Article(id=1194649189234742083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1157.2024.0528, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693411200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1697731200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-20, onlineDate=1762756162222, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762756162222, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762756162222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756162222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194643387904136153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762754779076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756450259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194649189511566150, articleId=1194649189234742083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Constructive elements and applications of sebaceous gland organoids, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sebaceous glands are vital appendages of the skin, primarily functioning in the secretion of a variety of lipid substances. These lipid substances play crucial physiological roles in the body, such as participating in body temperature regulation, maintaining skin homeostasis, and modulating the immune system. Abnormalities in the function of sebaceous glands can lead to a range of skin disorders, with acne being the most common one. Acne arises from the overproduction of sebum by sebaceous gland, leading to hair follicle blockage, bacterial infection, and inflammation response. Additionally, sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare but severe malignant tumor of the skin, and its exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Organoids are closely resemble in vivo counterparts in terms of cell types, spatial structure, and function. Sebaceous gland organoids serve as an ideal platform for studying sebaceous glands and their associated diseases. This review summarizes the structure, function, homeostasis of sebaceous glands, as well as the construction and applications of sebaceous gland organoids, aiming to provide reference for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of sebaceous gland related diseases.

, correspAuthors=Li-Xin Weng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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皮脂腺是一种重要的皮肤附属器官,其主要功能是分泌多种脂质物质。这些脂质物质在体内发挥着重要的生理功能,如参与体温调节、维持皮肤稳态及调节免疫系统等。皮脂腺功能异常可能导致一系列皮肤疾病的发生,其中以痤疮最为常见。痤疮是由于皮脂腺过度分泌导致毛囊堵塞,引起细菌感染和炎症反应而产生的。此外,皮脂腺癌也是一种罕见且严重的皮肤恶性肿瘤,其发生机制尚未完全阐明。类器官与其来源的器官组织在细胞类型、空间结构和功能上均高度相似,皮脂腺类器官是研究皮脂腺及其相关疾病的理想平台。本文对皮脂腺的结构、功能、稳态及皮脂腺类器官的构建和应用进行综述,旨在为皮脂腺相关疾病的发病机制和药物治疗等方面的研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=翁立新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
翁立新,E-mail:
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武禄,硕士研究生,主要从事创伤修复与组织再生方面的研究

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A. 毛囊皮脂腺单位。皮脂腺开口与毛囊相连接,称为皮脂腺导管。皮脂腺与毛囊共同形成毛囊皮脂腺单位;B. 皮脂腺的结构。腺泡状皮脂腺小叶相连并共同开口于皮脂腺导管,皮脂腺腺泡最外层为外周区,紧邻外周区的是成熟区,终末分化的皮脂腺细胞位于坏死区

, figureFileSmall=pw4NHXz9Qs1EXsETlecQyA==, figureFileBig=+xEUsKzKeMvaXTd5vv0ImQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194661840056721432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189234742083, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of sebaceous organoid culture and application, figureFileSmall=SYIT7Kl6IlUwViBO7pDwVA==, figureFileBig=i8t2kR1KAsrjMEYaUqQqZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194661841113686043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194649189234742083, language=CN, label=图2, caption=皮脂腺类器官的培养及应用示意图

A. 皮脂腺类器官的培养。从小鼠皮肤中分离出皮脂腺干细胞,将分离出的细胞在Matrigel中培养,培养基中添加R-spondin-1、Noggin、表皮生长因子(EGF)和成纤维细胞生长因子2(FGF2)来改良培养方案,培养一段时间后可形成球体结构的皮脂腺类器官。B. 皮脂腺类器官的应用。未来皮脂腺类器官在再生医学、药物研发、皮脂腺基础研究和疾病研究模型建立等方面将有应用场景

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皮脂腺类器官的构建要素与应用
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武禄 1, 2 , 刘标 1 , 翁立新 1, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(1): 112-120
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(1): 112-120
皮脂腺类器官的构建要素与应用
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武禄1, 2, 刘标1, 翁立新1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古医科大学基础医学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010110
  • 2包头医学院基础医学与法学学院生理教研室,内蒙古包头 014040
  • 3内蒙古医科大学附属医院病理科,内蒙古呼和浩特 010110
  • 武禄,硕士研究生,主要从事创伤修复与组织再生方面的研究

通讯作者:

翁立新,E-mail:
Constructive elements and applications of sebaceous gland organoids
Lu Wu1, 2, Biao Liu1, Li-Xin Weng1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China
  • 2Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, China
  • 3Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1157.2024.0528
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皮脂腺是一种重要的皮肤附属器官,其主要功能是分泌多种脂质物质。这些脂质物质在体内发挥着重要的生理功能,如参与体温调节、维持皮肤稳态及调节免疫系统等。皮脂腺功能异常可能导致一系列皮肤疾病的发生,其中以痤疮最为常见。痤疮是由于皮脂腺过度分泌导致毛囊堵塞,引起细菌感染和炎症反应而产生的。此外,皮脂腺癌也是一种罕见且严重的皮肤恶性肿瘤,其发生机制尚未完全阐明。类器官与其来源的器官组织在细胞类型、空间结构和功能上均高度相似,皮脂腺类器官是研究皮脂腺及其相关疾病的理想平台。本文对皮脂腺的结构、功能、稳态及皮脂腺类器官的构建和应用进行综述,旨在为皮脂腺相关疾病的发病机制和药物治疗等方面的研究提供参考。

皮肤  /  皮脂腺  /  类器官  /  应用

Sebaceous glands are vital appendages of the skin, primarily functioning in the secretion of a variety of lipid substances. These lipid substances play crucial physiological roles in the body, such as participating in body temperature regulation, maintaining skin homeostasis, and modulating the immune system. Abnormalities in the function of sebaceous glands can lead to a range of skin disorders, with acne being the most common one. Acne arises from the overproduction of sebum by sebaceous gland, leading to hair follicle blockage, bacterial infection, and inflammation response. Additionally, sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare but severe malignant tumor of the skin, and its exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Organoids are closely resemble in vivo counterparts in terms of cell types, spatial structure, and function. Sebaceous gland organoids serve as an ideal platform for studying sebaceous glands and their associated diseases. This review summarizes the structure, function, homeostasis of sebaceous glands, as well as the construction and applications of sebaceous gland organoids, aiming to provide reference for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of sebaceous gland related diseases.

skin  /  sebaceous gland  /  organoid  /  application
武禄, 刘标, 翁立新. 皮脂腺类器官的构建要素与应用. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (1) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1157.2024.0528
Lu Wu, Biao Liu, Li-Xin Weng. Constructive elements and applications of sebaceous gland organoids[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (1) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1157.2024.0528
作为体表面积最大的器官,皮肤是保护机体内部组织免受机械损伤、微生物感染、紫外线辐射和极端温度等有害影响的重要屏障[1-2]。皮脂腺是一种全浆分泌型的皮肤附属器,能够分泌多种脂质。有研究发现,皮脂腺的正常发育和稳态是皮肤维持生理结构和功能所必需的,皮脂腺的萎缩和皮脂成分改变会导致皮肤屏障受损和稳态异常,进而可能引起多种皮肤疾病[3],如寻常型痤疮最为常见,该疾病困扰着全球数百万人的生活,其涉及多种因素,其中重要的因素即皮脂腺失调。皮脂腺异常还可能导致皮脂腺癌,皮脂腺癌易转移且病死率高[4]。虽然皮脂腺对于皮肤稳态具有重要作用,但人们对其发育和稳态的调节机制及其异常的致病机制知之甚少。因此,揭示皮脂腺定向分化的调节机制,了解导致皮脂腺疾病的潜在机制尤为重要。
类器官是器官特异性的细胞类型在体外所形成的三维结构[5-6]。类器官由干细胞或器官的祖细胞发育而来,通过细胞分类聚集和特定空间的谱系定向分化,以类似于体内的方式进行自我组装[7]。类器官能够重现器官发生过程中干细胞在特定空间上的谱系定向分化,这一特点使得类器官可被用于研究相应组织器官的发育、稳态、调节以及调节异常的机制[8-9]。目前,类器官已广泛应用于器官发育、疾病建模以及药物筛选平台。已有研究人员成功构建皮脂腺类器官,并将其用于模拟疾病,进行药物测试[10]。本文简要介绍皮脂腺的发育和稳态机制,重点论述皮脂腺类器官的构建要素并对其应用前景进行展望。
皮脂腺与毛囊大多相连在一起,称为毛囊皮脂腺单位(pilosebaceous units,PSUs),皮脂腺开口于毛囊的峡部(isthmus)交界区(junctional zone)。PSUs最外层由间充质成纤维细胞和胶原蛋白组成的结缔组织鞘(connective tissue sheath,CTS)所包裹(图1A)。至今发现了3类皮脂腺:(1)最小的皮脂腺与精细的毳毛相连;(2)较大的皮脂腺与末梢的毛囊相连,如头皮的皮脂腺;(3)在睑板腺等特殊部位,皮脂腺可独立于毛囊而存在[11]。皮脂腺的形状较为相似,呈小叶或腺泡状,大多被划分为腺泡部和导管部,腺泡部由脂质分泌细胞(皮脂腺细胞)组成,导管部由鳞状上皮细胞(导管细胞)构成[12]
在皮脂腺的腺泡部,不同位置的细胞分化状态不同,可根据不同的位置将皮脂腺腺泡部划分为外周区(peripheral zone)、成熟区(maturation zone)与坏死区(necrosis zone)。腺泡部的最外层是外周区,其呈单层结构,附着于基底膜,组成该区的细胞是未分化且具有增殖活性的脂质分泌细胞[13]。外周区的细胞通过对称分裂或不对称分裂的方式,增殖分化为脂质分泌细胞。紧邻外周区的是成熟区,该区含有多层正在分化的脂质分泌细胞[14]。成熟区内的细胞分化明显,细胞内的脂滴逐渐累积,细胞体积显著增大。腺泡部的最内层是坏死区,聚集着终末分化的脂质分泌细胞,该区内的细胞胞核碎裂、胞质水解,以全浆分泌的形式释放脂质,这一分泌过程类似于自噬性细胞死亡[15](图1B)。
皮脂腺导管部的细胞具有类似鳞状上皮的特征,但导管部没有颗粒层和角质层的分化。导管上皮细胞内也含有脂滴,较腺泡部皮脂腺细胞所含脂滴小。导管的上皮细胞所产生的一层薄薄的表皮角质层最终脱落入管腔并与腺泡部分泌的脂质混合后,由导管部经毛囊管排出覆盖在毛干、毛囊管和皮肤表面[16]
皮脂腺缺失会导致小鼠皮毛的防水性减弱、体温调节能力下降,更容易因紫外线照射而造成表皮细胞凋亡;皮脂腺缺失与小鼠的瘢痕性脱发有关,皮脂腺有助于维持毛囊稳定[17]。此外,皮脂腺具有免疫调节功能,可产生具有抗菌能力的肽类和脂质[18]
皮脂腺分泌的皮脂由多种不同类型的脂质组成,不同物种皮脂成分差别很大。人类皮脂成分大部分为甘油三酯、角鲨烯和蜡酯,还包含少部分胆固醇和胆固醇酯[19]。皮脂中Δ6单不饱和脂肪酸如顺式-6-十六碳烯酸等是人类特有的[20]。脂滴相关蛋白如Perilipins,能够调节脂滴的大小和形成速度。
皮脂腺的进化起源尚不清楚。皮脂腺在四足动物中可帮助它们更好地适应陆地生活。人类皮脂腺的发育始于胚胎第13~14周[21]。小鼠皮脂腺细胞最早出现在小鼠胚胎第18.5天,出生后3~4 d小鼠背部的大部分皮肤都能检测到皮脂腺细胞。
皮脂腺单位的发育与毛囊形态发育有密切联系,两者共同组成了PSU。在皮肤附属物发育的早期阶段,可检测到其表达SRY盒子转录因子9(SRY-box transcription factor 9,SOX9)和富含亮氨酸重复序列的免疫球蛋白样结构域蛋白1(leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1,LRIG1)[22]。SOX9和LRIG1分别是毛囊接合区(junctional zone)和隆凸(bulge)的特征标志物。研究显示,SOX9+细胞向将来形成毛囊隆凸的方向迁移,但在消融SOX9+后,会导致皮脂腺发育缺失[23],表明SOX9+角质形成细胞影响皮脂腺的形成发育。有研究显示,LRIG1+角质形成细胞位于毛囊上部的接合区,其通过不对称的细胞分裂最先产生皮脂腺细胞,分化的皮脂腺细胞显示为LRIG1-且不能增殖,但有特征性的酶(如硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1)表达[24]。考虑到毛囊突起的SOX9+细胞能够维持成熟毛囊的LRIG1+细胞更新,SOX9+细胞可能也参与了皮脂腺细胞在稳态期间的自我更新。
人类皮脂腺在胎儿期具有分泌活动,能够产生胎儿皮脂,以保护胎儿的周身皮肤[25]。出生后皮脂腺功能减退,产生的皮脂减少。青春期时,激素水平升高促进皮脂腺扩张和皮脂产生,进入老年时期皮脂腺活动又趋于减低[26]
毛囊的生长是周期性的,而皮脂腺的生长是进行性持续性更新,与表皮细胞的生长更新方式相似[27]。皮脂腺细胞的再生和皮脂的连续产生借助于基底层细胞,基底层中具有皮脂腺干细胞,其具有增殖分裂能力。皮脂腺稳态期间,位于基底层的增殖细胞向内移动,分化成为充满脂质的皮脂细胞[28]。随着皮脂腺细胞的逐渐成熟,脂质在细胞内逐渐积累,这些细胞被推至皮脂腺的坏死区,在坏死区成熟的皮脂腺细胞破裂并将皮脂释放出去[29]
皮脂腺稳态由位于皮脂腺外部或周围的单能或多能干细胞池或祖细胞池维持。在皮脂腺由发育过渡到成熟阶段后,皮脂腺的细胞增殖更新速度逐渐下降。位于毛囊接合区的LRIG1+角质形成细胞是最具特征的与皮脂腺更新相关的细胞群。研究发现,LRIG1+角质形成细胞在稳态期间负责维持毛囊漏斗区和接合区细胞的更新,并对皮脂腺细胞的更新有贡献[30-32]。值得注意的是,有克隆形成实验研究显示,皮脂腺导管更像是毛囊漏斗区的一个组成部分,而不像是皮脂腺的一个部分[33]。因为皮脂腺导管的分化受到GATA结合因子6(GATA6)的控制,而LRIG1+细胞分化的子代细胞中GATA6表达上调[34]。总之,以上研究结果提示,LRIG1+干细胞有双重命运,可产生毛囊漏斗和皮脂腺或皮脂腺导管。
B淋巴细胞诱导的核成熟蛋白(Blimp1)是皮脂腺的另一种标志物,其在终末分化的皮质细胞中表达[22]。Blimp1缺失可导致皮脂腺过度增殖[35],Blimp1似乎控制皮脂腺中细胞的输入。在毛囊上隆凸或峡部区域的Keratin15+干细胞和表达富含亮氨酸的G蛋白偶联受体(Lgr6)的祖细胞也能够补充皮脂腺细胞[22,36]。在Keratin15+干细胞形成的后代细胞中可检测到LRIG1的表达,表明隆凸处干细胞有产生皮脂腺细胞的潜能[37]。另外,Blimp1+细胞耗尽可刺激隆凸处干细胞的增殖,证实皮脂腺的稳态打破会影响毛囊干细胞,也表明了似乎不同干细胞池存在相互补偿的机制[22]
皮脂腺细胞的增殖和分化受到多种因素的调节,转基因小鼠的使用使研究者得以明确相关因素。研究显示,低水平的Wnt信号可促进皮脂腺分化[38],而高水平的Wnt信号可导致皮脂腺缺失和异位毛囊形成[39]。另外,c-Myc也是调节皮脂腺发育的关键蛋白,能够调节皮脂腺增殖区细胞的增殖和分化[40]。c-Myc过度表达可导致皮脂腺过度扩张,而c-Myc条件性缺失可导致皮脂腺缩小、细胞增殖减少和皮脂细胞分化受阻等[41]
雄激素可通过雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)促进皮脂腺细胞的分化[42]。AR在人和啮齿动物皮脂腺基底和早期分化的皮脂细胞中表达。睾酮和双氢睾酮在体外可促进人面部的原代皮脂细胞增殖,并增加啮齿动物皮脂腺中脂质酶的表达[43]。皮脂腺癌的低分化与AR的低表达有关,在c-Myc缺失的情况下,AR无功能的小鼠呈现未分化的皮脂细胞的聚集[44]。总之,雄激素通过直接作用于皮脂细胞来促进细胞分裂和脂质合成。目前尚不清楚雄激素是否能够直接作用于接合区或漏斗。
研究表明,转录因子[包括过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPARγ)和CCAAT区增强子结合蛋白(CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins,C/EBPs)]可通过促进脂肪生成酶的表达来促进皮脂腺的分化,PPARγ和C/EBPs都是脂质产生和皮脂腺稳态所必需的[45]。Hedgehog信号可能促进皮脂腺细胞的分化[46]。此外,表皮生长因子受体等相关受体的受体酪氨酸激酶及成纤维细胞生长因子受体2b(FGFR2b)也可调节皮脂腺的增殖和分化[47]。还有研究显示,caspase-3介导的Yes相关蛋白(yes-associated protein,YAP)的激活能促进小鼠皮脂腺的分裂[48]
类器官技术建立在干细胞技术、经典发育生物学和细胞混合培养的基础上[49]。目标器官的类型不同、干细胞的来源不同,类器官的培养方式也会有所不同。但类器官构建的核心是相同的,即重现目标器官的内在发育过程,使其具备一定的功能[50]
使用位于小鼠皮脂腺基底部的Blimp1+干细胞来培养皮脂腺类器官已经取得了成功[10]。类器官的培养过程如下:首先借助流式细胞术分选出小鼠背部皮肤中Blimp1+细胞;然后将分选出的细胞接种在3D基质胶(Matrigel)培养物中;类器官的培养需要根据实际情况调整细胞培养环境,加入关键的生长因子、无机矿物质或蛋白质等。常见的Matrigel是小鼠(Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm,EHS)肉瘤中提取的可溶的、无菌的基底膜蛋白,已经成功应用于多种上皮干细胞的类器官培养[51]。人成纤维细胞生长因子-2(human fibroblast growth factor,hFGF-2)、鼠表皮细胞生长因子(mouse epidermal growth factor,mEGF)、重组人R-spondin-1(recombinant human R-spondin-1,hR-spindin1)蛋白和鼠Noggin(mNoggin)蛋白被用来改良类器官培养基[10]。在类器官的培养中,定期更换Matrigel和培养基,可获得小鼠的皮脂腺类器官(图2A)。
类器官的自我组装方式及空间组织结构类似于体内器官,具有器官特有的多种细胞类型[52]。利用光学显微镜观察类器官的大小、直径、细胞排列和空间结构,可测量类器官的形成效能。结合组织化学染色或特殊染色方法检测分子标志物的表达和胞质内容物,能够明确构成类器官的细胞类型。此外,还可通过核苷酸类似物的示踪实验,观测细胞的增殖活动。
研究者培养的单个Blimp+干细胞能够增殖分化形成含有内外两层的圆球体结构,这一结构与体内的皮脂腺形态高度相似[10]。利用免疫荧光检测皮脂腺和类器官的标志物表达情况,结果显示,皮脂腺的外周细胞和类器官的外层细胞均表达增殖标志物Ki67(marker of proliferation Ki-67 gene,Ki67)、微小染色体维持复合体2(minichromosomal maintenance complex 2,MCM2)和角蛋白K5、K15,而皮脂腺的成熟区、坏死区细胞和类器官的内层细胞标志物表达均为阴性[10]。在皮脂腺中,细胞增殖仅限于外周细胞。在皮脂腺稳态期间,外周区的细胞通过不对称分裂产生的子代细胞向内部迁移,增殖分化为充满脂质的成熟皮脂腺细胞。对类器官细胞增殖活动的检测结果显示,类器官外层的细胞具有增殖活性,通过迁移至内部或不对称分裂的方式,分化为内层的成熟细胞[10]。以上结果表明,构建的类器官在形态结构、细胞类型和组织稳态上都与其来源的皮脂腺相似。
类器官不但能够复现目标器官的细胞组成和空间结构,而且能够模拟目标器官的一些特定功能。运用组学方法对类器官的转录谱、表达谱和产物进行组学分析、成分分析等,能够反映类器官的生物活性和功能。此外,将类器官移植到动物疾病模型,以观察其在体内能够发挥的作用,也是衡量类器官功能的重要技术手段。
皮脂腺的最重要功能为分泌多种脂质。利用油红染色检测类器官内层细胞的脂质产生情况,与皮脂腺成熟区的细胞类似,内层细胞的胞质内充满脂质;研究者利用C18色谱分离联合电喷雾高分辨率质谱对小鼠皮脂腺和类器官的脂质进行脂质组学分析,分层聚类和主成分分析结果显示,类器官内层细胞所产生的脂质与小鼠皮脂腺所分泌的脂质组成成分相似[10,53]。以上结果表明,类器官具有产生皮脂腺特征性皮脂的功能,具备与皮脂腺类似的功能。
类器官对利用传统技术难以解决的人体试验研究,具有很大的应用潜力。与动物模型相比,人体来源的类器官能更好地模拟人体生理结构和功能,为研究者提供了一个良好的体系,来模拟体内器官的发育过程,而这一优势是动物模型无法比拟的。类器官能够模拟组织稳态,可用来研究器官再生。因此,皮脂腺类器官在研究皮脂腺的发育、稳态的维持与调节机制、阐明皮脂腺疾病的发病机制和寻找潜在治疗药物方面具有较高的应用价值(图2B)。
皮脂腺的发育和稳态受到多种因素的调节,皮脂腺和毛囊在解剖结构和生理功能上的相互依存和影响,进一步增加了皮脂腺生物学研究的难度。皮脂腺类器官构建相对容易,可作为皮脂腺生物学研究的平台,探究错综复杂的信号网络如何调节皮脂腺的发育、稳态和功能。
研究者利用10058-F4(c-Myc的特异性抑制剂)处理皮脂腺类器官数天后,类器官体积缩小了40%,类器官外层细胞减少、增殖标志物Ki67、MCM2表达降低,内层细胞成熟受阻,脂质合成减少[10]。这表明c-Myc可通过影响皮脂腺类器官外层细胞的增殖、分化和内层细胞脂质生成相关基因的表达来影响类器官的稳态,进一步佐证了c-Myc对皮脂腺的增殖和分化具有重要的调节作用。
临床研究表明,一些皮肤疾病表现出皮脂腺异常,表现为皮脂分泌量改变和脂质成分异于正常[54]。寻常型痤疮是一种常见的皮肤病,其特征是形成粉刺。粉刺是远端毛囊的囊性扩张,与萎缩性皮脂腺有关[55]。然而,痤疮患者的皮脂产量高于正常水平,而且角鲨烯、单不饱和脂肪酸和甘油二酯的含量增加,皮肤中的皮脂成分经常发生改变[56]。在银屑病、脂溢性皮炎和特应性皮炎患者中也观察到了萎缩的皮脂腺和皮脂成分的改变[57],如特应性皮炎表现为总的游离脂肪酸含量降低和游离脂肪酸链长度的改变[58],皮脂成分的改变是皮肤对过敏原过敏的重要原因。
寻常型痤疮是一种由雄激素诱导的皮脂分泌增加所致的PSU慢性疾病[59]。皮脂腺稳态异常导致皮脂过多、皮脂细胞增殖和分化改变、内分泌失调、角化过度、痤疮皮肤杆菌的定植和炎症反应等是导致痤疮形成的关键因素[60]。PPAR已被证实能够改变皮脂的产生和影响痤疮的形成[61]
目前,治疗痤疮的一线药物是维甲酸(retinoids)类[62],如全反式维甲酸(all trans retinoic acids,ATRA;如Tretinoin)、配方ATRA(如Ret Avit)和13顺式维A酸(13-cis-retinoic acid,如Isotrtinoin)。然而服用该类药物的患者却不得不忍受其不良反应和致畸作用。
研究者先使用双氢睾酮、BRL-49653(PPARγ激动剂)、亚油酸(PPARβ激动剂)联合刺激皮脂腺类器官数天使得脂质合成的相关基因ARFASN(脂肪酸合成酶)、PPARγPPARβ的表达增加,产生脂质的细胞增多,增殖标志物Ki67和增殖相关基因c-myccyclinD表达增加,以建立类器官水平的寻常型痤疮疾病模型[10,63-64];然后利用c-Myc抑制剂10058-F4处理类器官后,类器官变小、脂质合成细胞减少、内层细胞成熟受阻、脂质合成基因表达降低、增殖标志物Ki67蛋白表达减少、cyclinD1c-Myc基因表达降低[10]。c-Myc抑制剂可影响皮脂腺类器官的大小、增殖和分化[10,63]。以上结果在一定程度上提示,c-Myc可作为寻常型痤疮的潜在治疗靶点,皮脂腺类器官模型能够用于潜在的痤疮治疗药物开发。
随着类器官技术的不断发展,类器官日后有望广泛应用于基础研究和转化生物医学如药物测试和初步的细胞替代疗法,一定程度上取代动物模型或成为临床前试验和临床试验的桥梁[65]
需要指出的是,目前皮脂腺类器官的研究还较为缺乏,对皮脂腺类器官构建的研究仍处于初步阶段,体外维持的时间较短,相当于胚胎发育时期的皮脂腺,只能模拟皮脂腺的简单结构,构建的皮脂腺类器官缺乏导管部分。因此,构建与正常皮脂腺形态功能相似的皮脂腺类器官并长期和稳定地培养是未来需要攻克的难点。参考其他组织类器官的培养思路,可为皮脂腺类器官培养带来启示。用于3D细胞培养的组织工程生物材料包括纤维基质、大孔基质和高度交联的水凝胶等对类器官培养有益处[66]。纤维基质(如细胞外基质和水凝胶)含有纤维蛋白质,其孔径接近细胞的天然尺寸。高度交联的水凝胶(如聚乙二醇和藻酸盐)的网孔尺寸小于细胞的体积。研究显示,在没有其他材料加入或降解的情况下,小筛孔尺寸的3D细胞培养基质可能抑制细胞增殖和分化[67]。而且,生物材料内基质纤维的直径和排列方式对细胞功能有影响。研究显示,3D培养基质中规则排列的纤维对干细胞的命运决定有影响[68]。使用纤维排列方向明确的Gly-Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg(GYIGSR)功能化纳米纤维基质可增强胚胎干细胞向神经元方向的增殖分化[69]。另外,通过工程化生物材料优化3D培养基质的生物学、化学和物理性质可帮助研究者提高培养类器官的质量[70]。3D培养基质在设计时需要参考组织生理环境的机械性能,包括硬度、应力松弛和应力刚度等。研究显示,干细胞培养对3D培养基质应力松弛十分敏感[71]。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的分化和增殖在快速松弛的3D水凝胶上更迅速[72]。因此,为皮脂腺干细胞选择3D培养基质时应充分考虑其体积尺寸,选择网孔合适、纤维合适和材料优化的3D基质对提高皮脂腺类器官质量和功能有益。皮脂腺类器官长期和稳定的维持是一个难点,借鉴在其他组织类器官培养中的思路对于解决该难题有重要意义。研究表明,将多功能干细胞置于特定组合和浓度的生长信号传导因子中,可以启动细胞分化、形态发生和类器官的建立[73]。在人输卵管类器官培养中持续生长因子信号(Wnt和Notch)激活可产生长期和稳定的输卵管类器官[74]。人唾液腺类器官的长期稳定维持也需要高水平的Wnt信号激活[75]。在皮脂腺类器官培养时应关注这些信号通路,它们可能对皮脂腺类器官长期维持有作用。
现有的皮脂腺类器官多为小鼠细胞来源的,与人类的皮脂腺存在差异,培养类器官的基质Matrigel源于小鼠肿瘤的细胞外基质,如用于体内移植其安全性存在隐患。所以小鼠细胞来源形成的皮脂腺类器官模型只能作为人体试验结果的预测,下一步研究的重点仍是构建人源细胞的皮脂腺类器官。构建人源细胞的皮脂腺类器官模型的关键问题是寻找合适的人源干细胞,最近关于皮脂腺再生的研究也许能带来启示。Wang等[76]将来自成人包皮的表皮干细胞和皮肤来源前体组合移植到伤口中成功地再生了功能性皮脂腺和毛囊。另外,Shi等[77]将MSCs与Wharton's胶一起移植到创面成功使皮脂腺再生。现在关于人源干细胞的皮脂腺类器官构建的研究较少,在解决这一难题时可参考皮脂腺再生研究中的经验。目前,临床上使用的皮肤构建物对于创面愈合具有一定的作用,但由于缺乏皮肤附属物(皮脂腺、毛囊和汗腺)不能重建皮肤的完整结构。目前许多研究已经在使用祖细胞或干细胞来重建皮肤附件,但很难恢复完整的皮肤结构与皮肤附属物。进一步研究显示,类器官系统在恢复皮肤附属物上更有希望,因为其提供了一个空间框架,可在特定的微环境中实现自组织[78]。已有研究报道,利用生物制造的方法可产生含有毛囊的血管化皮肤构建体[79]。提示未来临床上利用皮脂腺类器官技术和生物制造方法再生人皮脂腺将是可能的,为临床治疗皮脂腺缺失提供了可行方案。
人源类器官可用来概述人类器官的细胞异质性、结构和功能等特征。人类3D类器官能直观地呈现干细胞的形态发生,增加在人类发育阶段的生理学信息来源。由于人源类器官与胚胎原始器官相似并携带着人类的遗传信息,所以人源类器官在生物医学研究和临床前药物测试等方面具有很好的应用前景。虽然人源3D类器官领域发展很迅速,但仍有多个障碍影响其发展。第一,人类器官培养物多数源自小鼠的细胞外基质替代物,如基质胶或基底膜提取物等。由于物种间未知病原体和潜在的免疫反应,这将直接阻碍临床移植应用。但现在培养临床级胶原蛋白迅速发展,为解决这一问题带来了希望。第二,组织成熟限制了类器官技术的临床应用。例如,脑类器官技术很大程度上用来呈现胎儿脑发育的阶段,很难概括成人脑神经障碍(如阿尔兹海默病)。有研究通过使用小分子化合物处理类器官使其加速成熟[80]。提示通过优化培养似乎能克服类器官成熟限制的问题。第三,类器官再现(重复)性也是影响其发展的一个难点。影响类器官再现性的因素包括批次间变化、细胞组成和类器官结构、类器官生产的扩展等。为减少类器官培养中的异质性,Krefft等[81]通过添加一种图案化因子来建立前脑类器官。总之,新型的类器官技术已经被应用到生物医学研究、个体化生物药物筛选等领域,类器官技术的广泛使用将有助于推动解决影响类器官发展的障碍。
类器官的构建需要良好的生产规范。在形成类器官的细胞之间(类器官内异质性)、在同一培养皿中的类器官之间以及在个体患者之间(类器官间异质性)表现出异质性和变异性[82]。当类器官的异质性和变异性不受控制时将危及培养类器官的再现性和稳健性。因此,类器官构建过程需遵守一定标准:首先是用于生产起始培养物的诱导多功能干细胞或多功能干细胞的批次和质量应尽量相同;其次,培养基的组成或培养基生产批次应尽量保持一致;因为不明确的细胞外基质(如Matrigel),其组分未知或生产批次不同对类器官重复影响很大[83];最后,类器官应该被充分表征,检查标志物的表达,确定类器官是否具有与来源组织有相似的形态和表达模式,确定它们是否有相似的功能等。遵守这些生产标准将提高类器官培养的可重复性,促进类器官生产的发展。
类器官的相关伦理制度尚未完善,缺乏现行的行动指南。类器官研究在涉及伦理问题时并非总是道德中立的。一些组织器官捐献者可能会认为他们的类器官与自身有着持久的联系,因此,在涉及到患者知情同意和患者参与等方面需要设立更高的标准。尤其在涉及一些特殊的类器官研究时(如脑类器官、人-动物嵌合类器官等)容易引发伦理争议。皮脂腺类器官研究中,皮脂腺类器官的移植问题容易存在伦理争议,因此在遇到这方面的研究时要格外留意,遵守伦理审查,避免引发伦理争议。
未来,将类器官技术与3D生物打印和血管化方法相结合,可能会构建出具备良好的安全性和有效性、能够用于临床的类器官,这些技术的结合也是充分发挥类器官治疗潜力的关键[84]。随着对干细胞的克隆变异、发育、多潜能和染色体稳定性等相关理论的深入了解,对类器官技术良好生产规范的建立和对所得类器官的有效功能评估以及对类器官临床前验证的完善,类器官将在再生医学中发挥巨大的潜力[85]。例如,Yui等[86]证实小鼠的结肠类器官可扩增并移植到受损的小鼠结肠中,并能形成功能隐窝单位。人多功能干细胞衍生的肠类器官移植到肾包膜下的小鼠中,结果显示能形成具有功能的隐窝-绒毛结构,表明了其用于治疗肠胃疾病的潜力[87]。除肠类器官外,小鼠肝类器官在移植到Ⅰ型肝病模型或肝脏损伤中可挽救肝衰竭并提高存活率[88]。另外,通过使用肝外胆管细胞类器官探索胆总管疾病的治疗,结果显示,其可重建胆囊壁和修复胆管上皮[89]。总之,类器官在再生医学中的应用显示其在临床组织器官替代治疗中有独特的优势,或许将来可用来解决器官移植等问题。
  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZC17108)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1157.2024.0528
  • 接收时间:2023-08-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-31
  • 录用日期:2023-10-20
基金
Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJZC17108)
内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目(NJZC17108)
作者信息
    1内蒙古医科大学基础医学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010110
    2包头医学院基础医学与法学学院生理教研室,内蒙古包头 014040
    3内蒙古医科大学附属医院病理科,内蒙古呼和浩特 010110

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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