Article(id=1198196210021532243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0046.2024.0807, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704902400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717948800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-10, onlineDate=1763601837878, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763601837878, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763601837878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763601837878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198196207379120715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='12', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1459', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763601837248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603898104, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1444, endPage=1451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198196210264801877, articleId=1198196210021532243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on vascular endothelial dysfunction and its biomarkers in cerebral small vessel disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a group of local brain tissue lesions caused by abnormal small vessels in the brain due to different etiologies. The pathogenesis of CSVD is not yet fully understood, and its diagnosis currently mainly relies on clinical imaging examinations. Endothelial cells (ECs) in cerebral blood vessels can play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, regulating cerebral blood flow, and mediating neurovascular coupling. In recent years, studies have shown that ECs dysfunction plays an important triggering and mediating role in the pathological changes of CSVD, and may even be a key initiating link in its pathogenesis. Moreover, biomarkers related to ECs dysfunction are associated with the severity of CSVD. The review summarizes the role of ECs dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CSVD, and the research progress of related biomarkers, aiming to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of CSVD.

, correspAuthors=Zheng-Qian Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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脑小血管病(CSVD)是一组由不同病因引起的脑内小血管异常所致的脑组织局部病变,其发病机制尚未完全明确,当前其诊断主要依赖于临床影像学检查。脑血管中的内皮细胞(ECs)可在维持血脑屏障结构和功能,调节脑血流,以及神经血管耦合等方面发挥重要作用。近年研究显示,ECs功能障碍在CSVD病理改变中发挥重要的诱发和媒介作用,甚至可能是其发病的关键始动环节,且ECs功能障碍相关的生物标志物与CSVD的严重程度有关。本文综述ECs功能障碍在CSVD发病机制中的作用及相关生物标志物的研究进展,以期为CSVD的诊断和治疗提供参考。

, correspAuthors=李正迁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李正迁,E-mail:
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张肇泽,临床医学八年制,主要从事脑小血管病发病机制相关研究

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张肇泽,临床医学八年制,主要从事脑小血管病发病机制相关研究

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脑小血管病血管内皮功能障碍及其生物标志物研究进展
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张肇泽 , 焦好 , 陈颖 , 郭向阳 , 李正迁 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(12): 1444-1451
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(12): 1444-1451
脑小血管病血管内皮功能障碍及其生物标志物研究进展
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张肇泽, 焦好, 陈颖, 郭向阳, 李正迁*
作者信息
  • 北京大学第三医院麻醉科,北京 100191
  • 张肇泽,临床医学八年制,主要从事脑小血管病发病机制相关研究

通讯作者:

李正迁,E-mail:
Research progress on vascular endothelial dysfunction and its biomarkers in cerebral small vessel disease
Zhao-Ze Zhang, Hao Jiao, Ying Chen, Xiang-Yang Guo, Zheng-Qian Li*
Affiliations
  • Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0046.2024.0807
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脑小血管病(CSVD)是一组由不同病因引起的脑内小血管异常所致的脑组织局部病变,其发病机制尚未完全明确,当前其诊断主要依赖于临床影像学检查。脑血管中的内皮细胞(ECs)可在维持血脑屏障结构和功能,调节脑血流,以及神经血管耦合等方面发挥重要作用。近年研究显示,ECs功能障碍在CSVD病理改变中发挥重要的诱发和媒介作用,甚至可能是其发病的关键始动环节,且ECs功能障碍相关的生物标志物与CSVD的严重程度有关。本文综述ECs功能障碍在CSVD发病机制中的作用及相关生物标志物的研究进展,以期为CSVD的诊断和治疗提供参考。

脑小血管病  /  血脑屏障  /  白质高信号  /  内皮细胞功能障碍  /  生物标志物

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a group of local brain tissue lesions caused by abnormal small vessels in the brain due to different etiologies. The pathogenesis of CSVD is not yet fully understood, and its diagnosis currently mainly relies on clinical imaging examinations. Endothelial cells (ECs) in cerebral blood vessels can play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, regulating cerebral blood flow, and mediating neurovascular coupling. In recent years, studies have shown that ECs dysfunction plays an important triggering and mediating role in the pathological changes of CSVD, and may even be a key initiating link in its pathogenesis. Moreover, biomarkers related to ECs dysfunction are associated with the severity of CSVD. The review summarizes the role of ECs dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CSVD, and the research progress of related biomarkers, aiming to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of CSVD.

cerebral small-vessel disease  /  blood-brain barrier  /  white matter hyperintensities  /  endothelial cell dysfunction  /  biomarkers
张肇泽, 焦好, 陈颖, 郭向阳, 李正迁. 脑小血管病血管内皮功能障碍及其生物标志物研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1444 -1451 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0046.2024.0807
Zhao-Ze Zhang, Hao Jiao, Ying Chen, Xiang-Yang Guo, Zheng-Qian Li. Research progress on vascular endothelial dysfunction and its biomarkers in cerebral small vessel disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1444 -1451 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0046.2024.0807
脑小血管病(cerebral small-vessel disease,CSVD)是一组病因异质性的脑内小动脉及其远端分支、微动脉、毛细血管、微静脉、小静脉产生病变而引起的临床、影像、病理改变的综合征[1-2]。CSVD的常见临床表现是脑卒中和认知功能障碍,也可导致运动和步态异常、平衡障碍、二便失禁、抑郁、淡漠等症状[3]。CSVD起病隐匿,早期症状不易识别[4],往往被认为是年龄增长导致的自然老化结果。目前,CSVD的临床诊断主要依靠神经影像学,其中特征性MRI视觉评分系统在疾病负荷评估中应用价值较高[5]。在全球范围内,CSVD导致25%的脑卒中且预后较差[1,6];其还导致45%的痴呆[7],不仅是阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的重要危险因素,还是认知功能障碍相关疾病的常见病理特征[8]。CSVD疾病负担较重,但其临床干预和防治缺乏针对性,在治疗上的突破尚待发病机制的阐明。研究显示,内皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs)功能障碍是CSVD的早期病理改变,可能在CSVD发病中起关键始动作用[9]。对ECs功能障碍的研究将有助于进一步理解CSVD的发病机制,更好地指导临床干预和治疗;而ECs功能障碍衍生的生物标志物研究可能为CSVD的早期诊断和潜在治疗靶点提供新方向。本文就CSVD研究现状、ECs功能障碍在CSVD发病机制中的重要作用及相关生物标志物的研究进展进行综述。
CSVD是一组异质性疾病,个体遗传背景存在差异,其病因和发病机制尚不明确。Pantoni[10]在2010年根据病因和病理特征将CSVD分为6种亚型并沿用至今:Ⅰ型,小动脉硬化,也称为年龄相关或血管危险因素相关的小血管病;Ⅱ型,脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid disease,CAA),是一种与年龄相关、散发或遗传的,以β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)在脑血管壁沉积为特征的小血管病,严重时下易导致血管破裂使血液渗漏到脑实质,常见于AD和唐氏综合征;Ⅲ型,有别于CAA的遗传性小血管病,其中大脑常染色体显性动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)及法布里病较为常见;Ⅳ型,炎症或免疫介导的小血管病,包括IgA血管炎、嗜酸性肉芽肿伴多血管炎、冷球蛋白血症性血管炎等系统性血管炎,以及原发中枢系统感染性血管炎、继发于中枢系统感染或结缔组织病的血管炎;Ⅴ型,静脉胶原病,由于胶原蛋白过多,靠近侧脑室的静脉壁增厚,静脉管腔狭窄甚至闭塞;Ⅵ型,其他小血管病,包括放射受照后的血管病和AD患者的非淀粉样微血管变性。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型CSVD在临床上较为常见。
CSVD的诊断和评估主要依赖于神经影像学。近期脑小血管病国际影像标准(Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging,STRIVE)得到了更新;2023年发布的STRIVE-2在STRIVE-1的基础上对各影像特征进行了评价、调整和更新,并对MRI扫描序列及相关参数和后处理方法作出了更细致的规范[11]。STRIVE-2建议将新旧标准结合起来解读与运用。目前用于描述CSVD的影像学特征包括近期皮质下小梗死、(假定血管源性的)腔隙、(假定血管源性的)白质高信号(white matter hyperintensities,WMHs)、脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)、血管周围间隙(perivascular spaces,PVSs)、皮质表面铁沉积、脑萎缩等[5,11]。这些影像学特征通过MRI识别,可反映CSVD的病理变化,与CSVD导致的脑卒中、认知功能障碍、运动功能障碍及精神症状相关[12-13]。成像技术的发展有助于动态监测疾病的进展,其检测结果可作为某些临床试验的替代终点,有助于理解CSVD的发病机制。弥散MRI特别是弥散张量成像技术可检测到常规成像技术显示为正常的早期白质组织改变,可监测CSVD的进展;弥散张量成像指标的变化可作为临床试验的终点,还可用于预测痴呆的风险[14-15]。连续弥散加权成像技术可显示更多小的、无症状的腔隙,并与CSVD和认知功能障碍的放射学进展有关[16]。7T MRI技术可对单个穿孔动脉进行成像,测量血液流速和血管搏动性,允许直接可视化病理变化[17]。目前新兴的成像技术尚未在临床普及。
CSVD可被视为全身小血管疾病在脑血管的局部表现,患者的肾和视网膜血管网也可受累[18]。CSVD和其他心血管疾病有共同的危险因素,首先是衰老和高血压,其次包括吸烟、糖尿病和高胆固醇血症等[19]。但CSVD的病理特征具有特异性。CSVD血管中膜平滑肌密度降低,纤维透明物质沉积,血管壁增厚、硬化,管腔狭窄,影响灌注和跨壁气体传输[10];直径<1 mm的脑内穿支血管包括静脉和毛细血管也可受累,且部分无高血压的患者也可出现CSVD[20]。CSVD的梗死大多是由于局部缺血和远端血流减少,而不是血凝块或栓子堵塞导致,提示CSVD的发病机制较一般的动脉硬化更加复杂[21]。CSVD缺乏有效的治疗措施,主要依靠管理血管疾病的危险因素如高血压、吸烟、糖尿病和高胆固醇血症等[6]。一项多中心随机对照试验结果显示,与收缩压降低至140 mmHg的标准治疗相比,收缩压降低至120 mmHg的强化治疗与白质损伤(white matter lesions,WMLs)进展减少、轻度认知障碍、痴呆联合终点的减少明显相关,为CSVD降压治疗的疗效提供了证据支持[22]。另有研究显示,血压变异性会影响脑血管的自我调节功能,增加CSVD的风险[23]。另外,部分抗血小板药物和他汀类药物的疗效有待更高质量的临床试验进一步验证[24]。CSVD有效治疗手段的开发仍亟待发病机制的进一步阐明。
ECs是位于血管内壁上的一层单层扁平上皮细胞,可在血压调控、血流量调节、凝血、炎症及血管生成、修复和重塑等方面发挥重要作用[25]。脑血管中的ECs由于其特殊的解剖位置和组织毗邻,承担更多生理功能。ECs通过紧密连接(tight junction,TJ)相互锚定,与基底膜、周细胞、星形胶质细胞等协同组成血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB),严格控制大脑与血液之间的物质交换[26]。同时,ECs和细胞外基质、基底膜、血管平滑肌细胞、周细胞、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞、神经元等共同组成神经血管单元。周细胞可调节ECs的基因表达,并通过使周围星形胶质细胞的端足极化将血管与其他胶质细胞和神经元连接起来,形成神经血管单元的整体性[27-28]。通过该联系,神经张力的变化可影响脑血流(cerebral blood flow,CBF),向中间细胞传递信号实现血管的收缩和扩张,以响应能量需求[29];这一过程被称为神经血管耦合。
在CSVD患者中,使用正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET)和MRI可观察到CBF自动调节的变化[30]。一项纳入130例不同严重程度CSVD患者的横断面研究结果显示,CSVD总负担评分与CBF呈负相关[31]。ECs结构和功能的完整性在CBF调节中具有重要意义。ECs可通过释放血管活性物质如一氧化氮(NO)引起反应性血管舒张,ECs中的NO合成酶(endothelial NO synthase,eNOS)可将L-精氨酸催化转化为NO,NO激活鸟苷酸环化酶,引起环鸟苷酸介导的血管平滑肌松弛[32]。NO释放减少会引起病理性血管收缩,造成组织缺血;NO缺乏和生物利用度下降及eNOS活性降低都可作为ECs功能障碍的指标[33]。在CSVD动物模型和患者的脑脊液中均发现eNOS活性降低[29]。同时,功能失调的ECs具有代偿性增殖的表现[34],在CSVD动物模型和患者中均可见ECs数量增多[35-36],即使严重的CSVD病例也未观察到ECs丢失[37]。ECs功能障碍可导致血管形成异常。McGrory等[38]分析了视网膜微血管的扫描电镜观察结果与CSVD影像学特征的相关性,结果显示,眼底检查中小动脉分型维数与WMHs明显相关,且这一结果在老年人群和近期发生缺血性脑卒中患者中具有一致性,提示ECs可能在CSVD患者的全身性表现中发挥关键作用。衰老和高血压等与CSVD相关的危险因素会影响eNOS,使其从产生NO转变为产生超氧根离子,降低NO生物利用度[29]。还有研究显示,吸烟和血糖水平升高可通过下调eNOS的表达引起血管舒张功能障碍[39]。Deplanque等[40]将近期症状性腔隙性脑卒中患者与按照主要血管危险因素相匹配的对照病例进行比较,结果显示,患者组ECs依赖的脑血管反应性明显低于对照组,提示ECs功能障碍可能是独立于匹配因素之外而导致CSVD发病的关键环节。
Wardlaw等[21]最初推测BBB受损是CSVD早期病理改变的核心:BBB受损引起微出血和远端血流量减少,加剧脑局部缺血和缺氧,导致脑缺血和皮质下梗死,循环物质的渗漏和沉积可导致血管周围水肿。这些缺血性变化可能进一步导致少突胶质细胞的丢失,引起髓鞘化受损,这些病理改变与MRI图像上的特征性WMHs相吻合[41]。BBB的完整性受到ECs功能障碍的影响,首先,ECs功能障碍本身会导致TJ蛋白如claudin-5和ZO-1表达下调,亚硝基化修饰被抑制,伴随NO分泌减少[42];其次,功能失调的ECs分泌基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)增多,其中MMP-2和MMP-9增多会减少关键TJ蛋白的表达,增加BBB的通透性[29,42]。有研究显示,ECs功能障碍是CSVD及其发病机制的关键,且发生在BBB受损之前。Rajani等[43]使用卒中易感自发性高血压大鼠作为CSVD疾病模型,与对照组大鼠相比,实验组大鼠最早观察到的病理改变是4周龄时表达关键TJ蛋白claudin-5的血管数量减少,但并未出现大葡聚糖示踪剂的泄漏;5周龄时,实验组大鼠深部白质少突胶质细胞前体细胞数目增多,其向成熟的少突胶质细胞分化受阻,并且在没有血流和血压的情况下,将实验组大鼠的脑切片体外培养5周可发现相同的变化,提示早期白质病理不是由于血液成分通过受损BBB泄漏造成的;在3周龄时已可观察到ECs的增殖和eNOS减少。然而,BBB通透性增加对后续的病理恶化很重要,因为在CSVD动物模型和患者中都发现了纤维蛋白原的渗透[44]。野生型大鼠的脑微血管ECs在实验组大鼠脑微血管ECs的条件培养基中表现出相似的少突胶质细胞成熟减少,这表明ECs会分泌影响少突胶质细胞成熟的因子,后续实验显示这种因子是热休克蛋白90α,并筛选得到了一个影响ECs功能的上游基因Atp11b;该基因的单核苷酸多态性与群体的WMHs严重程度有关。另有研究显示,ECs功能障碍导致更多MMP-3和MMP-9进入脑实质,加速髓磷脂的分解[45]
总之,ECs功能障碍很可能是CSVD的独特危险因素,并作为发病的关键始动环节与CBF、BBB、脑白质等损伤途径相互作用,参与CSVD的疾病发展过程。
线粒体损伤可能是CAA发展过程中早期事件之一。与外周相比,脑内ECs的能量代谢和存活更依赖于线粒体的呼吸功能。大鼠脑毛细血管ECs的线粒体体积是细胞质总体积的8%~11%,是外周内皮细胞线粒体体积的2~4倍,对细胞凋亡和缺氧或缺血条件下TJ蛋白的破坏更敏感[46]。ECs线粒体中的Aβ对电子传递链和氧化磷酸化的影响可导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)过度产生,加剧氧化应激和线粒体损伤及病理学的恶化。Badhwar等[47]对从Wilis环及其主要分支中分离的ECs进行蛋白组学分析,结果显示,与野生型小鼠相比,淀粉样蛋白前体小鼠线粒体铜锌超氧化物歧化酶1和细胞色素氧化酶亚基6C的表达上调。Han等[48]在CAA小鼠模型中发现,软脑膜动脉超氧化物歧化酶2表达上调和超氧离子产生增多,而线粒体ROS又加剧了Aβ的特异性沉积,提示氧化应激和CAA病理变化具有伴随关系。
CADASIL是由染色体19p13.2-p13.1上的NOTCH3基因突变所致,被认为是成人脑卒中和痴呆的常见遗传因素之一。NOTCH3是一种跨膜受体,由全身脉管系统中的血管平滑肌细胞和周细胞表达。大多数CADASIL的NOTCH3突变通过添加或去除半胱氨酸残基来影响NOTCH3蛋白的34个细胞外结构域表皮生长因子重复序列中的一个,导致特征性的细胞外嗜饿性颗粒物沉积,并最终引起血管平滑肌细胞的降解[49]。Pescini等[50]将CADASIL患者与按年龄匹配的健康对照者比较,发现CADASIL患者的血管性血友病因子水平较高,内皮祖细胞和循环祖细胞水平较低,导致患者认知功能损害和MRI负荷增高,提示ECs功能障碍可能在CADASIL中起作用。ECs在CADASIL中的作用更多体现在神经血管耦合过程中与其他细胞的互作失调。神经血管单元在CADASIL中是选择性地受累而非广泛性的血管舒缩功能障碍[51]。Huneau等[52]使用动脉自旋标记MRI技术同时监测CADASIL患者和对照组对视觉和运动刺激时的功能性充血和诱发电位变化,结果显示,在疾病早期阶段,功能性充血反应动态在CADASIL患者中下降现象,但诱发电位却无变化,提示可能与ECs的早期功能障碍致血管舒缩异常有关;另一项包含21例CADASIL患者的研究观察到了类似的血管活性受损[53]
炎症或免疫介导的小血管病、静脉胶原病和放射受照后CSVD等病因分型较为少见,ECs功能障碍在其发病过程中的相关研究也较少。但考虑到CSVD管壁增厚、管腔狭窄和闭塞等共性病理改变以及WMHs等神经影像学特征,此类CSVD发病很可能具有BBB受损、参与氧化应激、神经血管耦合障碍、CBF调节异常等相似的致病机制[54-55]
鉴于ECs功能障碍在CSVD发生发展中的关键枢纽作用,近年来有关CSVD患者ECs功能障碍生物标志物的研究逐渐成为热点。细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、非对称性二甲基精氨酸(asymmetric dimethylarginine,ADMA)等相继有报道与CSVD患者ECs功能及其认知转归相关,为该病的诊断和治疗提供了转化应用的前景。
ICAM-1又称CD54,属于免疫球蛋白超家族成员,在静息的ECs中呈低表达。ICAM-1重要作用之一是调节白细胞在炎症部位的募集、黏附、滚动和跨内皮迁移[56]。当ECs功能失调或丢失后,由于ECs的代偿性再生,ICAM-1表达量增高,可溶性ICAM-1被分泌至血液循环中,可反映ECs的活化情况,有可能成为ECs功能障碍的标志物[57]
ICAM-1与CSVD的影像特征之间具有较强的关联。一项包含163例首次腔隙性脑卒中患者、183例高血压患者和43名健康对照者的研究显示,腔隙合并WMHs患者的循环ICAM-1水平明显高于无征象者[58]。一项针对263例缺血性脑卒中患者的回归分析显示,在调整年龄、性别和血管危险因素后,脑卒中后90 d检测到的由腔隙数量和WMHs病变严重程度组成的综合负担评分与ICAM-1水平升高明显相关[59]。类似结果也出现在健康老年群体中,一项针对960名中国无脑卒中老年人的社区横断面研究显示,调整混杂因素后,包括ICAM-1在内的ECs功能障碍标志物与WMHs体积大小和腔隙的存在明显相关,而与CMBs和PVSs相关性不大[60]。然而,近期一项对Framingham后代队列中3604名无脑卒中、痴呆等神经系统疾病的中老年个体的研究中,多变量分析显示ICAM-1与基底节区PVSs负荷明显相关,与半卵圆中心PVSs负荷相关性不大[61],提示不同部位PVSs的病理过程可能存在差异。纵向研究的结果也验证了ICAM-1在CSVD进展中的作用。一项纳入1396例老年CSVD患者的前瞻性队列研究亚组分析显示,在平均随访69.7个月期间,经协变量调整后,ICAM-1水平变化与WMHs体积变化、新出现的腔隙和CMBs计数变化明显相关,且上述病变可能与血管剪切应力改变有关[62]。另一项纳入495例无认知受损老年人和247例轻度认知障碍患者的队列研究显示,脑脊液ICAM-1水平与总体临床痴呆评分相关,提示ICAM-1水平升高可能引起或加重认知障碍,在调整WMHs体积后,这种相关仍然显著[63]。目前有较多证据显示ICAM-1与CSVD发生发展有关,但缺乏其在发病中作用的阐释,未来需要更多针对其分子来源和作用机制的研究。
HCY是一种来源于蛋氨酸的非蛋白原巯基氨基酸,是半胱氨酸的同系物,被认为是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素[64]。HCY可通过拮抗NO、增加细胞内活性氧、干扰细胞甲基化、增加血小板活化聚集和血栓素产生等多种途径介导ECs功能损伤和血管毒性[64-65]
HCY也与CSVD的影像学特征关系密切。Ji等[66]纳入231例经MRI确诊为CSVD患者的回顾性研究显示,血浆HCY水平与白质深部或室周WMHs、腔隙及基底神经节中PVSs的高负担明显相关,可作为CSVD患者认知功能障碍的独立预测因子。Piao等[67]纳入18项研究,共1987例CSVD患者和3101名对照者的荟萃分析显示,CSVD患者的HCY水平明显高于对照者,且亚组分析显示,与对照组比较,发生WMHs者的HCY水平升高最为明显,其次是无症状脑梗死和腔隙。一项包括819例因CSVD导致痴呆患者的回顾性研究显示,在调整其他混杂因素后,血浆HCY是CMBs存在的独立预测因子;降低血浆HCY水平可能有助于CMBs或亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因型导致的认知障碍患者的恢复及预后改善[68]。一项时长24个月的单中心队列研究显示,在调整了年龄、性别和CSVD影像评分后,血浆HCY水平与腔隙的形成、血管事件或死亡等结局发生的风险增加相关[69]。另外,一项孟德尔随机化分析显示,在调整年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等危险因素后,C677T基因突变引发的HCY水平升高与腔隙的存在明显相关,而A1298C基因突变引发的HCY水平降低与脑实质容量减少明显相关[70]。众多研究提示了HCY与CSVD的不良进展和结局的相关性。有研究显示,成年人血浆HCY>10 μmol/L时需要干预,临床联用叶酸和维生素B6及维生素B12可降低HCY水平[65],但其对CSVD的干预效果有待进一步验证。
VEGF也被称为血管通透因子,是生长因子的亚家族,包括VEGF-A-E和胎盘生长因子(placental growth factor,PIGF)。VEGF可与ECs的VEGF受体结合,发挥促进细胞外基质变性及血管通透性增加,调节内皮细胞增殖、存活、迁移和血管形成等作用[71]。生理条件下VEGF介导的新生血管形成有利于组织细胞交换氧气、营养物质、代谢副产物等,维持细胞的存活和增殖;但在缺氧和低灌注等条件下,VEGF的作用异常可能导致病理性血管形成[72]
一项针对263例缺血性脑卒中患者的回归分析显示,脑卒中后90 d血清VEGF水平与腔隙数量和总CSVD负担评分明显相关[59]。此前的一项针对Framingham队列中1863名无脑卒中参与者的研究也得到类似结果,经过10年随访,193例患者经历了突发脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作,多变量分析显示,较高的VEGF水平与脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作风险增加有关[73]。还有一项研究报道,在急性缺血性脑卒中发生24 h内,与合并CSVD患者比较,合并大血管病患者血清VEGF水平更高,且血清VEGF水平与梗死体积呈正比;有趣的是,在调整梗死体积等协变量后,急性期血清VEGF水平升高与3个月后脑卒中评分改善呈正比[74]。VEGF与缺血性卒中有较为显著的关联,但VEGF的长期神经保护和血管生成作用可能是其有利的一面。
传统观点认为,VEGF与WMHs、CMBs等CSVD影像学特征之间并无明确的相关性[73,75-76]。然而,近期一项纳入495名无认知受损老年人和247例轻度认知障碍患者的队列研究显示,较高的基线PIGF水平独立于认知障碍和Aβ状态,但与WMHs体积增加相关明显;然而在6年随访期间,PIGF水平降低与纵向WMHs的体积增加明显相关[63]。缺氧和神经炎症可能刺激VEGF产生并参与WMHs的病理过程,但过于严重的血管损伤可能耗竭ECs和VEGF,阻碍必要的血管生成。此外,Hinman等[77]采用多站点观察队列研究方法,在355名前瞻性人群中,调整年龄和性别后,血浆PIGF水平与基线WMHs负担评分和认知障碍之间明显相关;在纵向队列中,PIGF对WMHs、WMHs伴轻度认知障碍、WMHs伴痴呆这3种进展性疾病的诊断准确性较高。
VEGF在不同病理背景下对CSVD的作用不同,缺氧和低灌注条件可能会导致VEGF的血管生成作用失稳态。VEGF与CSVD影像学特征之间的关联尚不明确,但近期研究显示PIGF有一定预测价值[63,77]
ADMA是精氨酸甲基化修饰后水解的产物,是一种存在于血浆及尿液中的eNOS抑制剂,可与L-精氨酸竞争性结合eNOS,降低NO的产生和生物利用度,同时可抑制内皮祖细胞的增殖,导致ECs功能障碍[78]
一项纳入210例CSVD患者和207名健康对照者的研究显示,患者组ADMA水平明显高于对照组,但在调整年龄、性别和血管危险因素后,两组ADMA水平差异无统计学意义;在不同病变类型CSVD中ADMA水平存在差异,与多发腔隙相比,单发腔隙患者ADMA水平升高;与仅有WMHs相比,WMHs伴脑萎缩患者ADMA水平升高[79];此外,该研究还发现ADMA水平在WMHs患者中与蒙特利尔认知评分明显相关。此前,Khan等[80]对CSVD患者与血管危险因素相似的对照组的研究显示,在控制年龄、性别、血管危险因素和肌酐清除率后,腔隙数量与ADMA水平相关不明显,WMHs严重程度与ADMA相关,且ADMA与HCY水平相关不明显,在额外控制HCY后ADMA对CSVD的作用仅略有减弱。不同的研究结果提示,不同病理特征的CSVD发病机制不同,相比于WMHs,动脉粥样硬化在腔隙的发病中有更重要的地位;ADMA虽然是动脉粥样硬化的主要原因之一,但可能是通过影响HCY等其他因素或与其他因素共同作用,从而影响ECs的功能。一项纳入35例年轻、无症状CSVD患者和35名年龄性别匹配对照者的研究显示,患者组ADMA水平较高,且和WMHs的共同存在与疾病加重明显相关;以ADMA水平区分患者和对照者具有一定的准确度,以46 ng/ml作为临界值具有80%的敏感度和54%的特异度,进一步支持ADMA和ECs功能障碍在CSVD早期的病理作用[81]。近期Dobrynina等[82]发现,红细胞流变特性可用于评估精氨酸-eNOS-NO系统功能;L-精氨酸孵育前后的红细胞解聚率用于鉴别NO缺乏或生物利用度降低的表现优于其他流变学特征。红细胞解聚率>113/s的患者有更严重的认知障碍、高血压、WMHs和BBB通透性增加风险,这可能有利于筛选出能够使用外源性L-精氨酸治疗的目标群体,作为治疗策略的一部分,但由于代谢复杂性等原因这一疗法目前仍未投入临床实践[82-84]
CSVD因其起病隐匿及高罹患率成为近年研究热点,其发病病因不明确,临床表现具有异质性,尚无针对性治疗方案。ECs功能障碍在CSVD的发病中起枢纽性作用,可能是CSVD早期发病的关键,并通过多种方式影响CSVD的病理进展。ECs功能障碍相关生物标志物的研究,有利于理解ECs在CSVD发病机制中的复杂作用,包括ICAM-1、HCY、VEGF、ADMA在内的重要因子相继报道与CSVD的发生发展及认知转归相关,为CSVD的诊断、病情监测和治疗靶点提供了新途径。目前针对ECs功能障碍的治疗尚处于起步阶段,未来有必要开展多中心、大样本临床研究,深度挖掘影像学信息,并通过结合血液、脑脊液和基因检测等技术,进一步揭示ECs在CSVD中的作用,开发预警或诊断效能更高的生物标志物,达到早确诊、早治疗、预防严重并发症等目的,以改善患者的生存质量与预后,降低CSVD的疾病负担。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81971012)
  • 北京大学第三医院青年学术骨干孵育基金(BYSYFY2021029)
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2024年第49卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0046.2024.0807
  • 接收时间:2024-01-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-11
  • 录用日期:2024-06-10
基金
General Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971012)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81971012)
Young Academic Backbone Incubation Fund of Peking University Third Hospital(BYSYFY2021029)
北京大学第三医院青年学术骨干孵育基金(BYSYFY2021029)
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    北京大学第三医院麻醉科,北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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