Article(id=1194617491176530092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0966.2024.1017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692806400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1703692800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-28, onlineDate=1762748604815, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762748604815, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762748604815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762748604815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194617490446721194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762748604641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749162199, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=168, endPage=175, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194617491428188336, articleId=1194617491176530092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Genetic analysis of a family with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the EVC gene: A case report and literature review, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To report the genetic analysis of a family with a fetus suspected of Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome based on ultrasound findings such as ventricular septal defect (VSD), short long bones in the limbs and polydactyly, and to conduct a literature review to clarify the pathogenic cause. Methods A 27-year-old pregnant woman, who was pregnant for the first time and had no prior deliveries, was admitted to the prenatal diagnosis center of Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in October 2021. At 17 weeks of gestation, ultrasound detected multiple fetal malformations. The genomic DNA of the fetal proband's amniotic fluid cells and the parents' peripheral blood samples were sequentially subjected to chromosomal karyotype analysis, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and whole exome sequencing (WES). Suspected pathogenic mutations were verified by Sanger sequencing in the proband and its parents. Subsequently, a Minigene in vitro experiment was used to analyze one splicing mutation. Meanwhile, databases such as PubMed were searched, and literature reports were combined for genetic analysis. Results Chromosomal karyotype analysis of the fetus showed no abnormalities, and CMA did not detect any copy number variation (CNV) with clinical significance. WES results revealed two mutations in the EVC gene (NM_153717.2) of the fetus: a nonsense mutation c.1405G>T(p.E469X) in exon 10 and a splicing mutation c.1886+5G>A in intron 13. Family verification using Sanger sequencing showed that the father was a carrier of the c.1405G>T(p.E469X) mutation in exon 10, and the mother was a carrier of the c.1886+5G>A mutation in intron 13. The compound heterozygous mutation of the fetus was inherited from the parents. According to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) for classifying genetic variations, c.1405G>T (p.E469X) was classified as likely pathogenic mutation (PVS1+PM2), and c.1886+5G>A was classified as likely pathogenic mutation (PM2+PM3_Strong). The Minigene experiment results showed that the c.1886+5G>A mutation caused a 115-bp segment retention in intron 13, further supporting its pathogenicity. Review of the literature showed that the typical clinical manifestations of EVC syndrome include short limbs, short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, nail and tooth dysplasia, and congenital heart defects. Gene mutations in EVC/EVC2 were found to be the main pathogenic cause through whole exome sequencing, with mutation types including missense mutations, large-scale duplications/deletions, in-frame microdeletions, nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, and splicing mutations. Conclusions The compound heterozygous mutations in the EVC gene are the pathogenic cause of the fetus. The detection of these mutations expands the genetic variation spectrum of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.

, correspAuthors=Jing Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 报告1例超声提示为室间隔缺损、四肢长骨短、多指等疑似Ellis-van Creveld(EVC)综合征,分析其胎儿的家系遗传学,并进行文献复习,以明确其致病原因。方法 纳入1例于2021年10月就诊于石家庄市妇产医院产前诊断中心的孕妇,27岁,孕1产0,宫内单胎妊娠,孕17周时超声检测发现胎儿存在多发畸形。将胎儿先证者的羊水细胞及其父母外周血的基因组DNA依次采用染色体核型分析、染色体微阵列分析(CMA)和全外显子组测序(WES)技术进行遗传学检测。对疑似的致病突变进行先证者及父母的Sanger测序验证。继而利用Minigene体外实验对1个剪接变异进行分析。同时检索PubMed等数据库,结合文献报道进行分析。结果 本例胎儿的染色体核型分析结果未见异常,CMA未检测出具有临床意义的拷贝数变异(CNV)。WES检测结果显示,胎儿的EVC基因(NM_153717.2)存在两个突变:10号外显子的c.1405G>T(p.E469X)无义突变和13号内含子的c.1886+5G>A剪接突变。家系验证:Sanger测序结果显示父亲为10号外显子c.1405G>T(p.E469X)携带者,母亲为13号内含子c.1886+5G>A携带者,胎儿的复合杂合突变遗传于父母。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会遗传变异分类标准指南,判定c.1405G>T(p.E469X)为疑似致病突变(PVS1+PM2),c.1886+5G>A为疑似致病突变(PM2+PM3_Strong)。Minigene实验结果显示c.1886+5G>A突变造成了13号内含子一段115 bp的滞留,进一步支持了其致病性。复习文献可知,EVC的典型临床表现为四肢短小、肋骨短、轴后多指、指甲和牙齿发育不良、先天性心脏发育缺陷等,通过全外显子组检测发现EVC/EVC2的基因突变为其主要的致病原因,突变类型包括错义突变、大片段的重复/缺失、框内微缺失、无义突变、移码突变、剪接突变等。结论 EVC基因的复合杂合突变是本例胎儿的致病原因,该突变的检出扩展了Ellis-van Creveld综合征的基因变异谱。

, correspAuthors=张静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张静,E-mail:
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孙东兰,硕士研究生,主要从事产前诊断及遗传学方面的研究

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孙东兰,硕士研究生,主要从事产前诊断及遗传学方面的研究

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Cell Res, 2012, 22(11): 1593-1604., articleTitle=Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signal by forming a complex with Evc/Evc2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194646622366835105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=151, issue=4, pageStart=341, pageEnd=351, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Ruiz-Perez VL, Goodship JA, journalName=Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ruiz-Perez VL, Goodship JA. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and Weyers acrodental dysostosis are caused by cilia-mediated diminished response to hedgehog ligands[J]. 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Eur J Med Genet, 2013, 56(2): 80-87., articleTitle=Novel and recurrent EVC and EVC2 mutations in Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and Weyers acrofacial dyostosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194646622916288935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=19, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Scotti MM, Swanson MS, journalName=Nat Rev Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Scotti MM, Swanson MS. RNA mis-splicing in disease[J]. 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Am J Hum Genet, 2023, 110(7): 1046-1067., articleTitle=Using the ACMG/AMP framework to capture evidence related to predicted and observed impact on splicing: recommendations from the ClinGen SVI splicing subgroup, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194646617920872830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, awardId=20231661, language=EN, fundingSource=Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Provincial Health Commission(20231661), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194646618021536127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, awardId=20231661, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省卫生健康委医学科学研究课题(20231661), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194646618143170944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, awardId=221460465, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Shijiazhuang(221460465), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194646618231251329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, awardId=221460465, language=CN, fundingSource=石家庄市科学技术研究与发展计划(221460465), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194646609595179327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194646609603567936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, companyId=1194646609595179327, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital/Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province/Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194646609611956545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, companyId=1194646609595179327, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=石家庄市妇产医院产前诊断分中心/河北省母胎医学重点实验室/石家庄市生殖健康重点实验室,河北石家庄 050011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194646616817770866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Results of prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound on a fetus with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, figureFileSmall=4q5qoqdhCzssU7COyR/1TQ==, figureFileBig=/p0QyBDmXaos8oYcOnwTxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646616897462643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Ellis-van Creveld综合征胎儿1例产前三维超声结果

A. 胎儿右手呈现轴后多指;B. 胎儿左手呈现轴后多指;C. 胎儿心脏完全型房室间隔缺损的血流图;D. 胎儿心脏完全型房室间隔缺损的大小;E. 胎儿的肱骨长度明显短小;F. 胎儿的股骨明显短小

, figureFileSmall=4q5qoqdhCzssU7COyR/1TQ==, figureFileBig=/p0QyBDmXaos8oYcOnwTxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646617014903156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Results of fetal genetic testing for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, figureFileSmall=+2nYhRE0YUQkcFPJArtblQ==, figureFileBig=6NQjNyuSfKt6Zt+ydS4EfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646617086206325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Ellis-van Creveld综合征胎儿的遗传学检测结果

A. 胎儿染色体核型未见异常;B. 胎儿染色体微阵列分析(CMA)未检出具有临床意义的拷贝数变异;C. 胎儿的家系图(红色为EVC c.1405G>T突变,用M1表示,蓝色为EVC c.1886+5G>A突变,用M2表示,WT为野生型,箭头指代先证者);D. 两个变异(M1及M2)的Sanger测序峰图结果(箭头所指为突变位点的位置)

, figureFileSmall=+2nYhRE0YUQkcFPJArtblQ==, figureFileBig=6NQjNyuSfKt6Zt+ydS4EfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646617153315190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of fetal Minigene in vitro experiment for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, figureFileSmall=6E/zwmY2p79xtGqG646Cwg==, figureFileBig=TkCeK0wWWE65mUtg5hoANA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646617224618359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Ellis-van Creveld综合征胎儿Minigene体外实验结果

A. Minigene设计模式图;B. 对野生型(WT)及突变型(MT)载体转染后细胞的RNA进行扩增后,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果;C. WT及MT细胞的cDNA测序结果;D. c.1886+5G>A突变导致的异常剪接模式图

, figureFileSmall=6E/zwmY2p79xtGqG646Cwg==, figureFileBig=TkCeK0wWWE65mUtg5hoANA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646617295921528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequence used for Minigene vector construction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
EVC-A正向:AAGCTTGGTACCGAGCTCGGATCCACTTCAGCACCGTGGACACTTTCCAGAAG
反向:ACTAATGTAGGTCCTTCACTCAACCGCACCTGCCTT
EVC-B正向:AGTGAAGGACCTACATTAGTAAGCATGGTATTGGT
反向:GTGATTCATGCTTTCCAGCAAATTGGAAAGACCATA
EVC-C正向:TGCTGGAAAGCATGAATCACTGAAATAGGAACTCA
反向:TTAAACGGGCCCTCTAGACTCGAGCAGGGCCCTGAGCAGCTGCCACTGATGC
EVC-MT正向:AGAGTGAATACAGCTCCCTGAAGGCCCAGGGCTTTG
反向:CAGGGAGCTGTATTCACTCTTCAGTGAGGCCGCCCAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1194646617375613305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Minigene载体构建使用的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
EVC-A正向:AAGCTTGGTACCGAGCTCGGATCCACTTCAGCACCGTGGACACTTTCCAGAAG
反向:ACTAATGTAGGTCCTTCACTCAACCGCACCTGCCTT
EVC-B正向:AGTGAAGGACCTACATTAGTAAGCATGGTATTGGT
反向:GTGATTCATGCTTTCCAGCAAATTGGAAAGACCATA
EVC-C正向:TGCTGGAAAGCATGAATCACTGAAATAGGAACTCA
反向:TTAAACGGGCCCTCTAGACTCGAGCAGGGCCCTGAGCAGCTGCCACTGATGC
EVC-MT正向:AGAGTGAATACAGCTCCCTGAAGGCCCAGGGCTTTG
反向:CAGGGAGCTGTATTCACTCTTCAGTGAGGCCGCCCAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1194646617467887994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mutations identified in the EVC/EVC2 gene from the case report

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献病例数国家性别年龄是否近亲基因突变位点
Wang[9]1中国产前孕23+4EVCc.153_174+42del纯合突变
Umair[10]3(姐弟)巴基斯坦男1/女210岁/14岁/16岁EVC2c.30dupC纯合突变
2(兄妹)科索沃男1/女19岁/2岁EVCc.919T>C/c.2894+3A>G复合杂合突变
Dekker[11]1坦桑尼亚22个月EVC2c.653_654del/c.2710C>T复合杂合突变
Eftekhariyazdi[12]1伊朗产前(男)孕18周EVC2c.942G>A纯合突变
Huang[13]1中国42岁EVCc.2014C>T纯合突变
Negrete-Torres[14]1墨西哥14岁EVC2c.519_519+1delinsT/c.2161delC复合杂合突变
115岁c.645G>A/c.273up复合杂合突变
León-Madero[15]1墨西哥8个月EVC2c.1195C>T/c.2161delC复合杂合突变
Sato[16]1日本43天EVC2/EVCEVC2 c.1991dup/EVC exon1和EVC2 exon1-7的大片段缺失的复合杂合
Zhuang[17]1中国产前孕23+5EVC2c.2484G>A/c.871-2_894del复合杂合突变
Nguyen TQ[18]1越南17个月EVC2c.769G>T/c.2476C>T复合杂合突变
132个月EVCc.1717C>G/16.4kb缺失的复合杂合
张蔓丽[19]1中国产前孕30+3EVCc.884C>G/c.982C>T复合杂合突变
吴琴[20]1中国产前孕24周EVC2c.682G>C(p.A228P)/loss1(Exon:2-22)all复合杂合突变
王金铭[21]1中国产前孕18周EVC2c.519+1G>C/c.903delG复合杂合突变
Zaka[22]3(姐弟)巴基斯坦男2/女16岁/9岁/12岁EVCc.731_757del纯合缺失
), ArticleFig(id=1194646617568551291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

个案病例中EVC/EVC2基因检测的突变位点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献病例数国家性别年龄是否近亲基因突变位点
Wang[9]1中国产前孕23+4EVCc.153_174+42del纯合突变
Umair[10]3(姐弟)巴基斯坦男1/女210岁/14岁/16岁EVC2c.30dupC纯合突变
2(兄妹)科索沃男1/女19岁/2岁EVCc.919T>C/c.2894+3A>G复合杂合突变
Dekker[11]1坦桑尼亚22个月EVC2c.653_654del/c.2710C>T复合杂合突变
Eftekhariyazdi[12]1伊朗产前(男)孕18周EVC2c.942G>A纯合突变
Huang[13]1中国42岁EVCc.2014C>T纯合突变
Negrete-Torres[14]1墨西哥14岁EVC2c.519_519+1delinsT/c.2161delC复合杂合突变
115岁c.645G>A/c.273up复合杂合突变
León-Madero[15]1墨西哥8个月EVC2c.1195C>T/c.2161delC复合杂合突变
Sato[16]1日本43天EVC2/EVCEVC2 c.1991dup/EVC exon1和EVC2 exon1-7的大片段缺失的复合杂合
Zhuang[17]1中国产前孕23+5EVC2c.2484G>A/c.871-2_894del复合杂合突变
Nguyen TQ[18]1越南17个月EVC2c.769G>T/c.2476C>T复合杂合突变
132个月EVCc.1717C>G/16.4kb缺失的复合杂合
张蔓丽[19]1中国产前孕30+3EVCc.884C>G/c.982C>T复合杂合突变
吴琴[20]1中国产前孕24周EVC2c.682G>C(p.A228P)/loss1(Exon:2-22)all复合杂合突变
王金铭[21]1中国产前孕18周EVC2c.519+1G>C/c.903delG复合杂合突变
Zaka[22]3(姐弟)巴基斯坦男2/女16岁/9岁/12岁EVCc.731_757del纯合缺失
), ArticleFig(id=1194646617698574716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Detection rate and mutation types of EVC/EVC2 genes in a series of case studies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献病例数国家性别年龄范围近亲占比(%)EVC/EVC2检出率(%)突变类型汇总
Aubert-Mucca[2]50(45个家庭)欧洲(n=15)、法国(n=6)、摩洛哥(n=4)、黎巴嫩(n=3)、非洲(n=2)、阿尔及利亚(n=2)、马里(n=2)、突尼斯(n=2)、中国(n=1)、圭亚那(n=1)、塞内加尔(n=1)、车臣(n=1)、土耳其(n=1)、多哥/法国(n=1)

男(n=27)/

女(n=23)

17例存活者从第1天到62岁(中位年龄6岁),8例夭折,25例产前36.477.8

EVC基因突变17种:5个无义突变,2个移码突变,3个剪接突变,2个非编码区,5个拷贝数变异;

EVC2基因突变25种:7个无义突变,8个移码突变,3个剪接突变,3个错义突变,4个拷贝数变异

Zhang[23]10美国

产前(n=6)/

新生儿(n=4)

[(夭折(n=3)]

孕33/24/22/21/20/16周/(新生儿无具体年龄)0100EVC突变4例,EVC2突变6例,共鉴定出14种不同的突变(文献未详细描述)
Altunoglu[24]46(43个家庭)土耳其(n=28),丹麦(n=1),埃及(n=11),立陶宛(n=1),西班牙(n=1),墨西哥(n=1)

男(n=19)/

女(n=27)

从出生至63岁79.195.3

EVC基因突变24种:包括1个错义突变、2个大片段的重复/缺失、2个框内微缺失、5个无义突变、7个移码突变和7个剪接突变;

EVC2基因突变21种:包括1个错义突变、2个大片段的缺失、5个移码突变,5个剪接突变和8个无义突变。

Valencia[25]36土耳其(n=5),西班牙(n=12),墨西哥(n=1),埃及(n=6),巴西(n=2),约旦(n=4),以色列(n=1),卡塔尔(n=1),荷兰(n=1),巴基斯坦(n=1),阿尔及利亚人(n=1),美国(n=1)--63.9100

18例患者中发现EVC突变20种,包括7个微缺失,5个无义突变,4个剪接位点突变,2个单核苷酸重复和2个错义突变;

18例患者中发现EVC2突变17种,包括8个无义突变,4个微缺失,2个外显子的缺失,1个单核苷酸重复,1个错义突变和1个剪接位点突变

), ArticleFig(id=1194646617769877885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491176530092, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

系列病例中EVC/EVC2基因检出率及突变类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献病例数国家性别年龄范围近亲占比(%)EVC/EVC2检出率(%)突变类型汇总
Aubert-Mucca[2]50(45个家庭)欧洲(n=15)、法国(n=6)、摩洛哥(n=4)、黎巴嫩(n=3)、非洲(n=2)、阿尔及利亚(n=2)、马里(n=2)、突尼斯(n=2)、中国(n=1)、圭亚那(n=1)、塞内加尔(n=1)、车臣(n=1)、土耳其(n=1)、多哥/法国(n=1)

男(n=27)/

女(n=23)

17例存活者从第1天到62岁(中位年龄6岁),8例夭折,25例产前36.477.8

EVC基因突变17种:5个无义突变,2个移码突变,3个剪接突变,2个非编码区,5个拷贝数变异;

EVC2基因突变25种:7个无义突变,8个移码突变,3个剪接突变,3个错义突变,4个拷贝数变异

Zhang[23]10美国

产前(n=6)/

新生儿(n=4)

[(夭折(n=3)]

孕33/24/22/21/20/16周/(新生儿无具体年龄)0100EVC突变4例,EVC2突变6例,共鉴定出14种不同的突变(文献未详细描述)
Altunoglu[24]46(43个家庭)土耳其(n=28),丹麦(n=1),埃及(n=11),立陶宛(n=1),西班牙(n=1),墨西哥(n=1)

男(n=19)/

女(n=27)

从出生至63岁79.195.3

EVC基因突变24种:包括1个错义突变、2个大片段的重复/缺失、2个框内微缺失、5个无义突变、7个移码突变和7个剪接突变;

EVC2基因突变21种:包括1个错义突变、2个大片段的缺失、5个移码突变,5个剪接突变和8个无义突变。

Valencia[25]36土耳其(n=5),西班牙(n=12),墨西哥(n=1),埃及(n=6),巴西(n=2),约旦(n=4),以色列(n=1),卡塔尔(n=1),荷兰(n=1),巴基斯坦(n=1),阿尔及利亚人(n=1),美国(n=1)--63.9100

18例患者中发现EVC突变20种,包括7个微缺失,5个无义突变,4个剪接位点突变,2个单核苷酸重复和2个错义突变;

18例患者中发现EVC2突变17种,包括8个无义突变,4个微缺失,2个外显子的缺失,1个单核苷酸重复,1个错义突变和1个剪接位点突变

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EVC基因的复合杂合突变致Ellis-van Creveld综合征的家系遗传学分析:1例报告并文献复习
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孙东兰 , 陈文琪 , 张晶 , 彭园园 , 袁玉凡 , 王朝希 , 郭清 , 张静 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2025,50(2): 168-175
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2025, 50(2): 168-175
EVC基因的复合杂合突变致Ellis-van Creveld综合征的家系遗传学分析:1例报告并文献复习
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孙东兰, 陈文琪, 张晶, 彭园园, 袁玉凡, 王朝希, 郭清, 张静*
作者信息
  • 石家庄市妇产医院产前诊断分中心/河北省母胎医学重点实验室/石家庄市生殖健康重点实验室,河北石家庄 050011
  • 孙东兰,硕士研究生,主要从事产前诊断及遗传学方面的研究

通讯作者:

张静,E-mail:
Genetic analysis of a family with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the EVC gene: A case report and literature review
Dong-Lan Sun, Wen-Qi Chen, Jing Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Peng, Yu-Fan Yuan, Zhao-Xi Wang, Qing Guo, Jing Zhang*
Affiliations
  • Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital/Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Hebei Province/Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0966.2024.1017
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目的 报告1例超声提示为室间隔缺损、四肢长骨短、多指等疑似Ellis-van Creveld(EVC)综合征,分析其胎儿的家系遗传学,并进行文献复习,以明确其致病原因。方法 纳入1例于2021年10月就诊于石家庄市妇产医院产前诊断中心的孕妇,27岁,孕1产0,宫内单胎妊娠,孕17周时超声检测发现胎儿存在多发畸形。将胎儿先证者的羊水细胞及其父母外周血的基因组DNA依次采用染色体核型分析、染色体微阵列分析(CMA)和全外显子组测序(WES)技术进行遗传学检测。对疑似的致病突变进行先证者及父母的Sanger测序验证。继而利用Minigene体外实验对1个剪接变异进行分析。同时检索PubMed等数据库,结合文献报道进行分析。结果 本例胎儿的染色体核型分析结果未见异常,CMA未检测出具有临床意义的拷贝数变异(CNV)。WES检测结果显示,胎儿的EVC基因(NM_153717.2)存在两个突变:10号外显子的c.1405G>T(p.E469X)无义突变和13号内含子的c.1886+5G>A剪接突变。家系验证:Sanger测序结果显示父亲为10号外显子c.1405G>T(p.E469X)携带者,母亲为13号内含子c.1886+5G>A携带者,胎儿的复合杂合突变遗传于父母。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会遗传变异分类标准指南,判定c.1405G>T(p.E469X)为疑似致病突变(PVS1+PM2),c.1886+5G>A为疑似致病突变(PM2+PM3_Strong)。Minigene实验结果显示c.1886+5G>A突变造成了13号内含子一段115 bp的滞留,进一步支持了其致病性。复习文献可知,EVC的典型临床表现为四肢短小、肋骨短、轴后多指、指甲和牙齿发育不良、先天性心脏发育缺陷等,通过全外显子组检测发现EVC/EVC2的基因突变为其主要的致病原因,突变类型包括错义突变、大片段的重复/缺失、框内微缺失、无义突变、移码突变、剪接突变等。结论 EVC基因的复合杂合突变是本例胎儿的致病原因,该突变的检出扩展了Ellis-van Creveld综合征的基因变异谱。

骨骼发育不良  /  Ellis-van Creveld综合征  /  基因,EVC  /  全外显子组测序

Objective To report the genetic analysis of a family with a fetus suspected of Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome based on ultrasound findings such as ventricular septal defect (VSD), short long bones in the limbs and polydactyly, and to conduct a literature review to clarify the pathogenic cause. Methods A 27-year-old pregnant woman, who was pregnant for the first time and had no prior deliveries, was admitted to the prenatal diagnosis center of Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in October 2021. At 17 weeks of gestation, ultrasound detected multiple fetal malformations. The genomic DNA of the fetal proband's amniotic fluid cells and the parents' peripheral blood samples were sequentially subjected to chromosomal karyotype analysis, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and whole exome sequencing (WES). Suspected pathogenic mutations were verified by Sanger sequencing in the proband and its parents. Subsequently, a Minigene in vitro experiment was used to analyze one splicing mutation. Meanwhile, databases such as PubMed were searched, and literature reports were combined for genetic analysis. Results Chromosomal karyotype analysis of the fetus showed no abnormalities, and CMA did not detect any copy number variation (CNV) with clinical significance. WES results revealed two mutations in the EVC gene (NM_153717.2) of the fetus: a nonsense mutation c.1405G>T(p.E469X) in exon 10 and a splicing mutation c.1886+5G>A in intron 13. Family verification using Sanger sequencing showed that the father was a carrier of the c.1405G>T(p.E469X) mutation in exon 10, and the mother was a carrier of the c.1886+5G>A mutation in intron 13. The compound heterozygous mutation of the fetus was inherited from the parents. According to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) for classifying genetic variations, c.1405G>T (p.E469X) was classified as likely pathogenic mutation (PVS1+PM2), and c.1886+5G>A was classified as likely pathogenic mutation (PM2+PM3_Strong). The Minigene experiment results showed that the c.1886+5G>A mutation caused a 115-bp segment retention in intron 13, further supporting its pathogenicity. Review of the literature showed that the typical clinical manifestations of EVC syndrome include short limbs, short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, nail and tooth dysplasia, and congenital heart defects. Gene mutations in EVC/EVC2 were found to be the main pathogenic cause through whole exome sequencing, with mutation types including missense mutations, large-scale duplications/deletions, in-frame microdeletions, nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, and splicing mutations. Conclusions The compound heterozygous mutations in the EVC gene are the pathogenic cause of the fetus. The detection of these mutations expands the genetic variation spectrum of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.

skeletal dysplasia  /  Ellis-van Creveld syndrome  /  gene, EVC  /  whole exome sequencing
孙东兰, 陈文琪, 张晶, 彭园园, 袁玉凡, 王朝希, 郭清, 张静. EVC基因的复合杂合突变致Ellis-van Creveld综合征的家系遗传学分析:1例报告并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (2) : 168 -175 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0966.2024.1017
Dong-Lan Sun, Wen-Qi Chen, Jing Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Peng, Yu-Fan Yuan, Zhao-Xi Wang, Qing Guo, Jing Zhang. Genetic analysis of a family with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the EVC gene: A case report and literature review[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (2) : 168 -175 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0966.2024.1017
Ellis-van Creveld(EVC)综合征(OMIM数据库编号#225500)是一种严重的骨骼发育不良疾病,又名软骨外胚层发育不良(chondroecto-dermal dysplasia)、中/外胚层发育不良(mesoectodermal dysplasia),最早于1940年由Richard W. B. Ellis和Simon van Creveld命名并详细描述了此病的临床特征[1]。EVC的典型指征包括四肢短小、肋骨短、轴后多指、指甲和牙齿发育不良等,约60%的患者存在先天性心脏缺陷[2]。EVC在全球新生儿中的发生率为1/200 000~1/60 000,但在美国宾夕法尼亚州的Amish人群中和西澳大利亚的原住民中发生率较高[3]。迄今为止,已有多个基因被报道与EVC及其相似疾病有关,包括EVC基因(OMIM *604831)、EVC2基因(OMIM*607261)、DYNC2H1基因(OMIM *603297)、DYNC2LI1基因(OMIM *617083)、SMO基因(OMIM*601500)、PRKACB基因(OMIM *176892)等,其中EVC/EVC2基因的双等位基因突变导致的病例占比达70%以上[2]。根据人类基因突变数据库(human genetic mutation database,HGMD;https://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/)载录,EVCEVC2均有约100个致病性突变被报道,且其数目仍在不断增加。本研究采集1例在孕20周经产前超声诊断为发育落后、多发畸形的胎儿羊水细胞,以及其父母的外周血样本,利用序贯式遗传学诊断方法检测其致病突变,以明确EvC的诊断,旨在为该病的家庭遗传咨询和再生育指导提供帮助。
本家系籍贯为河北省,于2021年10月就诊于石家庄市妇产医院产前诊断中心。孕妇27岁,孕1产0,宫内单胎妊娠,初诊孕周17+1周;孕17周超声检测发现:胎儿心脏完全型房间隔缺损,股骨长1.85 cm,肱骨长1.71 cm,双手多指可能。夫妻双方体健,否认近亲婚配史,否认遗传病家族史。胎儿产前超声指征见图1
采用常规羊膜腔穿刺术抽取羊水25 ml,其中20 ml羊水用于细胞培养染色体核型分析。根据美国细胞遗传学协会实验室手册(第2版)[4]标准方法制备羊水细胞染色体G显带核型,利用Imager Z.2核型采集分析系统及配套的iKaros软件(德国Zeiss公司)进行分析,参考人类细胞基因组学命名国际体系(2016)[5]的判读标准完成核型分析。经分析,胎儿羊水细胞染色体核型未见异常(图2A)。
采用TIANamp Genomic DNA Kit离心柱式血液gDNA提取试剂盒(北京天根生化科技有限公司)对剩下的5 ml羊水完成细胞gDNA提取。同时采集胎儿父母3 ml EDTA抗凝血提取gDNA。取2 μl利用紫外分光光度计检测DNA浓度及纯度。使用Cytoscan HD平台(美国Affymetrix公司)进行CMA分析,包括全基因组阵列中的拷贝数变异(copy number variation,CNV)和单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP);按照制造商的标准操作程序进行样品制备及上机;然后用随机自带的ChAS软件分析数据,进行变异筛选。依据美国医学遗传学与基因组学协会(American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics,ACMG)发布的拷贝数变异解读报告标准指南[6]判定可能的致病性突变。经分析,胎儿来源羊水样本未检测到>100 kb的致病性或疑似致病性CNV(图2B)。
采用xGenExome Research Panel进行外显子区序列杂交捕获,采用定量荧光PCR测试文库富集情况、大小分布及浓度。应用NovaSeq 6000测序平台完成检测,Picard v软件(1.57)去除PCR重复,采用Burrows-Wheeler Aligner软件将原始数据比对人类基因组参考序列(GRCh38版本)。通过Verita Trekker® Variants Detection system v2.0(北京贝瑞基因和康生物技术有限公司)和Genome Analysis Toolkit软件进行变异发掘(calling),再利用ANNOVAR(v2.0)[7]和Enliven® Variants Annotation Interpretation系统(北京贝瑞基因和康生物技术有限公司)根据ACMG发布的通用指南进行序列变异注释解读[8]。经分析,胎儿EVC基因(转录本NM_153717.2)存在两个突变,分别为10号外显子的c.1405G>T(p.E469X)无义突变和13号内含子的c.1886+5G>A剪接突变。
针对各疑似致病的位点利用Primer 3在线软件(http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3)进行引物设计。采用PCR法扩增,利用Qiagen纯化试剂盒对产物进行纯化;使用ABI-3500(美国ThermoFisher公司)基因分析系统进行上机测序,通过系统软件进行结果分析显示,c.1405G>T遗传自父亲,而c.1886+5G>A遗传自母亲。以先证者为核心,使用Cyrillic、Adobe Illustrator软件绘制家系谱图(图2C、D)。根据ACMG遗传变异分类标准指南,判定c.1405G>T(p.E469X)为疑似致病突变(证据等级PVS1+PM2_Supportting),c.1886+5G>A为疑似致病突变(证据等级PM2_Supportting+PM3_Strong)。
利用pMini-CopGFP质粒(北京海创科业生物技术有限公司)分别构建EVC基因野生型和EVC:c.1886+5G>A突变型的Minigene表达载体,包含12-14号外显子及12、13号内含子的部分区段。首先,12号内含子原始长度9843 bp,13号内含子原始长度3304 bp,由于12号及13号内含子序列较长,采用PCR扩增法截取野生型EVC基因在该区段邻近外显子的部分区段,构建后的12号内含子长度为936 bp,13号内含子长度为826 bp,并通过片段相互连接构成Mini片段,连同12-14号外显子序列构入表达载体,载体构建过程模式图见图3A。然后,以该“野生型Mini载体”为模板,利用表1中的突变引物构建c.1886+5G>A点突变载体。使用的引物序列见表1,退火温度60-62 ℃;克隆筛选及质粒鉴定过程略。野生型、突变型载体分别转染293T细胞,48 h后提取总RNA,并反转录为cDNA。然后使用PCR扩增目的片段(MiniRT-F:5'-GGCTAACTAGAGAACCCACTGCTT-A-3';EVC-RT-R:5'-TGCTCCAGTGCACGCTGTTC-C-3'。退火温度为60 ℃)。通过分析PCR片段大小及相应的Sanger测序,综合分析结果显示野生型质粒转录mRNA序列与预期相符,包含完整的12-14号外显子。c.1886+5G>A突变型质粒转染后共转录1种mRNA产物,PCR扩增和Sanger测序结果见图3B、C,13号内含子部分滞留115 bp序列在成熟的mRNA中,mRNA的表示方式为c.1886+1_1886+115ins;在未发生无义介导的mRNA衰变(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,NMD)的情况下,蛋白提前终止形成截短蛋白,蛋白的表示方式为Ser630X。野生型与突变型的剪接机制模式图见图3D
在PubMed文献数据库中以“Ellis-van Creveld syndrome”“EVC”“variant”为关键词检索到相关的英文文献15篇并获取全文,在万方数据库和中国知网检索到3篇中文并获全文,包括14篇个案报道(包括1~5例)文献[9-22],4篇队列研究的系列病例报道[2,23-25]。研究对象共166例,包括产前超声诊断多发畸形胎儿37例,新生儿15例(11例夭折),婴幼儿-成人78例,其他36例未详细介绍年龄和性别。个案报道所涉及的患者基本资料、突变基因及位点详见表2;系列病例报道所涉及的患者基本资料、EVC/EVC2基因检出率及突变类型汇总见表3
EVC是一种常染色体隐性遗传病,以先天骨发育不良、外胚层发育不良为核心指征,有超过一半的患者存在先天性心脏异常,为常见的致死原因[1]。EVC患者的临床表型大多为前臂、小腿、肋骨较短,胸廓窄,多指/趾,指/趾甲畸形,牙齿发育不良[21];但在家族间及家族内可出现较强的临床异质性[2,22,26-27]
Ruiz-Perez等[28-29]发现,EVCEVC2基因均位于染色体4p16区域,EVCEVC2在基因组上以头对头(head-to-head)的结构排列,而EVCEVC2基因突变可导致EVC综合征或Weyers颅面骨发育不全两种遗传病[28-30]。这两个基因能够直接产生相互作用,共同形成位于细胞纤毛基底部的一个蛋白复合体,参与Hedgehog信号通路以及原生纤毛的发育和功能[31-32],而该功能破坏是EVC的核心发病机制[32]。同时,EVC-EVC2复合体功能失活还可造成Wnt信号通路的异常上调[33],影响骨骼的正常发育。随着基因组学技术的进步,越来越多的基因被揭示与EVC有关,进一步丰富了对EVC致病机制及纤毛相关骨发育疾病的认识[23,34-36]
本研究针对经产前超声诊断为发育落后、多发畸形的1例胎儿,利用序贯式遗传学检测方法检出其EVC基因存在一复合杂合突变,包含c.1405G>T(p.E469X)和c.1886+5G>A两个突变体。其中,c.1405G>T突变体是未曾报道过的新突变,属无义突变(零效突变),可能会发生NMD机制(无义介导的mRNA衰变)使截断的mRNA降解,导致蛋白表达水平降低,满足PVS1证据等级;且该突变在健康人群数据库中的频率为0,属低频突变,满足PM2_Supportting证据等级。D'Asdia等[37]在两个近亲家系中发现了c.1886+5G>A纯合突变,其中1例为胎儿,超声检测显示轴后多指畸形、四肢短、肋骨短、肺发育不全及房间隔缺损,另外1例为1岁男孩,表型为轴后多指畸形,因此可确定该突变与EVC相关,满足PM3_Strong证据等级;该突变在健康人群数据库中频率为0.0000319,属低频突变,满足PM2_Supportting证据等级。因此,根据ACMG变异解读的标准指南,这两个突变均被判读为“可能致病性”[8]
D'Asdia等[37]发现,c.1886+5G>A突变可能引起EVC综合征,由于该突变并非位于经典的剪接位点(±1或2位),因此通过功能实验进一步了解其生物学效应是有必要的。为此,本研究参照先前研究的方法[38],设计并执行的一组Minigene体外验证实验,结果提示该突变介导13号内含子上c.1886+1_1886+115ins的115 bp滞留在成熟的mRNA中,最终导致了翻译提前终止,形成截短蛋白,造成功能丧失。因此,根据ACMG变异解读指南,该突变满足PVS1(RNA)证据等级,即“剪接实验证明突变导致异常剪接,适用PVS1_Strength (RNA)”[39]
综上所述,本研究在1例产前表现为发育落后、多发畸形的胎儿中检出EVC基因的复合杂合突变c.1405G>T(p.E469X)和c.1886+5G>A,并通过体外实验佐证了c.1886+5G>A突变的可能致病性,扩充了EVC基因突变谱。但本研究尚缺乏对c.1405G>T(p.E469X)突变位点的功能实验研究,后续将会继续开展基因翻译水平、蛋白结构改变等方面的相关研究。
  • 河北省卫生健康委医学科学研究课题(20231661)
  • 石家庄市科学技术研究与发展计划(221460465)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0966.2024.1017
  • 接收时间:2023-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-24
  • 录用日期:2023-12-28
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Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Provincial Health Commission(20231661)
河北省卫生健康委医学科学研究课题(20231661)
Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Shijiazhuang(221460465)
石家庄市科学技术研究与发展计划(221460465)
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    石家庄市妇产医院产前诊断分中心/河北省母胎医学重点实验室/石家庄市生殖健康重点实验室,河北石家庄 050011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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