Article(id=1194643389888045214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705334400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1725724800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-08, onlineDate=1762754779550, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762754779550, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762754779550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762754779550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194643387904136153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762754779076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756450259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194643390110343328, articleId=1194643389888045214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Current status of artificial intelligence-assisted optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, columnId=1194643388575224795, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Application of Artificial Intelligence in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Diagnosis and treatment of digestive tract tumors is not optimistic with high incidence and mortality. Early diagnosis is conducive to improving the survival rate and quality of life of the patients. A variety of endoscopic imaging techniques have been applied in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging technique with unique advantages in staging and diagnosis of superficial digestive tract tumors. The complexity of massive image processing has also been effectively addressed with the development of artificial intelligence (AI), and AI-assisted OCT imaging, especially in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, has shown good prospects. This review summarizes the principle and development of OCT, and discusses the potential of AI-assisted OCT for deep learning in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors.

, correspAuthors=Wei-Jia Dou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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消化道肿瘤的发病率及病死率均较高,其诊疗现状不容乐观,而早期诊断有利于提高患者的生存率和生活质量。目前已有多种内镜成像技术成功应用于消化道肿瘤的诊断,但各有利弊,其中内镜光学相干断层扫描(OCT)成像以其无创及高分辨率的优势而崭露头角,在浅表消化道肿瘤的分期诊断中具有重要应用价值,其海量图像随着人工智能(AI)技术的进步可得到有效处理,使AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤的诊断中展现了良好的应用前景。本文综述了OCT的原理及发展,并探讨了AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤诊断中进行深度学习的潜力。

, correspAuthors=窦维佳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
窦维佳,E-mail:
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李俊杰,硕士研究生,主要从事消化道肿瘤早诊早治方面的研究

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李俊杰,硕士研究生,主要从事消化道肿瘤早诊早治方面的研究

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J Biophotonics, 2020, 13(4): 1-15., articleTitle=Liver tissue classification of en face images by fractal dimension‐based support vector machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194661771664401319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=149, issue=10, pageStart=7877, pageEnd=7885, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Wolff LI, Hachgenei E, Goßmann P, journalName=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wolff LI, Hachgenei E, Goßmann P, et al. Optical coherence tomography combined with convolutional neural networks can differentiate between intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver parenchyma ex vivo[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2023, 149(10): 7877-7885., articleTitle=Optical coherence tomography combined with convolutional neural networks can differentiate between intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver parenchyma ex vivo, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194661764194345742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, awardId=2021SF-182, language=EN, fundingSource=Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Plan(2021SF-182), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194661764265648913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, awardId=2021SF-182, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划(2021SF-182), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194661764362117910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, awardId=2022LC2231, language=EN, fundingSource=Air Force Medical University Clinical Research Funding(2022LC2231), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194661764462781207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, awardId=2022LC2231, language=CN, fundingSource=空军军医大学临床研究资助计划项目(2022LC2231), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194661762311103171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661762315297476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, companyId=1194661762311103171, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661762319491781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, companyId=1194661762311103171, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1空军军医大学第二附属医院消化内科,陕西西安 710038)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194661762394989254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661762399183559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, companyId=1194661762394989254, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Gastroenterology, 63600 Army Hospital of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 732750, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194661762407572168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, companyId=1194661762394989254, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军63600部队医院消化内科,甘肃兰州 732750)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194661763862995717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Research on artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究类型 参与中心 病变 模型/算法

训练集

(例)

验证集

(例)

测试集

(例)

敏感度

(%)

特异度

(%)

准确度

(%)

F1分数

(%)

AUC 参考文献
回顾性 单中心 BE异型增生 CAD 106 - - 82.0 74.0 83.0 - - [37]
回顾性 单中心 BE肿瘤 CNN - 60 - - - - - 0.90~0.93 [41]
前瞻性 单中心 BE PDE+CNN 110 - 29 84.5 90.8 - 87.4 0.93 [42]
前瞻性 多中心 BE DCNN 172 - 146 91.0 82.0 85.0 - 0.95 [44]
前瞻性 两中心 胃癌 MFAC 500 - 1067 97.1 95.2 96.2 - 0.9965 [46]
前瞻性 单中心 胃癌 ResNet 3150 1050 1050 - 99.8 99.9 99.9 1.00 [47]
前瞻性 单中心 结直肠癌 DCNN 838 - 25 250 100.0 99.7 - - 0.998 [50]
前瞻性 单中心 结直肠癌 ResNet 48 520 6155 10 694 93.3 92.6 - - 0.975 [51]
前瞻性 两中心 肝细胞癌 SVM 285 - 190 84.4 93.3 - - 0.9378 [52]
前瞻性 单中心 肝内胆管癌 CNN - - - 94.0 93.0 94.0 94.0 - [53]
), ArticleFig(id=1194661763963659015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194643389888045214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤诊断中的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究类型 参与中心 病变 模型/算法

训练集

(例)

验证集

(例)

测试集

(例)

敏感度

(%)

特异度

(%)

准确度

(%)

F1分数

(%)

AUC 参考文献
回顾性 单中心 BE异型增生 CAD 106 - - 82.0 74.0 83.0 - - [37]
回顾性 单中心 BE肿瘤 CNN - 60 - - - - - 0.90~0.93 [41]
前瞻性 单中心 BE PDE+CNN 110 - 29 84.5 90.8 - 87.4 0.93 [42]
前瞻性 多中心 BE DCNN 172 - 146 91.0 82.0 85.0 - 0.95 [44]
前瞻性 两中心 胃癌 MFAC 500 - 1067 97.1 95.2 96.2 - 0.9965 [46]
前瞻性 单中心 胃癌 ResNet 3150 1050 1050 - 99.8 99.9 99.9 1.00 [47]
前瞻性 单中心 结直肠癌 DCNN 838 - 25 250 100.0 99.7 - - 0.998 [50]
前瞻性 单中心 结直肠癌 ResNet 48 520 6155 10 694 93.3 92.6 - - 0.975 [51]
前瞻性 两中心 肝细胞癌 SVM 285 - 190 84.4 93.3 - - 0.9378 [52]
前瞻性 单中心 肝内胆管癌 CNN - - - 94.0 93.0 94.0 94.0 - [53]
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人工智能辅助光学相干断层扫描在消化道肿瘤诊断中的应用现状
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李俊杰 1, 2 , 窦维佳 1, * , 王新 1
解放军医学杂志 | 人工智能在疾病诊疗中的应用专题 2025,50(1): 16-21
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解放军医学杂志 | 人工智能在疾病诊疗中的应用专题 2025, 50(1): 16-21
人工智能辅助光学相干断层扫描在消化道肿瘤诊断中的应用现状
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李俊杰1, 2, 窦维佳1, * , 王新1
作者信息
  • 1空军军医大学第二附属医院消化内科,陕西西安 710038
  • 2解放军63600部队医院消化内科,甘肃兰州 732750
  • 李俊杰,硕士研究生,主要从事消化道肿瘤早诊早治方面的研究

通讯作者:

窦维佳,E-mail:
Current status of artificial intelligence-assisted optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors
Jun-Jie Li1, 2, Wei-Jia Dou1, * , Xin Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology, 63600 Army Hospital of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 732750, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1029
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消化道肿瘤的发病率及病死率均较高,其诊疗现状不容乐观,而早期诊断有利于提高患者的生存率和生活质量。目前已有多种内镜成像技术成功应用于消化道肿瘤的诊断,但各有利弊,其中内镜光学相干断层扫描(OCT)成像以其无创及高分辨率的优势而崭露头角,在浅表消化道肿瘤的分期诊断中具有重要应用价值,其海量图像随着人工智能(AI)技术的进步可得到有效处理,使AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤的诊断中展现了良好的应用前景。本文综述了OCT的原理及发展,并探讨了AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤诊断中进行深度学习的潜力。

光学相干断层扫描  /  消化道肿瘤  /  人工智能  /  诊断

Diagnosis and treatment of digestive tract tumors is not optimistic with high incidence and mortality. Early diagnosis is conducive to improving the survival rate and quality of life of the patients. A variety of endoscopic imaging techniques have been applied in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging technique with unique advantages in staging and diagnosis of superficial digestive tract tumors. The complexity of massive image processing has also been effectively addressed with the development of artificial intelligence (AI), and AI-assisted OCT imaging, especially in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, has shown good prospects. This review summarizes the principle and development of OCT, and discusses the potential of AI-assisted OCT for deep learning in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors.

optical coherence tomography  /  digestive tract tumors  /  artificial intelligence  /  diagnosis
李俊杰, 窦维佳, 王新. 人工智能辅助光学相干断层扫描在消化道肿瘤诊断中的应用现状. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (1) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1029
Jun-Jie Li, Wei-Jia Dou, Xin Wang. Current status of artificial intelligence-assisted optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of digestive tract tumors[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (1) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1029
据2020年全球癌症统计数据显示,消化道肿瘤在世界十大肿瘤发病谱中占据4种,总死亡数位居第一;该年我国新增消化道肿瘤约177万例,死亡约135万例[1-2]。早发现、早诊断、早治疗可显著提高消化道肿瘤患者的生存率和生活质量。虽然目前临床已有放大内镜、色素内镜、超声内镜及激光共聚焦内镜等多种内镜成像技术用于识别消化道早期病变,但存在内镜医师主观认知差异、敏感度低、图像质量差等不足,易发生误诊、漏诊[3]。内镜光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)以其高分辨率和出色的成像性能,在早期病变的诊断方面展现出巨大潜力,为内镜技术的进一步发展提供了新的方向[4]。与超声内镜相比,OCT对于浅表消化道肿瘤的分期诊断更加准确。近年来,利用人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)辅助生物医学成像逐渐成为研究热点,并在消化道肿瘤诊断中展现出高精度和高效率的优势。本文综述了OCT的原理及发展,并探讨了AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤诊断中进行深度学习的潜力,旨在为OCT在消化道肿瘤诊断中的应用提供参考。
OCT是由Huang等[5]于1991年提出的一种高分辨率、无创、非侵入性的新型光学成像技术,主要利用低相干干涉测量原理,实现生物组织内部微结构的光学散射成像,生成具有毫米穿透深度和微米分辨率的图像,从二维及三维水平展示生物组织的结构及功能,在临床前研究和临床实践中的应用均取得了显著成果[6-8]。近年来,OCT在食管癌、胃癌、皮肤基底细胞癌、口腔癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、膀胱癌及乳腺癌等多种肿瘤的早期诊断、治疗及监测方面取得了一系列进展[9-15]
随着激光和计算机技术的进步以及成像算法的优化,OCT成像技术经历了时域OCT、频域OCT和扫描OCT三代[16]。近年来在技术进步和需求牵引下,又出现了多种OCT变体,如线场共焦OCT、全场OCT、偏振敏感OCT、量子OCT、多普勒OCT、穆勒矩阵OCT等[17-22],可实现更高效和更广泛的临床应用。
随着OCT技术的不断演进与完善,用于内镜OCT的成像设备已逐渐成为该领域的关键研究方向。目前涉及到两种主要的探头结构,分别为侧视探头和前视探头。侧视探头是内镜OCT研究中应用较多的装置,特别是在需要获取管腔内大面积图像时。根据应用中对工作距离和横向分辨率需求的差异,探头被设计成了多种样式,包括但不限于小直径柔性鞘、大直径充气球囊、刚性外壳和桨形探头等[23-26]。前视探头的视野范围较为有限,一般情况下,扫描器在探头远端提供直观的二维图像,常用于高放大率需求或与其他内镜模式相融合的应用场景。2022年Dong等[27]研制的系留胶囊内镜结合OCT成像系统能够快速、安全地评估食管的微观结构,有望成为一种新兴的筛查和诊断工具。
AI是一种自动学习和识别数据模式的数学预测技术,融合了数学、统计学、概率、逻辑和伦理学等多个学科,主要组成部分包括深度学习(deep learning,DL)、机器学习(machine learning,ML)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNNs)和循环神经网络(recurrent neural networks,RNNs)等[28]。目前AI在医学中的应用价值日益凸显。作为一项新兴技术,AI具有自主学习、自动处理、智能决策的特点,其与OCT成像的结合极具优势,有望大幅度推进OCT技术的应用,不难预计,AI与OCT的联合应用将在不久的将来获得进一步发展[29]。目前,AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤的诊断中已开展了部分研究,但多集中于食管、胃肠道的上皮性肿瘤,在肝癌中的应用鲜有报道,而对于非上皮性肿瘤、小肠肿瘤、胰腺肿瘤、胆囊肿瘤等相关报道更少,还需要在未来的研究中进一步探索。
食管在组织学上有明显的分层,准确识别OCT图像上的食管层次结构对于疾病诊断至关重要。然而,由于OCT采集大量图像时会受到伪影和黏液等因素的干扰,且OCT图像的分析需要经验丰富的消化科医师,分析过程既耗时又具有较强的主观性。目前,部分研究将DL技术应用于食管OCT图像的分析,取得了不错的初步成果[30-32]。Wang等[33]使用离散小波变换提取多光谱信息,提出了用于组织层分割的小波注意力网络(wavelet attention network,WATNet),并在食管病变数据集中进行验证,发现与其他几种广泛使用的深度网络相比WATNet可覆盖更多的有效频段,同时有利于检测水平结构的组织分层,因此具有更好的分割性能,更易识别早期病变,且准确度更高。Gan等[34]为获得高质量的食管OCT图像,提出了一种对抗性学习变分自编码器,不仅保留了原模型的优势,同时简化了模型架构,获得了更好的生成性能。巴雷特食管(Barrett esophagus,BE)是由柱状上皮取代正常复层鳞状上皮的食管癌前病变,可进展为食管腺癌,其发病率呈逐年增高的趋势[35]。然而,BE的早期病变很难通过内镜检测,目前常用的四象限随机活检监测方案效果并不理想,可能存在漏诊[36]。为了诊断BE异型增生,Qi等[37]开发了以标准纹理分析方法为基础、以病理组织学为参考的计算机辅助诊断算法,该算法辅助OCT诊断BE异型增生的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为82.0%、74.0%和83.0%,为临床监测BE异型增生提供了新的思路和方法;然而,该研究属于回顾性研究,且样本量有限,因此需要进一步开展大规模前瞻性研究,并提高OCT图像分辨率及灵敏度,以提升其临床适用性和可靠性。
容积激光内镜(volumetric laser endomicroscopy,VLE)采用第二代OCT技术,通过球囊探头可对长6 cm的食管节段进行深度为3 mm的环周扫描[38];能在90 s内生成1200幅横截面图像,但海量的图片可能会给内镜医师的判读带来困难。因此,利用AI进行计算机辅助图像增强有助于诊断异型增生[39]。Trindade等[35]利用智能实时图像分割软件识别了3个异型增生相关的VLE特征,即水平分层结构破坏、黏膜层信号增高、存在不规则扩张的腺体或导管[40],并通过在VLE图像上显示不同颜色,从而降低了检查过程中图像解读的烦琐程度。van der Sommen等[41]采用计算机辅助探测(computer-aided detection,CAD)方法分析VLE图像来检测早期BE相关肿瘤,确定了BE相关肿瘤组织分类的最佳扫描深度为0.5~1.0 mm;与传统的形态和纹理特征分类相比,该方法的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)从0.50~0.73提高至0.81~0.84,增强了诊断模型的分类效果;对CAD与两位VLE专家的分类准确性及性能比较显示,机器学习方法的AUC(0.90~0.93)优于VLE专家(0.81)。van der Putten等[42]提出了一种全自动算法,利用DL-手工特征混合的方法对VLE数据中的主维度进行编码,将重度异型增生和食管癌进行分类,其在测试集中的AUC为0.93,具有良好的分类性能。Kahn等[43]的一项随机前瞻性交叉研究显示,利用智能实时图像分割这一新型VLE人工智能算法,可提高BE异型增生的检出率,并缩短图像判读时间;还可发现所有内镜均无法识别的异型增生区域。Struyvenberg等[44]利用深度CNN开发验证了一种CAD算法并对其进行基准测试;该算法可用于区分非异型增生与肿瘤性BE组织,其诊断BE相关肿瘤的准确度(85.0%)优于人工诊断(77.0%)。以上研究均提示,AI辅助OCT对BE等食管癌前病变有着良好的诊断效能,但上述研究过程中只采用了内镜专家记录的高质量图像,可能会存在结果偏倚,且多数研究数据缺乏外部验证,同时训练集、验证集、测试集的病例数量均较少,需要通过大样本研究进一步开发和验证。目前AI辅助OCT的诊断研究多见于BE等食管癌前病变,而对于食管癌的诊断鲜见报道,今后尚需进一步开展相关研究。
虽然有研究对正常食管、胃肠道以及BE异型增生、BE相关腺癌的OCT图像进行了探索,但有关胃癌的报道不多,可能与胃OCT成像效果不如食管有关[45]。Luo等[46]提出了一种分类方法,通过对形态特征进行分析,从OCT图像中提取定量参数作为特征向量,采用5种分类器(即支持向量机、K-近邻、随机森林、逻辑回归和传统阈值法)分别对胃癌组织进行分类,比较不同分类器的灵敏度、特异度和准确度,结果显示,该分类方法在不同分类器中的最佳准确度均超过95%,最大AUC达0.9965,具有极佳的分类性能。然而,在当时的技术阶段,相关数据存在一定局限性,因此处理过程中易出现过度拟合及分类结果不准确等问题。随后,Luo等[47]又提出了一种模型优化后的残差网络,旨在差异化地分析胃黏膜的OCT图像;该方法在鉴别正常胃黏膜与胃癌组织方面表现出色,其分类准确度可达99.9%,同时综合评价指标F1分数也高达99.9%,提示该模型分类结果很好、性能极佳。这一研究成功地将AI辅助的OCT方法应用于胃癌组织的识别。然而,上述研究中离体的组织标本具有局限性,无法完全模拟体内复杂的环境条件,还需要更大规模的训练样本以提高分类器的性能。
目前OCT已具有区分正常结直肠黏膜与肿瘤的潜力。Zeng等[48]报道,利用OCT获得的正面散射系数图像纹理特征,以及计算机视觉技术提取的成像特征,可综合表征离体结直肠组织;通过构建支持向量机模型,可实现对正常结直肠黏膜与异常组织的有效区分,其敏感度为94.7%,特异度为94.0%,而随机森林模型区分癌组织与腺瘤性息肉的敏感度和特异度分别为86.9%和85.0%,证实了OCT辅助诊断人类结直肠疾病的潜力。CNNs作为自动诊断的图像分类工具,在结直肠恶性肿瘤检测中得到了充分应用。例如,Saratxaga等[49]利用预训练的分类模型进行DL,对大鼠结肠的OCT图像进行良性与恶性的自动分类;该模型诊断结肠癌的敏感度为97%,特异度为81%。然而,与大鼠肿瘤模型相比,人类结肠肿瘤的检测更为复杂,图像分类任务更具挑战性。为此,Zeng等[50]设计了一种CNN来获取结肠OCT图像中的结构模式,使用从20个肿瘤区域、16个良性病变区域和6个其他异常区域获取的约26 000张OCT图像进行了训练和测试,结果显示其敏感度高达100.0%,特异度高达99.7%,可对结肠癌进行实时、准确的计算机辅助诊断。Luo等[51]研发了一种微型OCT导管和基于残差神经网络的DL模型;该模型经过开发和训练,可对OCT图像进行自动处理和实时诊断,其区分正常组织与结直肠癌组织图像的AUC达0.975。但上述研究存在成像所用标本为离体标本的局限性,且未能对肠道腺瘤性息肉与增生性息肉进行区分,预计这将成为后续的研究重点。
肝癌是全球发病例数居第6位、死亡例数居第3位的恶性肿瘤[1],包括肝细胞癌、肝内胆管癌及混合型癌;改进诊断方法及早发现并精准地进行手术切除至关重要。既往仅有少数研究关注OCT在正常肝脏的成像而非肿瘤诊断。Zhu等[52]提出了利用全场OCT图像对人体正常肝组织和癌变肝组织进行分类的支持向量机模型,其诊断癌变肝细胞的敏感度为84.4%,特异度为93.3%,AUC为0.9378,可在未来的手术中帮助临床医师检测肿瘤边界。Wolff等[53]对肝内胆管癌患者的离体手术标本进行OCT扫描,标记扫描区域并进行组织学检查,通过5×5分层交叉验证,利用CNN模型算法进行训练、验证和测试,发现该模型区分肝内胆管癌与正常肝实质的敏感度、特异度、F1分数分别为94.0%、93.0%和94.0%,表明OCT结合CNN可较好地区分肝内胆管癌与离体肝实质。但该研究为离体研究,尚需要进一步扩展至体内OCT应用,如术中或内镜扫描等。
随着研究的不断深入(表1),不难发现,AI辅助OCT技术对部分消化道肿瘤已具备一定的诊断能力,未来有望广泛应用于在体临床OCT的实践中,并能够实时获得相应的诊断结果。
尽管消化道肿瘤的诊断与治疗不断取得进展,但目前仍占据恶性肿瘤发病及死亡的前列,早期诊断并合理治疗可显著提高患者的生存率。OCT作为一种无创、非侵入性的成像方式,具有高分辨率及细节成像的特征,可用于消化道肿瘤的成像及诊断,尤其对消化道浅表肿瘤的分期诊断能力优于超声内镜,且可与AI、医学图像分析等领域相融合,为多元化技术发展提供了更多可能。随着AI技术的不断发展,AI辅助OCT在消化道肿瘤的诊断中也开展了多项研究,基于多种算法及模型诊断消化道肿瘤具有较高的准确度及分类性能。但目前多数研究采用离体标本且为回顾性研究,未来需进一步在在体状态下开展大规模的前瞻性研究,扩大样本量并进行外部验证,以提高其临床适用性及可靠性。
综上所述,AI辅助OCT可降低图像处理的复杂性,且在高分辨率光学图像的采集和重建及消化道肿瘤诊断等方面展现了良好的应用前景。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2021SF-182)
  • 空军军医大学临床研究资助计划项目(2022LC2231)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0071.2024.1029
  • 接收时间:2024-01-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-16
  • 录用日期:2024-09-08
基金
Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Plan(2021SF-182)
陕西省重点研发计划(2021SF-182)
Air Force Medical University Clinical Research Funding(2022LC2231)
空军军医大学临床研究资助计划项目(2022LC2231)
作者信息
    1空军军医大学第二附属医院消化内科,陕西西安 710038
    2解放军63600部队医院消化内科,甘肃兰州 732750

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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