制DNMT的活性,发挥去甲基化作用[19],且较传统核苷类DNMT抑制剂毒性低[20]。研究发现,SGI-1027能够对DNMT家族中的DNMT1、DNMT3a、DNMT3b发挥强效抑制作用,其IC50分别为12.5、8.0、7.5 μmol/L[21]。目前认为SGI-1027的抗肿瘤作用是通过抑制DNMT活性而降低基因组的整体甲基化水平,使得因高甲基化而失活的关键抑癌基因重新激活,抑制肿瘤生长[22]。SGI-1027抑制DNMT1蛋白活性的作用最早被关注[23],抑制DNMT1可降低DNA甲基化水平,进而重新激活抑癌基因p16p21,发挥抗肿瘤作用[22]。Rilova等[21]发现,SGI-1027及其化学衍生物对人DNMT3a的抑制作用较DNMT1强,可明显降低白血病KG-1细胞的甲基化水平,抑制肿瘤进展。有研究发现,SGI⁃1027的去甲基化作用能够在体外抑制人肝细胞癌Huh7细胞与结肠癌LoVo细胞的增殖活性并诱导细胞凋亡,其抑制效应表现出时间与剂量依赖性[20,24]。但在肺鳞癌领域,SGI⁃1027的去甲基化作用对肿瘤细胞生物学行为的影响尚未见报道。本研究采用SGI⁃1027来抑制DNMT3a的活性,功能表型实验表明抑制DNMT3a后DNMT3a过表达组与对照组H1703细胞增殖与迁移能力均出现下降,而SGI-1027+DNMT3a过表达组克隆形成数及细胞迁移率仍多于或高于SGI-1027组。这反向验证了DNMT3a对肺鳞癌细胞增殖与迁移能力的影响,未来研究可通过慢病毒转染或基因编辑技术敲低或敲除细胞中的DNMT3a,以进一步强化结论。
原癌基因c-Myc作为多种生长因子受体的下游基因,通常响应生长因子与其受体间的相互作用,发挥编码转录因子的功能而促进细胞反应[25]。c-Myc已被证实是癌细胞存活和分裂的核心因子,其转录激活和抑制有助于加速G1至S细胞周期的转变,被认为是癌细胞获得长期增殖能力的关键[10]。c-Myc的失活与抑制可通过恢复正常的细胞检查点机制或诱导增殖停滞、细胞衰老和凋亡来诱导肿瘤消退[26]。有研究发现,c-Myc在50%~75%的非小细胞肺癌中过表达,其过表达的多种激活途径已被证实[25],如Wnt/β-连环蛋白通路、JAK/STAT通路、转化生长因子-β通路等,有望成为肺癌治疗的潜在分子靶点[27]。破坏c-Myc上游信号通路抑制其表达或泛素化降解c-Myc蛋白也成为抗肿瘤治疗方面的研究热点[26-27]。c-Myc促进非小细胞肺癌增殖的分子机制已有明确报道[25]。研究表明,泛素特异性蛋白酶37(ubiquitin-specific protease 37,USP37)过表达可阻断c-Myc蛋白的降解而明显增加c-Myc的丰度,促进肿瘤的增殖能力[28]。另有研究证实,USP28的缺失及其小分子抑制剂能够降低c-Myc蛋白的稳定性,从而明显抑制肺鳞癌细胞的增殖[29]。本研究通过CCK-8法、克隆形成实验、EdU增殖染色实验等细胞体外功能表型实验及裸鼠肿瘤异种移植模型证实了DNMT3a过表达对肺鳞癌细胞具有促增殖能力,同时发现在体内或体外条件下过表达DNMT3a均可引起c-Myc蛋白表达水平升高。进一步通过药物抑制降低c-Myc蛋白水平后这种促增殖能力出现了部分降低,提示DNMT3a可能通过上调c-Myc发挥促肿瘤增殖作用。
上皮-间质转化(epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是肿瘤细胞侵袭与转移的关键生物学事件[30]。EMT过程中,上皮源性肿瘤细胞逐渐失去细胞间的接触与极性,细胞间黏附减少,细胞发生解离,从而获得了迁移及侵袭能力[30]。在肺癌中,ZEB1被认为是EMT的关键转录因子,其可抑制E钙黏蛋白的转录,调控肿瘤转移的关键发育过程[31]。Manshouri等[32]发现,在非小细胞肺癌中,ZEB1能够招募核小体重塑,与脱乙酰酶形成复合物抑制靶基因TBC1D2b(TBC1域蛋白家族成员2b),促进E钙黏蛋白的内吞与降解,从而促进EMT的发生。ZEB1促进肺癌侵袭、转移的分子机制也得到了广泛的研究。ZEB1在非小细胞肺癌中高表达,且在发生转移的肺鳞癌中尤为显著,能够与协同低表达的叉头框蛋白O3a(forkhead box O3,FOXO3a)分子协同促进肿瘤的浸润和转移[33]。陆续有研究报道,ZEB1可激活Notch1促进肺鳞癌循环肿瘤细胞迁移与侵袭[34],调控Polo样激酶1(Polo-like kinase 1,PLK1)介导的SKA3磷酸化促进肺鳞癌迁移[35],以及靶向miR-320a上调RAD51相关蛋白1(RAD51 associated protein 1,RAD51AP1)的表达促进肺鳞癌侵袭与转移[36]等多种机制。本研究通过划痕实验与Tranwell迁移实验验证了DNMT3a的促肺鳞癌细胞迁移能力,同时发现DNMT3a过表达在体内和体外均可上调ZEB1。而敲降ZEB1后可部分逆转由DNMT3a所增强的细胞迁移能力,但对DNMT3a的表达无明显影响,提示DNMT3a可能通过上调ZEB1的表达促进肿瘤迁移。
本研究结果表明,DNMT3a高表达是肺鳞癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素,DNMT3a可能通过上调c-Myc促进肺鳞癌的增殖能力,上调ZEB1促进肺鳞癌的迁移能力。但对于DNMT3a如何通过DNA甲基化调控下游基因转录从而促进肿瘤增殖与迁移的表观遗传学机制尚待进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82103508)
  • 解放军总医院青年自主创新科学基金项目(220NCZ033)
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2024年第49卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1576.2024.0328
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
  • 录用日期:2024-01-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82103508)
国家自然科学基金项目(82103508)
Chinese PLA General Hospital Youth Independent Innovation Science Fund Project(220NCZ033)
解放军总医院青年自主创新科学基金项目(220NCZ033)
作者信息
    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第五医学中心肿瘤医学部肿瘤内科,北京 100071
    3解放军总医院第二医学中心心血管内科,北京 100853
    4空军军医大学第二附属医院胸外科,陕西西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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