Article(id=1194617492799725751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1503.2024.0529, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1705334400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-16, onlineDate=1762748605203, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762748605203, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762748605203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762748605203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194617490446721194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762748604641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749162199, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=221, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194617493034606780, articleId=1194617492799725751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis and its role in some diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cellular death in the body can occur through different processes, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necrotic apoptosis, etc. PANoptosis is a newly discovered form of inflammatory cell death in recent years. It can be triggered by various stimulating factors and integrates multiple components that can induce cell death to assemble into various types of macromolecular complexes-PANoptosome, which then mediates cell death. Given the impact of PANoptosis on the entire disease spectrum, promoting or inhibiting its occurrence process may prevent the development of various diseases. The review summarizes the research progress on the occurrence mechanism of PANoptosis and its role in some diseases, and explores the crosstalk among multiple programmed cell death pathways, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of related diseases.

, correspAuthors=Wen-Ming Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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机体细胞死亡可通过不同程序进行,包括细胞凋亡、焦亡和坏死性凋亡等。泛凋亡(PANoptosis)是近年发现的一种新的炎症细胞死亡方式,可由不同刺激因素触发,并整合多种可诱导细胞死亡的成分组装成多种类型的大分子复合物——PANoptosome,进而介导细胞死亡。鉴于PANoptosis在整个疾病谱中的影响,促进或抑制其发生过程可能阻止多种疾病的发展。本文综述PANoptosis的发生机制及其在部分疾病中作用的研究进展,探讨多种程序性细胞死亡途径之间的串扰,以期为相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=杨文明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨文明,E-mail:
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宋宇琪,硕士研究生,主要从事锥体外系疾病的中医药防治方面的研究

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宋宇琪,硕士研究生,主要从事锥体外系疾病的中医药防治方面的研究

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宋宇琪,硕士研究生,主要从事锥体外系疾病的中医药防治方面的研究

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PAMP. 病原体相关分子模式;DAMP. 损伤相关分子模式;CARD. 胱天蛋白酶募集结构域;DD. 死亡结构域;DED. 死亡效应结构域;PYRIN. PYRIN结构域;ASC. 凋亡相关斑点样蛋白;RHIM. 受体相互作用蛋白同型相互作用基序结构域;NLRP. NOD样受体家族含pyrin结构域;ZBP1. Z-DNA结合蛋白1;AIM2. 黑色素瘤缺乏因子2;RIPK. 受体相互作用蛋白激酶;CASPASE(CASP). 胱天蛋白酶;MLKL. 混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白;GSDM. 孔形成蛋白;TAK1. 转化生长因子-β激活激酶1;IRF1. 干扰素调节因子1

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泛凋亡的分子机制及其在部分疾病中的作用研究进展
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宋宇琪 1 , 杨文明 1, 2, 3, * , 魏涛华 2, 3 , 杨玉龙 1 , 李子龙 1
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(2): 221-231
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(2): 221-231
泛凋亡的分子机制及其在部分疾病中的作用研究进展
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宋宇琪1, 杨文明1, 2, 3, * , 魏涛华2, 3, 杨玉龙1, 李子龙1
作者信息
  • 1安徽中医药大学第一临床医学院,安徽合肥 230031
  • 2安徽中医药大学第一附属医院脑病科,安徽合肥 230031
  • 3新安医学教育部重点实验室,安徽合肥 230038
  • 宋宇琪,硕士研究生,主要从事锥体外系疾病的中医药防治方面的研究

通讯作者:

杨文明,E-mail:
Research progress on the molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis and its role in some diseases
Yu-Qi Song1, Wen-Ming Yang1, 2, 3, * , Tao-Hua Wei2, 3, Yu-Long Yang1, Zi-Long Li1
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical School of Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
  • 2Department of Encephalopathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
  • 3Xin'an Key Laboratory of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1503.2024.0529
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机体细胞死亡可通过不同程序进行,包括细胞凋亡、焦亡和坏死性凋亡等。泛凋亡(PANoptosis)是近年发现的一种新的炎症细胞死亡方式,可由不同刺激因素触发,并整合多种可诱导细胞死亡的成分组装成多种类型的大分子复合物——PANoptosome,进而介导细胞死亡。鉴于PANoptosis在整个疾病谱中的影响,促进或抑制其发生过程可能阻止多种疾病的发展。本文综述PANoptosis的发生机制及其在部分疾病中作用的研究进展,探讨多种程序性细胞死亡途径之间的串扰,以期为相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。

泛凋亡  /  细胞死亡  /  疾病  /  分子机制

Cellular death in the body can occur through different processes, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necrotic apoptosis, etc. PANoptosis is a newly discovered form of inflammatory cell death in recent years. It can be triggered by various stimulating factors and integrates multiple components that can induce cell death to assemble into various types of macromolecular complexes-PANoptosome, which then mediates cell death. Given the impact of PANoptosis on the entire disease spectrum, promoting or inhibiting its occurrence process may prevent the development of various diseases. The review summarizes the research progress on the occurrence mechanism of PANoptosis and its role in some diseases, and explores the crosstalk among multiple programmed cell death pathways, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of related diseases.

PANoptosis  /  cell death  /  illness  /  molecular mechanism
宋宇琪, 杨文明, 魏涛华, 杨玉龙, 李子龙. 泛凋亡的分子机制及其在部分疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (2) : 221 -231 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1503.2024.0529
Yu-Qi Song, Wen-Ming Yang, Tao-Hua Wei, Yu-Long Yang, Zi-Long Li. Research progress on the molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis and its role in some diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (2) : 221 -231 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1503.2024.0529
程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)是精密的可调控细胞死亡过程,在多种外界刺激因素及细胞内环境影响下,可通过特定的基因编码机制执行不同的死亡方式,包括凋亡、焦亡、坏死性凋亡、铁死亡、自噬等形式[1-2]。凋亡、焦亡和坏死性凋亡的启动、转导和执行的分子机制及定义已较为明确,三者共享一套死亡折叠结构域,包括胱天蛋白酶募集结构域 (caspase recruitment domain,CARD)、死亡结构域(death domain,DD)、死亡效应结构域(death effector domain,DED)和PYRIN结构域,并经过结构域之间的同型或异型相互作用,进一步组装PCD执行复合物。其中,焦亡由炎性小体介导,其特征是在质膜上形成胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1,CASP-1)依赖性孔、细胞裂解和炎症内容物释放[3];坏死性凋亡与多种细胞因子有关,主要由受体相互作用蛋白激酶 3(receptor-interacting protein kinase 3,RIPK3)介导,其特征是细胞肿胀和膜破坏[4];凋亡被认为是一种相对温和的非溶解性细胞死亡方式,是以凋亡体形成为特征的CASP依赖性非炎症过程[5]
既往认为,细胞的不同死亡方式有其固定、独特的死亡途径且相互独立。然而,2016年Kesavardhana等[6]发现,甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)的内部蛋白NP、PB1可结合为Z-DNA结合蛋白1(Z-DNA binding protein 1,ZBP1),促进含Pyrin结构域NOD样蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体活化,并通过RIPK1-RIPK3-CASP8通路共同触发小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages,BMDM)凋亡、坏死性凋亡和焦亡;此后,相关研究显示,细胞的各种死亡方式之间存在复杂的串扰及互联性,且几种死亡方式可在病理环境中共存,共享重叠机制,充当“备用”死亡策略,以保障有机体稳态。2019年,Malireddi等[7]将这种复杂的细胞死亡串扰模式命名为泛凋亡(pyroptosis-apoptosis-necroptosis,PANoptosis)。泛凋亡模式是一种高度协调和动态平衡的程序性炎症细胞死亡途径,同时具有焦亡、凋亡和坏死的主要分子特征。泛凋亡的发生主要受一种多层面大分子复合物——PANoptosome的调控,其组成成分因细胞所受触发因素而异;该复合物同时含有3种死亡方式的主要调节因子,可启动细胞死亡,感知病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP)及损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular pattern,DAMP)或其他危险因素。PANoptosis模式存在于多种疾病中,包括代谢性疾病、神经系统疾病、感染性疾病、肿瘤以及炎症性与免疫性疾病等,而协调通路中关键分子的作用可能会带来新的治疗机会。现就PANoptosis发生机制及其在部分疾病中的作用研究进展综述如下。
PANoptosis是新的细胞死亡途径,组装形成PANoptosome复合物是实现多途径串扰的关键。然而,目前还没有一种明确的基于结构域之间的同型相互作用的组装机制被破译。Samir等[8]使用系统发育分析了PANoptosome组装控制的可能分子机制。机体在感受PAMP和DAMP相关模式下响应不同刺激并复合相关调节因子而组装形成多蛋白复合物,并由炎性小体传感器启动,与细胞质中含有凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a CARD,ASC)的接头分子凋亡相关斑点样蛋白相互作用,共同促进代表细胞焦亡[CASP-1和成孔蛋白Gasdermin D(GSDMD)]、凋亡(CASP-3/7)和坏死性凋亡[RIPK3和混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(protein mixed lineage kinase domain like paeudo kinase,MLKL)] 的下游细胞死亡效应子的激活[9-10]。研究显示,多分子复合物包括Z-DNA结合蛋白1(ZBP1) PANoptosome、黑色素瘤缺乏因子2(absent in melanoma 2,AIM2)PANoptosome、RIPK1 PANoptosome等[11];其结构与炎性小体类似,包含3个组件:先天免疫传感器、连接作用的适配器(转接蛋白)及催化效应器或执行器。而参与构成PANoptosome复合体的感受器蛋白包括含PYRIN结构域的NOD样受体家族(NLRP)、NLR家族CARD(NLRC)、AIM2和ZBP1等;转接蛋白适配器包括ASC、Fas死亡结构域相关蛋白(Fas associated death domain protein,FADD)等;效应蛋白包括CASP-8、CASP-1、CASP-3、CASP-6,含受体相互作用蛋白同型相互作用基序(RIP homotypic interaction motif,RHIM)结构域的RIPK3、孔形成蛋白Gasdermin D、Gasdermin E、MLKL等[12-13]。然而,这些组成的分类并不是绝对的,细胞在不同的阻碍因素下,其蛋白质发挥的作用也不同。例如,坏死性凋亡需要具有激酶活性的RIPK1充当催化效应分子;而在转化生长因子-β激活激酶1(transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1,TAK1)缺陷细胞中,NLRP3炎性小体激活和细胞死亡需要无激酶活性的RIPK1的支架功能,提示RIPK1也可能充当接头蛋白[14]。这也是PANoptosis复杂且难以研究的原因之一。总之,传感器以关联的方式识别不同的PAMP或DAMP,从而通过适配器结构域的同型或异型相互作用启动PANoptosome的组装,并作为分子支架,让细胞凋亡、焦亡、坏死性凋亡3种死亡途径中的关键分子共同参与PANoptosis的调控,并最终通过不同的催化效应器同步激活炎性细胞焦亡、凋亡或坏死性凋亡(图1)。
ZBP1也称为DNA依赖性干扰素调节因子激活剂(DAI)或DLM-1,是某些条件下NLRP3炎性小体激活和PANoptosis的关键介质。ZBP1在N末端包含两个Z核酸结合域(Zα1和Zα2),在蛋白质序列中间包含两个RIP同型相互作用基序(RHIM1和RHIM2)[15]。ZBP1和Zα2结构域的丢失会导致NLRP3激活减少(细胞焦亡),CASP-3、CASP-8和CASP-7裂解减少(细胞凋亡),以及MLKL磷酸化减少(坏死性凋亡),提示ZBP1及其Zα2结构域在PANoptosis上游发挥关键作用[16]。此外,ZBP1的Zα2结构域对于促进ZBP1和RIPK3之间的相互作用是必需的。在缺乏Zα2结构域的情况下,RIP3和ZBP1之间的相互作用消失,且PANoptosis被阻断[17]
CASP对于调节细胞死亡、免疫反应至关重要。其由大小可变的N端前结构域和由一大一小催化亚基组成的C端蛋白酶结构域组成,可分为炎性CASP(CASP-1、CASP-4、CASP-5和CASP-11)和凋亡CASP(CASP-3、CASP-6-CASP-10)[18]。其中,CASP-3和CASP-8还可介导细胞焦亡[19],且CASP-8是最早发现的各个细胞死亡类型之间的桥梁之一,可能代表控制细胞凋亡、坏死性凋亡和焦亡并防止组织损伤的分子开关[20]。除了在细胞凋亡和坏死性凋亡中发挥酶促作用外,当细胞凋亡和坏死性凋亡受到损害时,CASP-8可充当支架蛋白,与MLKL一起调节巨噬细胞中NLRP3炎性小体的激活,诱导焦亡。CASP-8还可与RIPK1、RIPK3组成的蛋白质复合体,通过RHIM和DD与其他相关蛋白质形成相互作用,介导细胞焦亡和坏死性凋亡[21]。因此,CASP-8酶活性的激活和缺失,以及编码基因的敲除,与PANoptosis密切相关[22]。除CASP-8外,Wang等[23]发现,在ZBP1 PANoptosome诱导的PANoptosis中,CASP-6拥有与ZBP1 PANoptosome中存在的其他关键信号蛋白相互作用的内在能力,如RIPK3、ZBP1,且PANoptosome在诱导细胞死亡过程中的成分可能随时间和环境变化而变化,这其中可能存在暂未发现的与CASP-6类似的调节因子。
AIM2是一种细胞质先天免疫受体,可识别细胞扰动和病原体攻击期间释放的双链DNA,并启动炎性小体的组装[24]。Lee等[25]发现,在单纯疱疹病毒(HSV1)和方济菌(Francisella)感染的BMDM细胞中,AIM2、pyrin和ZBP1与ASC、CASP-1、CASP-8、RIPK3、RIPK1和FADD共同组成一种大型多蛋白复合物,可驱动炎性细胞的PANoptosis,这种复合体被称为AIM2 PANoptosome。同时,在此感染期间,AIM2的缺失完全消除了炎性细胞死亡,而PYRIN或ZBP1的缺失导致炎性细胞减少,提示AIM2可在上游控制AIM2 PANoptosome的组装和激活。
TAK1是先天免疫、细胞死亡、炎症和细胞稳态的核心调节因子[26]。其通常参与促细胞生存信号转导,当其失活或删除时会导致细胞稳态丧失,并释放RIPK1激酶活性依赖性炎症信号、NLRP3炎性小体激活和PANoptosis[27]。在耶尔森菌感染细胞中,抑制或删除TAK1可促进由含有RIPK1、ASC和CASP-8的RIPK1-PANoptosome的形成,诱导自发性炎性细胞死亡。该PANoptosome促进FADD-CASP-8依赖性细胞凋亡,通过RIPK3介导的MLKL磷酸化导致坏死性凋亡,以及NLRP3炎性小体激活和焦亡[28]。Malireddi等[26]发现,TAK1缺陷的小鼠具有中性粒细胞增多症,表现为急性髓细胞性白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)样表型,并对炎症性败血性休克高度敏感,失活的RIPK1激酶可通过抑制PANoptosis部分保护这些小鼠。然而,许多病原体都携带TAK1抑制剂,因此,作为抵消这种情况的宿主策略,抑制或删除RIPK1可通过阻止形成RIPK1-PANoptosome复合物避免PANoptosis的发生[7]
先天免疫系统提供了抵御病原体和细胞损伤的第一道防线,先天免疫信号可诱导IRF1的表达。干扰素(IFN)信号转导与炎性小体相关,炎性小体作为PANoptosome的组成部分,IRF1有助于诱导ZBP1、AIM2、RIPK1和NLRP12的PANoptosome激活和PANoptosis[29-30]。Man等[31]发现,缺乏IFN的α和β受体亚基1(IFNAR1)的细胞能够抵抗IAV诱导的细胞死亡,提示IRF1可作为上游调节因子以驱动PANoptosis调节细胞死亡。Karki等[32]发现,注射偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane,AOM)后Irf1-/-小鼠结肠中CASP-3和CASP-7激活,提示IRF1在这些条件下的细胞凋亡中发挥作用;缺乏IRF1的小鼠结肠中GSDMD的表达和激活减少,MLKL的表达也减少,提示IRF1可调节不同细胞死亡途径,是结直肠肿瘤发生过程中结肠PANoptosis的主要调节因子,可通过其在不同区域中的功能来预防结直肠癌。此外,IRF1可作为响应肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)的PANoptosis关键调节因子以响应新生弗朗西斯菌、HSV1和IAV的感染[33-34]
肝细胞死亡是脂代谢异常性发病机制中的重要环节。肝细胞直接暴露于来自肠道的门静脉血中,参与药物、乙醇等多种异生素代谢,在脂质、脂肪酸和胆汁酸代谢中发挥核心作用,并存在于先天免疫应答细胞的环境中[35]。慢性肝细胞死亡可能会触发免疫细胞聚集和肝星状细胞激活,以及肝细胞的更新和复制,驱动代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)的恶化进展。细胞凋亡、坏死性凋亡、焦亡及铁死亡已经被证实参与了MAFLD中肝纤维化演变为肝硬化乃至肝细胞癌的进展[36]。然而,其协调过程并不是独立的。有研究比较了铁死亡抑制剂liproxstatin-1(LPT1)和铁螯合剂去铁酮(defriprone,DFP)在MAFLD小鼠模型中的治疗效果,结果显示,LPT1治疗能够抑制肝细胞凋亡过程中的Bax/Bcl-xL比值和TUNEL+细胞数量、焦亡中CASP-1和GSDMD的裂解以及坏死性凋亡中MLKL的磷酸化;此外,LPT1治疗可抑制MAFLD小鼠肝脏中PANoptosis相关的CASP-8和CASP-6裂解;在体外MAFLD模型中,LPT1处理可减少培养的肝细胞在脂质应激时抵抗促PANoptosis分子诱导的细胞死亡[37]。Gautheron等[38]认为,坏死性凋亡、焦亡、铁死亡广泛存在于MAFLD中,但目前仍然缺乏肝细胞特异性NLRP3突变动物作为MAFLD肝损伤发生和进展过程中肝细胞与其他细胞类型之间串扰的直接证据。
酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)以脂肪变性、纤维化、肝硬化和酒精性肝炎等不同阶段为特征,是导致肝病的常见原因之一。Miyata等[39]认为,坏死性凋亡、自噬、焦亡、铁死亡广泛存在于肝细胞死亡中,且肝细胞与免疫细胞及其他不同类型的细胞死亡途径存在广泛的串扰。Aizawa等[40]认为,在肝细胞代谢过程中不同类型死亡途径交叉调节以及调节因子的串扰,最终导致混合型的细胞死亡,其中最值得注意的交叉调节是CASP-8介导的通过RIPK3降解抑制坏死性凋亡,从而有利于细胞凋亡。Knorr等[41]认为,不同细胞死亡途径效应器的交叉调节最有可能导致ALD中的肝炎。在早期脂肪变性的ALD中可能发生细胞凋亡,随后会发生早期酒精性脂肪性肝炎(ASH)中的坏死性凋亡和焦亡。
骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一种常见的代谢性骨病,由骨内稳态失衡引起。骨内稳态依赖于破骨细胞的骨吸收和间充质谱系成骨细胞的骨形成之间的精确动态平衡。OP与过度的细胞死亡和损伤有关。NLRP3炎性小体不仅促进骨吸收,而且破坏骨形成[42],成骨细胞凋亡可引起OP[43],而抑制坏死性凋亡可有效减少骨细胞丢失[44]。因此,骨内稳态的形成与各种细胞死亡方式密切相关。丁强等[45]利用GEO数据库的相关数据探讨了PANoptosis基因与骨质疏松的相关性,结果最终确定了4个与骨质疏松相关的关键基因CASP-1CASP-10TNFMEFV,认为以上PANoptosis关键基因在PANoptosis影响骨质疏松的病理过程中发挥了重要作用。然而,目前并没有充分的实验数据揭示骨细胞死亡的具体PANoptosis机制。
雷公藤内酯是从雷公藤中提取的一种活性化合物,具有抗肿瘤和抗炎作用等多种药理活性,但其应用受到毒性及不良反应的阻碍,目前尚不清楚雷公藤甲素是否以及如何在巨噬细胞中诱导不同形式的可调控细胞死亡(regulated cell death,RCD)。有研究报道,雷公藤甲素在体外对培养的巨噬细胞表现出明显的细胞毒性,且与多种形式的裂解细胞死亡有关,而这种死亡不能被任何一种单一形式的 RCD 特异性抑制剂完全抑制并会引起肾和肝损伤,这与全身炎症反应和体内PANoptosis的激活有关。Zhang等[46]发现,雷公藤甲素可诱导焦亡、凋亡和坏死标志物的激活,并伴随着ASC斑点分别与RIPK3或CASP-8的共定位以及它们之间的相互作用,表明PANoptosome的形成,提示可利用PANoptosis作为减轻雷公藤甲素毒性的新途径。
在铜代谢障碍性疾病中,陆续有临床试验及实验研究显示,铜离子过载会引起肝实质细胞的凋亡,如在铜离子诱导或ATP7B基因敲除的肝癌细胞系、肝实质细胞中均可见铜离子代谢障碍诱导的细胞凋亡[47-48]。然而,Deigendesch等[49]发现,铜可调节典型的NLRP3炎性小体,导致细胞焦亡的发生。肝豆状核变性(Wilson's disease,WD)是典型的铜代谢障碍性疾病。Dong等[50]发现,WD模型tx-j小鼠和铜离子诱导的WD细胞模型可诱导NLRP3产生IL-1β和IL-18,而干扰NLRP3可抑制神经元焦亡,缓解WD的症状。因此,铜代谢障碍性疾病发病过程中铜离子代谢紊乱会诱导细胞凋亡和焦亡,可能存在PANoptosis的发生。
神经退行性疾病的特征是选择性脆弱神经元群的进行性功能障碍和死亡,通常与宿主蛋白的聚集有关。持续的脑炎和炎性体复合物的过度激活是神经退行性疾病进展的主要原因[51],如阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、多发性硬化症(MS)、额颞叶痴呆(FTD)和青光眼等[52]。Saleem[53]发现,Atg1、Beclin1、LC3、p53、TRB3、RIPK1等分子在神经退行性疾病中发挥着不同死亡途径的转换作用,并创造复杂的细胞死亡交叉。大脑免疫细胞,特别是小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞,参与了AD的发病。当先天免疫细胞被激活时,可通过细胞焦亡、凋亡、坏死性凋亡和PANoptosis等多种途径导致促炎细胞因子的释放,从而传播先天免疫反应并消除β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)斑块和聚集的Tau蛋白。Wu等[54]发现,患有严重痴呆的AD患者内嗅皮层中CASP-1、CASP-3、CASP-6、CASP-7、CASP-8和CASP-9表达增加,提示细胞死亡不仅有细胞焦亡或凋亡。AIM2缺陷已被证实可减少5xFAD小鼠模型中的Aβ沉积和小胶质细胞活化,这表明AIM2-PANoptosome可能在AD中发挥作用。此外,青光眼是一组异质性视神经退行性病变,病理性高眼压是青光眼发病和进展的主要危险因素,可引起视网膜氧化应激、炎症、缺血再灌注(I/R)等病理损伤,最终导致视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)变性和死亡,Ye等[55]、González-Rodríguez等[56]均报道青光眼中存在PANoptosis,提示单独抑制细胞焦亡、凋亡或坏死性凋亡不足以保护青光眼中的RGC。Zeng等[57]关注动力相关蛋白1(Drp1)介导的线粒体动力学与青光眼中不同细胞死亡模式的相关性,报道了Drp1调节的抗PANoptosis作用,揭示ERK1/2-Drp1信号通路是该疾病的潜在治疗靶点。
脑缺血或缺血再灌注损伤(CI/RI)往往涉及炎症和免疫系统激活,可导致严重的脑损伤[58]。Zhang等[59]在CI/RI中发现了PANoptosis的发生。有研究显示,在I/R损伤的情况下,NLRC4炎症体复合物可同时干扰PANoptosis的两个成分,并阻断血栓素A合酶/血栓素A2/血栓素前列腺素信号,还可同时抑制细胞凋亡和细胞焦亡[60]。此外,RIPK3作为坏死性凋亡的关键分子,可与Jun的N末端激酶介导的炎症信号通路相互作用[61];该通路与缺血诱导的神经元凋亡及细胞焦亡密切相关[62]。以上研究提示,I/R损伤引起的细胞焦亡、凋亡、坏死性凋亡及PANoptosis可同时受到干预和调节。此外,Wu等[63]发现,抑制TAK1可减少CI/RI诱导的神经元死亡,提示TAK1可作为缺氧再灌注损伤诱导的PCD的重要靶点,TAK1可影响小胶质细胞的功能并与炎症通路相互作用,从而影响神经元凋亡和焦亡。TAK1还可在脑I/R 损伤期间通过RIP3介导的神经元程序性坏死和凋亡之间的相互作用中发挥重要作用[64]。因此,该证据提示可能存在类似TAK1的分子,调节I/R损伤大脑中的PANoptosomes。
环状GMP-AMP合成酶(cGAS)-干扰素基因刺激因子(STING)通路是先天免疫的一个组成部分,可启动多种形式的PCD。Ma等[65]发现,STING通路可能调节 PANoptosis以促进缺血性卒中的小胶质细胞极化和神经炎症,加剧缺血性卒中损伤并扩大损伤程度,同时增强宿主对缺血性损伤的防御机制。Messaoud-Nacer等[66]发现,STING激动剂可导致与坏死性凋亡和细胞凋亡相关的其他标志物的上调,如 MLKL、CASP-3及炎性小体NLRP3和AIM2。除了在细胞焦亡、凋亡和坏死性凋亡中直接发挥作用外,Karki等[16]发现,cGAS-STING通路还可通过下游 IFN-1直接上调ZBP1来调控PANoptosis。因此,cGAS-STING通路可通过多靶点调节PANoptosis,加重缺血性卒中的细胞死亡,抑制该通路可为缺血性卒中的治疗提供更多机会。
脑常常是脓毒症患者的受累器官,表现为脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE)。Zhou等[67]在大鼠SAE模型中发现,应用凋亡抑制剂的治疗可抑制细胞焦亡并激活坏死性凋亡,焦亡抑制剂可抑制焦亡和细胞凋亡,但可激活坏死性凋亡。然而,当坏死性凋亡受到抑制时,细胞凋亡和焦亡都会被激活,这表明3种死亡途径之间存在复杂的正向或负向交叉反馈。此外,脊髓缺血再灌注损伤(SCIRI)是原发性脊髓损伤的继发性损害,指缺血的脊髓组织血液灌注恢复后,出现结构和功能损伤,甚至不可逆的脊髓神经元迟发性死亡现象。Xie等[68]发现,PANoptosis可能是SCIRI大鼠中大规模神经死亡和截瘫的原因,褪黑素可通过抑制PANoptosis为脊髓提供神经保护,但具体机制尚不明确。
大量研究显示,PANoptosis在病原体感染的细胞死亡中发挥关键作用,有利于宿主通过消除受感染的细胞来阻止病原体入侵,并提供其他功能克服病原体的免疫逃避[15]。鼠疫耶尔森菌拥有T3SS效应蛋白YopJ,它抑制宿主蛋白TAK1,TAK1缺陷细胞形成由RIPK1、CASP-8、ASC和NLRP3组成的复合物,即RIPK1 PANoptosis,激活下游CASP -3/7、MLKL磷酸化并裂解GSDMD,导致RIPK1依赖性PANoptosis,促进鼠疫耶尔森菌的细胞内清除和炎性细胞因子(包括IL-1β和IL-18)释放[27]。铜绿假单胞菌也可诱导细胞死亡,其特征是激活CASP-1、GSDMD、CASP-8、CASP-3、CASP-7和MLKL。虽然同时清除焦亡传感器NLRP3和NLRC4可减少铜绿假单胞菌引起的细胞死亡,但联合清除CASP-1/-11/-8/RIPK3可见更明显的细胞死亡。不难发现,这些表型中的每一种都不能单独用细胞焦亡、凋亡或坏死性凋亡的激活来解释,因此属于PANoptosis的范畴[69]。此外,Chi等[70]发现,在粪肠球菌感染的巨噬细胞中,CASP-1抑制剂可同时抑制PANoptosis的焦亡和凋亡途径,从而减少细胞死亡,但坏死性凋亡仍可被激活而导致随后的细胞死亡。不仅如此,黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌都可激活细胞内多种死亡途径,并引发NLRP3 PANoptosis以促进细胞死亡[71-72]
宿主在感染IAV时会诱导PANoptosis,其关键步骤是ZBP1-NLRP3炎性小体的形成。当Z-RNA被检测到时,ZBP1会招募RIPK3和CASP-8来激活ZBP1-NLRP3炎性小体。ZBP1-NLRP3炎性小体被激活,并作为细胞死亡信号支架,组装形成ZBP1 PANoptosome[17];其一可以促进促炎细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18成熟,随后产生生物活性形式导致GSDMD裂解以激活细胞焦亡;二是激活CASP-8,并通过外在凋亡途径汇聚激活CASP-7和CASP-3以促进细胞凋亡;三是参与TRIF诱导的活性RIPK3磷酸化MLKL引发的坏死性凋亡[73]。Kuriakose等[33]发现,当PANoptosis被激活时,仅通过清除NLRP3或GSDMD来阻止细胞焦亡并不能消除IAV诱导的细胞死亡;同样,添加CASP-8抑制剂或RIPK3激酶抑制剂也不能阻止IAV感染期间的细胞死亡,但同时清除CASP-8和RIPK3能够进一步减少细胞死亡,提供了参与细胞死亡激活的分子功能重叠的额外机制证据。Lee等[25]发现,在丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染期间,荧光显微镜显示在单个细胞中CASP-1和CASP-3同时激活,提示此过程存在PANoptosis的发生。在新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染期间,TNF和IFN-γ水平升高会引发细胞损伤,且这些细胞因子可诱导细胞衰老和PANoptosis[74]。Kwak等[75]在SARS-CoV-2感染后约24 h检测到PANoptosis标记物,包括GSDMD裂解、p-MLKL和裂解的CASP-3,提示SARS-CoV-2感染后高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)的主动分泌和被动释放与PANoptosis密切相关。小鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)感染巨噬细胞也被证明可激活PANoptosis,其特征是CASP-1/3/7/8和GSDMD的裂解以及MLKL的磷酸化。然而,Zheng等[76]发现,NLRP3炎性小体途径中蛋白质的丢失反而增加了感染过程中的细胞死亡,导致CASP-8的激活和MLKL的磷酸化增加。因此,PANoptosome的焦亡成分可能在MHV感染期间抑制CASP-8-RIPK3介导的细胞凋亡和坏死性凋亡。
多种细胞死亡途径有益于癌症病程发展,细胞焦亡可增强抗肿瘤免疫力,细胞凋亡可抑制癌细胞增殖,坏死性凋亡信号通路的激活可发挥抗肿瘤作用。研究显示,PANoptosis相关基因在大多数癌症类型中异常表达,同时,PANoptosis相关基因和PANoptosis评分分别与多种癌症类型的患者生存明显相关,如肝细胞癌、胃癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤等[77-79]。PANoptosis评分与肿瘤微环境、大多数免疫细胞(即NK细胞、CD8+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞、DC)的浸润水平及免疫相关基因明显相关[80]。Karki等[16]发现,IFN与KPT的联合使用可诱导ZBP1依赖性PANoptosis,从而抑制小鼠黑色素瘤的生长。Song等[81]发现,通过将二甲双胍和阿霉素共同递送至黑色素瘤细胞可引发PANoptosis,从而阻止黑色素瘤进展。IRF1可调节多种生物学功能,包括调节参与肿瘤发生的细胞反应。Karki等[32]发现,缺乏IRF1的小鼠极易发生结直肠肿瘤,并将IRF1确定为 PANoptosis 的上游调节因子,通过诱导IRF1依赖性PANoptosis可抑制结直肠肿瘤发生。Lin等[82]发现,抑制半胱氨酸脱硫酶(NFS1)引发的PANoptosis可提高结直肠癌治疗中以奥沙利铂为基础的化疗的抗肿瘤疗效。Camilli等[83]在小鼠BMDM细胞的研究显示,联合使用核输出抑制剂(NEIs)和IFN治疗可诱导ADAR1-ZBP1相互作用并调节PANoptosis,缩小肿瘤体积和抑制肿瘤生长。Yi等[84]通过基因集富集分析(GSEA)发现,细胞凋亡、焦亡和坏死性凋亡通过一组基因相互关联,如ZBP1RIPK1CASP-6CASP-1CASP-8FADD;前列腺腺癌(PRAD)中存在PANoptosis的扰动和串扰,且PANoptosis通路基因的表达与临床特征的变异之间存在关联。
此外,化疗药物可诱发非炎性小体依赖的PANoptosis。磺康唑被列为广谱咪唑类抗真菌药物,在体内体外均可抑制食管癌细胞生长;可通过BCL2-Bax-caspase3轴诱导细胞凋亡和焦亡。有研究用磺康唑处理细胞并用膜联蛋白V/PI染色后的流式细胞术分析结果显示,Q3中的早期凋亡细胞(Annexin-V+/PI-)、Q2中的晚期凋亡细胞和坏死细胞(AnnexinV+/PI+)均增多;经过磺康唑处理后,细胞出现MLKL的强烈磷酸化,且RIPK1抑制剂necrostatin-1(Nec)可部分挽救磺康唑引起的细胞死亡,提示坏死性凋亡在食管癌中发生;热图结果显示,大量铁死亡相关基因的表达发生了变化,铁死亡上游分子ACSL4及铁死亡反馈因子SLC7A11SLC3A2的mRNA表达水平在磺康唑治疗后明显升高[85]。综上,磺康唑可诱导食管癌细胞发生PANoptosis,进而抑制癌症进展。
炎症性疾病是一类以炎症反应为主要特征的疾病,其炎症反应主要由免疫细胞、炎性介质和炎性信号通路共同调节。强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是以骶髂关节和脊柱附着点炎症为主要症状的疾病[86]。在肠道真菌和细菌失调与AS的关系研究中,Zhang等[87]发现,口服K. pintolopesii的分泌产物可激活IL-17RA途径,从而诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7发生PANoptosis;发生PANoptosis后的产物可促进K. pintolopesii的增殖和形态变化,从而导致更严重的炎症反应。炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括克罗恩病(CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(UC),其特征是胃肠道慢性和复发性炎症。细胞焦亡及凋亡广泛存在于IBD中,依赖于NLRP3炎性小体的IL-1β过量产生是克罗恩病的特征,NLRP3炎性小体的破坏也可缓解溃疡性结肠炎,抑制细胞凋亡可缓解IBD,肠道干细胞坏死性凋亡在IBD发生发展中也具有重要作用[88]。考虑到细胞焦亡、凋亡和坏死性凋亡在IBD中的重要作用,可推测PANoptosis与该病的发生发展密切相关,但目前相关实验证据仍不足。此外,Zhang等[89]在体内啮齿动物牙周炎模型中检测到3种类型的细胞死亡,且发现人类牙周炎组织标本和龈沟液(GCF)中部分与细胞焦亡、坏死性凋亡和凋亡相关的关键蛋白增多,显示牙周炎中不同类型细胞死亡途径之间复杂的相互作用及牙周炎中发生PANoptosis的可能性。六溴环十二烷(HBCD)是一种持久的有机污染物,可在软骨细胞中产生炎症反应而破坏关节软骨组织。Tian等[90]采用蛋白质印迹、间接免疫荧光、ELISA等生化实验分析发现,六溴环十二烷处理后细胞凋亡标志物(CASP-3/7)、焦亡标志(CASP-1/GSDMD-N)和坏死性凋亡标志物(pMLKL/RIPK3)上调,且HBCD激活了DAMP传感器NLRP3,从而介导了ZBP1诱导的PANoptosis。
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是免疫系统过度激活而攻击自身组织引起的关节炎症和损伤,其特征是手、足小关节的多关节、对称性、侵袭性关节炎症,在其中可观察到多种形式的细胞死亡[91]。Jhun等[92]在体内关节炎实验动物模型和体外酸诱导软骨细胞中观察到,RIPK1、RIPK3和p-MLKL的表达水平升高。Eyre 等[93]发现,与对照组比较,RA患者的单核细胞中ASCNLRP3CASP-1基因的表达水平升高,血清CASP-1和IL-18水平也升高,这些特征可能导致多种细胞发生PANoptosis进而加重炎症。Lu等[94]构建了银屑病中的差异表大基因网络,显示AIM2可通过介导细胞焦亡发挥促炎作用,从而促进上游促炎细胞因子IL-1β和IL-1的释放,并最终激活IL-23/IL-17轴。IL-17不仅在银屑病的发病机制中发挥重要作用,且能够放大IRF1信号;同时,IRF1也作为PANoptosis的上游调节剂,驱动PANoptosis[95](图2)。此外,CASP-1也是PANoptosis和银屑病之间的关键分子。在PANoptosome刺激下,CASP-1可诱导IL-1β和IL-18等炎性细胞因子的产生,促进IL-17的产生并放大银屑病的炎症反应[96]
细胞死亡对于人类的胚胎发育及维持机体稳态至关重要,因此,细胞死亡方式的相关研究一直受到关注。PANoptosis是近年发现的细胞死亡方式,当机体遭遇病原体或DAMP、PAMP等危险因素时,不同的蛋白传感器识别并通过一系列信号介导以组装PANoptosome并激活各种效应子而促进细胞死亡。此种死亡方式是由多种因素综合作用的结果,反映了细胞各种死亡方式之间的复杂串扰,可达到一种平衡互补的状态。当某些通路被抑制时,其他信号可能会被激活或增强其他死亡通路,进而达到相同的效果。因此,调节这些蛋白的表达和信号通路是调控PANoptosis的可行途径。本文阐述了PANoptosis发生的主要机制,包括PANoptosome的形成和关键因子的调节作用及PANoptosis在疾病中的发生发展,旨在为相关疾病的治疗研究提供新思路。在治疗某些疾病时,单一治疗靶点可能不足以阻止疾病的进展,针对关键分子(ZBP1、AIM2、CASP-8、IRF1等)或同时阻断多种途径的治疗(如TAK1抑制剂等)有望成为新的治疗方法。但是,现阶段对PANoptosis的研究仍处于初期阶段,还未有充分的实验证明其具体发生及调控机制,且促进或抑制PANoptosis是否会影响疾病的其他治疗方式尚待研究。未来进一步探究PANoptosis激活的分子机制及调控PANoptosis的3个途径,有望为相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81973825)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82305185)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20366)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2108085QH367)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1503.2024.0529
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
  • 录用日期:2024-01-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973825)
国家自然科学基金(81973825)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82305185)
国家自然科学基金(82305185)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20366)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20366)
Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2108085QH367)
安徽省自然科学基金(2108085QH367)
作者信息
    1安徽中医药大学第一临床医学院,安徽合肥 230031
    2安徽中医药大学第一附属医院脑病科,安徽合肥 230031
    3新安医学教育部重点实验室,安徽合肥 230038

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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