Article(id=1194643389497971688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0023.2024.0307, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704556800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1705852800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-22, onlineDate=1762754779457, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762754779457, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762754779457, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762754779457, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194643387904136153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762754779076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762756450259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194650397408203371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194643387904136153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194643389758018538, articleId=1194643389497971688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Advances in application of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and progress prediction of knee osteoarthritis, columnId=1194643388575224795, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Application of Artificial Intelligence in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease, which poses a major challenge particularly among the elderly population due to its high incidence and high disability. Imaging examination has been used commonly to diagnose KOA. However, it faces imitations in predicting disease progression due to the lack of prior information and constraints in manpower and time. With the rapid evolution of big data and computational technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively integrating into various healthcare domains. Therefore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare holds promise for revolutionizing KOA diagnosis and treatment. AI-assisted diagnostic models have demonstrated the potential to automate diagnosis, classify disease severity, and predict disease progression with improved efficiency and accuracy. In addition, these models provide personalized diagnosis and treatment options, as well as accurate disease progression risk assessment. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges such as high costs associated with data annotation and limitations in model generalization capabilities persist. This paper reviews recent advancements in AI applications and summarizes the potential value of utilizing AI applications for KOA. To further enhance the utilization of AI in KOA management to overcome current limitations, future efforts should focus on standardizing clinical sample databases, optimizing AI algorithms, and enhancing external verification sets.

, correspAuthors=Xu-Sheng Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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膝骨关节炎(KOA)是一种慢性退行性关节疾病,在老龄人群中较为常见,具有高发性和高致残性。影像学检查是诊断KOA的常见方法,但由于人力和时间等因素限制,难以获得数据标签等先验信息,因而在预测疾病进展方面表现欠佳。随着大数据和计算机技术的快速发展,人工智能(AI)正在逐渐融入医疗领域的各个方面。AI辅助诊断模型在KOA自动化诊断、病情严重程度分级以及疾病进展预测方面有着巨大潜力,可显著提升诊断效率和疾病进展预测准确性,提供更加个性化的诊疗手段和精确的疾病进展风险评估,但也存在数据标签标注成本高、模型泛化能力差等局限性。本文综述AI在KOA诊疗中的应用进展,总结AI在该领域的潜在价值,并针对目前AI技术的应用局限,提出建立更多标准化的临床样本数据库,持续优化AI算法,加强外部验证等建议,旨在更好地促进AI在KOA诊疗中的应用。

, correspAuthors=李旭升, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李旭升,E-mail:
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人工智能在膝骨关节炎诊疗中的应用进展
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于海涛 1, 2 , 吴昊越 2 , 张浩强 2 , 党晨珀 3 , 李旭升 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 人工智能在疾病诊疗中的应用专题 2025,50(1): 9-15
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解放军医学杂志 | 人工智能在疾病诊疗中的应用专题 2025, 50(1): 9-15
人工智能在膝骨关节炎诊疗中的应用进展
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于海涛1, 2, 吴昊越2, 张浩强2, 党晨珀3, 李旭升1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 2解放军联勤保障部队第940医院关节外科,甘肃兰州 730050
  • 3解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,甘肃兰州 730050
  • 于海涛,硕士研究生,主要从事骨与关节损伤等方面的研究

通讯作者:

李旭升,E-mail:
Advances in application of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and progress prediction of knee osteoarthritis
Hai-Tao Yu1, 2, Hao-Yue Wu2, Hao-Qiang Zhang2, Chen-Po Dang3, Xu-Sheng Li1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First School of Clinical Medicine of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
  • 2Department of Joint Surgery, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
  • 3Department of Sports Medicine, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0023.2024.0307
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膝骨关节炎(KOA)是一种慢性退行性关节疾病,在老龄人群中较为常见,具有高发性和高致残性。影像学检查是诊断KOA的常见方法,但由于人力和时间等因素限制,难以获得数据标签等先验信息,因而在预测疾病进展方面表现欠佳。随着大数据和计算机技术的快速发展,人工智能(AI)正在逐渐融入医疗领域的各个方面。AI辅助诊断模型在KOA自动化诊断、病情严重程度分级以及疾病进展预测方面有着巨大潜力,可显著提升诊断效率和疾病进展预测准确性,提供更加个性化的诊疗手段和精确的疾病进展风险评估,但也存在数据标签标注成本高、模型泛化能力差等局限性。本文综述AI在KOA诊疗中的应用进展,总结AI在该领域的潜在价值,并针对目前AI技术的应用局限,提出建立更多标准化的临床样本数据库,持续优化AI算法,加强外部验证等建议,旨在更好地促进AI在KOA诊疗中的应用。

骨关节炎  /  人工智能  /  机器学习  /  深度学习

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease, which poses a major challenge particularly among the elderly population due to its high incidence and high disability. Imaging examination has been used commonly to diagnose KOA. However, it faces imitations in predicting disease progression due to the lack of prior information and constraints in manpower and time. With the rapid evolution of big data and computational technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively integrating into various healthcare domains. Therefore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare holds promise for revolutionizing KOA diagnosis and treatment. AI-assisted diagnostic models have demonstrated the potential to automate diagnosis, classify disease severity, and predict disease progression with improved efficiency and accuracy. In addition, these models provide personalized diagnosis and treatment options, as well as accurate disease progression risk assessment. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges such as high costs associated with data annotation and limitations in model generalization capabilities persist. This paper reviews recent advancements in AI applications and summarizes the potential value of utilizing AI applications for KOA. To further enhance the utilization of AI in KOA management to overcome current limitations, future efforts should focus on standardizing clinical sample databases, optimizing AI algorithms, and enhancing external verification sets.

osteoarthritis  /  artificial intelligence  /  machine learning  /  deep learning
于海涛, 吴昊越, 张浩强, 党晨珀, 李旭升. 人工智能在膝骨关节炎诊疗中的应用进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (1) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0023.2024.0307
Hai-Tao Yu, Hao-Yue Wu, Hao-Qiang Zhang, Chen-Po Dang, Xu-Sheng Li. Advances in application of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and progress prediction of knee osteoarthritis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (1) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0023.2024.0307
骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是以关节软骨进行性破坏为主要特征的慢性疾病,可引起关节持续性疼痛和活动受限。研究表明,OA是全球第15位致残原因,全球人口患病率超7%,在发达地区和人口老龄化国家高达14%;膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是OA中最常见的类型之一,全球患病例数约3.65亿,占OA所致伤残损失健康生命年(YLD)的61%[1]。由于KOA的发病机制尚未明确,临床尚无有效的治愈药物[2],晚期患者只能依靠关节置换术恢复关节功能,但因假体寿命有限,术后功能结果存在不确定性,给患者带来心理和经济上的双重负担[3-4]。因此早期诊断和干预对改善患者生活质量并延缓疾病进展至关重要。而人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术的快速发展及在医疗领域的深入应用,可在KOA早期诊断和评估领域发挥重要作用。通过AI技术中的各种学习算法模型,并利用大数据进行分类、预测,可辅助KOA临床诊断、制定个性化治疗方案等。本文分析KOA传统诊疗方法的局限性,综述AI在KOA诊断和进展预测方面的应用研究进展及潜在价值,并针对目前AI技术存在的不足提出合理化建议,以进一步推动AI在KOA诊疗中的应用。
AI是一种通过计算机程序模拟人体大脑智能的新兴技术,属于多学科交叉融合的研究热点,近年来在医学领域应用广泛。AI在预测患病风险、辅助疾病诊治、智能化康复及远程健康监测等方面展现出巨大的潜力与临床应用价值。常用的AI技术包括传统的机器学习(machine learning,ML)和深度学习(deep learning,DL)方法等。
传统的ML通常是指采用信号处理技术提取特征并形成特征向量,随后进行智能分类,主要包括人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、聚类和决策树等[5],这些方法依赖于对数据特征的手动提取和选择,然后利用这些特征进行模型训练和分类[6]
与传统ML相比,DL的突出优势是能够进行复杂的非线性拟合,具有强大的特征学习能力,可通过对传感器信息进行多层特征的自主学习,提取利于分类任务的特征,从而提高分类任务的效率和准确率。在DL网络中,常用的有深度信念网络(deep belief network,DBN)、自动编码器(auto encoder,AE)和卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)等[7]
现阶段,早期KOA多由医师根据患者的病史描述和体格检查进行诊断,易受双方主观因素的影响,且患者症状极有可能与其他类型的OA相似,影响最终结果的准确性。因此,对于大部分患者,尤其是有疑似临床表现的可疑人群,往往需要借助影像学检查如X线摄片、MRI或肌骨超声等辅助诊断[8]。研究发现,X线片可显示KOA患者的关节间隙变窄、软骨下骨硬化、骨赘形成等典型放射学特征,以用于初步诊断和评估疾病进展,并根据Kellgren-Lawrence (KL)分级系统描述病情严重程度和变化,但其对于早期病变敏感度不高;MRI具有3D显示断层图像的能力,可提供高空间分辨率和精细软组织对比度;肌骨超声检查可显示关节周围软组织情况及关节腔积液、滑膜病变等,虽然MRI和肌骨超声检查可提供更详细的信息,但他们对操作设备的精准度、操作者的工作经验要求较高[9]
总之,针对医学影像的人工诊断、分类和注释,根据KL量表对病情严重程度进行分级等相关诊断工作不仅十分繁琐,而且高度依赖医护人员,需要大量的经验和准确的主观判断才能进行正确评估。与传统诊断方法相比,AI技术在医学影像分析方面展现出较大潜力。首先,AI模型能够通过大规模的医学影像数据进行训练,自主学习复杂的图像模式和特征,减少了对医护人员的依赖;其次,在进行诊断、分类和注释等工作时,AI模型能实现自动化,显著提高工作效率,减轻医护人员的负担;此外,由于AI算法的客观性,其在根据KL量表对病情严重程度进行分级时更具一致性,可减少主观判断造成的差异。然而,对于晚期KOA患者,X线片中可能已经出现关节间隙明显变窄、关节边缘骨赘形成等明显特征[3],因此传统诊断方法也更为直观有效。这表明AI技术在处理不同数据类型(如低吞吐量的病例数据)或不同疾病阶段(如有明显特征的疾病晚期)时可能存在不同处理效益,可根据临床实际情况选择相应的诊疗手段。当然,这些差异性都将促使AI在医学影像诊断方面进一步创新发展,且更加完善。
近年来,AI技术在医疗领域取得显著进展,特别是DL,作为AI中拥有先进技术和大量创新的重要分支,被广泛应用于KOA的诊疗中[10-11]。DL在图像分类、病变检测、软骨分割和病情进展预测建模等方面的创新为KOA的诊断和进展预测提供了重要参考[12]。美国国立卫生研究院发起的骨关节炎行动(osteoarthritis initiative,OAI)项目,主要负责收集患者的特征、人口统计、体征和症状以及用药史等相关信息,作为DL应用于KL分级研究的重要数据集[13],促进了DL在KOA诊疗领域的应用。
20世纪末,基于膝关节影像学检查的计算机检测模型尚未能用于临床或基础研究,但有研究发现步态异常与各种疾病(如神经退行性疾病、OA、脊柱畸形、肢体不等长等)的病情进展有关[14-15]。因此,Holzreiter等[16]于1993年初次尝试使用ANN对受试者的步态进行分类,经过充分训练,该网络在区分健康步态与病理步态方面的准确率高达95%。该项工作展示了ANN在早期简单的两类步态分类方面的出色性能,提示传统的浅层ML算法被用来开发步态分类模型是可行的。受限于ML算法的先进程度,此研究仅以开发具有最佳泛化能力的二元分类模型为主要目标,并未充分发掘ML用于多维度分类的能力。随后,Lafuente等[17]使用148例关节疾病患者的步态数据进行四分类,发现当输入维度限制在10维及以下、隐含层神经元数量为6时,其多层感知机网络可获得80%的分类准确率,初步证实多层感知机网络在处理复杂病理步态多分类方面的应用价值。
2009年,Shamir等[18]研究了一种AI自动检测KOA的新算法,使用两年内拍摄的350张膝关节X线图像作为初始数据集,并通过15×15像素大小的滑动窗口,计算与预选图像像素间的欧几里得距离,以此确定关节位置并分离出图像中的其他部分。此研究分别采用了小波变换、傅里叶变换、切比雪夫变换3种基本变换及其两两组合变换的特征提取算法提取特征,并根据Fisher评分为图像特征分配权重拒绝噪声特征,选择含有信息量最大的特征;最终,他们使用加权最近邻方法对所选特征进行分类,并预测X线图像中的KL等级;结果显示,对于中度KOA(KL为3级)和轻度KOA(KL为2级),其识别准确率分别达到91.5%和80.4%,但鉴别疑似KOA(KL为1级)的准确率较低,仅为57%。此结果对中度与轻度病例做出了较为准确的区分,假阳性率为12.5%,而对疑似KOA病例的检测缺少说服力。这是因为KL为0级和1级的X线图像在视觉上非常相似,即使是有经验的医学工作者也常常难以区分。另外,由于KL的分级是离散的,而实际上KOA的进展是连续的,两个等级中间的许多情况会造成混淆。此后,Wahyuningrum等[19]使用改进的主成分分析方法与SVM结合,对KL为0级的诊断准确率高达94.33%,处于当时的领先水平。Gornale等[20]使用多类SVM方法对X线图像进行分类,对KL分级5个类别的分类准确率分别为97.96%、92.85%、86.20%、100.00%、100.00%,诊断性能较既往研究有明显提升。
由于MRI检查在KOA诊断中可评估关节软骨的状态[21],也吸引了不少学者结合ML技术进行相关研究。Ahmet[22]使用模糊C均值聚类和形态学滤波对MRI图像进行分割,提取肌肉、脂肪、骨质和股骨4个区域的形态特征数据集。然后选择SVM对形态特征进行分类,以检测KOA严重程度是否与这些测量值有关,最终取得了72%的分类准确率,优化了同等条件下其他学者的研究成果。Ashinsky等[23]使用结合复合层次算法的加权最近邻分类模型对MRI图像进行分类,准确率为75%,也取得了不错的创新成果。
作为ML的一个重要分支,DL在计算机视觉领域应用广泛。CNN作为DL算法中较为基础的模型[24],可通过自动学习有效的图像特征,以用于医学影像的分类、分割等[25]。后续有大量研究以CNN为基础网络进行开发,进一步从医学影像数据中学习和提取最有用的判别特征,以提高KOA的诊断效能。
在X线图像方面,2016年Antony等[26]提出一种具有局部二进制的深度卷积神经网络(deep convolutional neural network,DCNN)模型,可自动从X线图像中量化KOA的严重程度;该模型先在外部数据集中对基础网络进行训练,后将初始n层网络的权重参数传递到目标网络[27],使目标网络的深层网络包含更通用的特征;结果表明,该方法可显著提高分类精度。随后,Abedin等[28]使用5层CNN,通过多目标卷积学习优化分类交叉熵和均方根误差的加权比,将分类和回归损失最小化;他们将该网络与同样用于KL分级的弹性网络回归模型和随机森林回归模型进行了分类精度对比,结果显示,改进的CNN模型对KOA严重程度诊断的准确性有所提高,均方根误差分别为0.975、0.943和0.770,证实了其在KOA诊断方面的潜在价值。Górriz等[29]使用融合注意力机制的CNN模型进行KOA严重程度评估,在X线图像数据集中的分类准确率为64.3%;Chen等[30]的研究使用了YOLOv2网络以及微调后的视觉几何组(visual geometry group)网络,在基于X线图像的数据集中获得了69.7%的最佳分类精度和0.344的平均绝对误差,诊断性能进一步提升。
在MRI图像方面,2018年Liu等[31]基于CNN研发了一套检测软骨病变的完全自动化DL系统;根据Youden指数得出最佳阈值[32],该系统检测的灵敏度和特异度分别为84.1%和85.2%,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.917和0.914,这些数据表明该系统在软骨病变和急性软骨损伤的检测方面具有较高的准确度,也证实了DL在MRI中用于软骨病变检测的可行性。2020年Liu等[33]提出了一种更快速的CNN模型,该模型由区域建议网络和快速区域CNN组成,用于检测KOA并进行KL分级;区域建议网络在处理MRI图像的细节方面起着关键作用,能够自动生成包含膝关节在内的候选区域,随后将其送入更快速区域CNN模型进行分类和定位任务;该网络获得了82.5%的分类准确率,在处理以MRI图像为基础数据集的研究中展现出较高的诊断性能。
上述有关传统ML算法的研究中,通常依赖人工对数据进行分割、提取和制作分类特征。这种方式容易受到不同医师主观判断的影响,且在处理大型数据集时耗时较多,导致传统ML方法在KOA诊断中的应用进展较为缓慢[34]。此外,与DL相关的研究大多采用监督学习方法,需要从大量的训练示例中学习并构建模型,每个训练示例都需要标签指示其输出。然而,数据标记的过程往往伴随相当高的标注成本问题,并且标记数据的质量也可能影响模型结果的准确性,同时增加了获取可靠的强监督信息的难度[35]
为了改进监督学习的不足,可以尝试采用弱监督学习或无监督学习方法,利用未标注的数据提高模型的性能和泛化能力,目前弱监督学习与无监督学习已广泛应用于MRI图像分析领域[36-37]。Huo等[38]推出了一个弱监督学习框架,融合了均值教师(mean-teacher)分类模型进行升级,通过设计一种新的双重一致性策略来提高教师与学生模型之间的一致性,结果表明,该方法可显著提高KOA的分类准确率。Demanse等[39]研究发现,采用深度嵌入聚类和多因素聚类分析的两种无监督学习方法,可获得相似的患者分配结果,证实了两种无监督学习方法在识别患者集群中的相关性和实用性。
AI技术不仅适用于KOA的诊断,还可预测疾病的发展进程,帮助临床医师识别未来可能出现疼痛或身体功能恶化的潜在患者[40],有助于及早地为他们提供个性化且有效的健康管理和治疗方案。通常,KOA的诊断发生在疾病进展的中晚期,此时的关节损伤已处于不可逆转的阶段,严重的患者需要进行全膝关节置换手术。因此,早诊断、早治疗是管理KOA并减轻损伤的有效策略[41-43]
在20世纪50-60年代,用于预测的早期算法主要是逻辑回归模型法,随后在1960-1970年,时间序列分析开始广泛应用于处理时间相关数据。随着ML的兴起,决策树和神经网络等方法逐渐成为预测和分类的强大工具。
2011年,Zhang等[44]利用逻辑回归方法开发了一个KOA的风险预测模型,并在OAI和生活方式遗传学(genetics of osteoarthritis and lifestyle,GOAL)两种数据集中进行了校准和区分。而2017年,Lazzarini等[45]为了确定有助于检测早期KOA的新型生物标志物,通过使用流水线(Pipeline)方法对BMI≥27 kg/m2且无KOA临床症状的中年女性的相关X线图像和MRI数据进行随访分析。这是一种基于ML的启发式学习算法,可从复杂的生物医学数据中生成小而高预测性的模型,通过去除不会降低模型计算性能的特征,解决样本存在的缺失值和数据不平衡等问题,并且使用受试者操作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)表示预测性能;结果显示,该模型在区分受试者KOA的发病率和非发病率时,AUC分别在0.80和0.90之间;预测未来30个月膝关节疼痛和KOA发病率时,AUC分别达到0.755和0.823,均表现出较高的性能(AUC>0.7),证实了该模型用于KOA早期预测的可行性。随后,Halilaj等[46]利用混合效应模型对从OAI中获取的时长为8年的数据集进行学习,先根据放射学和疼痛进展对受试者信息进行聚类,然后使用第1年内收集的临床变量建立最小绝对收缩和选择回归模型,以预测属于每个聚类的概率;结果显示,该模型根据每次就诊收集的患者数据,可高精度地预测8年的疼痛进展(AUC=0.95),而使用1年内两次就诊的患者数据,也可准确地预测关节间隙变窄情况(AUC=0.86),该模型未来有望应用于临床试验设计和KOA预防工作中。2021年,Ntakolia等[47]使用OAI中的数据,开发了一个基于聚类算法和稳定特征选择过程的预测模型;通过聚类对膝骨关节间隙是否处于变窄期进行分类,同时为了避免特征提取偏差,该方法的特征提取模型由6种特征提取技术组合而成;最后,将所选的特征用于各种ML模型训练,以预测KOA患者的单双膝关节间隙变窄的进展。
21世纪至今,计算能力的提升和大数据的累积,导致DL随之崛起,愈来愈多的复杂模型在预测领域取得不错表现,预示着DL对KOA的进展预测效能有很大提升。
长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)网络是一种循环神经网络的变体,专门用于处理和学习时间序列数据以及处理长期依赖关系。2020年Wang等[48]设计了一个基于注意力机制的LSTM网络预测KOA患者KL分级的模型,使用从OAI中提取到的临床数据、问卷和放射学标记作为数据集,该网络中的注意力得分揭示了不同变量对KL得分的时间影响;为了使其更具有临床可解释性,该网络采用了快速因果推理算法来估计关键变量的因果关系;使用该网络对患者下次就诊的KL等级进行预测,准确率达到了90%;表明该模型能够预测患者病情加重的风险,这将为选择适当的干预措施,如适时为患者进行关节置换等,提供了有效帮助。
此外,Hu等[49]提出了一种新的DL预测架构——对抗式进化神经网络,用于KOA严重程度的纵向分级预测。该架构具有对抗性训练结构,随着病情递进式发展,进化神经网络通过卷积和去卷积计算后,将输入图像与不同KL等级的模板图像进行比较,以此提示疾病的进展期。同时,有研究者还开发了一种带有辨别器的对抗性训练方法获得进化轨迹,并在OAI数据集中进行了综合试验,结果显示12、24、36、48个月的预测准确率分别为63.9%、63.2%、61.8%和60.2%,总体准确率为62.7%[49]。2023年Lee等[50]研究发现,利用集成到CNN或迁移学习网络中的插件模块(plug-in module,PIM),可提供用于细粒度分类的强判别区域;由此利用PIM开发了一个DL模型,通过识别膝关节X线图像对KOA进行KL分级;值得注意的是,该研究使用了OAI和多中心骨关节炎研究(multicenter osteoarthritis study,MOST)两个不同开源数据集的组合,总体准确率为82.252%,是目前较优秀的预测模型。
既往研究表明,模型的预测性能主要依赖于两个因素:一是细节丰富的成像数据;二是先进的ML算法。在成像方面,除X线和MRI外,肌骨超声检查也能提供诊断和进展预测的成像数据。Tiulpin等[51]基于X线和肌骨超声检查两个预测模型的组合,使用多变量分析评估了5个不同多变量模型的预测能力;最终证实,肌骨超声检查的数据可用来预测未来是否需要膝关节置换术介入,尤其与放射学成像数据相结合时可体现更多的研究价值,表明肌骨超声检查也可成为AI技术应用于临床实践的重要辅助工具。虽然肌骨超声检查对医师技术水平要求较高,但与X线和MRI相比,其不仅没有辐射危害,且具有无创性、可重复性、多切面性检查等独特的优势,可清晰显示膝关节腔内病变、积液、髁间软骨、滑膜及周围软组织情况,对KOA早期软组织受损监测具有较高的特异度和敏感度[52]。但目前关于肌骨超声检查与DL结合的研究相对较少,存在大量的研究空白。
采用AI技术进行决策正在改变我们的生活,不少日常任务已可通过机器或算法指导并完成。虽然基于AI技术的系统具有显著的高效性,但受到数据的可用性、算法的先进性以及计算能力等因素影响,使得结构变得复杂,自身的逻辑解释也成为一项新的挑战,导致系统的全面评估变得困难,且难以保证其可靠性[53]。在医疗领域,尽管AI技术在日常临床实践中可能是有益的,但由于其不可解释性,导致医务工作者对基于AI的医疗诊断支持系统的使用率较低。且此特性使医师和从业人员对系统的工作原理和决策过程难以理解,从而对其应用产生一定的不信任感。因此,解决AI技术在医疗决策中的不可解释性将是未来必须重点关注的问题。
KOA的发病机制可为其诊断提供一定的理论依据,其可反映KOA发病的一般过程,将数据驱动与KOA发病机制模型混合用于KOA的诊断,可有效提高基于AI技术的诊断方法的可解释性[54]。因此建议未来可将KOA的发病诱因以向量或者权重的形式添加到AI模型中,建立内嵌KOA发病机制的神经网络模型,以提高KOA诊断结果的可解释性。未来可尝试采用两种方法将KOA的发病机制知识嵌入到神经网络中:第一,在神经网络中间隐藏层添加发病诱因向量约束,改进中间层神经元的映射关系;第二,在网络反向传播的损失函数中添加发病诱因权重约束,改进神经网络的训练过程。由此不仅可保障基于AI的KOA诊断技术的可靠性,同时对医师、患者了解病情方面更加友好。该技术的应用预计将在辅助KOA影像诊断、指导其药物及手术治疗、疾病进程及预后、术后远程指导及智能化康复方面均发挥重要作用。
此外,多数研究未在外部验证集上验证所开发的模型。外部验证是指在使用的训练数据以外的测试数据集中评估AI模型性能的过程,缺乏外部验证意味着该模型在不同人群或医疗环境中的表现可能存在差异性或不稳定性。因此,外部验证至关重要,其结果对评估所开发模型的可泛化具有重要参考意义[55]。同时,AI技术使用的医疗数据具有敏感性及“脆弱性”[56],且缺乏完善的数据隐私保护相关的管理与监督体制[57]。尽管数据中删除了受保护的健康信息,但仍有研究通过重新识别匿名健康信息的算法,成功将数据与现实世界的人联系起来[58]。因此,在确保医疗数据的隐私性和安全性的前提下,为AI模型提供足够的训练集,保证训练模型的泛化性能也将是未来的一个重要挑战。
还需要强调的是,AI在临床实践中面临多方面复杂性。首先,医学领域的数据具有高度复杂性和异质性,涵盖了大量的个人信息、疾病表现、治疗方案等内容。因此,构建的AI模型需要处理不同类型、不同来源的数据,且要确保结果的可靠性和有效性。其次,临床环境充满了不确定性和变化性。患者病历数据的质量和完整性可能存在波动,医疗实践中的流程和标准也可能因地区或个人而异。这促使AI系统需要具备强大的适应性和鲁棒性,以在不同情境下保持高效运行。最后,伦理和法律方面的问题也增加了AI在临床实践中的复杂性。隐私保护、数据安全、责任分配等问题需要得到妥善解决,以确保AI技术的应用符合伦理规范,并能够获得患者和医疗专业人员的支持。因此,要实现AI在临床实践中的成功应用,需要综合考虑数据、环境、关联性、伦理等多个方面的复杂性因素。而由于行业监管政策严格限制了AI医疗落地的速度和规模、国内外关于AI辅助医疗工作的法律法规尚不健全等客观原因,导致临床实践中具体的AI应用场景并不多见,且多种情景下若因AI算法错误而发生医疗纠纷时,无法进行合理的权责分配以保障患者及临床工作者的权益[59],这也是限制AI进一步临床应用的关键点之一。
综上所述,AI技术的应用在提高KOA诊断效率和预测准确性方面有巨大潜力。未来的研究应着重于建立更为标准化的临床样本数据库,不断优化AI算法,加强外部验证,同时深入研究模型与临床实践的结合,以推动其在实际诊疗中的应用。
  • 甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR10RA008)
  • 甘肃省卫生行业科研计划项目(GSWSKY-2019-12)
  • 全军训练伤防治专项课题(21XLS24)
  • 兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2023-2-28)
  • 兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2019-RC-65)
  • 解放军联勤保障部队第940医院院内科研计划项目(2023YXKY014)
  • 解放军联勤保障部队第940医院院内科研计划项目(2021YXKY009)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0023.2024.0307
  • 接收时间:2024-01-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-07
  • 录用日期:2024-01-22
基金
Science and Technology Plan Project of Gansu Province(20JR10RA008)
甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR10RA008)
Scientific Research Project of Health Industry in Gansu Province(GSWSKY-2019-12)
甘肃省卫生行业科研计划项目(GSWSKY-2019-12)
Special Topic of Prevention and Treatment of Training Injuries of PLA(21XLS24)
全军训练伤防治专项课题(21XLS24)
Innovation Project of Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Lanzhou(2023-2-28)
兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2023-2-28)
Innovation Project of Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Lanzhou(2019-RC-65)
兰州市青年科技人才创新项目(2019-RC-65)
Research Project in the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA(2023YXKY014)
解放军联勤保障部队第940医院院内科研计划项目(2023YXKY014)
Research Project in the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA(2021YXKY009)
解放军联勤保障部队第940医院院内科研计划项目(2021YXKY009)
作者信息
    1甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030
    2解放军联勤保障部队第940医院关节外科,甘肃兰州 730050
    3解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,甘肃兰州 730050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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