Article(id=1194617491390439599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0199.2024.0906, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712851200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-12, onlineDate=1762748604866, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762748604866, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762748604866, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762748604866, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194617490446721194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762748604641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749162199, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=188, endPage=196, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194617492757782709, articleId=1194617491390439599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Mechanism of senegenin in improving lipopolysacchride-induced inflammatory response of BV2 microglial cell, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Senegenin (SEN) alleviates microglial inflammatory response through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway. Methods BV2 mouse microglia cells were randomly divided into control group, model group, SEN group and MCC950 group. Cells in control group were not treated, and cells in model group were added with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Cells in SEN group were added with 1 μg/ml LPS+4 μmol/L SEN, and cells in MCC950 group were added with 1 μg/ml LPS+10 μmol/L MCC950 for 24 hours. CCK-8 method was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of SEN on the viability of BV2 cells. Griess method was used to determine the release amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the supernatant. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, lymphocyte apoptosis-associated spect-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 mRNA. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression levels of ASC, IL-1β, Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β, IL-18, Nrf2, HO-1, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results The results of CCK-8 method showed that there was no significant difference in the viability of BV2 cells treated with 2~20 μmol/L SEN compared with control group (P>0.05). Compared with control group, the viability of BV2 cells in model group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the viability of BV2 cells in 4 μmol/L SEN group was significantly restored (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the results of Griess method showed that the release amount of NO in cells of model group increased significantly (P<0.05); the results of real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA in cells of model group increased significantly (P<0.05); the results of Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 proteins in cells of model group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the immunofluorescence staining results showed that the expression levels of iNOS and NF-κB protein in cells of model group increased, and the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 decreased, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the release amount of NO in cells of SEN group and MCC950 group decreased, and the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA and proteins decreased, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05); in the SEN group, the expression levels of iNOS and NF‑κB decreased, and immunofluorescence staining showed that Nrf2 was translocated into the nucleus, and the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins increased significantly, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusions SEN could alleviate the inflammatory response of mouse microglia cells induced by LPS and inhibit the activation and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome, with an effect comparable to that of the inflammasome inhibitor MCC950. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression of upstream factors Nrf2 and HO-1.

, correspAuthors=Jie-Zhong Yu, Li-Juan Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Yu Jie-Zhong, E-mail:
Song Li-Juan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-Tao Mu, Min-Fang Guo, Jing-Wen Yu, Jia-Lei Cao, Feng-Jun Yang, Si-Wei Jia, Qing Su, Tao Meng, Cun-Gen Ma, Jie-Zhong Yu, Li-Juan Song), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194617705593544728, articleId=1194617491390439599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=远志皂苷元缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制, columnId=1190310110472798614, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究远志皂苷元(SEN)通过核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)通路缓解小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制。方法 将BV2小鼠小胶质细胞随机分为对照组、模型组、SEN组与MCC950组。对照组细胞不做处理,模型组细胞加入1 μg/ml脂多糖(LPS),SEN组细胞加入1 μg/ml LPS +4 μmol/L SEN,MCC950组加入1 μg/ml LPS +10 μmol/L MCC950,作用24 h。采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度SEN对BV2细胞活力的影响。采用Griess法测定上清液一氧化氮(NO)释放量;实时荧光定量PCR测定NLRP3、淋巴细胞凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)、白细胞介素(IL)-1βIL-18 mRNA的表达水平;免疫荧光染色检测ASC、IL-1β、Nrf2和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达水平;Western blotting检测NLRP3、caspase-1、ASC、IL-1β、IL-18、Nrf2、HO-1及核因子κB(NF-κB)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达水平。结果 CCK-8法检测结果显示,2~20 μmol/L SEN处理的BV2细胞活力与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05);与模型组比较,4 μmol/L SEN组BV2细胞活力明显恢复(P<0.05)。Griess法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞NO释放量明显增加(P<0.01);实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显增高(P<0.05);免疫荧光染色结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞iNOS、NF-κB蛋白表达水平增高,Nrf2和HO-1表达水平下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,SEN组和MCC950组细胞NO释放量减少,NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA和蛋白表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);SEN组iNOS和NF-κB表达水平降低,免疫荧光染色显示Nrf2易位到核内,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达明显增多,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 SEN可缓解LPS诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应,抑制NLRP3炎性小体的活化和表达,效果与炎性小体抑制剂MCC950相当;其机制可能与调控上游因子Nrf2和HO-1的表达有关。

, correspAuthors=尉杰忠, 宋丽娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
尉杰忠,E-mail:
宋丽娟,E-mail:
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穆秉桃,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事神经免疫方面的研究

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穆秉桃,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事神经免疫方面的研究

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穆秉桃,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事神经免疫方面的研究

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SEN. 远志皂苷元;LPS. 脂多糖;A. SEN对BV2细胞活力的影响;B. SEN对LPS处理后BV2细胞活力恢复的影响;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01,(3)P<0.001;与模型组比较,(4)P<0.05,(5)P<0.01,(6)P<0.001

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SEN. 远志皂苷元;MCC950. 一种NLRP3炎性小体拮抗剂;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01,与模型组比较,(2)P<0.05

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SEN. 远志皂苷元;MCC950. 一种NLRP3炎性小体拮抗剂

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SEN. 远志皂苷元;MCC950. 一种NLRP3炎性小体拮抗剂;NLRP3. NOD样受体蛋白3;ASC. 凋亡相关斑点样蛋白;caspase-1. 胱天蛋白酶-1;IL-18. 白细胞介素-18;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001;与模型组比较,(2)P<0.01;与SEN组比较,(3)P<0.05,(4)P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=F7m1bBG6A99c28vbIueFug==, figureFileBig=wpNg9PgH3BXVLRbaypsXeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693493842440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of SEN and MCC950 on LPS-induced inflammatory vesicle expression in BV2 mouse microglial cells, figureFileSmall=zydSd1nJCy3YAJcs2s6BIw==, figureFileBig=kjOjoY7iMEtWXV75/YJjvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693552562697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SEN和MCC950对脂多糖诱导的BV2小鼠小胶质细胞炎性小体活化的影响

SEN. 远志皂苷元;MCC950. 一种NLRP3炎性小体拮抗剂;NLRP3. NOD样受体蛋白3;ASC. 凋亡相关斑点样蛋白;A. 免疫荧光染色检测ASC的表达;B. NLRP3、ASC蛋白表达水平(Western blotting);与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01;与模型组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=zydSd1nJCy3YAJcs2s6BIw==, figureFileBig=kjOjoY7iMEtWXV75/YJjvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693615477258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of SEN and MCC950 on LPS-induced inflammatory vesicle expression in BV2 mouse microglial cells, figureFileSmall=xazw6N7o2W7/au7BmNLFmA==, figureFileBig=yFcmI1rS+62Y4Vftu8tvsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693682586123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SEN和MCC950对脂多糖诱导的BV2小鼠小胶质细胞炎性因子表达的影响

SEN. 远志皂苷元;MCC950. 一种NLRP3炎性小体拮抗剂;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;IL-18. 白细胞介素-18;caspase-1. 胱天蛋白酶-1;A.免疫荧光染色检测IL-1β的表达;B. IL-1β、IL-18和caspase-1蛋白表达水平(Western blotting);与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01,与模型组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=xazw6N7o2W7/au7BmNLFmA==, figureFileBig=yFcmI1rS+62Y4Vftu8tvsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693749694988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of SEN on LPS-induced expression of oxidative stress factors Nrf2, HO-1 and iNOS、NF-κB in BV2 mouse microglial cells, figureFileSmall=10izJmWIH6m3dDL5+NNtaQ==, figureFileBig=L4bMTon/jQzLfoLkV+wZzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693820998157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SEN对脂多糖诱导的BV2小鼠小胶质细胞氧化应激因子Nrf2、HO-1和iNOS、NF-κB表达的影响

SEN. 远志皂苷元;HO-1. 血红素加氧酶-1;Nrf2. 核转录因子E2相关因子2;iNOS. 诱导型一氧化氮合酶;NF-κB. 核因子κB;A. 免疫荧光染色检测Nrf2和HO-1的表达;B. Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达水平(Western blotting);C. iNOS、NF-κB蛋白表达水平(Western blotting);与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,与模型组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=10izJmWIH6m3dDL5+NNtaQ==, figureFileBig=L4bMTon/jQzLfoLkV+wZzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646693875524110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequences for PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'→3')
NLRP3正义:GCTGCGATCAACAGGCGAGAC
反义:CCATCCACTCTTCTTCAAGGCTGTC
ASC正义:GATCAAGGAGGTAAGCGGCA
反义:CACTCCGGTTCTGGTTCTGG
Caspase-1正义:CCCCAGGCAAGCCAAATC
反义:TGAGGGTCCCAGTCAGTCC
IL-1β正义:GGCTGGACTGTTTCTAATGC
反义:ATGGTTTCTTGTGACCCTGA
IL-18正义:ACACGCTTTACTTTATACCT
反义:GTCACAGCCAGTCCTCT
GAPDH正义:TGTTTCCTCGTCCCGTAG
反义:CAATCTCCACTTTGCCACT
), ArticleFig(id=1194646693971993103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491390439599, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'→3')
NLRP3正义:GCTGCGATCAACAGGCGAGAC
反义:CCATCCACTCTTCTTCAAGGCTGTC
ASC正义:GATCAAGGAGGTAAGCGGCA
反义:CACTCCGGTTCTGGTTCTGG
Caspase-1正义:CCCCAGGCAAGCCAAATC
反义:TGAGGGTCCCAGTCAGTCC
IL-1β正义:GGCTGGACTGTTTCTAATGC
反义:ATGGTTTCTTGTGACCCTGA
IL-18正义:ACACGCTTTACTTTATACCT
反义:GTCACAGCCAGTCCTCT
GAPDH正义:TGTTTCCTCGTCCCGTAG
反义:CAATCTCCACTTTGCCACT
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远志皂苷元缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制
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穆秉桃 1 , 郭敏芳 1 , 于婧文 1 , 曹佳蕾 2 , 杨凤君 2 , 贾思玮 3 , 苏琴 3 , 孟涛 1 , 马存根 3 , 尉杰忠 1, 4, * , 宋丽娟 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025,50(2): 188-196
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025, 50(2): 188-196
远志皂苷元缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制
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穆秉桃1, 郭敏芳1, 于婧文1, 曹佳蕾2, 杨凤君2, 贾思玮3, 苏琴3, 孟涛1, 马存根3, 尉杰忠1, 4, * , 宋丽娟3, *
作者信息
  • 1山西大同大学脑科学研究所/分子细胞免疫学大同市重点实验室,山西大同 037009
  • 2山西大同大学医学院,山西大同 037009
  • 3山西中医药大学国家中医药管理局多发性硬化益气活血重点研究室/神经生物学研究中心,山西晋中 030619
  • 4大同市第五人民医院神经内科,山西大同 037009
  • 穆秉桃,医学硕士,讲师,主要从事神经免疫方面的研究

通讯作者:

尉杰忠,E-mail:
宋丽娟,E-mail:
Mechanism of senegenin in improving lipopolysacchride-induced inflammatory response of BV2 microglial cell
Bing-Tao Mu1, Min-Fang Guo1, Jing-Wen Yu1, Jia-Lei Cao2, Feng-Jun Yang2, Si-Wei Jia3, Qing Su3, Tao Meng1, Cun-Gen Ma3, Jie-Zhong Yu1, 4, * , Li-Juan Song3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University/the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cellular Immunology in Datong, Datong, Shanxi 037009, China
  • 2School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, China
  • 3The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
  • 4Department of Neurology, Datong Fifth People's Hospital, Datong, Shanxi 037009, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0199.2024.0906
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目的 探究远志皂苷元(SEN)通过核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)通路缓解小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制。方法 将BV2小鼠小胶质细胞随机分为对照组、模型组、SEN组与MCC950组。对照组细胞不做处理,模型组细胞加入1 μg/ml脂多糖(LPS),SEN组细胞加入1 μg/ml LPS +4 μmol/L SEN,MCC950组加入1 μg/ml LPS +10 μmol/L MCC950,作用24 h。采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度SEN对BV2细胞活力的影响。采用Griess法测定上清液一氧化氮(NO)释放量;实时荧光定量PCR测定NLRP3、淋巴细胞凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)、白细胞介素(IL)-1βIL-18 mRNA的表达水平;免疫荧光染色检测ASC、IL-1β、Nrf2和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达水平;Western blotting检测NLRP3、caspase-1、ASC、IL-1β、IL-18、Nrf2、HO-1及核因子κB(NF-κB)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达水平。结果 CCK-8法检测结果显示,2~20 μmol/L SEN处理的BV2细胞活力与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05);与模型组比较,4 μmol/L SEN组BV2细胞活力明显恢复(P<0.05)。Griess法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞NO释放量明显增加(P<0.01);实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显增高(P<0.05);免疫荧光染色结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞iNOS、NF-κB蛋白表达水平增高,Nrf2和HO-1表达水平下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,SEN组和MCC950组细胞NO释放量减少,NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA和蛋白表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);SEN组iNOS和NF-κB表达水平降低,免疫荧光染色显示Nrf2易位到核内,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达明显增多,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 SEN可缓解LPS诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应,抑制NLRP3炎性小体的活化和表达,效果与炎性小体抑制剂MCC950相当;其机制可能与调控上游因子Nrf2和HO-1的表达有关。

远志皂苷元  /  脂多糖  /  小胶质细胞  /  NLRP3炎性小体  /  炎症反应

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Senegenin (SEN) alleviates microglial inflammatory response through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway. Methods BV2 mouse microglia cells were randomly divided into control group, model group, SEN group and MCC950 group. Cells in control group were not treated, and cells in model group were added with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Cells in SEN group were added with 1 μg/ml LPS+4 μmol/L SEN, and cells in MCC950 group were added with 1 μg/ml LPS+10 μmol/L MCC950 for 24 hours. CCK-8 method was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of SEN on the viability of BV2 cells. Griess method was used to determine the release amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the supernatant. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, lymphocyte apoptosis-associated spect-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 mRNA. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression levels of ASC, IL-1β, Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β, IL-18, Nrf2, HO-1, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results The results of CCK-8 method showed that there was no significant difference in the viability of BV2 cells treated with 2~20 μmol/L SEN compared with control group (P>0.05). Compared with control group, the viability of BV2 cells in model group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the viability of BV2 cells in 4 μmol/L SEN group was significantly restored (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the results of Griess method showed that the release amount of NO in cells of model group increased significantly (P<0.05); the results of real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA in cells of model group increased significantly (P<0.05); the results of Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 proteins in cells of model group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the immunofluorescence staining results showed that the expression levels of iNOS and NF-κB protein in cells of model group increased, and the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 decreased, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the release amount of NO in cells of SEN group and MCC950 group decreased, and the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA and proteins decreased, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05); in the SEN group, the expression levels of iNOS and NF‑κB decreased, and immunofluorescence staining showed that Nrf2 was translocated into the nucleus, and the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins increased significantly, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusions SEN could alleviate the inflammatory response of mouse microglia cells induced by LPS and inhibit the activation and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome, with an effect comparable to that of the inflammasome inhibitor MCC950. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression of upstream factors Nrf2 and HO-1.

senegenin  /  lipopolysaccharides  /  BV2 cells  /  NLRP3 inflammasome  /  inflammatory response
穆秉桃, 郭敏芳, 于婧文, 曹佳蕾, 杨凤君, 贾思玮, 苏琴, 孟涛, 马存根, 尉杰忠, 宋丽娟. 远志皂苷元缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (2) : 188 -196 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0199.2024.0906
Bing-Tao Mu, Min-Fang Guo, Jing-Wen Yu, Jia-Lei Cao, Feng-Jun Yang, Si-Wei Jia, Qing Su, Tao Meng, Cun-Gen Ma, Jie-Zhong Yu, Li-Juan Song. Mechanism of senegenin in improving lipopolysacchride-induced inflammatory response of BV2 microglial cell[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (2) : 188 -196 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0199.2024.0906
神经炎症在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheiher's disease,AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)和多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)等神经退行性疾病的发病机制中均占据核心地位[1]。小胶质细胞是神经系统常驻免疫细胞以及免疫反应的第一道防线,其介导的炎症反应机制一直是研究的焦点[2-4]。远志皂苷元(senegenin,SEN)是从中药远志根部提取的活性成分,属于五环三萜类化合物,具有拮抗痴呆、衰老、感染、氧化应激等作用[5]。研究显示,SEN可拮抗AD患者的β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloiel β-protein,Aβ)毒性,具有保护神经元的作用[6]。袁惠莉等[7]发现,SEN对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的PD模型大鼠黑质小胶质细胞具有抑炎作用。但SEN的抑炎和神经保护作用机制尚不清楚。另有研究显示,SEN可抑制小胶质细胞的NOD样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体活化[8],并可能通过激活核转录因子E2相关因子2(nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号通路减缓氧化应激反应[9-10]。由此推测SEN的抑炎和神经保护作用可能与调控Nrf2信号通路激活及抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化有关。MCC950是一种NLRP3炎性小体特异性抑制剂,可阻断NLRP3炎性小体参与的各类炎症反应[11]。本研究采用LPS诱导BV2小鼠小胶质细胞炎性损伤,并应用SEN进行干预,从激活Nrf2信号通路、抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化、阻断炎症级联反应的角度,探究SEN对神经元的保护作用及其机制;同时以MCC950为阳性对照,比较SEN对NLRP3炎性小体的抑制效果,以期为神经退行性疾病的防治提供新的思路。
BV2小鼠小胶质细胞株由军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所提供。SEN购自中国药品生物制品检定所(货号111572);青霉素-链霉素混合液(批号15140163)、高糖DMEM(货号21013024)购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;LPS(货号L43910)、牛血清白蛋白(货号B2064)购自美国Gibco公司;兔抗Nrf2(货号ab62352)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)(货号ab13243)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β(货号ab9722)、核因子κB(NF-κB)(货号ab16502)抗体,Alexa Flour®594(货号ab150080)、以及Alexa Flour®488(货号ab150077)、辣根过氧化物酶(货号ab205718)标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗购自美国Abcam公司;兔抗NLRP3(货号af2155)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC;货号af6234)、胱天蛋白酶-1(caspase-1;货号af1681)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS;货号af728)抗体,以及一氧化氮(NO)检测试剂盒、RIPA裂解液(货号P0013B)购自上海碧云天有限责任公司;兔抗IL-18(货号57058S)、GAPDH(货号5174S)抗体,以及化学发光底物试剂(WBKLS0500)购自美国Milllipore公司;PCR反应试剂盒(货号M120201S)购自莫纳生物科技有限公司。
BV2小鼠小胶质细胞用10%胎牛血清(加入1%青霉素和链霉素双抗)配制的DMEM培养基,于5% CO2、37 ℃培养箱常规培养,隔天换液一次,待细胞融合度达80%后用0.25%胰酶处理传代,取对数生长期细胞随机分为对照组、模型组、SEN组3组,以及对照组、模型组、SEN组、MCC950组4组分别进行观察。对照组细胞不做处理,模型组细胞加入1 μg/ml LPS,SEN组细胞同时加入4 μmol/L SEN和1 μg/ml LPS,MCC950组细胞同时加入10 μmol/L MCC950和1 μg/ml LPS,处理24 h[12-13]。显微镜下观察BV2细胞形态改变并拍照记录。
以4×103个/孔密度接种BV2细胞到96孔板,100 μl/孔。第一板设空白组、对照组、SEN各浓度组(终浓度分别为2、4、10、20、40、80、160、300 μmol/L),第二板设空白组、对照组、模型组、SEN各浓度组(终浓度分别为4、10、20、40、80、160 μmol/L),每组设5个复孔。空白组只有培养液,对照组为细胞和培养液,模型组加入1 μg/ml LPS,SEN组同时加入1 μg/ml LPS和各浓度SEN。处理24 h后添加10 μl CCK-8到每孔中,然后置于培养箱孵育约1.5 h,然后采用酶标仪在450 nm波长处测定吸光度(A)值,根据公式计算细胞存活率。
以5×103个/孔密度接种BV2细胞到96孔板,按1.2.1的细胞分组给药方案给予对应药物分组处理24 h后收集细胞上清液。按要求加入Griess Reagent Ⅰ和Ⅱ的相应溶液,用酶标仪测定540 nm处的吸光度值,将其代入标准曲线中计算NO释放量。
以每组两个复孔接种BV2细胞到6孔板,按1.2.1的细胞分组给药方案加对应药物处理24 h,然后加入500 μl Monzol Reagent Pro试剂,依据说明书提取RNA,并将RNA反转录为cDNA,以GAPDH为内参,测定NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA的相对表达水平,结果以2-ΔΔCt法表示。PCR引物序列见表1
以1×106个/孔密度接种BV2细胞到6孔板,按1.2.1中的各组细胞给药方案给予对应药物处理24 h。用RIPA裂解液裂解细胞收集标本,按说明将各组蛋白含量调成一致。在80 V、30 min,110 V、120 min条件下进行电泳分离蛋白,转膜2 h,然后5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h,加入Nrf2、HO-1、NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18、NF‑κB、iNOS和GAPDH(1:1000)一抗,4 °C孵育过夜;次日加入HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1:3000),避光条件下常温孵育2 h,使用Bio-Rad凝胶成像仪显影后对蛋白条带进行定量分析。
将细胞接种在24孔板底部的圆形玻璃爬片上,密度为2×104个/孔。按1.2.1中的细胞分组和给药方案给予对应的药物处理24 h后弃去上清夜,将细胞固定,先用PBS清洗,再加入含有1% BSA和0.3% TritonX-100的PBS液封闭1 h,加入Nrf2、HO-1、NLRP3、IL-1β一抗(1:1000)4 °C孵育过夜,次日加入Alex Fluor®594(红色)和Alexa Flour®488(绿色)标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1:3000),避光条件下常温孵育2 h,PBS清洗,最后滴加DAPI封片,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。
采用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Dunnett-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,2~20 μmol/L SEN处理的BV2细胞活力无明显变化(P>0.05),而40~300 μmol/L SEN处理的BV2细胞活力明显下降(P<0.01,图1A)。与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05);与模型组比较,1 μg/ml LPS+4 μmol/L SEN组BV2细胞活力恢复明显(P<0.05,图1B)。故后续选用4 μmol/L SEN进行实验。
Griess法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞在LPS作用后NO释放量明显增多(P<0.01);与模型组比较,SEN组和MCC950组NO释放量明显减少(P<0.05);SEN组与MCC950组NO释放量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图2)。
显微镜下观察显示,对照组BV2小胶质细胞胞体较小而圆润、胞质清亮,细胞突起边缘清晰;模型组BV2小胶质细胞胞体变大、触角延伸变粗变长,突起末端分支变多,呈阿米巴样;SEN组和MCC950组阿米巴样细胞数量明显减少,细胞形态接近对照组(图3)。
实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA表达水平均明显升高(P<0.001);与模型组比较,SEN组和MCC950组BV2细胞NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.01)(图4)。
免疫荧光染色结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞NLRP3、IL-1β表达水平增高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,SEN组和MCC950组BV2细胞NLRP3和IL-1β表达水平降低(P<0.05,图5图6)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、IL-18、IL-1β蛋白表达水平均明显增高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,SEN组和MCC950组BV2细胞上述蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05,图5图6)。
免疫荧光染色结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组BV2细胞Nrf2和HO-1表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,SEN组BV2细胞Nrf2和HO-1表达水平均明显增高(P<0.05)。Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组iNOS、NF-κB蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.05),Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,SEN组BV2细胞iNOS、NF-κB蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),Nrf-2和HO-1蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.05)(图7)。
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统免疫防御的第一道屏障[14];在脑缺血或感染等病理条件下,小胶质细胞被过度激活,释放大量炎性因子造成中枢神经系统炎性损伤[15]。在炎症相关神经退行性疾病的发病机制中,由小胶质细胞驱动的神经炎症发挥了核心作用[16]。多项研究显示,小胶质细胞中活化的NLRP3炎性小体是介导神经炎症的关键媒介,也是小胶质细胞参与神经炎症性疾病进展的关键信号分子开关[15-17]。近年来NLRP3及其上下游通路已逐渐成为神经炎症性疾病研究的热点。激活后的炎性小体由NLRP3、ASC和胱天蛋白酶⁃1前体(pro-caspase-1)三者构成,可将pro-caspase-1自剪切为活性更强的caspase-1,促使炎性因子IL-18和IL-1β分泌增加而引起炎症反应。近年来研究发现,Aβ沉积可促使炎性小体活化,而抑制NLRP3炎性小体可诱导APP/PS1小鼠体内小胶质细胞M2型极化增多,进而减少Aβ的沉积[18]。NLRP3炎性小体阳性的小胶质细胞驱动了AD和PD的神经变性[19-20]。有研究显示,调控Nrf2/NLRP3/caspase-1轴可在PD中发挥神经保护作用[21];Nrf2分子可通过切割caspase-1抑制NLRP3的表达,进而降低IL-1β水平,减轻神经炎症反应[22]。这些结果提示,通过调控Nrf2来抑制NLRP3炎性小体激活可作为神经炎症反应的治疗策略。而寻找新的可抑制相关靶点的药物,对神经炎症性疾病的早期干预和治疗具有重要意义。
有研究报道,在体外细胞模型中,LPS可诱导小胶质细胞活化并释放大量活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和NO、IL-6、IL-18、IL-1β等炎性因子,形成瀑布级联反应,进而活化更多小胶质细胞[23-24],因此抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活可缓解小胶质细胞的炎症反应,发挥神经保护作用。LPS是经典的炎症模型诱导物,可介导小胶质细胞向促炎表型极化。本研究采用LPS处理BV2小鼠小胶质细胞建立炎性细胞模型,利用具有抗炎作用的SEN和炎性小体NLRP3的特异性拮抗剂MCC950分别作用于LPS诱导的BV2细胞24 h,结果显示,LPS诱导后小胶质细胞NO释放量增加;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测结果显示,模型组NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平均明显增高,提示LPS可刺激NLRP3炎性小体活化,促进神经炎症的发生;而SEN组和MCC950组BV2细胞NLRP3ASCcaspase-1IL-1βIL-18 mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平均明显降低;SEN组与MCC950组的ASC、IL-1β、IL-18表达效果相近,但MCC950组NLRP3 mRNA表达下调效果优于SEN组。Coll等[25]发现,无论NLRP3处于何种激活状态,MCC950都会特异性结合在NLRP3的核苷酸寡聚化结构域(NACHT)的Walker B位点处,阻止ADP-ATP交换,使炎性复合体锁定为“封闭”的非活性构象,抑制下游炎性体的组装。有研究报道,细胞外氯离子浓度改变会影响ATP刺激引起的caspase-1激活和下游IL-1β的产生[26]。SEN和MCC950在NLRP3结合方面以及抑制氯离子外流方面是否存在差异,或是否有NLRP3以外的激活通路,尚需进一步研究验证。上述结果提示,SEN可能通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活,进而抑制IL-1β和IL-18等炎性因子的释放,缓解小胶质细胞中的炎症反应,对LPS诱导后的小胶质细胞起到保护作用。
Nrf2/HO-1轴在维持细胞内氧化还原稳态和调节炎症方面具有重要作用[27]。转录因子Nrf2广泛存在于小胶质细胞中,在调节抗氧化基因表达方面起关键作用。Nrf2可通过清除ROS来抑制NLRP3炎性小体的活化[28]。发生氧化应激后,Nrf2从胞质中解离入核,上调下游抗氧化基因HO-1的表达;HO-1可抑制小胶质细胞中iNOS蛋白的表达和NO的产生[29]。下游NF-κB通路激活可促进NLRP3和炎性因子IL-18及IL-1β前体的表达[30]。因此,Nrf2-NLRP3轴可能是减轻氧化应激和神经炎症损伤的潜在治疗靶标。本研究免疫荧光染色和Western blotting检测结果均显示,LPS处理后BV2细胞炎症相关酶iNOS和炎症反应关键调节因子NF-κB表达增高,而Nrf2和HO-1表达降低,对NLRP3小体活化的抑制作用减弱;SEN可显著提高细胞核内Nrf2的表达,使HO-1蛋白水平增高,iNOS和NF-κB表达降低,抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活。提示SEN对炎性小胶质细胞活化的抑制作用可能是通过激活Nrf2/HO-1,抑制氧化应激,进而抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化,即对抗氧化损伤、抑制炎症反应这一通路而实现的。
综上所述,本研究结果显示,SEN可改善小胶质细胞的活力,抑制NO的产生,并可能通过调控Nrf2/NLRP3通路减轻炎症反应。本研究仅从Nrf2/HO-1和小胶质细胞NLRP3炎性小体活化方面进行了探究,但鉴于神经退行性疾病发病机制尚不清晰,不同信号通路可能存在串扰,各通路之间的调控关系也有待进一步明确;未来可在信号通路的关键节点增加阳性对照和样本数,以及进一步开展动物体内相关分子机制的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82004028)
  • 山西省中医重点实验室建设项目(zyyyjs2024027)
  • "Four Batches" Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project of Shanxi Province(2022XM33)
  • 山西省卫健委中医药科研课题立项计划(2022ZYYC090)
  • 山西省中医药管理局科研课题(2023ZYYB2042)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0199.2024.0906
  • 接收时间:2024-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-20
  • 录用日期:2024-04-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82004028)
国家自然科学基金(82004028)
Project of Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi Province(zyyyjs2024027)
山西省中医重点实验室建设项目(zyyyjs2024027)
"Four Batches" Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project of Shanxi Province(2022XM33)
Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Project Establishment Plan of Shanxi Provincial Health Commission(2022ZYYC090)
山西省卫健委中医药科研课题立项计划(2022ZYYC090)
Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project of Shanxi Province(2023ZYYB2042)
山西省中医药管理局科研课题(2023ZYYB2042)
作者信息
    1山西大同大学脑科学研究所/分子细胞免疫学大同市重点实验室,山西大同 037009
    2山西大同大学医学院,山西大同 037009
    3山西中医药大学国家中医药管理局多发性硬化益气活血重点研究室/神经生物学研究中心,山西晋中 030619
    4大同市第五人民医院神经内科,山西大同 037009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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