Article(id=1198196209539183270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0999.2024.0729, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690387200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1697040000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-12, onlineDate=1763601837763, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763601837763, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763601837763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763601837763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198196207379120715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='12', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1459', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763601837248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603898104, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1437, endPage=1443, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198196209761481384, articleId=1198196209539183270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on application of nutritional assessment methods in patients with chronic kidney disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Malnutrition is a significant risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and monitoring the nutritional status of CKD patients is crucial for delaying disease progression and improving patient prognosis. Currently, there is a scarcity of studies on malnutrition in CKD, and a unified standard for nutritional assessment in CKD is still lacking. Clinical evaluation must be conducted according to the condition of patients, combined with multiple indicators. Nutritional screening and assessment scales are the common nutritional assessment methods; however, due to limitations in the applicable populations, the applicability of some scales for the CKD population requires further verification. Additionally, anthropometric indicators, body composition analysis, and clinical laboratory indicators can also reflect human nutritional status, each with its respective advantages and limitations. This review summarizes the research status and clinical application characteristics of various nutritional assessment methods in CKD patients, aiming to provide references for the clinical assessment of malnutrition in CKD.

, correspAuthors=Zhe-Yi Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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营养不良是慢性肾脏病(CKD)进展的危险因素之一,关注CKD患者营养状况对于延缓疾病进展、改善预后具有重要意义。目前CKD营养不良的相关研究较少,CKD患者的营养评估尚缺乏统一的标准,临床上需要根据患者情况结合多项指标进行综合评估。营养筛查与评估量表是常用的营养评估方法,然而由于适用人群的限制,部分量表在CKD患者中的适用性仍需进一步验证。此外,人体测量指标、人体成分分析和临床检验指标等亦可用于反映人体营养状况,不同的营养评估方法有各自的优点和局限性。本文对不同营养评估方法在CKD患者中的研究状况以及临床应用特点进行综述,以期为CKD营养不良的临床评估提供参考。

, correspAuthors=董哲毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董哲毅,E-mail:
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骆雅咏,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合防治慢性肾脏病方面的研究

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Is serum transthyretin a reliable marker of nutritional status in patients with end-stage renal disease?[J]. Clin Biochem, 2008, 41(7-8): 493-497., articleTitle=Is serum transthyretin a reliable marker of nutritional status in patients with end-stage renal disease?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198318907820966646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196209539183270, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=18, pageStart=3848, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=70, authorNames=Barril G, Nogueira A, Alvarez-García G, journalName=Nutrients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barril G, Nogueira A, Alvarez-García G, et al. Nutritional predictors of mortality after 10 years of follow-up in patients with chronic kidney disease at a multidisciplinary unit of advanced chronic kidney disease[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(18): 3848., articleTitle=Nutritional predictors of mortality after 10 years of follow-up in patients with chronic kidney disease at a multidisciplinary unit of advanced chronic kidney disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198318907900658423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196209539183270, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=58, issue=6, pageStart=2512, pageEnd=2517, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Chertow GM, Ackert K, Lew NL, journalName=Kidney Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chertow GM, Ackert K, Lew NL, et al. Prealbumin is as important as albumin in the nutritional assessment of hemodialysis patients[J]. Kidney Int, 2000, 58(6): 2512-2517., articleTitle=Prealbumin is as important as albumin in the nutritional assessment of hemodialysis patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198318908001321720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196209539183270, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=41493, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=Wang W, Pan Y, Tang X, journalName=Sci Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang W, Pan Y, Tang X, et al. Serum prealbumin and its changes over time are associated with mortality in acute kidney injury[J]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 41493., articleTitle=Serum prealbumin and its changes over time are associated with mortality in acute kidney injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198318908081013497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196209539183270, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=20, pageStart=4297, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=73, authorNames=Graterol Torres F, Molina M, Soler-Majoral J, journalName=Nutrients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Graterol Torres F, Molina M, Soler-Majoral J, et al. Evolving concepts on inflammatory biomarkers and malnutrition in chronic kidney disease[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(20): 4297., articleTitle=Evolving concepts on inflammatory biomarkers and malnutrition in chronic kidney disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198318908156510970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196209539183270, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=8, issue=5, pageStart=369, pageEnd=382, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=74, authorNames=Filiopoulos V, Vlassopoulos D, journalName=Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Filiopoulos V, Vlassopoulos D. Inflammatory syndrome in chronic kidney disease: pathogenesis and influence on outcomes[J]. 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Comparison of clinical application of nutritional assessment scale in CKD

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营养评估量表 评估内容 特点 缺点
SGA

5项病史内容:体重变化、进食量变化、胃肠道症状、活动能力、代谢需求

3项体格检查:皮下脂肪、肌肉萎缩、水肿情况

临床广泛认可的营养评估方法,被认为是营养评估的“金标准”

(1)主观性强

(2)对营养状况的急性变化不够敏感

PEW 4个项目:生化指标、身体质量、肌肉质量、饮食摄入

(1)反映肾病患者体内蛋白质和能量储备不足而引起的一种营养缺乏状态

(2)多用于CKD晚期和透析患者

(1)需要计算饮食蛋白质和能量摄入,对调查者要求高,耗时较长

(2)诊断标准严格,识别营养不良的敏感性较低

GLIM标准

3个表型标准:体重减轻、低BMI、肌肉质量减少

2个病因标准:摄食减少或消化吸收障碍、炎症或疾病负担

一种新的营养不良诊断共识 在CKD人群中的应用研究较少,需要更多的研究进行验证
Renal iNUT 5个封闭式问题:体重减轻、BMI≤20 kg/m²、营养补充剂、进食量、食欲

(1)针对肾脏病患者

(2)简便且较为客观

缺乏外部验证
), ArticleFig(id=1198318897461035563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196209539183270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

营养评估量表在CKD临床应用中的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养评估量表 评估内容 特点 缺点
SGA

5项病史内容:体重变化、进食量变化、胃肠道症状、活动能力、代谢需求

3项体格检查:皮下脂肪、肌肉萎缩、水肿情况

临床广泛认可的营养评估方法,被认为是营养评估的“金标准”

(1)主观性强

(2)对营养状况的急性变化不够敏感

PEW 4个项目:生化指标、身体质量、肌肉质量、饮食摄入

(1)反映肾病患者体内蛋白质和能量储备不足而引起的一种营养缺乏状态

(2)多用于CKD晚期和透析患者

(1)需要计算饮食蛋白质和能量摄入,对调查者要求高,耗时较长

(2)诊断标准严格,识别营养不良的敏感性较低

GLIM标准

3个表型标准:体重减轻、低BMI、肌肉质量减少

2个病因标准:摄食减少或消化吸收障碍、炎症或疾病负担

一种新的营养不良诊断共识 在CKD人群中的应用研究较少,需要更多的研究进行验证
Renal iNUT 5个封闭式问题:体重减轻、BMI≤20 kg/m²、营养补充剂、进食量、食欲

(1)针对肾脏病患者

(2)简便且较为客观

缺乏外部验证
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营养评估方法在慢性肾脏病患者中的应用研究进展
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骆雅咏 1, 2 , 董哲毅 1, * , 林雯文 1 , 王倩 1 , 邓春柳 3 , 李航天 1 , 陈香美 1
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(12): 1437-1443
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(12): 1437-1443
营养评估方法在慢性肾脏病患者中的应用研究进展
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骆雅咏1, 2, 董哲毅1, * , 林雯文1, 王倩1, 邓春柳3, 李航天1, 陈香美1
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部/肾脏疾病全国重点实验室/国家慢性肾病临床医学研究中心/肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室,北京 100853
  • 2深圳市中医院科研教学部,广东深圳 518033
  • 3福建中医药大学第二临床医学院,福建福州 350122
  • 骆雅咏,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合防治慢性肾脏病方面的研究

通讯作者:

董哲毅,E-mail:
Research progress on application of nutritional assessment methods in patients with chronic kidney disease
Ya-Yong Luo1, 2, Zhe-Yi Dong1, * , Wen-Wen Lin1, Qian Wang1, Chun-Liu Deng3, Hang-Tian Li1, Xiang-Mei Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Nephrology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital/National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases/National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases/Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Research and Teaching Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
  • 3The Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0999.2024.0729
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营养不良是慢性肾脏病(CKD)进展的危险因素之一,关注CKD患者营养状况对于延缓疾病进展、改善预后具有重要意义。目前CKD营养不良的相关研究较少,CKD患者的营养评估尚缺乏统一的标准,临床上需要根据患者情况结合多项指标进行综合评估。营养筛查与评估量表是常用的营养评估方法,然而由于适用人群的限制,部分量表在CKD患者中的适用性仍需进一步验证。此外,人体测量指标、人体成分分析和临床检验指标等亦可用于反映人体营养状况,不同的营养评估方法有各自的优点和局限性。本文对不同营养评估方法在CKD患者中的研究状况以及临床应用特点进行综述,以期为CKD营养不良的临床评估提供参考。

慢性肾脏病  /  营养不良  /  营养评估

Malnutrition is a significant risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and monitoring the nutritional status of CKD patients is crucial for delaying disease progression and improving patient prognosis. Currently, there is a scarcity of studies on malnutrition in CKD, and a unified standard for nutritional assessment in CKD is still lacking. Clinical evaluation must be conducted according to the condition of patients, combined with multiple indicators. Nutritional screening and assessment scales are the common nutritional assessment methods; however, due to limitations in the applicable populations, the applicability of some scales for the CKD population requires further verification. Additionally, anthropometric indicators, body composition analysis, and clinical laboratory indicators can also reflect human nutritional status, each with its respective advantages and limitations. This review summarizes the research status and clinical application characteristics of various nutritional assessment methods in CKD patients, aiming to provide references for the clinical assessment of malnutrition in CKD.

chronic kidney disease  /  malnutrition  /  nutritional assessment
骆雅咏, 董哲毅, 林雯文, 王倩, 邓春柳, 李航天, 陈香美. 营养评估方法在慢性肾脏病患者中的应用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1437 -1443 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0999.2024.0729
Ya-Yong Luo, Zhe-Yi Dong, Wen-Wen Lin, Qian Wang, Chun-Liu Deng, Hang-Tian Li, Xiang-Mei Chen. Research progress on application of nutritional assessment methods in patients with chronic kidney disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1437 -1443 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0999.2024.0729
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的患病率近年来呈逐渐上升趋势,由此产生的疾病负担也在持续增加[1]。1990-2017年,全球CKD的患病率增加了29.3%,死亡数增加了41.5%[2]。CKD的发生发展与多种因素有关,包括糖尿病、高血压和肥胖等传统危险因素,以及感染、肾结石和肾毒性药物等非传统危险因素[3]。营养不良也是CKD进展的危险因素之一,且与心血管事件的发生和病死率增高密切相关[4-5]。一项全球荟萃分析显示,CKD 3-5期(非透析)患者营养不良患病率为11%~54%,而维持性透析患者营养不良的平均患病率约为42%[6]。关注CKD患者的营养状况,及早识别营养不良风险并进行干预,有助于延缓患者的病程进展、改善预后。
营养评估方法一般包括病史、体格检查、人体测量、人体成分分析、临床检验指标、饮食调查和功能检查等[7-8]。目前,CKD营养不良尚缺乏统一且经过验证的标准[9]。本文主要通过营养筛查与评估量表、人体测量指标、人体成分分析和临床检验指标四个方面对CKD患者营养评估方法的研究状况以及临床应用特点进行综述,旨在为CKD营养不良的临床评估提供参考。
营养状况评估可分为营养筛查和营养评估两部分,营养筛查的一些项目也可用于营养评估诊断[10]。现有且经过验证的营养筛查和评估量表包括营养风险筛查2002(nutritional risk screening 2002,NRS2002)[11]、营养不良通用筛查工具(malnutrition universall screening tool,MUST)[12]、微型营养评定简表(mini nutritional assessment-short form,MNA-SF)[13]、主观全面评定(subjective global assessment,SGA)[14]等。其中,SGA被认为是营养评估的“金标准”,在SGA的基础上,开发了许多新的营养评估量表,如适用于肿瘤患者的患者参与的主观全面评定(patient-generated subjective global assessment,PG-SGA)[15]以及适用于维持性血液透析患者的营养不良炎症评分(malnutrition inflammation score,MIS)[16]等。肾脏病预后质量倡议(Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative,KDOQI)推荐使用7分SGA对CKD 5期患者进行营养评估[17]
SGA是Detsky等[14]于20世纪80年代提出的一种用于评估外科住院患者营养状况的量表,现已被广泛应用于临床。SGA是一种主观和客观相结合的评估方法,其组成包括病史(体重变化、进食量变化、胃肠道症状、活动能力改变、疾病状态下的代谢需求)和体格检查(皮下脂肪、肌肉萎缩、水肿情况)两部分。Cuppari等[18]发现,与体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、上臂肌围(mid arm muscle circumference,MAMC)等人体测量指标相比,SGA是非透析CKD人群营养不良评估的有效方法。Dai等[19]在1031例CKD患者中研究了SGA对5年全因死亡率的预测能力,结果发现,SGA是透析及非透析CKD患者全因死亡率的独立预测因素,其作为预后指标优于非复合营养标志物。尽管SGA被认为是评估住院患者营养状况最有效的工具[20],但其在临床实践中仍存在一定的局限性。SGA倾向于反映已经存在的或慢性的营养不良,对营养状况的急性变化不够敏感,且医务人员需要经过培训才能很好地使用SGA进行营养评估。
为了明确肾病患者中消瘦、营养不良等术语和定义,国际肾脏营养与代谢学会(International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism,ISRNM)于2008年提出用“PEW”一词来表示肾病患者体内蛋白质和能量(脂肪)储备下降,同时伴有炎症的营养缺乏状态,其诊断指标包括4个方面:(1)生化指标(血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、胆固醇);(2)身体质量(BMI、非刻意体重减轻、体脂百分比);(3)肌肉质量(肌肉量丢失、MAMC);(4)饮食蛋白质和能量摄入[21]。PEW在CKD患者中很常见,且与心血管疾病死亡风险增加有关,是CKD和透析患者病死率的强预测因子之一[22-23]。PEW诊断标准中的部分指标与CKD患者的不良结局有关,尤其是在CKD晚期及维持性透析患者中[23]。研究发现,低血清白蛋白[24]和低BMI[25]是CKD高病死率的危险因素;高胆固醇水平与CKD发生冠心病的风险增高有关[26];饮食干预和营养支持可改善PEW状态,进而改善CKD患者的临床结局[27]。PEW诊断的困难之处可能在于饮食蛋白质和能量摄入的计算。尽管膳食调查是诊断CKD患者饮食摄入最可靠的测量方法,但它依赖于对食物种类和份量的准确记录及计算,因此对调查者要求较高,且往往需要耗费较多的时间[17]
GLIM标准是全球几个主要临床营养学会提出的一个新的营养不良诊断共识,其目的是在全球范围内建立适用于临床环境的成人营养不良诊断标准[28]。该共识提出,营养状况评估的第一步是使用任何经过验证的营养筛查量表(如NRS2002、MUST、MNA-SF)识别有营养不良风险的人群,第二步是进行营养不良的评估诊断和严重程度分级。营养不良诊断的标准包括3个表型标准(体重减轻、低BMI、肌肉质量减少)和2个病因标准(摄食减少或消化吸收障碍、炎症或疾病负担),具备1个表型标准和1个病因标准即可诊断营养不良[28]。Dai等[29]使用GLIM标准评估CKD患者的营养状况,其结果显示CKD营养不良患病率为16.7%,但该研究没有将GLIM标准与其他营养评估方法进行比较。目前GLIM标准在CKD人群中的应用研究较少,尚无法明确其是否适用于CKD营养不良的诊断,后续仍需要更多的研究对此进行验证[9]
Renal iNUT是针对肾病住院患者开发的一种营养筛查量表[30],其在MUST的基础上增加了营养补充剂的使用、进食量和食欲变化等内容。Jackson等[30]以SGA作为营养状况评估的标准,同时使用Renal iNUT和MUST分别对肾病住院患者进行营养评估,结果发现Renal iNUT相较于SGA具有良好的敏感度和特异度,且相比MUST能更好地识别出有营养不良风险和需要营养干预的患者。欧洲临床营养与代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)临床营养指南[9]提出,需要对Renal iNUT进行外部验证以明确其是否是肾病住院患者营养筛查的合适方法。
以上4种营养评估量表在CKD的临床应用中有其各自的特点和缺点,其评估内容不尽相同,但均涉及了体重和饮食摄入变化的内容(表1)。
BMI是营养状况和肥胖的常用评估指标[31]。ESPEN在2015年的共识[10]中,将BMI<18.5 kg/m²作为营养不良的一项诊断标准,并根据年龄对评估营养不良的BMI临界值进行划分(<70岁,20 kg/m²;≥70岁,22 kg/m²),但使用时需要考虑种族和地区差异。GLIM标准中低BMI的定义同样使用了这一标准。对BMI的前瞻性研究进行数据荟萃分析发现,BMI在20~25 kg/m²时全因死亡率最低,低于或高于这个范围死亡风险均增加,且当BMI>25 kg/m²时,死亡率随BMI增加呈近似对数线性增高[32]。Kovesdy等[33]在CKD人群中同样发现较低的BMI与较高的死亡率有关。然而,在一些研究中,CKD表现出高BMI的生存获益[34-36],即随着BMI的增加,死亡风险反而降低。Ahmadi等[35]发现,在CKD 3-5期人群中,体重不足(BMI<18.5 kg/m²)与较高的死亡风险相关,超重或Ⅰ级肥胖(BMI 25.0~29.9 kg/m²或30.0~34.9 kg/m²)与死亡风险的相关性较低,而Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级肥胖(BMI>35 kg/m²)与死亡风险无关。CKD人群的这种肥胖悖论可能与“竞争危险因素”理论有关,该理论认为肥胖对生存具有双重竞争效应,即营养保护效应和炎症、高血压、血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗等有害代谢效应,而肾功能水平影响了这些效应的相对重要性;在CKD人群中,肥胖的有害代谢效应被营养保护效应所抵消[34]。另一种可能的解释是使用BMI定义肥胖不够准确,因为BMI无法区分是肌肉还是脂肪增加导致的“肥胖”[37]。尽管如此,BMI仍然是营养评估重要的参考指标,尤其在诊断营养不良时。
TSF是皮褶测量的常用指标,皮褶厚度可用于反映人体皮下脂肪的储备情况。一项涵盖中国22个省份2万多汉族成人的研究结果显示,中国汉族成年男性的TSF平均值为10.1 mm,而成年女性为16.1 mm[38]。Avesani等[39]通过比较皮褶厚度与双能X线吸收法(dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry,DEXA)测量的体脂和无脂肪质量,发现皮褶厚度与DEXA具有较好的相关性和一致性,皮褶厚度可能是评估CKD患者体脂情况的有效方法。研究表明,CKD营养不良患者的TSF明显低于营养良好的患者[18,40];然而,还需要通过纵向研究来评估TSF对CKD预后的影响[17]。TSF测量操作简便,但测量时容易受仪器、测量技术等的影响而出现误差较大的情况,尤其是在过度肥胖者中,准确测量的难度更大。
MAC和MAMC是反映机体肌肉消耗情况的指标。MAC通过人体直接测量即可获得,而MAMC则需要结合MAC和TSF进行计算(MAMC=MAC-3.14×TSF)。Giglio等[41]发现,MAMC和计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)在评估CKD患者肌肉质量方面具有较好的一致性。一项基于美国健康和营养调查数据分析普通人群全因死亡危险因素的研究结果显示,较低的MAMC与男性个体较高的死亡风险有关[42]。在Moriconi等[43]的观察性队列研究中,较低的MAMC是CKD患者进展为终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)的危险因素。可见,MAMC可能是营养评估和临床生存预后的有用指标。值得一提的是,使用生物电阻抗分析(bioelectric impedance,BIA)也可获得人体MAC和MAMC的信息,这为二者的客观测量提供了可能。
握力测量是评估肌肉力量的可靠方法。亚洲肌肉减少症工作组(Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia,AWGS)2019年共识[44]中指出,肌肉力量下降的诊断标准为男性握力<28 kg,女性握力<18 kg。研究发现,握力与CKD患者的MIS评分有关[45]。Chang等[46]的研究显示握力是CKD患者不良肾脏结局(透析或死亡)的独立预测因素。在不同国家代表性人群中调查握力与估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)之间的关系,结果显示,握力与eGFR显著相关,低握力在CKD患者中的发生率明显高于无CKD人群(25.2% vs. 6.2%)[47],相比于CKD 1期和无CKD人群,CKD 2-5期患者握力降低的风险较高[48]。握力可能是CKD患者营养状况和疾病预后的评估指标,其测量方法简单,耗时短,适合在临床上推广使用。
DEXA可测定脂肪组织、瘦体重和骨矿物质含量,被认为是人体成分测量的“金标准”[49]。但DEXA设备较为昂贵,无法在床边进行测量,且有辐射暴露的风险,这些劣势限制了其在临床上的广泛应用。
CT和MRI是比DEXA更为精确的身体成分测量方法,可区分及测量脂肪和瘦组织[50]。但CT和MRI测量成本较高,且CT对人体有辐射。因此,CT和MRI在临床上通常用于疾病诊断,用于身体成分测量仅限于临床研究。
BIA是一种安全无创的人体成分测量方法。多频BIA可提供身体总水分、细胞内外水分、体脂肪、无脂肪体重等信息,其衍生的相位角对于临床预后具有较好的参考价值[51]。一些研究表明,通过BIA测量的身体水分、体细胞量、体脂百分比等信息可反映CKD早期阶段的身体成分损伤,用于预测CKD的进展[43,52-55],而相位角可作为CKD患者营养状况和肌肉质量的标志物[56-60]。Wang等[57]的研究发现,相位角与MIS评分有较强的相关性,且在调整混杂因素后两者仍然具有相关性。一项前瞻性研究表明,相比于较高的相位角值(≥6.4°),较低的相位角值(<5.59°)与死亡风险增加有关[61]。BIA具有便携、价廉、易于使用等优点,可在大多数临床环境中应用[49]。尽管BIA测量的准确性易受身体水分状态的影响,但可采取措施提高其可靠性和可重复性[50]
血清白蛋白是反映CKD营养状况的生物标志物[62]。在Xi等[63]的研究中,血清白蛋白与CKD营养不良独立相关。研究表明,血清白蛋白与CKD进展、心血管疾病的发生及全因死亡率有关[64-65]。在一项回顾性队列研究中,根据血清白蛋白水平将CKD患者分为4组,结果显示,与血清白蛋白较低组(16~ 38.8 g/L)相比,其余组别全因死亡的风险均较低,血清白蛋白预测全因死亡的最佳阈值为40 g/L[66]。Hsiung等[67]探讨了血清白蛋白水平与CKD晚期患者进展为ESRD后不良结局的关系,发现CKD晚期低血清白蛋白水平与进展为ESRD后的高全因死亡率和住院率有关。可见,血清白蛋白与CKD的疾病预后密切相关。在临床上,血清白蛋白也是评估CKD患者体内蛋白丢失及水潴留程度的常用指标。
血清前白蛋白分子量小,半衰期短,被认为是营养不良较为敏感的标志物[68-69]。Fellah等[70]发现,营养不良患者的血清前白蛋白水平明显低于营养良好的患者,且血清前白蛋白<300 mg/L时,肾病患者发生营养不良的风险较高。Barril等[71]发现,血清前白蛋白≤300 mg/L与晚期CKD患者的死亡风险增加有关,血清前白蛋白是晚期CKD死亡风险的独立预测指标。此外,血清前白蛋白也被证实是血液透析和急性肾损伤患者死亡的独立预测因子[72-73]。然而有研究认为,血清白蛋白和前白蛋白水平易受炎症、感染等的影响,不能单独作为营养状况的评估指标,但可作为营养评估和疾病预后的参考指标[17,51]
炎症指标包括C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤细胞坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-6等。促炎细胞因子通过多种因素影响CKD患者的营养状况,炎症反应不仅会增加肌肉蛋白质的分解,还会抑制肌肉蛋白质的合成,从而导致CKD和ESRD患者肌肉蛋白质的损失[74]。据报道,CRP和IL-6水平随着肾功能的下降而升高,且二者均为ESRD患者发生心血管事件和死亡的预测指标[75]。炎症指标与CKD蛋白消耗及病程进展有关,但其与CKD营养不良的关系仍有待进一步研究。
越来越多的研究显示营养状况会对疾病的发生、发展、预后和生存产生影响,营养不良的定义和诊断也逐渐完善。从文献报道来看,肾脏病人群中营养不良的研究更多关注的是ESRD患者,这可能与CKD营养不良患病率随病程进展而升高有关。然而,关注CKD早期患者营养状况与肾功能进展的关系或许对于疾病早期干预和预后改善更有价值。CKD营养不良仍缺乏统一的定义标准,在使用营养筛查与评估量表对CKD患者进行营养评估时需要根据不同量表的优缺点考虑其临床适用性和实用性,后续仍需开展更多的研究对GLIM标准及Renal iNUT进行验证。人体测量指标与临床检验指标对于评估CKD患者的营养状况和临床预后具有一定参考价值,临床上应关注CKD患者的BMI、握力、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白等营养相关指标。BIA可较为全面地提供人体成分信息,且具有无创、使用简便等优点,是CKD营养评估的优选工具。目前,营养评估往往需要结合多项指标进行综合判断,如何简化CKD营养评估方法并准确地进行评估以便于在临床上推广使用应是未来研究的方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62250001)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81700629)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(L222133)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(L232122)
  • 北京市科技计划(Z221100007422121)
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2024年第49卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0999.2024.0729
  • 接收时间:2023-07-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-27
  • 录用日期:2023-10-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62250001)
国家自然科学基金(62250001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81700629)
国家自然科学基金(81700629)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L222133)
北京市自然科学基金(L222133)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L232122)
北京市自然科学基金(L232122)
Science and Technology Project of Beijing(Z221100007422121)
北京市科技计划(Z221100007422121)
作者信息
    1解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部/肾脏疾病全国重点实验室/国家慢性肾病临床医学研究中心/肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室,北京 100853
    2深圳市中医院科研教学部,广东深圳 518033
    3福建中医药大学第二临床医学院,福建福州 350122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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