Article(id=1194617491323326766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1176.2024.0508, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693756800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1696608000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-07, onlineDate=1762748604851, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762748604851, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762748604851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762748604851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194617490446721194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762748604641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749162199, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=197, endPage=206, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194617491558207792, articleId=1194617491323326766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of betaine in reversing ABCB1 transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in chemotherapy of prostate cancer, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect and mechnism of betaine (BET) in reversing chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer (PCa) by inhibiting ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1). Methods The PCa chemotherapy-sensitive C4-2B cells were cultured, and the TaxR cells resistant to docetaxel (DTX) were established by gradient increase the concentration of DTX. The drug resistance of C4-2B and TaxR cells against DTX was assessed using CCK-8 and the colony formation experiment. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect ABCB1 expression. The TaxR cells were divided into: (1) Control group, negative control group (NC), siABCB1-1 group (transfected with siABCB1-1), and siABCB1-2 group (transfected with siABCB1-2). Western blotting was used to detect the effect of small interfering RNA on silencing ABCB1, and CCK-8 was used to detect the differences in DTX resistance between each group. (2) Different concentrations of BET (0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 mmol/L) groups. These groups were subjected to CCK-8 to detect cell viability, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of ABCB1. (3) Control group, DTX group (20 nmol/L DTX), BET group (200 mmol/L BET), and DTX+BET group (20 nmol/L DTX+200 mmol/L BET), flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis rate and cell cycle, and Western blotting to detect the protein expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl2, BAX, c-caspase-3). (4) Control group, BET group (200 mmol/L BET), wortmannin (WM) group (100 μmol/L WM), and BET+WM group (200 mmol/L BET+100 μmol/L WM). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of PI3K, Akt, and ABCB1. (5) Control group, BET group (200 mmol/L BET), and BAY group (10 μmol/L BAY), BAY+BET group (200 mmol/L BET+10 μmol/L BAY). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of NF-κB p65, p-ikBα and ABCB1. Network pharmacology combined with transcriptome sequencing was used to predict the possible pathways for BET to reverse chemotherapy resistance. Results Compared with C4-2B cells, TaxR cells showed significantly increased resistance to DTX (P<0.01), and high expression of ABCB1 (P<0.01). After silencing ABCB1 with siRNA, TaxR cells' resistance to DTX was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). The inhibition rate of TaxR cells treated with 200 mmol/L BET was less than 20%, and it significantly decreased the expression of ABCB1 protein in TaxR cells (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the combination of 200 mmol/L BET and 20 nmol/L DTX resulted in higher apoptosis rate and higher S stage cell ratio, lower expression of Bcl-2 protein and higher expression of BAX and c-caspase-3 proteins than the two drugs used alone (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the combination of 200 mmol/L BET and 100 μmol/L WM significantly down-regulated the protein expression of PI3K, Akt and ABCB1 (P<0.01). The combination of 200 mmol/L BET and 10 μmol/L BAY significantly down-regulated the protein expression of NF-κB p65, p-ikBα and ABCB1 (P<0.01). Conclusion BET may reverse TaxR cells' chemotherapy resistance by down-regulating ABCB1 expression through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.

, correspAuthors=Rui-Ning Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨甜菜碱(BET)抑制ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1(ABCB1)逆转前列腺癌(PCa)化疗耐药的作用及其机制。方法 培养PCa化疗敏感株C4-2B细胞,通过多西他赛(DTX)浓度梯度递增法建立PCa对DTX耐药株TaxR细胞,采用CCK-8法和集落形成实验检测C4-2B、TaxR细胞对DTX的耐药性,Western blotting、qRT-PCR检测ABCB1的表达情况。将TaxR细胞分为:(1)对照组、阴性对照组、siABCB1-1组与siABCB1-2组,采用Western blotting检测小干扰沉默ABCB1的效果,CCK-8法检测各组对DTX耐药性的差异;(2)不同浓度BET(0、100、200、400、600、800 mmol/L)组,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活性,Western blotting检测ABCB1蛋白的表达情况;(3)对照组、DTX组(20 nmol/L DTX处理)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)与DTX+BET组(20 nmol/L DTX+200 mmol/L BET联合处理),采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率、细胞周期,Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl-2、BAX、c-caspase-3)的表达情况;(4)对照组、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)、渥曼青霉素(WM)组(100 μmol/L WM处理)与BET+WM组(200 mmol/L BET+100 μmol/L WM联合处理),采用Western blotting检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)及ABCB1蛋白的表达情况;(5)对照组、BAY组(10 μmol/L BAY处理)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)与BAY+BET组(10 μmol/L BAY+200 mmol/L BET联合处理),采用Western blotting检测NF-κB p65、p-ikBα和ABCB1蛋白的表达情况。利用网络药理学联合转录组测序相关研究结果预测BET逆转化疗耐药的可能通路。结果 与C4-2B细胞相比,TaxR细胞对DTX的耐药性明显增强(P<0.01),且高表达ABCB1(P<0.01)。siRNA沉默ABCB1后TaxR对DTX的耐药性被明显抑制(P<0.01)。200 mmol/L BET对TaxR细胞的抑制率低于20%,且可明显降低TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。200 mmol/L BET与20 nmol/L DTX联合应用较二者单独应用细胞凋亡率增高,细胞周期S期比例增高,Bcl-2蛋白表达降低,BAX、c-caspase-3蛋白表达增高(P<0.01);200 mmol/L BET与100 μmol/L WM联合应用时PI3K、Akt、ABCB1蛋白表达降低(P<0.01);200 mmol/L BET与10 μmol/L BAY联合应用时NF-κB p65、p-ikBα、ABCB1蛋白表达降低(P<0.01)。结论 BET可能通过PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路下调ABCB1的表达进而逆转TaxR化疗耐药。

, correspAuthors=赵瑞宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵瑞宁,E-mail:
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李亚杰,硕士研究生,主要从事前列腺癌治疗方面的研究

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李亚杰,硕士研究生,主要从事前列腺癌治疗方面的研究

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李亚杰,硕士研究生,主要从事前列腺癌治疗方面的研究

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Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2021, 37(6): 513-519., articleTitle=Betaine induces apoptosis of C4-2B prostate cancer cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF‑κB signaling pathway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194646750184051046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=376, issue=1, pageStart=148, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Huang B, Fu SJ, Fan WZ, journalName=Cancer Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang B, Fu SJ, Fan WZ, et al. PKCε inhibits isolation and stemness of side population cells via the suppression of ABCB1 transporter and PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK signaling in renal cell carcinoma cell line 769P[J]. 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DTX. 多西他赛;ABCB1. ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1;β-actin. β-肌动蛋白;A. 不同浓度DTX刺激48 h后C4-2B和TaxR细胞活性变化;B. DTX对C4-2B与TaxR细胞集落形成的影响(14 d);C. C4-2B与TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白和mRNA相对表达水平的比较;D. 靶向ABCB1的siRNA转染TaxR细胞前后ABCB1蛋白和mRNA相对表达水平的变化;E. CCK-8法检测siRNA转染前后TaxR细胞经DTX刺激48 h后细胞活性的变化;与0 nmol/L DTX比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与对照组比较,(3)P<0.01;与C4-2B细胞比较,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=X9lkmttoXltYVlAAxRcuyw==, figureFileBig=P3rJoWExUWZxyJhGor37qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646747852017986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Downregulation of ABCB1 expression in TaxR cells by BET and reversal of chemotherapy resistance, figureFileSmall=KQ2zRKRj4fbpIaNORIDM8g==, figureFileBig=opSIzm9WdSxCp37kOjqa3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646747919126851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BET下调TaxR细胞中ABCB1表达逆转化疗耐药

BET. 甜菜碱;ABCB1. ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1;β-actin. β-肌动蛋白;DTX. 多西他赛;Bcl-2. B淋巴细胞瘤-2;BAX. B细胞淋巴细胞瘤因子2相关X蛋白;c-caspase-3. 裂解型胱天蛋白酶3;A. 不同浓度BET刺激TaxR细胞48 h对细胞活性的影响;B. 不同浓度BET刺激TaxR细胞48 h对ABCB1蛋白表达的影响;C. DTX(20 nmol/L)和BET(200 mmol/L)联合应用48 h对TaxR细胞凋亡的影响;D. DTX(20 nmol/L)和BET(200 mmol/L)联合应用48 h对TaxR细胞周期的影响;E. DTX和BET联合应用48 h对TaxR细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响;与0 mmol/L BET比较,(1)P<0.05;与对照组比较,(2)P<0.05,(3)P<0.01;与DTX组比较,(4)P<0.05,(5)P<0.01;与BET组比较,(6)P<0.05,(7)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=KQ2zRKRj4fbpIaNORIDM8g==, figureFileBig=opSIzm9WdSxCp37kOjqa3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748019790148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Network pharmacology combined with transcriptome sequencing predicts possible signaling pathways for BET to reverse chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer, figureFileSmall=XF1M8NX77fMCr2n/gryWZg==, figureFileBig=spdZ98ytrPiBPd9HAwCkCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748074316101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=CN, label=图3, caption=网络药理学联合转录组测序预测BET逆转前列腺癌化疗耐药可能的信号通路

BET. 甜菜碱;PCa. 前列腺癌;ABCB1. ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1;A. BET靶点与PCa靶点取交集得到21个共同靶点;B. TRRUST数据库分析BET与PCa交集靶点的调控分子;C. TRRUST数据库分析ABCB1可能的调控因子;D. STRING数据库进行通路富集分析,并于BET处理后转录组测序得到的KEGG通路取交集,得到共同的KEGG通路

, figureFileSmall=XF1M8NX77fMCr2n/gryWZg==, figureFileBig=spdZ98ytrPiBPd9HAwCkCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748133036358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of combined application of BET and WM for 48 hours on the expression of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins, figureFileSmall=vdF56g8vjfF0yPkkxsvwPA==, figureFileBig=FRj6tKjJSJSAAqpetbYLgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748195950919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BET与WM联合应用48 h对PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白表达的影响

BET. 甜菜碱;WM. 渥曼青霉素;PI3K. 磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶;Akt. 蛋白激酶B;ABCB1. ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1;β-actin. β-肌动蛋白;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与BET组(200 mmol/L)比较,(3)P<0.01;与WM组(100 μmol/L)比较,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=vdF56g8vjfF0yPkkxsvwPA==, figureFileBig=FRj6tKjJSJSAAqpetbYLgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748267254089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of combined application of BAY and BET for 48 hours on the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins, figureFileSmall=E3irFIQLjuygegijBbLTsg==, figureFileBig=+/+Sug4LswVsh6nfzEan6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748351140170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=CN, label=图5, caption=BAY和BET联合应用48 h对NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白表达的影响

BET. 甜菜碱;BAY. 一种NF-κB抑制剂;NF-κB p65. 核因子κB p65;p-ikBα. 磷酸化核因子κB抑制蛋白α;ABCB1. ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1;β-actin. β-肌动蛋白;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与BAY组(10 μmol/L)比较,(3)P<0.05,(4)P<0.01;与BET组(200 mmol/L)比较,(5)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=E3irFIQLjuygegijBbLTsg==, figureFileBig=+/+Sug4LswVsh6nfzEan6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748472774987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of combined application of BET and DTX on the number of TaxR cells for 48 h, figureFileSmall=bq177jUSAgPx2YFTTv4dBw==, figureFileBig=JTcNb175eXvnxMg4kiFyvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646748573438284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491323326766, language=CN, label=图6, caption=BET与DTX联合应用48 h对TaxR细胞数量的影响

BET. 甜菜碱;DTX. 多西他赛;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01;与DTX组(20 nmol/L)比较,(3)P<0.05,(4)P<0.01;与BET组(200 mmol/L)比较,(5)P<0.01

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甜菜碱抑制ABCB1逆转前列腺癌化疗耐药的作用及其机制
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李亚杰 1 , 张航 1, 2 , 聂黎虹 3 , 安康杰 1 , 杨尉鑫 3 , 田国林 1 , 赵瑞宁 1, 4, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025,50(2): 197-206
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025, 50(2): 197-206
甜菜碱抑制ABCB1逆转前列腺癌化疗耐药的作用及其机制
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李亚杰1, 张航1, 2, 聂黎虹3, 安康杰1, 杨尉鑫3, 田国林1, 赵瑞宁1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1宁夏医科大学总医院泌尿外科,宁夏银川 750001
  • 2巴中市中心医院泌尿外科,四川巴中 636000
  • 3宁夏医科大学基础医学院,宁夏银川 750001
  • 4宁夏回族自治区人民医院泌尿外科,宁夏银川 750001
  • 李亚杰,硕士研究生,主要从事前列腺癌治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

赵瑞宁,E-mail:
Effect and mechanism of betaine in reversing ABCB1 transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in chemotherapy of prostate cancer
Ya-Jie Li1, Hang Zhang1, 2, Li-Hong Nie3, Kang-Jie An1, Yu-Xin Yang3, Guo-Lin Tian1, Rui-Ning Zhao1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Urologic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
  • 2Department of Urologic Surgery, Bazhong Central Hospital, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, China
  • 3School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
  • 4Department of Urologic Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1176.2024.0508
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目的 探讨甜菜碱(BET)抑制ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1(ABCB1)逆转前列腺癌(PCa)化疗耐药的作用及其机制。方法 培养PCa化疗敏感株C4-2B细胞,通过多西他赛(DTX)浓度梯度递增法建立PCa对DTX耐药株TaxR细胞,采用CCK-8法和集落形成实验检测C4-2B、TaxR细胞对DTX的耐药性,Western blotting、qRT-PCR检测ABCB1的表达情况。将TaxR细胞分为:(1)对照组、阴性对照组、siABCB1-1组与siABCB1-2组,采用Western blotting检测小干扰沉默ABCB1的效果,CCK-8法检测各组对DTX耐药性的差异;(2)不同浓度BET(0、100、200、400、600、800 mmol/L)组,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活性,Western blotting检测ABCB1蛋白的表达情况;(3)对照组、DTX组(20 nmol/L DTX处理)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)与DTX+BET组(20 nmol/L DTX+200 mmol/L BET联合处理),采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率、细胞周期,Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl-2、BAX、c-caspase-3)的表达情况;(4)对照组、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)、渥曼青霉素(WM)组(100 μmol/L WM处理)与BET+WM组(200 mmol/L BET+100 μmol/L WM联合处理),采用Western blotting检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)及ABCB1蛋白的表达情况;(5)对照组、BAY组(10 μmol/L BAY处理)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)与BAY+BET组(10 μmol/L BAY+200 mmol/L BET联合处理),采用Western blotting检测NF-κB p65、p-ikBα和ABCB1蛋白的表达情况。利用网络药理学联合转录组测序相关研究结果预测BET逆转化疗耐药的可能通路。结果 与C4-2B细胞相比,TaxR细胞对DTX的耐药性明显增强(P<0.01),且高表达ABCB1(P<0.01)。siRNA沉默ABCB1后TaxR对DTX的耐药性被明显抑制(P<0.01)。200 mmol/L BET对TaxR细胞的抑制率低于20%,且可明显降低TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。200 mmol/L BET与20 nmol/L DTX联合应用较二者单独应用细胞凋亡率增高,细胞周期S期比例增高,Bcl-2蛋白表达降低,BAX、c-caspase-3蛋白表达增高(P<0.01);200 mmol/L BET与100 μmol/L WM联合应用时PI3K、Akt、ABCB1蛋白表达降低(P<0.01);200 mmol/L BET与10 μmol/L BAY联合应用时NF-κB p65、p-ikBα、ABCB1蛋白表达降低(P<0.01)。结论 BET可能通过PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路下调ABCB1的表达进而逆转TaxR化疗耐药。

甜菜碱  /  前列腺癌  /  化疗耐药  /  ABCB1

Objective To investigate the effect and mechnism of betaine (BET) in reversing chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer (PCa) by inhibiting ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1). Methods The PCa chemotherapy-sensitive C4-2B cells were cultured, and the TaxR cells resistant to docetaxel (DTX) were established by gradient increase the concentration of DTX. The drug resistance of C4-2B and TaxR cells against DTX was assessed using CCK-8 and the colony formation experiment. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect ABCB1 expression. The TaxR cells were divided into: (1) Control group, negative control group (NC), siABCB1-1 group (transfected with siABCB1-1), and siABCB1-2 group (transfected with siABCB1-2). Western blotting was used to detect the effect of small interfering RNA on silencing ABCB1, and CCK-8 was used to detect the differences in DTX resistance between each group. (2) Different concentrations of BET (0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 mmol/L) groups. These groups were subjected to CCK-8 to detect cell viability, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of ABCB1. (3) Control group, DTX group (20 nmol/L DTX), BET group (200 mmol/L BET), and DTX+BET group (20 nmol/L DTX+200 mmol/L BET), flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis rate and cell cycle, and Western blotting to detect the protein expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl2, BAX, c-caspase-3). (4) Control group, BET group (200 mmol/L BET), wortmannin (WM) group (100 μmol/L WM), and BET+WM group (200 mmol/L BET+100 μmol/L WM). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of PI3K, Akt, and ABCB1. (5) Control group, BET group (200 mmol/L BET), and BAY group (10 μmol/L BAY), BAY+BET group (200 mmol/L BET+10 μmol/L BAY). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of NF-κB p65, p-ikBα and ABCB1. Network pharmacology combined with transcriptome sequencing was used to predict the possible pathways for BET to reverse chemotherapy resistance. Results Compared with C4-2B cells, TaxR cells showed significantly increased resistance to DTX (P<0.01), and high expression of ABCB1 (P<0.01). After silencing ABCB1 with siRNA, TaxR cells' resistance to DTX was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). The inhibition rate of TaxR cells treated with 200 mmol/L BET was less than 20%, and it significantly decreased the expression of ABCB1 protein in TaxR cells (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the combination of 200 mmol/L BET and 20 nmol/L DTX resulted in higher apoptosis rate and higher S stage cell ratio, lower expression of Bcl-2 protein and higher expression of BAX and c-caspase-3 proteins than the two drugs used alone (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the combination of 200 mmol/L BET and 100 μmol/L WM significantly down-regulated the protein expression of PI3K, Akt and ABCB1 (P<0.01). The combination of 200 mmol/L BET and 10 μmol/L BAY significantly down-regulated the protein expression of NF-κB p65, p-ikBα and ABCB1 (P<0.01). Conclusion BET may reverse TaxR cells' chemotherapy resistance by down-regulating ABCB1 expression through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.

betaine  /  prostate cancer  /  chemotherapy resistance  /  ABCB1
李亚杰, 张航, 聂黎虹, 安康杰, 杨尉鑫, 田国林, 赵瑞宁. 甜菜碱抑制ABCB1逆转前列腺癌化疗耐药的作用及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (2) : 197 -206 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1176.2024.0508
Ya-Jie Li, Hang Zhang, Li-Hong Nie, Kang-Jie An, Yu-Xin Yang, Guo-Lin Tian, Rui-Ning Zhao. Effect and mechanism of betaine in reversing ABCB1 transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in chemotherapy of prostate cancer[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (2) : 197 -206 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1176.2024.0508
前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)是男性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,近年来我国PCa发病率显著增高,居男性肿瘤第6位[1],成为发病率增长较快的恶性肿瘤[2]。PCa确诊时通常已至中晚期,此时以雄激素剥夺治疗(androgen deprivation therapy,ADT)为主[3],但ADT治疗后均逐渐发展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌(castration resistance prostate cancer,CRPC)。化疗是CRPC重要的治疗手段,一线化疗用药主要是多西他赛(docetaxel,DTX)[4],但DTX治疗后产生的多药耐药(multi-drug resistance,MDR)仍不可避免,且化疗用药不良反应明显、耐药后的CRPC预后更差,病死率更高[5]。因此,寻找MDR的关键靶点及调控机制对于逆转PCa化疗耐药至关重要。ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1(ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1,ABCB1)又称为MDR1,可将细胞内化疗药物外排到细胞外,致使药效降低,从而使化疗失去效应[6-7]。研究发现,ABCB1与PCa化疗耐药关系密切[8]。现有的ABCB1抑制剂如维拉帕米、奎宁、环孢菌素等均因效果不佳未能大规模使用,亟待寻找无毒、不良反应少的ABCB1抑制剂。甜菜碱(betaine,BET)具有抗氧化应激、抗炎、抗肿瘤和调节核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路等作用[9-12],而其是否可抑制ABCB1逆转PCa化疗耐药相关的研究极少。本研究旨在探讨BET下调ABCB1表达逆转PCa化疗耐药的作用及其机制。
BET购自美国Sigma公司;小鼠抗β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)多克隆抗体、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG、HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;兔抗大鼠磷酸化核因子κB抑制蛋白α(rat phosphorylation inhibitory subunit of NF-κBα,p-ikBα)抗体、兔抗核因子κB p65(nuclear factor-κB p65,NF-κB p65)抗体、兔抗B细胞淋巴细胞瘤因子2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,BAX)抗体购自美国CST公司;兔抗裂解型胱天蛋白酶3(cleaved caspase-3,c-caspase-3)抗体、兔抗磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)抗体、兔抗ABCB1抗体、兔抗Bcl-2抗体、兔抗蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、吐温(Tween)20、胰蛋白酶、青霉素、链霉素购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;胎牛血清(foetal bovine serum,FBS)、磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)、洛斯维-帕克纪念研究所(Roswell Park Memorial Institute,RPMI)1640培养基购自以色列Biological Industries公司;CCK-8试剂盒、异硫氰酸荧光素标记的膜联素Ⅴ/碘化丙啶(annexin Ⅴ-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide,annexin Ⅴ‑FITC/PI)细胞凋亡检测试剂盒购自上海贝博生物科技有限公司;增强型化学发光试剂(enhanced chemi-luminescence,ECL)、全蛋白提取试剂盒、二辛可宁酸(bicinchonininc acid,BCA)蛋白定量试剂盒购自江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司;BAY11-7082购自美国AbMole公司;渥曼青霉素、DTX溶液购自美国MCE公司;总RNA提取盒购自美国Axygen公司。
细胞株C4-2B、TaxR(利用亲本细胞C4-2B细胞通过DTX浓度递增法培养数代后构建的耐DTX细胞株[7])均由US California大学Davis分校Allen C Gao教授惠赠。C4-2B、TaxR细胞用含100 ml/L FBS、100 U/ml青霉素、100 mg/ml链霉素的RPMI1640培养基,于37 ℃、50 ml/L CO2培养箱中培养。待细胞融合至80%~90%时,添加2.5 g/L胰蛋白酶消化细胞进行传代培养,取对数生长期细胞进行后续实验。
取对数生长期C4-2B、TaxR细胞:(1)以不同浓度DTX(0、0.5、1、2、5、10、20 nmol/L)处理C4-2B细胞,不同浓度DTX(0、10、25、50、100、200 nmol/L)处理TaxR细胞,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活性;(2)采用Western blotting和qRT-PCR检测C4-2B、TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白和mRNA的表达;(3)以不同浓度DTX(0、5 nmol/L)处理C4-2B、TaxR细胞后,采用集落形成实验检测细胞集落形成能力。
取对数生长期TaxR细胞:(1)以不同浓度BET(0、100、200、400、600、800 mmol/L)处理后,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活性,Western blotting检测ABCB1蛋白的表达;(2)设置对照组(空白对照)、DTX组(20 nmol/L DTX处理)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)、DTX+BET组(20 nmol/L DTX+200 mmol/L BET联合处理),采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况及细胞周期,Western blotting检测Bcl-2、BAX、c-caspase-3蛋白的表达,细胞计数实验检测细胞增殖情况;(3)设置对照组(空白对照)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)、渥曼青霉素(WM)组(100 μmol/L WM处理)、BET+WM组(200 mmol/L BET+100 μmol/L WM处理),采用Western blotting检测PI3K、Akt、ABCB1蛋白的表达;(4)设置对照组(空白对照)、BET组(200 mmol/L BET处理)、BAY组(10 μmol/L BAY处理)、BAY+BET组(200 mmol/L BET+10 μmol/L BAY联合处理),采用Western blotting检测NF-κB p65、p-ikBα、ABCB1蛋白的表达;(5)设置对照组(空白对照)、阴性对照组(转染NC-siRNA)、siABCB1-1组(转染第1种干扰ABCB1的siRNA)与siABCB1-2组(转染第2种干扰ABCB1的siRNA)。siABCB1-1靶序列:5'-CACTGTTACTCTTAGCAAT-3',siABCB1-2靶序列:5'-GAGCTTAACACCCGACTTA-3'(由广州锐博生物科技有限公司合成)。将含有siRNA粉末的EP管中加入250 μl RNase水配置成可转染的siRNA溶液,于-20 ℃冰箱保存。将TaxR细胞铺于6孔板中。铺板完成后培养箱过夜。将5 μl siRNA溶液加入245 μl OptiDMEM溶液中待用,将7.5 μl Lipofectamine 2000溶液加入242.5 μl OptiDMEM溶液中,以上两混合溶液混合并置于冰上孵育5 min。孵育完成后将500 μl混合液与1500 μl不含青/链霉素的RPMI1640完全培养基混合形成可用于转染的2000 μl siRNA溶液。各孔给予更换相应的siRNA溶液2000 μl。将转染后的细胞置于CO2培养箱培养48 h。采用Western blotting和qRT-PCR检测ABCB1蛋白和mRNA的表达,CCK-8法检测细胞活性。
取对数生长期C4-2B、TaxR细胞,用胰蛋白酶消化后以5×103个/孔接种于96孔板,待细胞贴壁后进行相应处理,处理结束后将20 μl/孔CCK-8溶液(0.5 mg/ml)加入培养孔中,培养箱中孵育2 h,采用酶标仪检测450 nm波长处各孔吸光度(A)值。细胞相对活性=(A实验组-A空白组)/(A对照组-A空白组),使用GraphPad Prism软件计算半数抑制浓度(50% inhibitory concentration,IC50)。
取对数生长期C4-2B、TaxR细胞,用胰蛋白酶消化后制得细胞悬液,调整细胞浓度,将细胞接种于6孔板中(500个细胞/孔)。待细胞贴壁后加药处理,并置于培养箱中培养。14 d后取出6孔板,冷PBS洗2次,无水乙醇固定15 min,每孔加入1 ml 5 g/L结晶紫溶液染色静置1 h,弃结晶紫用去离子水缓慢清洗2次,以镜下50个以上细胞聚集记为1个集落,拍照并记录集落数目。
使用裂解液提取各组总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。取等量蛋白上样,行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳并转移至PVDF膜上。加入50 g/L脱脂奶粉室温下封闭2 h;PBST洗膜3次,加入兔抗ABCB1抗体(1:3000)、兔抗Bcl-2抗体(1:2000)、兔抗c-caspase-3抗体(1:2000)、兔抗PI3K抗体(1:2000)、兔抗Akt抗体(1:2000)、兔抗NF-κB p65抗体(1:2000)、兔抗p-ikBα抗体(1:1000)、兔抗BAX抗体(1:5000)和稀释的小鼠抗β-actin抗体(1:5000)室温孵育2 h;孵育结束后,加入1:5000稀释的HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG、HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG室温孵育2 h;PBST洗3次;加入ECL发光液曝光拍照。使用ImageJ软件分析。
各组处理结束后使用Trizol试剂提取细胞总RNA,并使用紫外分光光度计检测RNA浓度,分析其质量。取1 μg RNA反转录为cDNA,采用qRT-PCR检测ABCB1 mRNA的表达。反应条件:95 ℃ 30 s(变性);95 ℃ 5 s、60 ℃ 34 s(退火),40个循环。以GAPDH为内参,使用2-ΔΔCt进行相对定量分析。引物由上海生工有限公司合成。引物序列如下:ABCB1正向5'-ATGCTCTGGCCTTCTGGATGGGA-3',反向5'-ATGGCGATCCTCTGCTTCTGCCCAC-3';GAPDH正向5'-AGAAGGCTGAGGCTATTTG-3',反向5'-AGGGCGAAAGTCCCGAGCT-3'。
各组细胞培养48 h后用预冷的PBS漂洗2次,与500 μl结合缓冲液混匀;先加入10 μl Annexin V-FITC,再加入5 μl PI,混匀后避光孵育10 min。采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。细胞凋亡率(%)=早期细胞凋亡率(Annexin-V阳性,PI阴性)+晚期细胞凋亡率(Annexin-V和PI均阳性)。
细胞铺于6孔板,贴壁后按分组刺激细胞。完成后以不含EDTA的胰酶消化,2000 r/min离心5 min,离心后PBS重悬,调整细胞浓度至1000个/μl并转移1 ml细胞悬液至2 ml离心管中,随后在4 ℃下2000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,每管加入500 μl 70%乙醇并轻轻吹打混匀,置于-20 ℃冰箱固定6 h。随后以1000 r/min离心3 min,弃上清,PBS洗1次后1000 r/min离心3 min弃上清,每管加入试剂盒中RNaseA溶液和PI溶液以1:9体积比配制的染色工作液500 μl进行重悬,轻柔混匀后避光室温保存60 min。采用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。
各组处理结束后用胰蛋白酶消化后制得细胞悬液,调整细胞浓度,移液器轻柔吹打充分混合细胞悬液。打开细胞计数仪,系统自检通过后,取定量悬液加入上样孔进行计数,将计数结果按稀释比例计算母液细胞数,重复数次,取平均值,即为细胞计数实验结果。
(1)BET作用靶点的筛选:在PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中,以“Betaine”为关键词检索预测BET的作用靶点,并去除重复的靶点,获得BET最终靶点。(2)PCa潜在靶点搜集及BET作用靶点与疾病共同靶点的筛选:以“prostate cancer”作为检索关键词,利用GeneCards(https://www.genecards.org/)数据库检索PCa的潜在靶点,然后利用微生信在线解析工具软件将二者靶点取交集,获得BET与PCa的共同交集靶点。(3)BET与PCa的共同交集靶点的调控分子筛选:利用TRRUST数据库(https://www.grnpedia.org/trrust/)分析BET与PCa的共同交集靶点的调控分子。(4)ABCB1调控分子筛选:利用TRRUST数据库(https://www.grnpedia.org/trrust/)分析ABCB1的调控分子。(5)BET与PCa共同靶点的富集分析:利用STRING数据库(https://cn.string-db.org/)对BET与PCa共同靶点进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)的通路富集分析,设定种类为“Homo sapiens”,选择P<0.05为阈值,进行共同靶点的KEGG富集分析。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析或两独立样本t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用Pearson χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,C4-2B与TaxR细胞对DTX的IC50分别为1.71 nmol/L和172.3 nmol/L(图1A)。集落形成实验结果显示,DTX处理后,C4-2B细胞克隆形成数明显减少(P<0.01),TaxR细胞克隆形成数无明显变化(P>0.05),表明TaxR细胞对DTX的耐药性较强(图1B)。Western blotting和qRT-PCR检测结果显示,TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白和mRNA相对表达水平均高于C4-2B细胞,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图1C);siABCB1-1组、siABCB1-2组ABCB1蛋白和mRNA相对表达水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.01,图1D)。CCK-8法检测小干扰转染TaxR细胞敲减ABCB1的结果显示,对照组、阴性对照组、siABCB1-1组、siABCB1-2组TaxR细胞对DTX的IC50分别为172.3 nmol/L、167.7 nmol/L、27.6 nmol/L、25.5 nmol/L(图1E)。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,与对照组(0 mmol/L)比较,200、400、600、800 mmol/L BET处理后TaxR细胞活性明显降低(P<0.05,图2A),200 mmol/L BET对TaxR细胞活性的抑制率低于20%;Western blotting检测结果显示,200 mmol/L BET处理可明显降低TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白的表达(P<0.05,图2B),据此选取200 mmol/L BET进行后续实验。
流式细胞术检测结果显示,与对照组和DTX组比较,BET组和DTX+BET组TaxR细胞凋亡率明显增高(P<0.01),且DTX+BET组TaxR细胞凋亡率较BET组进一步增高(P<0.01,图2C)。与对照组和DTX组比较,BET组和DTX+BET组TaxR细胞G1期占比降低,S期占比升高,使TaxR细胞阻滞于S期,且DTX+BET组TaxR细胞G1期占比较BET组进一步降低,S期占比较BET组进一步升高,同样使TaxR细胞阻滞于S期(P<0.05或P<0.01,图2D)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组和DTX组比较,BET组和DTX+BET组TaxR细胞中凋亡相关蛋白BAX、c-caspase-3相对表达水平升高,Bcl-2相对表达水平降低,且DTX+BET组BAX、c-caspase-3相对表达水平较BET组进一步升高,Bcl-2相对表达水平较BET组进一步降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01,图2E)。
PubChem数据库检索BET作用靶点,GeneCards数据库检索PCa相关靶点,将BET作用靶点与PCa相关靶点取交集得到共同靶点21个,如表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、信号传导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)等(图3A)。TRRUST数据库分析这21个靶点的调控分子,共得到20个调控分子,如特异性蛋白(specificity protein 1,SP1)、肿瘤蛋白p53(tumor protein p53,TP53)、NF-κB、STAT3等(图3B)。同时利用TRRUST数据库分析ABCB1可能的调控因子,共得到28个调控因子,如NF-κB、TP53、沉默调节蛋白1(silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1,SIRT1)等(图3C)。将BET与PCa共同靶点利用STRING数据库进行通路富集分析,并与BET处理后转录组测序得到的KEGG通路取交集,得到共同的KEGG通路,如PI3K/Akt信号通路,癌症信号通路(breast cancer、bladder cancer),细胞周期通路(cell cycle),p53信号通路(p53 signaling pathway)等(图3D)。由上述生物信息学联合转录组测序结果可知ABCB1与NF-κB关系密切,并且与PI3K/Akt通路关系亦密切,因此后续研究选用PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,BET组、WM组、BET+WM组PI3K、Akt、ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);与BET组比较,WM组Akt蛋白相对表达水平明显降低,BET+WM组PI3K、Akt、ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);与WM组比较,BET+WM组PI3K、Akt、ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01) (图4)。
与对照组比较,BAY组、BET组、BAY+BET组NF-κB p65、p-ikBα、ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);与BAY组比较,BET组NF-κB p65蛋白相对表达水平降低,ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平升高,BAY+BET组NF-κB p65、p-ikBα、ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);与BET组比较,BAY+BET组NF-κB p65、p-ikBα、ABCB1蛋白相对表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01) (图5)。
细胞计数实验结果显示,DTX组与对照组细胞数量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与对照组比较,BET组和DTX+BET组细胞数量明显减少(P<0.05或P<0.01);与BET组和DTX组比较,DTX+BET组细胞数量明显减少(P<0.01) (图6)。
PCa发病率呈逐年递增趋势,已成为危害男性健康的十大癌症之一[13]。大多数PCa患者在确诊时已属晚期,失去手术机会而选择ADT治疗。最初ADT治疗能缓解PCa的进展,但经过一段时间的治疗后,肿瘤细胞逐渐耐药,进而发展为CRPC,以至不得不采用化疗。但化疗也会产生耐药性且不良反应明显,如何逆转或延缓化疗患者耐药性的产生对减慢病情进展及延长生存时间具有重要意义。研究化疗耐药产生的机制并针对关键靶点开发药物是逆转耐药的一个重要方法。越来越多的证据表明,多种癌细胞化疗耐药导致的临床治疗失败与ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette,ABC)家族密切相关[14]。已有研究指出,癌细胞的ABCB1转运体高表达是导致癌症患者预后差与生存率低的关键因素之一[15]。现有的ABCB1抑制剂不良反应明显、效果不显著,因此未应用于临床。
BET可从多种植物如枸杞中分离得到,属于实际无毒物质。有研究显示,每天多摄入100 mg BET可使人群的癌症发生率降低11%[16]。BET还有抑制血管生成以及肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移的作用[17-18]。本课题组前期研究发现,BET可显著抑制C4-2B细胞的增殖、侵袭等能力[19],本研究旨在进一步明确BET是否能缓解PCa化疗耐药及其相关机制。
本研究中TaxR细胞是由C4-2B细胞用DTX梯度长期刺激使其获得对DTX的耐药能力。C4-2B与TaxR细胞的对比则模拟了对化疗敏感与化疗耐药的区别。CCK-8法检测结果显示,TaxR细胞对DTX的IC50为172.3 nmol/L,而C4-2B细胞为1.71 nmol/L,两者相差100.2倍,集落形成实验结果与之一致。该结果表明化疗耐药细胞模型构建成功。Western blotting检测结果显示,与C4-2B细胞比较,TaxR细胞ABCB1蛋白和mRNA相对表达水平明显升高,提示TaxR对DTX耐药可能与ABCB1的高表达相关,与Zhu等[7]的研究结果一致。为进一步明确ABCB1与DTX耐药性的关系,对TaxR细胞采用siRNA转染沉默ABCB1,结果表明抑制ABCB1能显著逆转TaxR的耐药性。
本研究进一步显示,BET刺激TaxR细胞可剂量依赖性地降低细胞活性和ABCB1的表达,提示BET具有逆转PCa化疗耐药的潜质。CCK-8法检测结果显示,200 mmol/L BET对TaxR细胞活性的抑制率低于20%,故本研究选取200 mmol/L作为BET后续实验给药浓度,之所以未使用IC50作为用药剂量,是因为本研究希望通过更小剂量BET显著抑制ABCB1,逆转DTX耐药,而非直接通过BET治疗PCa,而200 mmol/L BET符合这一要求。依据转录组测序及网络药理学结果,推测BET的作用机制包括细胞周期及凋亡通路。因此,本研究检测了DTX和BET联合应用对TaxR细胞凋亡和周期分布的影响;结果显示,DTX和BET联合应用可使TaxR细胞阻滞于S期且凋亡率较二者单独应用时明显升高;提示二者联合应用可降低TaxR细胞对DTX的耐受性从而促进其凋亡。Western blotting检测结果显示,BET和DTX联用后TaxR细胞中Bcl-2蛋白表达较二者单独应用时明显降低,BAX蛋白表达明显增高,作为凋亡执行者的c-caspase-3蛋白表达也明显增高。由此推测,当PCa患者化疗产生耐药时,BET的应用可能使耐药性得到抑制。
本研究中网络药理学联合转录组测序分析发现,ABCB1与NF-κB关系密切,并且与PI3K/Akt通路关系亦密切。有研究指出,PI3K/Akt可激活NF-κB信号通路从而导致ABCB1表达增高[20]。因此后续研究选用PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路。为了探讨BET与PI3K/Akt信号通路的相关性,使用PI3K抑制剂WM和BET单独与联合应用评估其对相关蛋白表达的影响。WM和BET均具有下调ABCB1、PI3K、Akt蛋白表达的作用,二者共同应用较单独应用时蛋白表达下调更明显。表明PI3K/Akt信号通路在TaxR细胞中与ABCB1的调节明显相关。BET下调TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白表达与PI3K/Akt信号通路有明显相关性。为了验证BET与NF-κB信号通路及ABCB1表达之间的关系,使用NF-κB信号通路抑制剂BAY和BET单独与联合应用评估其对相关蛋白表达的影响。由于BAY阻止NF-κB向核内位置变化,进一步阻止其控制下游蛋白表达其功能,而入核过程需要ikBα蛋白的磷酸化状态,所以检测p-ikBα。BAY和BET均可下调ABCB1、NF-κB p65、p-ikBα蛋白的表达,二者联合应用较单独应用时蛋白表达下调更明显。表明NF-κB信号通路在TaxR细胞中与ABCB1的调节明显相关,BET下调TaxR细胞中ABCB1蛋白表达与PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路有明显相关性。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,BET调节ABCB1的作用使得其与DTX的联合应用可恢复TaxR对DTX的敏感性从而逆转耐药。通过网络药理学及转录组测序结果揭示了BET调节ABCB1和PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路的关联性。为今后PCa化疗耐药的治疗提供了新的理论依据。但本研究仍存在一些局限性,耐药机制的多样性不仅限于ABCB1这一靶点,而ABCB1的调控机制同样涉及多条信号传导途径;本研究仅关注ABCB1这一化疗耐药靶标及其关联的PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路,而对于其他潜在靶点及通路的探究未能涵盖;缺少动物体内实验,这在评估治疗策略的实际效果和毒性方面尤为重要。因此,未来仍需进一步深入研究。
  • 宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金(2023AAC03668)
  • 宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金(2022AAC03506)
  • 宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金(2022AAC03160)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1176.2024.0508
  • 接收时间:2023-09-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-04
  • 录用日期:2023-10-07
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2023AAC03668)
宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金(2023AAC03668)
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2022AAC03506)
宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金(2022AAC03506)
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2022AAC03160)
宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金(2022AAC03160)
作者信息
    1宁夏医科大学总医院泌尿外科,宁夏银川 750001
    2巴中市中心医院泌尿外科,四川巴中 636000
    3宁夏医科大学基础医学院,宁夏银川 750001
    4宁夏回族自治区人民医院泌尿外科,宁夏银川 750001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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