Article(id=1198196208171844171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0729.2024.0831, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1684857600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1689177600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-13, onlineDate=1763601837436, onlineDateStr=2025-11-20, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763601837436, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763601837436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763601837436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198196207379120715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='12', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1459', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763601837248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763603898104, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198204851306988031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1198196207379120715, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1343, endPage=1349, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198196208419308109, articleId=1198196208171844171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram changes of healthy youngsters during high altitude de-adaptation, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the changing patterns of electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography in healthy young people during their descent from high altitude to the plain. Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out. Fifty-five healthy young volunteers who had migrated to an altitude of 4800-5500 m on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau within one year were recruited as the plateau-migration group. ECG examinations were performed at an altitude of 3700 m (first time), on the 5th day after returning to 1300 m (second time), and on the 15th day after returning to 1300 m (third time). Echocardiography was conducted at 3700 m and on the 5th day after returning to 1300 m. A plain control group of 55 healthy youngsters from the plains (1300 m) was matched. The results of ECG and echocardiography between the two groups were compared. Results Intragroup analysis of the plateau-migration group revealed that compared with the first ECG results, the number of normal ECGs decreased in the second and third ECG results (P<0.05), and the proportions of sinus rhythm irregularity, sinus bradycardia, and U-wave appearance increased (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in abnormal ECG results between the second and third ECGs (P>0.05). Compared with plain control group, there was no significant difference in the abnormal results of the first ECG of plateau-migration group (P>0.05). In the second and third ECG results, the number of normal ECGs was significantly reduced, and the proportions of sinus bradycardia, sinus rhythm irregularity, and U-wave appearance were significantly increased compared with plain control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis of plateau-migration group revealed that compared with the first ECG, the heart rate decreased in the second and third ECGs (P<0.05 or <0.001). Compared with plain control group, in the first ECG of plateau-migration group, the PR interval was significantly prolonged, the QTc interval was shortened, and the QRS axis degree was increased (P<0.05). In the second ECG, the heart rate significantly decreased, the PR interval was prolonged, and the QTc interval was shortened (P<0.05). In the third ECG, the heart rate decreased, the PR interval was prolonged, the QTc interval was shortened, and the QRS axis degrees was increased (P<0.05). The QRS axis of the first, second, and third ECGs of plateau-migration group was statistically significantly different from that of plain control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis of plateau-migration group showed that compared with the first echocardiogram, the left ventricular end-systole diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and left atrial anteroposterior diameter all significantly increased in the second echocardiogram (P<0.001). Compared with plain control group, in the first echocardiogram of plateau-migration group, the left ventricular end-systole diameter and right atrial transection diameter significantly decreased, the right ventricular transection diameter significantly increased, and the left ventricular fractional shortening rate (FS) significantly decreased (P<0.05); In the second echocardiogram, the left atrial anteroposterior diameter, right atrial transverse diameter, and right ventricular transverse diameter all significantly increased, and FS increased (P<0.05). Conclusions In healthy young people returning from high altitude to the plain, as the altitude decreased, the heart rate significantly drops. The number of people with frontal QRS axis right deviation significantly reduces. The number of normal ECGs significantly decreases, while the numbers of people with sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmias, and U-wave appearance significantly increase. During high-altitude stay, the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function is affected to some extent.

, correspAuthors=Jian Feng, Fu-Xiang Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Li Fu-Xiang, E-mail:
Feng Jian, E-mail:
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目的 分析健康青年人从高原返回平原过程中心电图及超声心动图的变化规律。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法。在青藏高原海拔4800~5500 m移居1年内的健康青年人中招募55名志愿者为高原移居组,从高原返回平原过程中,分别在海拔3700 m(第1次)、返回海拔1300 m第5天(第2次)、返回海拔1300 m第15天(第3次)进行心电图检查;在海拔3700 m及返回海拔1300 m第5天进行超声心动图检查。匹配55名平原(海拔1300 m)健康青年人为平原对照组。比较两组心电图及超声心动图检查结果。结果 对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次心电图结果比较,第2、3次心电图结果中正常心电图比例降低(P<0.05),窦性心律不齐、窦性心动过缓、U波出现比例增加(P<0.05);第2次与第3次心电图异常结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次心电图异常结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第2、3次心电图结果中正常心电图比例降低,窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、U波出现比例增大(P<0.001)。对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次心电图比较,第2、3次心电图心率降低(P<0.05或P<0.001)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次心电图PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短,QRS电轴度数增加(P<0.05),第2次心电图心率降低,PR间期延长,QTc缩短(P<0.05),第3次心电图心率降低,PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短,QRS电轴度数增加(P<0.05)。移居高原组第1、2、3次心电图电轴与平原对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次超声心动图比较,第2次超声心动图左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末期内径、左房前后径均明显增大(P<0.001)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次超声心动图左室舒张末期内径及右心房横径减小,右心室横径增大,左室短轴缩短率(FS)降低(P<0.05),第2次超声心动图左房前后径、右心房横径、右心室横径均增大,FS增高(P<0.05)。结论 健康青年人从高原返回平原过程中,随着海拔降低,心率明显降低,额面QRS电轴右偏人数明显减少,正常心电图明显减少,窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、出现U波的人数明显增多。在高原期间,左心室收缩和舒张功能受到一定的影响。

, correspAuthors=冯健, 李福祥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李福祥,E-mail:
冯健,E-mail:
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赵鹏,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事高原对心血管系统影响方面的研究

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赵鹏,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事高原对心血管系统影响方面的研究

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赵鹏,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事高原对心血管系统影响方面的研究

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Global and country-level estimates of human population at high altitude[J]. 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HA. 透明质酸;GSH. 谷胱甘肽;A. HA-GSH合成原理图;B. HA的磁共振氢谱;C. HA-NH2的磁共振氢谱;D. HA-GSH的磁共振氢谱

, figureFileSmall=z9BQLhC+PD24U/4pgYWmRQ==, figureFileBig=5xEfKysqmMXRqSKgLl0gNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198318896735420938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups (n=55)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 平原对照组 移居高原组 t/χ2 P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 25.5±3.9 25.2±2.5 0.480 0.632
身高(cm, $\bar{x}±s$) 174.6±5.3 173.5±10.0 0.557 0.579
体重(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 67.95±18.73 66.88±21.82 0.276 0.783
体重指数(kg/m², $\bar{x}±s$) 22.13±4.32 21.98±5.07 0.168 0.867
吸烟[例(%)] 46(83.6) 48(87.3) 0.292 0.591
收缩压(mmHg, $\bar{x}±s$) 119.31±17.17 109.39±12.38 3.763 <0.001
舒张压(mmHg, $\bar{x}±s$) 71.45±11.89 64.61±9.74 3.262 0.002
心率(次/min, $\bar{x}±s$) 73.13±6.90 66.22±10.49 2.781 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1198318896852861455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组基线资料比较(n=55)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 平原对照组 移居高原组 t/χ2 P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 25.5±3.9 25.2±2.5 0.480 0.632
身高(cm, $\bar{x}±s$) 174.6±5.3 173.5±10.0 0.557 0.579
体重(kg, $\bar{x}±s$) 67.95±18.73 66.88±21.82 0.276 0.783
体重指数(kg/m², $\bar{x}±s$) 22.13±4.32 21.98±5.07 0.168 0.867
吸烟[例(%)] 46(83.6) 48(87.3) 0.292 0.591
收缩压(mmHg, $\bar{x}±s$) 119.31±17.17 109.39±12.38 3.763 <0.001
舒张压(mmHg, $\bar{x}±s$) 71.45±11.89 64.61±9.74 3.262 0.002
心率(次/min, $\bar{x}±s$) 73.13±6.90 66.22±10.49 2.781 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1198318896932553233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of electrocardiogram results between the two groups [n(%), n=55]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心电图特征 平原对照组 移居高原组 χ2 P
第1次 第2次 第3次
正常心电图 28(50.9) 34(61.8) 5(9.1)(1)(2) 2(3.6)(1)(2) 55.942 <0.001
窦性心律不齐 5(9.1) 12(21.8) 29(52.7)(1)(2) 30(54.6)(1)(2) 16.013 0.0003
窦性心动过缓 20(36.4) 13(23.6) 46(83.6)(1)(2) 41(74.6)(1)(2) 49.500 <0.001
QTc间期延长 1(1.8) 2(3.6) 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 1.651 0.440
ST-T改变 0 2(3.6) 2(3.6) 3(5.5) 0.000 1.000
U波出现 0 2(3.6) 8(14.6)(1)(2) 11(20.0)(1)(2) 6.273 0.040
P≥0.25 mV 0 0 0 0 - -
RV1>1 mV 0 0 0 0 - -
RV1+SV5>1.05 mV 0 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 0.000 1.000
房性期前收缩 1(1.8) 0 1(1.8) 0 1.818 0.403
室性期前收缩 0 0 1(1.8) 0 1.818 0.403
右束支传导阻滞 0 0 1(1.8) 0 1.818 0.403
), ArticleFig(id=1198318897029022230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组心电图结果比较[例(%), n=55]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心电图特征 平原对照组 移居高原组 χ2 P
第1次 第2次 第3次
正常心电图 28(50.9) 34(61.8) 5(9.1)(1)(2) 2(3.6)(1)(2) 55.942 <0.001
窦性心律不齐 5(9.1) 12(21.8) 29(52.7)(1)(2) 30(54.6)(1)(2) 16.013 0.0003
窦性心动过缓 20(36.4) 13(23.6) 46(83.6)(1)(2) 41(74.6)(1)(2) 49.500 <0.001
QTc间期延长 1(1.8) 2(3.6) 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 1.651 0.440
ST-T改变 0 2(3.6) 2(3.6) 3(5.5) 0.000 1.000
U波出现 0 2(3.6) 8(14.6)(1)(2) 11(20.0)(1)(2) 6.273 0.040
P≥0.25 mV 0 0 0 0 - -
RV1>1 mV 0 0 0 0 - -
RV1+SV5>1.05 mV 0 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 0.000 1.000
房性期前收缩 1(1.8) 0 1(1.8) 0 1.818 0.403
室性期前收缩 0 0 1(1.8) 0 1.818 0.403
右束支传导阻滞 0 0 1(1.8) 0 1.818 0.403
), ArticleFig(id=1198318897146462746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of electrocardiogram waveform parameters between the two groups (n=55)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心电图波形参数 平原对照组 移居高原组 F/χ2 P
第1次 第2次 第3次
心率(次/min, $\bar{x}±s$) 64.44±9.33 66.22±10.49 54.31±8.18(1)(2) 54.34±7.58(1)(2) 86.876 <0.001
PR间期(ms, $\bar{x}±s$) 147.31±18.82 160.18±20.58(1) 159.26±21.71(1) 161.67±22.50(1) 0.293 0.746
QRS时限(ms, $\bar{x}±s$) 96.96±10.05 95.30±15.93 96.67±17.20 99.51±13.76 1.241 0.293
QTc间期(ms, $\bar{x}±s$) 401.56±19.42 392.06±24.94(1) 383.80±19.73(1) 384.23±42.66(1) 1.562 0.218
QRS电轴(°, $\bar{x}±s$) 59.47±25.88 78.87±66.19(1) 66.11±66.16 71.84±57.49(1) 2.206 0.115
电轴情况[例(%)] 61.000 <0.001
正常 52(94.6) 26(47.3) 33(60.0) 34(61.8)
电轴左偏 0 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 1(1.8)
电轴右偏 3(5.5) 24(43.6) 17(30.9) 17(30.9)
极度右偏电轴 0 4(7.3) 4(7.3) 3(5.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1198318897247126047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组心电图波形参数比较(n=55)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心电图波形参数 平原对照组 移居高原组 F/χ2 P
第1次 第2次 第3次
心率(次/min, $\bar{x}±s$) 64.44±9.33 66.22±10.49 54.31±8.18(1)(2) 54.34±7.58(1)(2) 86.876 <0.001
PR间期(ms, $\bar{x}±s$) 147.31±18.82 160.18±20.58(1) 159.26±21.71(1) 161.67±22.50(1) 0.293 0.746
QRS时限(ms, $\bar{x}±s$) 96.96±10.05 95.30±15.93 96.67±17.20 99.51±13.76 1.241 0.293
QTc间期(ms, $\bar{x}±s$) 401.56±19.42 392.06±24.94(1) 383.80±19.73(1) 384.23±42.66(1) 1.562 0.218
QRS电轴(°, $\bar{x}±s$) 59.47±25.88 78.87±66.19(1) 66.11±66.16 71.84±57.49(1) 2.206 0.115
电轴情况[例(%)] 61.000 <0.001
正常 52(94.6) 26(47.3) 33(60.0) 34(61.8)
电轴左偏 0 1(1.8) 1(1.8) 1(1.8)
电轴右偏 3(5.5) 24(43.6) 17(30.9) 17(30.9)
极度右偏电轴 0 4(7.3) 4(7.3) 3(5.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1198318897381343783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of echocardiographic parameters between the two groups ($\bar{x}±s$, n=55)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
超声心动图参数 平原对照组 移居高原组 F P
第1次 第2次
升主动脉内径(mm) 21.08±2.72 22.31±8.48 25.29±1.91 0.089 0.767
主肺动脉内径(mm) 20.92±2.40 16.68±6.36 19.59±1.18 0.038 0.845
左室收缩末期内径(mm) 28.85±2.58 25.62±9.81 30.00±2.33(2) 14.034 <0.001
左室舒张末期内径(mm) 43.15±4.22 37.53±14.34(1) 44.81±2.89(2) 13.009 <0.001
左房前后径(mm) 26.00±4.06 23.78±8.78 28.71±2.76(1)(2) 9.554 0.003
右心房横径(mm) 31.31±4.57 28.61±11.11(1) 33.62±1.62(1) 0.962 0.330
右心室横径(mm) 24.38±2.75 26.35±10.19(1) 30.90±1.54(1) 1.699 0.201
EF(%) 63.08±6.95 54.57±21.53 62.81±2.15 0.008 0.931
FS(%) 32.38±3.23 29.51±11.52(1) 33.90±1.66(1) 0.491 0.486
), ArticleFig(id=1198318897456841258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1198196208171844171, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两组超声心动图参数比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=55)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
超声心动图参数 平原对照组 移居高原组 F P
第1次 第2次
升主动脉内径(mm) 21.08±2.72 22.31±8.48 25.29±1.91 0.089 0.767
主肺动脉内径(mm) 20.92±2.40 16.68±6.36 19.59±1.18 0.038 0.845
左室收缩末期内径(mm) 28.85±2.58 25.62±9.81 30.00±2.33(2) 14.034 <0.001
左室舒张末期内径(mm) 43.15±4.22 37.53±14.34(1) 44.81±2.89(2) 13.009 <0.001
左房前后径(mm) 26.00±4.06 23.78±8.78 28.71±2.76(1)(2) 9.554 0.003
右心房横径(mm) 31.31±4.57 28.61±11.11(1) 33.62±1.62(1) 0.962 0.330
右心室横径(mm) 24.38±2.75 26.35±10.19(1) 30.90±1.54(1) 1.699 0.201
EF(%) 63.08±6.95 54.57±21.53 62.81±2.15 0.008 0.931
FS(%) 32.38±3.23 29.51±11.52(1) 33.90±1.66(1) 0.491 0.486
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健康青年人高原脱适应心电图及超声心动图的变化规律
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赵鹏 1, 2 , 徐朝霞 3 , 汤礼军 4 , 戴睿武 4 , 梁鸿寅 4 , 黄竹 4 , 孙菲菲 5 , 冯健 2, * , 李福祥 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024,49(12): 1343-1349
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2024, 49(12): 1343-1349
健康青年人高原脱适应心电图及超声心动图的变化规律
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赵鹏1, 2, 徐朝霞3, 汤礼军4, 戴睿武4, 梁鸿寅4, 黄竹4, 孙菲菲5, 冯健2, * , 李福祥1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南交通大学医学院,四川成都 610031
  • 2西部战区总医院重症医学科,四川成都 610083
  • 3西部战区总医院急诊医学科,四川成都 610083
  • 4西部战区总医院普外科,四川成都 610083
  • 5西部战区总医院超声科,四川成都 610083
  • 赵鹏,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事高原对心血管系统影响方面的研究

通讯作者:

李福祥,E-mail:
冯健,E-mail:
Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram changes of healthy youngsters during high altitude de-adaptation
Peng Zhao1, 2, Zhao-Xia Xu3, Li-Jun Tang4, Rui-Wu Dai4, Hong-Yin Liang4, Zhu Huang4, Fei-Fei Sun5, Jian Feng2, * , Fu-Xiang Li1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
  • 2Department of Intensive Care Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
  • 3Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
  • 4Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
  • 5Department of Ultrasonography, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0729.2024.0831
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目的 分析健康青年人从高原返回平原过程中心电图及超声心动图的变化规律。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法。在青藏高原海拔4800~5500 m移居1年内的健康青年人中招募55名志愿者为高原移居组,从高原返回平原过程中,分别在海拔3700 m(第1次)、返回海拔1300 m第5天(第2次)、返回海拔1300 m第15天(第3次)进行心电图检查;在海拔3700 m及返回海拔1300 m第5天进行超声心动图检查。匹配55名平原(海拔1300 m)健康青年人为平原对照组。比较两组心电图及超声心动图检查结果。结果 对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次心电图结果比较,第2、3次心电图结果中正常心电图比例降低(P<0.05),窦性心律不齐、窦性心动过缓、U波出现比例增加(P<0.05);第2次与第3次心电图异常结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次心电图异常结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第2、3次心电图结果中正常心电图比例降低,窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、U波出现比例增大(P<0.001)。对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次心电图比较,第2、3次心电图心率降低(P<0.05或P<0.001)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次心电图PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短,QRS电轴度数增加(P<0.05),第2次心电图心率降低,PR间期延长,QTc缩短(P<0.05),第3次心电图心率降低,PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短,QRS电轴度数增加(P<0.05)。移居高原组第1、2、3次心电图电轴与平原对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次超声心动图比较,第2次超声心动图左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末期内径、左房前后径均明显增大(P<0.001)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次超声心动图左室舒张末期内径及右心房横径减小,右心室横径增大,左室短轴缩短率(FS)降低(P<0.05),第2次超声心动图左房前后径、右心房横径、右心室横径均增大,FS增高(P<0.05)。结论 健康青年人从高原返回平原过程中,随着海拔降低,心率明显降低,额面QRS电轴右偏人数明显减少,正常心电图明显减少,窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、出现U波的人数明显增多。在高原期间,左心室收缩和舒张功能受到一定的影响。

高原脱适应  /  高原  /  平原  /  心电图  /  超声心动图

Objective To explore the changing patterns of electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography in healthy young people during their descent from high altitude to the plain. Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out. Fifty-five healthy young volunteers who had migrated to an altitude of 4800-5500 m on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau within one year were recruited as the plateau-migration group. ECG examinations were performed at an altitude of 3700 m (first time), on the 5th day after returning to 1300 m (second time), and on the 15th day after returning to 1300 m (third time). Echocardiography was conducted at 3700 m and on the 5th day after returning to 1300 m. A plain control group of 55 healthy youngsters from the plains (1300 m) was matched. The results of ECG and echocardiography between the two groups were compared. Results Intragroup analysis of the plateau-migration group revealed that compared with the first ECG results, the number of normal ECGs decreased in the second and third ECG results (P<0.05), and the proportions of sinus rhythm irregularity, sinus bradycardia, and U-wave appearance increased (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in abnormal ECG results between the second and third ECGs (P>0.05). Compared with plain control group, there was no significant difference in the abnormal results of the first ECG of plateau-migration group (P>0.05). In the second and third ECG results, the number of normal ECGs was significantly reduced, and the proportions of sinus bradycardia, sinus rhythm irregularity, and U-wave appearance were significantly increased compared with plain control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis of plateau-migration group revealed that compared with the first ECG, the heart rate decreased in the second and third ECGs (P<0.05 or <0.001). Compared with plain control group, in the first ECG of plateau-migration group, the PR interval was significantly prolonged, the QTc interval was shortened, and the QRS axis degree was increased (P<0.05). In the second ECG, the heart rate significantly decreased, the PR interval was prolonged, and the QTc interval was shortened (P<0.05). In the third ECG, the heart rate decreased, the PR interval was prolonged, the QTc interval was shortened, and the QRS axis degrees was increased (P<0.05). The QRS axis of the first, second, and third ECGs of plateau-migration group was statistically significantly different from that of plain control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis of plateau-migration group showed that compared with the first echocardiogram, the left ventricular end-systole diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and left atrial anteroposterior diameter all significantly increased in the second echocardiogram (P<0.001). Compared with plain control group, in the first echocardiogram of plateau-migration group, the left ventricular end-systole diameter and right atrial transection diameter significantly decreased, the right ventricular transection diameter significantly increased, and the left ventricular fractional shortening rate (FS) significantly decreased (P<0.05); In the second echocardiogram, the left atrial anteroposterior diameter, right atrial transverse diameter, and right ventricular transverse diameter all significantly increased, and FS increased (P<0.05). Conclusions In healthy young people returning from high altitude to the plain, as the altitude decreased, the heart rate significantly drops. The number of people with frontal QRS axis right deviation significantly reduces. The number of normal ECGs significantly decreases, while the numbers of people with sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmias, and U-wave appearance significantly increase. During high-altitude stay, the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function is affected to some extent.

de-adaptation to high altitude  /  plateau  /  plain  /  electrocardiogram  /  echocardiogram
赵鹏, 徐朝霞, 汤礼军, 戴睿武, 梁鸿寅, 黄竹, 孙菲菲, 冯健, 李福祥. 健康青年人高原脱适应心电图及超声心动图的变化规律. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1343 -1349 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0729.2024.0831
Peng Zhao, Zhao-Xia Xu, Li-Jun Tang, Rui-Wu Dai, Hong-Yin Liang, Zhu Huang, Fei-Fei Sun, Jian Feng, Fu-Xiang Li. Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram changes of healthy youngsters during high altitude de-adaptation[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (12) : 1343 -1349 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0729.2024.0831
高原地区具有低气压、低氧分压、干燥、寒冷等特点[1-2]。人体从高原返回低海拔地区的过程中,在高原建立的相对平衡受到冲击及被破坏,需要重新适应低海拔富氧环境,建立新的内环境平衡,在此过程中产生的一系列生理反应及临床表现,称为高原脱适应反应(de-adaptation to high altitude,DAHA)[1,3]。以往对高原疾病的研究主要集中在急、慢性高原病方面,对高原脱适应未给予足够重视,因此对其发病机制及防治策略的研究严重不足[1-4]。本研究招募移居青藏高原的健康青年人,观察其从高原返回平原过程中高原脱适应的心电图及超声心动图变化,旨在为DAHA的防治提供参考。
采用前瞻性队列研究方法,选取2021年8月15日-2022年7月15日在青藏高原居住的志愿者进行分析。纳入标准:(1)近1年移居在青藏高原海拔4800~5500 m生活的男性健康青年人;(2)无结构性心脏病、肺部疾病,无血液系统、神经系统及其他系统慢性疾病。排除标准:(1)未持续居住在高原;(2)伴有其他可能影响研究结果的因素;(3)不愿参加本次研究。根据以往的相关研究结果[5-7],结合本研究实际情况,确定样本量,通过整群抽样,最终纳入符合条件的55名志愿者为移居高原组;匹配同时期在平原(海拔1300 m)居住的55名男性健康青年人为平原对照组。试验的具体流程见图1。分别收集平原对照组在海拔1300 m,移居高原组在海拔3700 m处的一般基线资料(包括年龄、身高、体重、体重指数、吸烟情况、收缩压、舒张压及心率等)。本研究严格遵守赫尔辛基宣言,保护志愿者隐私,在数据采集、分析及结果报告中均对志愿者进行匿名化处理。本研究获西部战区总医院医学伦理委员会审批(2023ky143-1),参与研究的志愿者均自愿参加研究并签署知情同意书。
移居高原组分别在高原(海拔3700 m)、平原(海拔1300 m)以同样方式进行心电图检查;规范心电图检查流程,采用同一型号心电图机,严格按照同一方法进行标准12导联心电图检查,检查前无剧烈活动,均在休息0.5 h后进行。第1次心电图检查为下降至海拔3700 m第1天进行,第2次心电图检查在下降至海拔1300 m后第5天进行,第3次心电图检查在下降至海拔1300 m后第15天进行。以同样检查流程在平原(海拔1300 m)用同一型号心电图机采集平原对照组55名健康青年人的心电图数据。心电图诊断标准:QRS电轴正常:-30°~+90°,电轴左偏:-30°~-90°,电轴右偏:+90°~+180°,极度电轴右偏:-90°~-180°。采用Hodgest公式计算QTc间期,QTc=QT+1.75(心率-60)。
移居高原组分别在高原(海拔3700 m)和到达平原(1300 m)第5天由同一位医师采用同一型号彩色多普勒超声仪进行超声心动图检查。检查前研究对象充分休息,仰卧休息10 min后,在呼气末记录胸骨旁长轴、短轴及心尖四腔图像,观察各心腔结构、室壁厚度及活动幅度,并测量左心室收缩功能。采用同样方法采集平原对照组的超声心动图数据。
对两组的心电图、超声心动图结果进行组间及组内比较,并总结心电图、超声心动图参数的变化规律。
采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。所有计量资料采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验评估均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,移居高原组内不同时间点间的比较采用重复测量的方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验,两组间比较采用t检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher's确切概率检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
移居高原组在高原的居住时间为(8.65±3.06)个月。移居高原组的收缩压、舒张压及心率均明显低于平原对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组的年龄、身高、体重、体重指数、吸烟比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次心电图结果比较,第2、3次心电图结果中正常心电图比例明显降低,窦性心律不齐、窦性心动过缓、U波出现比例明显增高(P<0.05);第2次与第3次心电图异常结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。移居高原组第1次心电图结果与平原对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组均很少发生QTc间期延长、ST-T改变、出现U波、右心室及右心房压力增高征象(RV1>1 mV、RV1+SV5>1.05 mV、P≥0.25 mV)、房性期前收缩、室性期前收缩、右束支传导阻滞。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第2、3次心电图结果中正常心电图比例明显降低、窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、U波出现比例明显增高,U波出现比例增高(P<0.05)(表2)。
对移居高原组进行组内分析发现,与第1次心电图比较,第2次心电图心率降低(P<0.05),而QTc间期、PR间期、QRS时限、QRS电轴度数、QRS电轴构成比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与第1次心电图比较,第3次心电图心率明显降低(P<0.001),而PR间期、QRS时限、QTc间期、QRS电轴度数、QRS电轴构成比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第2次与第3次心电图的波形参数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次心电图PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短,QRS电轴度数增加(P<0.05);第2次心电图心率降低,PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短(P<0.05);第3次心电图心率降低,PR间期延长,QTc间期缩短,QRS电轴度数增加(P<0.05)。第1、2、3次心电图电轴构成比与平原对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)(表3)。
与第1次超声心动图比较,第2次超声心动图左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末期内径、左房前后径均明显增大(P<0.001),而升主动脉内径、主肺动脉内径、右心房横径、右心室横径、EF、FS比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与平原对照组比较,移居高原组第1次超声心动图左室舒张末期内径、右心房横径减小,右心室横径明显增大,FS明显降低(P<0.05);第2次左房前后径、右心房横径、右心室横径均明显增大,FS明显增高(P<0.05)(表4)。
高海拔低氧环境对机体各系统、器官、组织存在深远的影响,长期在高原生活将导致机体各系统发生适应性改变,这些改变因环境(如海拔和气候)和个体(遗传、生活方式、社会经济因素和适应环境)而异[8]。而从高原低氧环境转换为平原常氧环境,机体需要重新适应新的环境,可导致DAHA的发生。既往国内外的高原医学研究主要集中于急性及慢性高原病,而对DAHA的研究非常缺乏,对高原脱适应进行深入研究已成为重要的公共卫生课题。在高原脱适应过程中,心脏的生理变化极其重要,因为心脏是维持人体全身血液循环的重要器官,也是一个高耗氧耗能的器官,对缺氧极其敏感,缺氧会影响心肌的代谢,使心脏收缩力降低[1],从而影响全身的血液供应,最终影响全身组织、细胞的正常代谢和功能。
严重的低氧环境会抑制心血管中枢、外周化学感受器和压力感受器,甚至损伤心肌窦房结细胞,最终导致心率减慢,心肌收缩力减弱[1]。长时间暴露于缺氧环境中,运动时的最大心率会随着海拔升高而降低[9]。长时间暴露在高海拔环境下,肾上腺素能通路脱敏导致最大心率降低,这是一种针对低氧环境的保护机制[10]。对于习服高原的人,心率下降体现了一种生理适应,在有限的氧利用条件下降低心脏的做功,起到对心肌的保护作用。从能量消耗的角度而言,尽量以较低的心率维持机体对氧气的需要,可降低心肌耗氧量,减少心脏做功,也是机体自我保护的一种方式,是机体适应高原环境的一种标志。在高原返回平原过程中,心率进一步降低,推测其机制可能与空气氧含量增加、血红蛋白仍较高、长期高原慢性缺氧导致的细胞氧摄取利用率增高、机体代谢水平仍较低、返回平原后副交感神经活性增强等有关。在海拔下降过程中,交感神经活性减弱,副交感神经活性增强并逐渐起主导作用,故可使心率降低,因而窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐人数明显增多。迷走神经兴奋引起的心动过缓可能会导致心律失常的发生,尤其是在较年轻的受试者中,在海拔下降过程中可能发生心律失常,如心肌细胞钙离子发生变化常可引起心动过缓[11]。也有研究发现,海拔下降后出现的心动过缓似乎促进了心律失常事件的发生,延长在极高海拔的停留时间会使下降过程中的心律失常增多[12]。QTc间期与心室除极及心室复极有关,有研究发现,与海平面居民比较,高原居民表现出QTc间期延长,但仍在正常范围内[5]。但本研究发现,高原组的QTc间期短于平原对照组,提示从高原返回平原的过程中QTc间期明显缩短,此种情况以往报道较少,发生机制尚不完全清楚。关于从高原返回平原的脱适应过程中心电图U波的研究极少,而本研究发现,在脱适应过程中心电图出现U波的人数增多,且心率越慢,U波越明显易见。
心电图QRS电轴是心室除极过程中全部瞬间向量的综合,右心室增大时可出现电轴右偏[13]。关于高原脱适应时心电图QRS电轴的研究极少,但目前已有海拔对QRS电轴影响的报道。有研究发现,生活在秘鲁高海拔地区(4500 m)的250名成人居民QRS电轴为+105°~+125°,而300名匹配的海平面居民QRS电轴为+30°~+55°,海拔越高,电轴右偏越明显[14]。极端电轴右偏(>110°)在高海拔居民中更常见,且随海拔的不同而变化。高海拔地区显著的心电图变化包括胸前导联T波倒置和Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVF导联QRS电轴向右偏移,不太常见的发现是P波幅度、QRS幅度和QTc间期增加,这些心电图偏差通常在返回海平面后2~6周自行缓解[15]。高原QRS电轴右偏较多,返回平原后缺氧改善,肺动脉压力降低,肺通气量减少,促使QRS电轴右偏度数降低或恢复至正常,电轴右偏明显减少。
暴露于缺氧的数分钟内,肺血管收缩导致肺血管阻力和平均肺动脉压迅速增加[16]。对海拔3250 m的亚高原居民的研究发现,与低海拔居民相比,高原居民肺动脉压升高和左右心功能的轻微改变与长期处于缺氧状态有关,其高原肺动脉高压的患病率为6%~35%[17]。高原缺氧可引起肺小动脉收缩,导致肺动脉高压,肺动脉压力的增加可能在降低左心室充盈中发挥作用,且这种效应可能在缺氧肺血管收缩反应更大的高海拔地区被放大[6]。肺动脉高压引起的右心室扩大及右心室压力增高将室间隔推向左侧,降低了左心室的顺应性,从而导致左室舒张功能障碍[6]。在智利士兵和矿工中,间歇性地暴露于海拔3550~4600 m之间2.5~12年,观察到轻微的右心室肥大,肺动脉压升高(4%的军人>25 mmHg)[18-19]。研究发现,慢性缺氧时肺动脉高压可导致左心室舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积相应缩小[20],且肺动脉高压可导致左心室结构破坏及心室充盈受损[21]。长期暴露于高海拔环境导致心脏适应,但无明显功能障碍;由于左心室充盈量减少继发于右心室负荷过重,每搏输出量略有减少[10]。由于低氧血症、肾上腺素能活性增高和肺动脉高压,心血管疾病患者在海拔2500 m以上发生不良事件的风险可能增加[10]。对健康低海拔人群分别在海拔520 m和5050 m进行超声心动图检查,发现暴露于海拔5050 m会导致收缩期肺动脉压快速升高,右心室收缩功能显著下降[22]。肺动脉血管收缩及其随后的肺动脉重塑严重时可导致肺动脉高压和右心室肥大、右心衰竭[23]。在秘鲁拉林科纳达的研究表明,居住在海拔5100 m的健康人表现出右心扩张和左心室重塑,并伴有舒张功能障碍,这些改变在中度至重度慢性高原病患者中更为明显,可能代表了在发展为心力衰竭之前心脏适应性的极限[24]。此外,研究发现高海拔地区人群左心室舒张末期、收缩末期内径及左心房内径减小,左心室前负荷降低[25]。珠穆朗玛峰Ⅱ号行动(OEII)研究显示,正常年轻男性在海拔8848 m处超声心动图检查显示左心室功能无异常,无论在休息还是运动时,高海拔地区的左心室体积均小于海平面[26]。对中国汉族低海拔人群的研究发现,暴露于高原可使右心室扩大,左心室舒张功能下降,短期暴露于高原后左心室收缩功能保持不变,但长期暴露于高原后左心室收缩功能下降[27]。在海拔3800 m处5~10 d后,应用西地那非降低肺动脉压力时,左心室舒张末期容积会增加[28]。有研究发现,从高原返回平原后,与第2天比较,第30天时的右房收缩期横径、上下径,右室舒张期横径,以及肺动脉内径减小,心率及平均肺动脉压降低,FS及EF增高[29]。高原脱适应与心脏损害程度密切相关,心脏损害越重,返回低海拔后DAHA及心脏损害越严重,右心形态学损害恢复时间越长[30]。本研究超声心动图检查结果显示,与高原比较,返回低海拔后左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末期内径、左房前后径均明显增大,提示在高原期间受试者的左心室收缩及舒张功能受到一定影响,返回平原后其心脏收缩及舒张功能逐渐恢复正常。本研究心电图和超声心动图检查均未发现右心室、右心房增大者,可能与研究对象较年轻、代偿能力较强,且在高原居住时间较短有关。目前超过8000万人永久生活在海拔超过2500 m的地区,估计有1440万人居住在海拔超过3500 m的地区,其中亚洲和南美洲的人数最多[31],本研究对高原人群生产、生活的管理及高原相关疾病的防治具有重要意义。
本研究为前瞻性队列研究,研究对象的数据进行自身前后对照,并设平原对照组,结果更具有说服力。本研究对探讨高原旅居人群及部队换防期间从高原返回平原过程中发生高原脱适应相关心血管疾病的病理生理机制有一定的参考价值,但仍存在一定的局限性:(1)样本量较小,可能造成选择偏倚;(2)研究对象均为男性,可能与女性有一定差异;(3)观察时间较短,未明确返回平原更长时间后心电图及超声心动图的具体变化及恢复正常所需时间,且对心电图及超声心动图变化的具体机制未进行深入分析。因此,本课题组拟在下一步继续研究志愿者返回平原后1、3、6个月时的心电图及超声心动图结果。
综上所述,健康受试者从高原返回平原过程中,随着海拔降低,心率明显降低,额面QRS电轴右偏的人数减少,正常心电图明显减少,窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、出现U波的人数明显增多。在高原地区,受试者出现QRS电轴右偏较多,返回低海拔后QRS电轴右偏明显减少。在高原期间左心室收缩及舒张功能受到一定的影响,返回平原后,心脏收缩及舒张功能逐渐恢复正常,但心脏结构的恢复需要更长的时间。此外,高原低氧环境对移居高原者血压、心率有明显影响。从高原返回平原应该渐进式进行,尽量延长返回平原所耗时间,延长机体的缓冲时间及适应时间,避免因短时间内环境的剧烈变化导致人体难以适应,打破机体原有的平衡,从而发生DAHA及心血管事件。
  • 四川省卫生健康委员会干部保健科研课题(川干研2022-1303)
  • 西部战区总医院院管课题(2021-XZYG-A08)
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2024年第49卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0729.2024.0831
  • 接收时间:2023-05-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-24
  • 录用日期:2023-07-13
基金
Sichuan Provincial Health Committee Cadres Health Research Project(川干研2022-1303)
四川省卫生健康委员会干部保健科研课题(川干研2022-1303)
Research Project of General Hospital of Western Theater Comm(2021-XZYG-A08)
西部战区总医院院管课题(2021-XZYG-A08)
作者信息
    1西南交通大学医学院,四川成都 610031
    2西部战区总医院重症医学科,四川成都 610083
    3西部战区总医院急诊医学科,四川成都 610083
    4西部战区总医院普外科,四川成都 610083
    5西部战区总医院超声科,四川成都 610083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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