Article(id=1194649189473821634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0654.2024.0918, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716912000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-29, onlineDate=1762756162279, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762756162279, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762756162279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756162279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194643387904136153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762754779076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756450259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194649189859697603, articleId=1194649189473821634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Golgi apparatus stress and its role in infectious diseases: a review of recent advances, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Golgi apparatus (GA), an essential membrane organelle in eukaryotes positioned between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, is responsible for transporting and modifying proteins and lipids generated by the endoplasmic reticulum. The homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum and GA plays a crucial role in regulating cellular life. When GA is unable to bear the load of protein or lipid processing and transportation, it enters a state of stress. Cells sense this and activate Golgi-related quality control mechanisms. By regulating the structure and function of GA, it provides important protection for the cell or induces programmed cell death, known as the GA stress response. Understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of cellular GA stress is of great significance for exploring Golgi dynamics and its impact on human diseases. This review summarizes the structure and function of GA under physiological conditions, the phenomenon of GA stress under pathological conditions, and the role of GA in infectious diseases, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical study of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Mei Zhu, Yong-Ming Yao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Yao Yong-Ming, E-mail:
Zhu Xiao-Mei, E-mail:
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高尔基体(GA)是真核生物中不可或缺的膜细胞器,位于内质网与质膜之间,负责运输、修饰内质网产生的蛋白及脂质。内质网与高尔基体内稳态对调控细胞生命具有重要作用。当高尔基体无法承受蛋白质或脂质加工运输负荷时则进入高尔基体应激状态,细胞感知并激活高尔基体相关质量控制机制,通过调节高尔基体结构及功能,为细胞提供重要保护或诱导细胞程序性死亡,称为高尔基体应激反应。了解细胞高尔基体应激机制与结局对于探索高尔基体动力学及其对人类疾病的影响至关重要。本文针对生理状态下高尔基体的结构和功能、病理状态下高尔基体应激现象及高尔基体在感染性疾病中的作用研究进展进行综述,旨在为感染性疾病的临床防治新策略提供依据。

, correspAuthors=祝筱梅, 姚咏明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
姚咏明,E-mail:
祝筱梅,E-mail:
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樊琪,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫调控及综合防治方面的研究

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樊琪,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫调控及综合防治方面的研究

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ACS Nano, 2023, 17(24): 24972-24987., articleTitle=Hypoxia-responsive Golgi-targeted prodrug assembled with anthracycline for improved antitumor and antimetastasis efficacy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194661842330034242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, awardId=82241062, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82241062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194661842392948807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, awardId=82241062, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82241062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194661842451669066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, awardId=82272200, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82272200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194661842535555149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, awardId=82272200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82272200), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194661838475469806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661838483858415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, companyId=1194661838475469806, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Emergency Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661838496441328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, companyId=1194661838475469806, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1温州医科大学附属第一医院急诊医学中心,浙江温州 325015)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194661838555161587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661838563550195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, companyId=1194661838555161587, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Medical Innovation and Research Division/the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661838571938805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, companyId=1194661838555161587, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院医学创新研究部/第四医学中心,北京 100853)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194661841730248744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure and function of GA, figureFileSmall=foHPwwq1r7RHD+ZVGbSHgQ==, figureFileBig=kFXgwDAspOX3mXnT5zauIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194661841856077869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GA的结构与功能

GA. 高尔基体;ER. 内质网;Trans. 反式高尔基体;Medial. 中间高尔基体;Cis. 顺式高尔基体;GRASP55. GA重组堆叠蛋白55;SNAREs. 可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子附着蛋白受体;PtdIns4P. 磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;GM130. 高尔基基质蛋白130;GCC88. 高尔基体卷曲螺旋蛋白88;PARQ3. 雷帕霉素敏感伴侣蛋白3;GARARAP. 高尔基体复合体伴侣蛋白;mTOR. 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白;A. GA生理结构;B. GA病理结构;C. GA功能

, figureFileSmall=foHPwwq1r7RHD+ZVGbSHgQ==, figureFileBig=kFXgwDAspOX3mXnT5zauIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194661841948352562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Molecular mechanism of GA stress response, figureFileSmall=EMhkR3dde7QfvtUyDWBn5Q==, figureFileBig=eZYDDGWXOpYvXdRsSFRTiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194661842032238645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GA应激反应的分子机制

GA. 高尔基体;GOLPH3. 高尔基体磷蛋白3;TFE3. 转录因子增强子3;P. 磷酸基团PO₄³⁻;PG. 蛋白多糖;MAPK. 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;HSP47. 热休克蛋白47;CREB3. cAMP应答元件结合蛋白3;GASE. 高尔基体应激反应元件;PGSE. 增强子反应元件;ETS. ETS转录因子家族;ARF4. ADP核糖基化因子4;ATF4. 转录活化因子4;PERK. 蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶;eIF2. 真核翻译起始因子2;AARE. 氨基酸反应元件

, figureFileSmall=EMhkR3dde7QfvtUyDWBn5Q==, figureFileBig=eZYDDGWXOpYvXdRsSFRTiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194661842107736120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Potential therapeutic targets related to GA stress in infectious diseases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感染性疾病 GA应激及作用 调控策略及干预效果
病毒感染
单纯疱疹病毒 GM130表达下降,高尔基体碎裂,诱导caspase-3切割与细胞凋亡 上调GM130表达,缓解GA碎裂,减少细胞凋亡,改善大脑内皮细胞结构功能
乙型肝炎病毒 GA碎裂,运输功能受损,降低MHC I类复合物呈递 缓解GA碎裂,减少病毒免疫逃脱,阻止乙型肝炎进一步恶化
甲型流感病毒 TGN分散为囊泡状,促进NLRP3炎症小体组装激活 减轻TGN分散程度,调节炎性小体激活,帮助宿主清除感染
细菌感染
志贺菌 CREB3途径激活,诱导去乙酰化酶SIRT2表达 刺激CREB3途径,上调SIRT2表达,限制志贺菌逃逸与增殖
肺炎链球菌 GA结构完整性破坏,GA总面积增加,细菌黏附减少但复制增加 中和H2O2,防止GA破坏,减缓疾病进展并防止组织损伤
脓毒症
急性肺损伤 GOLPH3表达上调,GA基质蛋白表达减少,促进细胞氧化应激反应与细胞凋亡 干扰GOLPH3表达,缓解GA应激与碎裂,减轻急性肺损伤
急性肝肾损伤 GOLPH3表达上调,GRASP65表达下调,CREB3途径激活,激活巨噬细胞Akt/NF-κB信号通路 干扰GOLPH3表达,缓解GA碎裂,减少细胞凋亡,降低炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6分泌
), ArticleFig(id=1194661842179039293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189473821634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感染性疾病与GA应激相关的潜在治疗靶点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感染性疾病 GA应激及作用 调控策略及干预效果
病毒感染
单纯疱疹病毒 GM130表达下降,高尔基体碎裂,诱导caspase-3切割与细胞凋亡 上调GM130表达,缓解GA碎裂,减少细胞凋亡,改善大脑内皮细胞结构功能
乙型肝炎病毒 GA碎裂,运输功能受损,降低MHC I类复合物呈递 缓解GA碎裂,减少病毒免疫逃脱,阻止乙型肝炎进一步恶化
甲型流感病毒 TGN分散为囊泡状,促进NLRP3炎症小体组装激活 减轻TGN分散程度,调节炎性小体激活,帮助宿主清除感染
细菌感染
志贺菌 CREB3途径激活,诱导去乙酰化酶SIRT2表达 刺激CREB3途径,上调SIRT2表达,限制志贺菌逃逸与增殖
肺炎链球菌 GA结构完整性破坏,GA总面积增加,细菌黏附减少但复制增加 中和H2O2,防止GA破坏,减缓疾病进展并防止组织损伤
脓毒症
急性肺损伤 GOLPH3表达上调,GA基质蛋白表达减少,促进细胞氧化应激反应与细胞凋亡 干扰GOLPH3表达,缓解GA应激与碎裂,减轻急性肺损伤
急性肝肾损伤 GOLPH3表达上调,GRASP65表达下调,CREB3途径激活,激活巨噬细胞Akt/NF-κB信号通路 干扰GOLPH3表达,缓解GA碎裂,减少细胞凋亡,降低炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6分泌
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高尔基体应激及其在感染性疾病中的作用研究进展
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樊琪 1, 2 , 吴瑶 2 , 祝筱梅 2, * , 姚咏明 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(1): 83-91
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(1): 83-91
高尔基体应激及其在感染性疾病中的作用研究进展
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樊琪1, 2, 吴瑶2, 祝筱梅2, * , 姚咏明1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1温州医科大学附属第一医院急诊医学中心,浙江温州 325015
  • 2解放军总医院医学创新研究部/第四医学中心,北京 100853
  • 樊琪,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫调控及综合防治方面的研究

通讯作者:

姚咏明,E-mail:
祝筱梅,E-mail:
Golgi apparatus stress and its role in infectious diseases: a review of recent advances
Qi Fan1, 2, Yao Wu2, Xiao-Mei Zhu2, * , Yong-Ming Yao1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Emergency Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China
  • 2Medical Innovation and Research Division/the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0654.2024.0918
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高尔基体(GA)是真核生物中不可或缺的膜细胞器,位于内质网与质膜之间,负责运输、修饰内质网产生的蛋白及脂质。内质网与高尔基体内稳态对调控细胞生命具有重要作用。当高尔基体无法承受蛋白质或脂质加工运输负荷时则进入高尔基体应激状态,细胞感知并激活高尔基体相关质量控制机制,通过调节高尔基体结构及功能,为细胞提供重要保护或诱导细胞程序性死亡,称为高尔基体应激反应。了解细胞高尔基体应激机制与结局对于探索高尔基体动力学及其对人类疾病的影响至关重要。本文针对生理状态下高尔基体的结构和功能、病理状态下高尔基体应激现象及高尔基体在感染性疾病中的作用研究进展进行综述,旨在为感染性疾病的临床防治新策略提供依据。

高尔基体  /  高尔基体应激  /  高尔基体应激反应  /  感染性疾病

The Golgi apparatus (GA), an essential membrane organelle in eukaryotes positioned between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, is responsible for transporting and modifying proteins and lipids generated by the endoplasmic reticulum. The homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum and GA plays a crucial role in regulating cellular life. When GA is unable to bear the load of protein or lipid processing and transportation, it enters a state of stress. Cells sense this and activate Golgi-related quality control mechanisms. By regulating the structure and function of GA, it provides important protection for the cell or induces programmed cell death, known as the GA stress response. Understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of cellular GA stress is of great significance for exploring Golgi dynamics and its impact on human diseases. This review summarizes the structure and function of GA under physiological conditions, the phenomenon of GA stress under pathological conditions, and the role of GA in infectious diseases, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical study of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Golgi apparatus  /  Golgi apparatus stress  /  Golgi apparatus stress response  /  infectious diseases
樊琪, 吴瑶, 祝筱梅, 姚咏明. 高尔基体应激及其在感染性疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (1) : 83 -91 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0654.2024.0918
Qi Fan, Yao Wu, Xiao-Mei Zhu, Yong-Ming Yao. Golgi apparatus stress and its role in infectious diseases: a review of recent advances[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (1) : 83 -91 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0654.2024.0918
高尔基体(Golgi apparatus,GA)是真核细胞内膜系统的重要组成部分。1898年,意大利细胞学家卡米洛·高尔基(Camillo Golgi)用硝酸银染色法首次在神经细胞中发现了一种新奇的网状结构,定名为GA[1]。目前普遍认为GA是胞内囊泡、蛋白质及脂质运输的中央细胞器,新合成的蛋白质与脂质通过包被蛋白复合物Ⅱ(COPⅡ)囊泡排出内质网,到达内质网-GA中间室,随后通过顺式GA穿过中间GA堆栈,最后被打包进入反式GA网络并运送至目的地;而GA至内质网的逆行转运主要由包被蛋白复合物I(COPI)囊泡介导[2]。此外,GA也接受来自胞外的物质。总之,GA网络连接内质网、线粒体、溶酶体等亚细胞器,通过囊泡运输获得或交换特定物质,从而协调细胞信号转导,是胞内执行生化反应、代谢功能、细胞器间通讯的重要结构[3]。GA的生理状态对于维持细胞内环境的稳定及细胞功能的正常发挥至关重要。但在病理状态下,GA结构可出现肥大、萎缩甚至扁平囊、大泡及小泡崩解。结构破坏、弱酸性丧失、离子流失调及氧化还原稳态失衡均会干扰GA的基本功能(包括糖基化、膜运输及蛋白质分选)。有研究证实,人类多种疾病的发生发展与GA结构改变、功能障碍密切相关,如神经退行性疾病、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、遗传性疾病、感染性疾病等[4]。关于GA结构及功能如何进行精准调控等科学问题亟待解决,这对于深入理解人类疾病的发病机制、探索新的治疗方法及预防疾病的发生均具有重要意义。本文对生理与应激状态下的GA结构及功能,以及GA在感染性疾病中的作用研究进展进行综述,旨在为临床上探寻感染性疾病防治新策略提供依据。
GA是由数个扁平囊泡堆积形成的具有极性的细胞器,由扁平膜囊(saccules)、大囊泡(vacuoles)、小囊泡(vesicles)3种基本成分组成,是真核细胞中内膜系统的主要组成之一。GA重组堆叠蛋白55(Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 55 kD,GRASP55)与GA重组堆叠蛋白65(Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 65 kD,GRASP65)将5~8个扁平囊紧密连接为GA的特有结构,称为GA堆叠(Golgi stack)[5]。同时,GA膜囊存在大量高尔基卷体螺旋蛋白(Golgins)及可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子附着蛋白受体(soluble NSF attachment protein receptor,SNAREs),位于GA的不同区域,负责胞内不同囊泡的持续对接与融合,以维持GA的结构完整性与高度动态特性[6]。因此,GA一般分为3个部分,即接受内质网新合成物质的GA顺面膜囊与顺面网状结构、负责多数糖基化修饰功能的GA中间膜囊、分类包装蛋白并保证蛋白与脂质单向转运的GA反面膜囊与反面网状结构等[7](图1A)。
在哺乳动物细胞中,多个GA堆叠通过管状结构横向连接形成带状结构围绕核周,被称为GA带(Golgi ribbon)[8]。GA结构的维持与微管、肌动蛋白细胞骨架密切相关,GA外周膜上的高尔基体磷蛋白3(Golgi phosphoprotein 3 gene,GOLPH3)与胞内微管网络相互作用,提供GA囊泡运输、改变定位和维持完整结构所需的张力[9]
细胞有丝分裂期间,GA受到严密调控,呈现高度动态的可逆变化以适应细胞的不同需求。研究表明,这种结构变化源于细胞对GRASP55和GRASP65翻译后磷酸化修饰的精准调控[10]。在多种疾病中,GA的结构出现异常,功能亦发生障碍,异常的GA形态如图1B所示。目前认为,GA碎裂是阿尔茨海默病的早期病变特征之一,由β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)蓄积、GRASP55及GRASP65异常磷酸化所引起[11]。此外,肌萎缩侧索硬化症和帕金森病患者中也可见类似的GA结构破坏。有研究发现,GA碎裂现象与内质网到GA的蛋白运输功能受损直接相关[12]。癌症是严重威胁人类健康和生命的重大疾病,其重要特征也包括GA形态异常。常见肿瘤如结肠癌、乳腺癌、胃癌及前列腺癌细胞中均出现GA堆叠分解甚至发生碎片化,这可能促进了癌细胞的增殖和转移[13]。尽管众多疾病存在GA结构破坏、膜泡运输异常,但目前对它们之间的因果关系尚不清楚。
GA是细胞内膜运输系统中最重要的细胞器,在常规分泌途径中发挥了以下作用:(1)接收来自内质网的蛋白质,并使其在不同膜囊上依靠不同蛋白修饰酶进行有序的加工、修饰[5,14];(2)作为常规分泌途径中的蛋白质分选中心,依赖其高度动态的特性将不同蛋白分装成不同囊泡,进行分类及运输,最终到达相应位置[15]。因此,GA是树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)发挥抗原提呈功能不可或缺的细胞器。DC将胞质内自身产生或摄取入胞内的抗原分子降解并加工处理后,依靠主要组织相容性复合体通过GA运输到达细胞表面,从而介导机体发生免疫反应[16]
除调控经典分泌途径外,高度动态的GA还广泛参与细胞自噬、蛋白质非常规分泌、细胞凋亡、细胞膜损伤修复等病理生理过程,具体过程如图1C所示。例如,GA在营养缺乏或病原体入侵时参与自噬相关通路,首先GA基质蛋白GCC88与PARQ3通过调控哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)活性调节自噬启动[17],其次GM130蛋白可通过调节γ-氨基丁酸A受体相关蛋白(gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein,GABARAP)转运调控自噬体生长;不通过GA被运送至质膜和细胞外的分泌途径称为非常规型分泌(unconventional protein secretion,UPS),细胞受炎症刺激后,GRASP55与LC3共定位,通过分泌型自噬促进白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的分泌[18];细胞凋亡是一种受严格调控的程序性细胞死亡,也涉及GA的改变,GA结构蛋白p115和GRASP65在细胞凋亡早期被胱天蛋白酶(caspase)切割,导致GA结构破碎并进一步促进细胞凋亡[6];细胞膜可保护胞内各种生理活动的正常进行,维持细胞稳态并依赖GA进行加工修饰。如线虫损伤细胞后,胞内GA在修复过程中不断向胞膜受伤处聚集,提供磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸(PtdIns4P)作为细胞膜修复的底物[19]
GA在细胞内负责多种信号的转导过程,具有严密的质量控制机制,通过高度动态的形态变化履行其生理职能。然而,当其无法正常工作时,如蛋白合成增加超过自身修饰及运输能力,或结构形态发生不可逆改变时,均可造成蛋白发生错误修饰及运输,从而导致细胞稳态失调,该过程称为GA应激。此时,细胞为应对GA应激,激活体内的平衡机制,根据细胞的需要调节相关基因的转录,以促进GA功能恢复稳态,或直接诱导细胞实施自杀保护措施。
GA应激反应在细胞功能状态调控中发挥了关键作用,具体过程如图2所示,但相关研究远不如内质网应激及线粒体应激充分,对不同感受器分子或主要信号途径的了解尚不够深入。因此,本文就相关的研究进展进行简要叙述。
GOLPH3定位于GA外膜,可维持GA的结构,参与GA的分泌与运输途径,并调节多种细胞器相关信号转导通路[20]。据报道,GA是细胞应激信号的传感器和常见的下游效应器,在细胞遭受氧化应激或毒性损伤时,通过上调GOLPH3表达将应激信号传递给下游效应器,进而调节细胞功能。采用内毒素刺激肝细胞和肾近端小管细胞模拟脓毒症状态时,GOLPH3表达上调并通过AKT/NF-κB信号通路直接促进炎症细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-1β和IL-6的释放以及细胞凋亡,同时GA呈扩增及片段化的应激表现,下调GOLPH3表达则抑制上述现象,表明GOLPH3上调与GA应激以及多器官功能损伤紧密相关[21]。因此,通过GOLPH3调控GA应激以减轻脓毒症所致的急性组织损伤值得进一步探究。
蛋白质糖基化修饰是细胞生物学功能中的一个重要方面。GA对PG的糖基化修饰在细胞内外发挥了多种作用,包括介导信号转导与调节神经元树突发育等。GA内PG滞留或GA糖基化能力相对不足可激活PG途径,引起增强子元件PGSE-A和PGSE-B的表达迅速增加,通过上调糖基转移酶、异构酶和磺基转移酶的表达,增强GA糖基化功能以利于恢复稳态[22]。在哺乳动物细胞中,过表达PG核心蛋白或使用糖基化抑制剂Benzyl-α-GalNAc激活此通路,可观察到GA肿胀、碎裂等应激现象。GA应激反应PG途径主要激活修饰蛋白糖基化所需酶的转录与翻译,以对抗GA功能不足并减轻GA应激效应。此途径多在能够产生蛋白多糖的细胞中被激活,如软骨细胞和反应性星形细胞。
有研究提示,PERK可作为内质网应激的主要传感器,且近期研究显示,它也可传递GA应激信号[4]。莫能菌素(monensin,Mon)是特异性的GA应激诱导剂,用其刺激小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞后可观察到PERK激活,促进真核翻译起始因子2(eukaryotic initiation factor,eIF2)磷酸化,并进一步诱导转录活化因子4(activating transcription factor 4,ATF4)表达上调[23],这与内质网应激反应过程极其相似。给予细胞特异性内质网应激激活剂毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin,TG)处理激活内质网应激PERK-ATF4途径后,重链结合蛋白(BiP)水平升高,提示后者可响应内质网应激而累积[24]。值得注意的是,Mon并不影响BiP水平,因此PERK-ATF4途径是一种独特类型的GA应激反应[24]。有研究在观察细胞受Mon刺激后的活力变化时发现,ATF4作为上游分子可促进胱硫醚γ裂解酶(CSE)的表达,且生成的硫化氢(H2S)可协助GM130表达正常化,保护GA免受破坏,从而逆转Mon抑制的细胞活性[23]。由此可见,GA应激反应过程中PERK-ATF4途径主要维护GA结构的完整性以减缓GA应激,有助于恢复GA稳态与细胞内稳态。
正常生长条件下,TFE3以磷酸化形式存在于细胞质中。GA结构受损或抑制GA中的寡糖加工使其糖基化功能不足时,p-TFE3去磷酸化并转移到细胞核中;目前尚不清楚其具体的信号转导途径,但已明确TFE3进入细胞核后可直接与GA应激反应元件GASE结合而激活相关基因的转录,有助于GA恢复完整的结构与生理功能[25]。有研究发现,登革热和寨卡病毒进行胞内复制时对GA有极大需求,因此进入细胞后诱导TFE3途径的激活,引起诸多GA基质蛋白表达上调甚至GA池明显扩增,进而促进病毒的复制与分泌[26]。此外,TFE3途径可上调多种位于GA的翻译后修饰酶的表达,尤其是糖基化酶,如SIAT4A、SIAT10、FUT1、B3GAT2,以协助GA功能恢复正常[27]。由此可见,TFE3途径在维持GA结构、囊泡运输、蛋白翻译后修饰等生理功能中可发挥重要作用。
CREB3蛋白通过跨膜结构域定位于内质网,细胞应激时转移到GA进行加工剪切,最终转位至细胞核,并与ADP核糖基化因子4(ARF4)中的cAMP应答元件基序结合,诱导ARF4的表达[28]。沙眼衣原体和福氏志贺菌感染性较强,每年可感染上百万人,它们可诱导宿主细胞中GA的片段化,破坏宿主运输途径而获得脂质以维持活性。感染状态下CREB3与ARF4表达均明显上调,敲除ARF4的细胞GA受损明显减少,细菌在胞内的生存和生长受到抑制[29]。由于ARF4负责调节内质网与GA之间逆行运输途径COPI囊泡的形成,其表达水平与内质网-GA运输稳态密切相关。无论细菌感染还是细胞癌变,CREB3途径激活对GA应激均具有独特性和敏感性,不影响内质网应激反应。针对乳腺癌发生发展的研究发现,ARF4蛋白表达上调可促进癌细胞的黏附、侵袭和迁移,反之,ARF4沉默后乳腺癌细胞转移至肺的发生率明显降低[30]
此外,GA在细胞死亡信号转导中也发挥着重要作用。如GA应激反应可诱导细胞凋亡,并被证实与ARF4明显相关;当干扰ARF4表达时,由GA应激诱导剂如布雷非德菌素A(brefeldin A,BFA)、Mon等诱发的细胞凋亡明显减少[27]
MAPK信号是细胞外刺激的重要信号转导通路,可调节多种细胞生物学过程,包括细胞增殖、分化和应激反应。迄今为止已鉴定出4种亚型,即细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)和细胞外信号调节激酶5(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5,ERK5)[31]。其中,ERK主要调节细胞增殖、分化和迁移,p38 MAPK则调节细胞应激和免疫反应,JNK调控细胞应激反应和凋亡,ERK5主要参与细胞应激与增殖过程[32]。MAPK激酶信号转导参与了GA的重构,BFA可诱导JNK通路及p38 MAPK通路激活,导致GRASP55蛋白磷酸化而减少寡聚化,造成GA堆叠解体[33]。MAPK途径的靶基因ETS家族是转录因子家族中的一员,与细胞增殖、凋亡、应激反应及血管生成等密切相关。GA应激可诱导ETS上游激酶MEK1/2和ERK1/2的晚期激活,增加ETS家族靶基因的转录。例如,这些靶基因可通过选择性剪切抗凋亡蛋白髓细胞白血病序列1(MCL1)促使细胞凋亡[34]
HSP47属于内质网驻留分子伴侣蛋白,在GA修饰胶原蛋白的过程中必不可少,但其表达并不受内质网应激诱导[35]。已有研究证实,N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc-bn)可诱导高尔基体O-糖基化功能抑制,进而引起GA碎裂,同时HSP47途径的靶基因HSP47表达水平升高,而内质网应激激动剂衣霉素(TM)或毒胡萝卜素(TG)处理并未影响HSP47 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平;HSP47表达上调维持了GA的正常形态,抑制HSP47表达可加重GA的碎片化[36]。但另据报道,在热应激状态下HSP47表达上调后可导致GA碎裂,且不依赖自噬相关蛋白9A(ATG9A)介导的GRASP55寡聚化减少途径[37]。因此,HSP47途径调控GA形态的机制非常复杂,但研究表明其激活后可保护细胞免于凋亡。在HSP47敲低细胞中,诱导GA应激会发生细胞核分裂、GA驻留的caspase-2和非GA驻留的caspase-9活化、细胞色素C从线粒体流出至细胞质等现象,最终引发细胞凋亡。反之,增加HSP47表达则可保护细胞免受GA应激所致的细胞凋亡[36,38]
感染性疾病是由病原微生物及寄生虫感染人体所导致的疾病,如果感染未得到及时控制,可能引起危及生命的脓毒症等严重并发症,是全世界公共卫生和社会经济发展的重大负担。目前GA在感染性疾病发生发展中的作用越来越受到重视,相关研究进展如表1所示。据报道,采用内毒素刺激细胞模拟脓毒症模型,肺泡上皮细胞中TFE3表达上调且核转位增多,发生了显著的GA应激反应,可使活性氧、IL-6及TNF-α分泌增加,细胞凋亡增多,最终加重肺组织的病理损伤[39]。此外,GA的正常运输功能是DC发挥抗原递呈作用的关键,GA结构功能受损会明显损伤脓毒症时DC的免疫功能[40]
微生物入侵机体引起宿主细胞内GA生理结构与功能发生不可逆改变,主要表现为结构断裂与运输功能受阻,即GA应激。GA应激已在诸如沙眼衣原体[41]、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)[42]、人鼻病毒(HRV)[43]和立克次体[44]感染等疾病中得到确认。GA发生片段化的效应体现在两个方面:一是逃避免疫反应,感染细胞中GA碎裂导致膜运输功能缺陷,进而减少主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)Ⅰ类复合物在细胞表面的表达,有助于逃避宿主细胞的免疫识别;二是利用GA结构的改变为病毒复制和细菌繁殖提供膜来源。嗜肺军团菌[45]、沙眼衣原体[46]、疟原虫[47]、新型冠状病毒[48]感染机体后,可诱导GA结构碎裂并借助GA碎片促进自身发育,增强病毒的复制。可见,细胞内的微生物可通过破坏GA稳定性来促进其感染,而减轻GA碎片化则有助于防止机体感染的发生发展。
如前所述,部分病毒入侵宿主后可迅速诱导GA应激,以促进自身的复制与成熟。例如,寨卡病毒和登革病毒感染可诱导脊椎动物细胞中的GA分散,以及激活GA应激反应,而激活的TFE3途径可上调GA结构蛋白GM130和GCP60的表达,促进病毒的复制、成熟及分泌[26],提示深刻理解病毒蛋白与GA之间的相互作用有助于识别脊椎动物的抗病毒靶点。另有研究证实,碎裂的GA也能帮助宿主细胞对抗感染。比如,先天免疫系统激活对于控制感染性疾病至关重要,核苷酸结合结构域富含亮氨酸重复序列和含热蛋白结构域受体3(nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3,NLRP3)炎性小体是先天免疫反应激活的重要部分。甲型流感病毒(IAV)感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞后,GA酸碱度改变可引起GA应激,其结构碎裂产生大量分散的囊泡状反式高尔基体(dTGN),有利于NLRP3炎性小体的组装和激活,促进细胞因子分泌,从而引起抗病毒免疫反应[49]。值得注意的是,促进病毒复制的、分散且扩增的GA主要是顺式GA,分散成囊泡帮助机体对抗感染的则主要是反式GA,这体现了GA复合体结构功能的复杂性,同时提示了系统认识GA的重要性。
与病毒感染类似,细菌感染细胞后可直接或间接诱导GA碎裂,促进细菌增殖并造成感染。新近来自耶鲁大学医学院的一项研究证实,寄生菌嗜吞噬细胞无形体(Anaplasma phagocytophilumA. phagocytophilum)感染细胞后,可增强神经酰胺-1-磷酸(C1P)表达以促进信号转导,刺激GRASP55和GRASP65磷酸化造成GA碎裂,而GA形态异常是促进细菌寄生成熟的关键[50]。当机体免疫系统功能低下时,肺炎链球菌(Spn)易进入下呼吸道并在肺泡中增殖而引起肺炎,此过程依赖Spn产生的毒力因子H2O2破坏GA结构的完整性,从而使细胞因子分泌减少,同时增加GA总面积以促进细菌增殖,最终加重感染[51]。在细菌感染过程中,GA的结构被破坏,进而激活GA应激反应,以对抗这一应激并恢复细胞的稳态。例如,被志贺菌感染的宿主细胞,通过CREB3介导的GA应激反应机制上调赖氨酸脱酰酶的表达,减轻志贺菌毒力因子诱发的赖氨酸脂肪酰化,增强宿主的天然免疫活性,从而抵抗志贺菌感染[52]。上述诸多研究表明,GA在细菌感染细胞的过程中发挥了复杂的作用,其确切信号调控机制仍有待深入了解。
生物标志物对于疾病的早期诊断、治疗反应评估以及亚型分类至关重要,而GA参与了疾病的发生发展,可能是寻找疾病早期诊断和治疗新靶点的关键。高尔基体糖蛋白73(GP73,也称为GOLPH2)是一种定位于顺式GA的整合膜蛋白,主要由上皮细胞系表达,且在正常肝细胞中表达较低。乙肝病毒(HBV)和丙肝病毒(HCV)感染引起慢性肝炎后GP73表达明显增强,其表达水平与患者肝脏病理分级和分期呈正相关[53]。抗高尔基体抗体(AGA)是一种较罕见的自身抗体,但已被发现存在于多种免疫性疾病中,目前已知的至少有20种GA自身抗原,包括golgin-97、golgin-67、golgin-245、golgin-95、golgin-160和giantin等。AGA阳性常见于各种感染性疾病,如HBV/HCV、EB病毒和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染。此外,硝基还原酶(NTR)被认为是评估脓毒症诱发急性肺损伤的潜在生物标志物,有学者研发了GA靶向探针Gol-NTR,通过绘制NTR的生成情况来监测和评估脓毒症所致急性肺损伤的治疗反应[54]。这些生物标志物是潜在的诊断标志分子,但仍需开展大规模临床试验进一步验证,以明确更敏感、更有效的检测方法。
除作为潜在生物标志物以外,GA及其相关分子在维持细胞结构完整性中的重要作用及其在膜运输途径中的核心地位,也为疾病治疗提供了可能的靶点。据报道,GA定位蛋白G蛋白偶联受体108(GPR108)在病毒感染后表达明显上调,结合并激活SMAD特异性E3泛素蛋白连接酶1(Smurf1),敲除Smurf1基因则可抑制病毒感染诱导的Ⅰ型干扰素反应,提示GPR108-Smurf1轴可能是缓解抗病毒免疫反应中过度炎症导致的组织病理损伤的干预靶点[55]。临床上理想的药物治疗是将活性形式的治疗分子靶向递送至GA,目前正在积极开发相关策略以提高疗效,并尽量减少靶向GA药物治疗的不良反应。通常采用在纳米递送系统表面修饰对GA具有高亲和力的化合物(如苯磺酰胺、半胱氨酸和硫酸软骨素)来靶向GA以发挥疗效。目前,已研制出基于硫酸软骨素的前药纳米颗粒用于靶向破坏GA,阻断抑制性细胞因子的产生,以减轻免疫抑制[56]。此外,近期Hu等[57]开发的一种靶向GA的自组装纳米囊泡,可明显增强NLRP3的表达,促进IL-1β或IL-18的产生及释放,增强天然免疫活性。上述研究表明,GA是新药开发的一个有前景的靶点,但靶向GA的药物能否转化应用于临床有待深入研究。
精细调控GA质量控制机制,实现对其结构变化的有效干预,对于优化GA功能以及增强机体对微生物感染的抵抗力具有重要意义。GA功能超出机体负荷和适应能力或结构发生破坏,可诱发GA应激状态,从而破坏细胞稳态与机体免疫平衡。GA是胞内感受多种应激压力的重要亚细胞器,通过触发效应蛋白GOLPH3表达上调而激活下游的效应器发挥作用。GA应激反应参与了细胞迁移、炎性介质释放、有丝分裂、DNA修复、自噬、凋亡等多种细胞生理和病理过程[58],但关于GA应激反应的传感器分子和确切信号转导机制尚需进一步阐明。
目前,关于GA靶向递药系统的报道极少,大多数研究集中在用于GA成像和诊断的特异性荧光探针上,而用于疾病治疗的GA靶向材料仅限于硫酸软骨素、GA靶向肽和白蛋白等,种类很少,并存在制备复杂、不易转化、载药量低、应用范围局限等缺点,且主要应用于癌症领域,未见在感染性疾病中靶向GA递药的研究报道。例如,有学者通过硫原子替换磷酸肽中磷酸酯键的氧原子,实现了精准靶向GA并选择性抑制癌细胞的靶向治疗技术[59]。另有研究合成了一种靶向破坏GA的小分子前体药(INR),并构建了一种无载体纳米粒用于乳腺癌及其肺、肝转移的治疗[60]
GA在蛋白质和脂质的运输、加工和分选等关键细胞活动中的核心作用使其处于细胞科学研究的前沿。总之,GA在疾病发生发展中起着重要作用,其与感染性疾病的关系也日益受到重视。深入了解微生物入侵宿主细胞对GA稳态的破坏作用,以及GA应激对微生物生长成熟的调节作用,可为进一步认识GA应激在感染性疾病发生发展过程中的作用机制提供新思路。同时,对GA相关生物标志物和基于GA的治疗方法的探索,也有助于开发疾病早期识别与靶向干预的新策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82241062)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82272200)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0654.2024.0918
  • 接收时间:2024-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-15
  • 录用日期:2024-05-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82241062)
国家自然科学基金(82241062)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82272200)
国家自然科学基金(82272200)
作者信息
    1温州医科大学附属第一医院急诊医学中心,浙江温州 325015
    2解放军总医院医学创新研究部/第四医学中心,北京 100853

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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