Article(id=1194617491142975659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0108.2024.0805, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710172800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-12, onlineDate=1762748604808, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762748604808, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762748604808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762748604808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194617490446721194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762748604641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749162199, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619829073191186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194617490446721194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=176, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194617491386245294, articleId=1194617491142975659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Investigating the mechanism of Legionella pneumophila inhibiting endosome-lysosome fusion in mouse macrophages based on transcriptome sequencing, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the pathogenic mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) infection inhibiting the fusion of endosome-lysosome fusion in mouse macrophages. Methods Twelve C57 mice were randomly divided into control group and L. pneumophila infection group (n=6 each). After anesthesia, an equal volume of physiological saline or L. pneumophila solution was administered nasally. Body weight changes were monitored for 3 consecutive days, and the lungs were extracted to assess injury. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were performed to observe the pathological characteristics of lung tissue in both groups. Transcriptome sequencing was utilized to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and associated signaling pathways in lung tissues. Mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and co-cultured with L. pneumophila, with infection status confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze DEGs and enriched related signaling pathways before and after infection. Core genes involved in the post-infection signaling pathway were identified, and the consistency of their mRNA expression levels in vivo and in vitro was verified using RT-qPCR. The expression of relevant proteins was detected by Western Blotting, and bacterial proliferation assays were conducted to evaluate the intracellular replication of L. pneumophila. Results Compared with control group, the body weight of mice in L. pneumophila infection group significantly decreased (P<0.001) on the second and third day post-infection. Edema and red hepatoid degeneration were observed in both left and right lung tissues, with lesion areas spreading from the hilum to the lung periphery. HE staining revealed increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the alveolar spaces, thickening of alveolar septa and increased fibrin exudation in L. pneumophila infection group. Immunohistochemistry results showed a significant increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung tissue infected mice (P<0.001). Transcriptome sequencing identified 2550 DEGs, with 1444 up-regulated genes and 1106 down-regulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in pathways related to tumor necrosis factor, rheumatoid arthritis, Rap1, PI3K-Ak, and phagosome pathways. Immunofluorescence results showed in vitro proliferation of L. pneumophila within mouse BMDMs. Transcriptome sequencing identified 2550 DEGs, including 1677 up-regulated genes and 873 down-regulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that enrichment in pathway related to transcription dysregulation in cancer, PI3K-Akt and phagosome pathways. Thirteen core genes, including tubulin β1 (Tubb1), were identified from the overlap between mouse lung tissue and BMDMs. RT-qPCR results demonstrated a significant decrease in Tubb1 expression in both lung tissue and BMDMs infected with L. pneumophila (P<0.001). Western Blotting results revealed significant decreases in Rab7, Tubb1, and LAMP2 protein expression (P<0.05), and increases in iNOS and MPO expression (P<0.05). Intracellular proliferation experiments indicated that L. pneumophila gradually increased within BMDMs over time. Conclusion The potential mechanism of L. pneumophila infection in mouse macrophages involves the down-regulation of Rab7/Tubb1/LAMP2 which inhibits the endosome-lysosome fusion.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Wei Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探究嗜肺军团菌感染抑制小鼠巨噬细胞内体溶酶体融合的相关致病机制。方法 将12只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组与嗜肺军团菌感染组(n=6),麻醉后经鼻分别滴入相同体积的生理盐水或嗜肺军团菌液;连续3 d记录体重变化,取出整肺观察其伤情,HE和免疫组化染色观察小鼠肺组织病理特征;转录组测序分析肺组织中的差异表达基因(DEGs)和相关信号通路。提取小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞(BMDMs),与嗜肺军团菌共培养,采用免疫荧光染色鉴定感染情况,转录组测序分析感染前后的DEGs和富集的相关信号通路。筛选感染后共同参与信号通路的核心基因,用RT-qPCR验证核心基因mRNA表达水平在体内外的一致性,Western blotting检测相关蛋白的表达情况,细菌繁殖实验检测嗜肺军团菌在细胞内的繁殖情况。结果 与对照组比较,感染后2 d、3 d,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠体重明显下降(P<0.001),左右肺组织水肿并呈红色肝样变,病变区域由肺门向肺周边蔓延;HE染色显示嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠肺泡腔炎性细胞浸润增多、肺泡间隔增厚、纤维蛋白渗出增多;免疫组化检测结果显示,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)阳性面积百分比明显增高(P<0.001)转录组测序共筛选出DEGs 2550个,其中上调基因1444个,下调基因1106个;KEGG富集分析显示,富集通路主要涉及肿瘤坏死因子、类风湿关节炎、Rap1、PI3K-Ak和吞噬体通路等。免疫荧光检测结果显示,嗜肺军团菌在体外小鼠BMDMs内增殖;转录组测序筛选出DEGs 2550个,其中上调基因1677个,下调基因873个;KEGG富集分析显示,富集通路涉及癌症中的转录失调、PI3K-Akt和吞噬体通路等。筛选出富集在吞噬反应集群中的DEGs,得到小鼠肺组织和BMDMs重叠的微管蛋白β1(Tubb1)等13个核心基因。RT-qPCR检测结果显示,小鼠肺组织和BMDMs感染嗜肺军团菌后,Tubb1表达水平均明显降低(P<0.001);Western blotting检测结果显示,Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和MPO表达水平明显增高(P<0.05)。胞内增殖实验结果显示,随着感染时间增加,BMDMs中的嗜肺军团菌逐渐增多。结论 嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠巨噬细胞的可能机制是下调Rab7/Tubb1/LAMP2,抑制内体溶酶体的融合。

, correspAuthors=杨志伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨志伟,E-mail:
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陈民佳,医学硕士,主要从事感染与免疫、肠道菌群等方面的研究

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陈民佳,医学硕士,主要从事感染与免疫、肠道菌群等方面的研究

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MPO. 髓过氧化物酶;A. 嗜肺军团菌感染后小鼠体重的变化;B.小鼠肺大体观;C.小鼠肺组织HE染色;D.小鼠肺组织MPO免疫组化染色;与对照组比较,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=fMh+3e+45YbXMRnDzOyS4g==, figureFileBig=UetvE8ZfvQLAOqHrpMIgTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646733813682374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Transcriptome sequencing bioinformatics analysis of lung in mice with Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=+Sx8Ueh8WQS01jiKezJ4VA==, figureFileBig=JIkvXv2qF/RFrCNxumSbgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646733872402631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图2, caption=嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠肺转录组测序结果的生物信息学分析

TNF. 肿瘤坏死因子;NF-κB. 核转录因子-κB;IL-17. 白细胞介素-17;ECM. 细胞外基质;FDR. 错误发现率;A. 差异表达基因火山图;B. 差异表达基因聚类热图;C. KEGG富集气泡图

, figureFileSmall=+Sx8Ueh8WQS01jiKezJ4VA==, figureFileBig=JIkvXv2qF/RFrCNxumSbgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646733947900104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Immunofluorescence identification of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice with Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=noqbt6AqFr67MYLEZcfx3Q==, figureFileBig=vvkMR8928DoMQhVDBg7Qyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734015008969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图3, caption=免疫荧光染色鉴定嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞

F4/80. 巨噬细胞表面标志物;LP(Ab). 抗嗜肺军团菌抗体

, figureFileSmall=noqbt6AqFr67MYLEZcfx3Q==, figureFileBig=vvkMR8928DoMQhVDBg7Qyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734082117834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Transcriptome sequencing bioinformatics analysis of mouse BMDMs with Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=g+16PQs/9YYy2O39mxfBWQ==, figureFileBig=fRc76P4YFNvmK2SucI6q7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734136643787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图4, caption=嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞(BMDMs)转录组测序结果的生物信息学分析

PD-L1. 程序性死亡蛋白1配体;PD-1. 程序性死亡蛋白1;MAPK. 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;IL-17. 白细胞介素-17;AGE-RAGE. 晚期糖基化终产物及其受体;A. 差异表达基因火山图;B. 差异表达基因聚类热图;C. KEGG通路富集气泡图

, figureFileSmall=g+16PQs/9YYy2O39mxfBWQ==, figureFileBig=fRc76P4YFNvmK2SucI6q7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734199558348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis of phagocytosis-related genes lung tissue and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in mouse with Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=4azBXIe0PofHt4spDk+4bg==, figureFileBig=bKMC5jrjlxTMUt892AlJhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734254084301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图5, caption=嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠肺组织和骨髓巨噬细胞(BMDMs)中吞噬相关基因的分析

A. 体内外吞噬体通路基因韦恩图;B. 重叠基因的mRNA绝对值水平;C. 蛋白互作图;D. 基因互作图

, figureFileSmall=4azBXIe0PofHt4spDk+4bg==, figureFileBig=bKMC5jrjlxTMUt892AlJhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734325387470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=RT-qPCR verification of phagocytosis-related co-expressed genes in lung tissue and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) of mouse with Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=zFEIOifFPHsl73NkNvttIg==, figureFileBig=yifJWl9x0tZY2zmFFrhlOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734396690639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图6, caption=RT-qPCR验证小鼠肺组织和骨髓巨噬细胞(BMDMs)中吞噬体通路的共表达基因

Clec7a. C型凝集素结构域家族7;Fcgr1. IgG FC受体1;Fcgr4.IgG FC受体4;Tap1. 转化生长因子β活化激酶结合蛋白1;Tubb1. 微管蛋白beta 1;Thbs4. 血小板反应蛋白4;与对照组比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=zFEIOifFPHsl73NkNvttIg==, figureFileBig=yifJWl9x0tZY2zmFFrhlOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734451216592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of proteins related of phagosome in lung and bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice with Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=9rWVD381DCv72fd1+XwZkg==, figureFileBig=RK0jv9MMFoZWpSKlFt36zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734501548241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图7, caption=嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠肺组织和骨髓巨噬细胞后吞噬体通路相关蛋白的变化

Rab. Rab蛋白;Tubb1. 微管蛋白β1;LAMP2. 溶酶体相关膜蛋白2;iNOS. 诱导型一氧化氮合酶;LAMP1. 溶酶体相关膜蛋白1;MPO. 髓过氧化物酶;BMDMs. 骨髓巨噬细胞;A. Western blotting检测小鼠肺组织和BMDMs中Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2、iNOS和MPO的表达;B. 免疫荧光检测LAMP1和Rab1在BMDMs中的表达;C. 嗜肺军团菌在BMDMs中的繁殖;与对照组比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=9rWVD381DCv72fd1+XwZkg==, figureFileBig=RK0jv9MMFoZWpSKlFt36zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734560268498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Macrophage endocytosis mechanism in Legionella pneumophila infection, figureFileSmall=0ZT552LlEHQyh693dyyuoA==, figureFileBig=bZz52YwhTTDBoa4lCYFD3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734623183059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=图8, caption=嗜肺军团菌感染巨噬细胞影响内吞噬的机制

Rab. Rab蛋白;Tubb1. 微管蛋白β1;LAMP. 溶酶体相关膜蛋白;iNOS. 诱导型一氧化氮合酶;MPO. 髓过氧化物酶

, figureFileSmall=0ZT552LlEHQyh693dyyuoA==, figureFileBig=bZz52YwhTTDBoa4lCYFD3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194646734690291924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primers for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列 (5′→3′)Tm (°C)
CD14正义:CTCCCGCCCCACCAGAGC57.4
反义:GCCGCCGCCGTACAATTCC57.3
Fcgr4正义:AGCTTCGCCCTCTGGGTGAG53.5
反义:GCCTGGTGTGGCTGGATGTC52.9
Clec7a正义:CCTGCCAGGCTCTGGGTCTC54.1
反义:AGCAGTGCCCAGCTCCCAAG53.1
Fcgr1正义:AGCCTGCGAGCCTCCATCAG53.2
反义:CCATCGCCTCCCAGGACCAG53.7
Tap1WS正义:TGTCAGCAGCGGCAACCTTG55.9
反义:AGGGAACAGGCGGAGGATGC56.6
Tubb1正义:TTCCGCACCCTGAGGCTGAC56.3
反义:CTGACCGGGAAAGCGCAGTG56.3
Thbs4正义:GTCTCTTCTCTGTGCTGCCATTAC54.7
反义:GTCTCTTCTCTGTGCTGCCATTAC55.0
), ArticleFig(id=1194646734761595093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194617491142975659, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列 (5′→3′)Tm (°C)
CD14正义:CTCCCGCCCCACCAGAGC57.4
反义:GCCGCCGCCGTACAATTCC57.3
Fcgr4正义:AGCTTCGCCCTCTGGGTGAG53.5
反义:GCCTGGTGTGGCTGGATGTC52.9
Clec7a正义:CCTGCCAGGCTCTGGGTCTC54.1
反义:AGCAGTGCCCAGCTCCCAAG53.1
Fcgr1正义:AGCCTGCGAGCCTCCATCAG53.2
反义:CCATCGCCTCCCAGGACCAG53.7
Tap1WS正义:TGTCAGCAGCGGCAACCTTG55.9
反义:AGGGAACAGGCGGAGGATGC56.6
Tubb1正义:TTCCGCACCCTGAGGCTGAC56.3
反义:CTGACCGGGAAAGCGCAGTG56.3
Thbs4正义:GTCTCTTCTCTGTGCTGCCATTAC54.7
反义:GTCTCTTCTCTGTGCTGCCATTAC55.0
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嗜肺军团菌抑制小鼠巨噬细胞内体溶酶体融合的机制探讨
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陈民佳 1 , 曹秀琴 2 , 贺瑞霞 1 , 陈海霞 1 , 杨志伟 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025,50(2): 176-187
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2025, 50(2): 176-187
嗜肺军团菌抑制小鼠巨噬细胞内体溶酶体融合的机制探讨
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陈民佳1, 曹秀琴2, 贺瑞霞1, 陈海霞1, 杨志伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1宁夏医科大学基础医学院病原生物学与医学免疫学系,宁夏银川 750004
  • 2宁夏医科大学生育力保持省部级共建教育部重点实验室,宁夏银川 750004
  • 陈民佳,医学硕士,主要从事感染与免疫、肠道菌群等方面的研究

通讯作者:

杨志伟,E-mail:
Investigating the mechanism of Legionella pneumophila inhibiting endosome-lysosome fusion in mouse macrophages based on transcriptome sequencing
Min-Jia Chen1, Xiu-Qin Cao2, Rui-Xia He1, Hai-Xia Chen1, Zhi-Wei Yang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0108.2024.0805
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目的 探究嗜肺军团菌感染抑制小鼠巨噬细胞内体溶酶体融合的相关致病机制。方法 将12只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组与嗜肺军团菌感染组(n=6),麻醉后经鼻分别滴入相同体积的生理盐水或嗜肺军团菌液;连续3 d记录体重变化,取出整肺观察其伤情,HE和免疫组化染色观察小鼠肺组织病理特征;转录组测序分析肺组织中的差异表达基因(DEGs)和相关信号通路。提取小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞(BMDMs),与嗜肺军团菌共培养,采用免疫荧光染色鉴定感染情况,转录组测序分析感染前后的DEGs和富集的相关信号通路。筛选感染后共同参与信号通路的核心基因,用RT-qPCR验证核心基因mRNA表达水平在体内外的一致性,Western blotting检测相关蛋白的表达情况,细菌繁殖实验检测嗜肺军团菌在细胞内的繁殖情况。结果 与对照组比较,感染后2 d、3 d,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠体重明显下降(P<0.001),左右肺组织水肿并呈红色肝样变,病变区域由肺门向肺周边蔓延;HE染色显示嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠肺泡腔炎性细胞浸润增多、肺泡间隔增厚、纤维蛋白渗出增多;免疫组化检测结果显示,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)阳性面积百分比明显增高(P<0.001)转录组测序共筛选出DEGs 2550个,其中上调基因1444个,下调基因1106个;KEGG富集分析显示,富集通路主要涉及肿瘤坏死因子、类风湿关节炎、Rap1、PI3K-Ak和吞噬体通路等。免疫荧光检测结果显示,嗜肺军团菌在体外小鼠BMDMs内增殖;转录组测序筛选出DEGs 2550个,其中上调基因1677个,下调基因873个;KEGG富集分析显示,富集通路涉及癌症中的转录失调、PI3K-Akt和吞噬体通路等。筛选出富集在吞噬反应集群中的DEGs,得到小鼠肺组织和BMDMs重叠的微管蛋白β1(Tubb1)等13个核心基因。RT-qPCR检测结果显示,小鼠肺组织和BMDMs感染嗜肺军团菌后,Tubb1表达水平均明显降低(P<0.001);Western blotting检测结果显示,Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和MPO表达水平明显增高(P<0.05)。胞内增殖实验结果显示,随着感染时间增加,BMDMs中的嗜肺军团菌逐渐增多。结论 嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠巨噬细胞的可能机制是下调Rab7/Tubb1/LAMP2,抑制内体溶酶体的融合。

嗜肺军团菌  /  微管蛋白β1  /  内体溶酶体融合  /  转录组测序  /  巨噬细胞

Objective To explore the pathogenic mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) infection inhibiting the fusion of endosome-lysosome fusion in mouse macrophages. Methods Twelve C57 mice were randomly divided into control group and L. pneumophila infection group (n=6 each). After anesthesia, an equal volume of physiological saline or L. pneumophila solution was administered nasally. Body weight changes were monitored for 3 consecutive days, and the lungs were extracted to assess injury. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were performed to observe the pathological characteristics of lung tissue in both groups. Transcriptome sequencing was utilized to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and associated signaling pathways in lung tissues. Mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and co-cultured with L. pneumophila, with infection status confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to analyze DEGs and enriched related signaling pathways before and after infection. Core genes involved in the post-infection signaling pathway were identified, and the consistency of their mRNA expression levels in vivo and in vitro was verified using RT-qPCR. The expression of relevant proteins was detected by Western Blotting, and bacterial proliferation assays were conducted to evaluate the intracellular replication of L. pneumophila. Results Compared with control group, the body weight of mice in L. pneumophila infection group significantly decreased (P<0.001) on the second and third day post-infection. Edema and red hepatoid degeneration were observed in both left and right lung tissues, with lesion areas spreading from the hilum to the lung periphery. HE staining revealed increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the alveolar spaces, thickening of alveolar septa and increased fibrin exudation in L. pneumophila infection group. Immunohistochemistry results showed a significant increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung tissue infected mice (P<0.001). Transcriptome sequencing identified 2550 DEGs, with 1444 up-regulated genes and 1106 down-regulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in pathways related to tumor necrosis factor, rheumatoid arthritis, Rap1, PI3K-Ak, and phagosome pathways. Immunofluorescence results showed in vitro proliferation of L. pneumophila within mouse BMDMs. Transcriptome sequencing identified 2550 DEGs, including 1677 up-regulated genes and 873 down-regulated genes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that enrichment in pathway related to transcription dysregulation in cancer, PI3K-Akt and phagosome pathways. Thirteen core genes, including tubulin β1 (Tubb1), were identified from the overlap between mouse lung tissue and BMDMs. RT-qPCR results demonstrated a significant decrease in Tubb1 expression in both lung tissue and BMDMs infected with L. pneumophila (P<0.001). Western Blotting results revealed significant decreases in Rab7, Tubb1, and LAMP2 protein expression (P<0.05), and increases in iNOS and MPO expression (P<0.05). Intracellular proliferation experiments indicated that L. pneumophila gradually increased within BMDMs over time. Conclusion The potential mechanism of L. pneumophila infection in mouse macrophages involves the down-regulation of Rab7/Tubb1/LAMP2 which inhibits the endosome-lysosome fusion.

Legionella pneumophila  /  tubulin beta 1  /  endosome-lysosome fusion  /  transcriptomics  /  macrophages
陈民佳, 曹秀琴, 贺瑞霞, 陈海霞, 杨志伟. 嗜肺军团菌抑制小鼠巨噬细胞内体溶酶体融合的机制探讨. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (2) : 176 -187 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0108.2024.0805
Min-Jia Chen, Xiu-Qin Cao, Rui-Xia He, Hai-Xia Chen, Zhi-Wei Yang. Investigating the mechanism of Legionella pneumophila inhibiting endosome-lysosome fusion in mouse macrophages based on transcriptome sequencing[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (2) : 176 -187 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0108.2024.0805
军团菌是普遍存在的革兰阴性鞭毛细菌,主要感染人巨噬细胞并可在胞内生长繁殖[1-3]。目前共发现军团菌属60多种,约50%以上可使人致病[4];其中嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila,L. pneumophila)致病性较强,是引起流行性、散发性社区和医院内获得性肺炎的重要病原菌[5]。当人体吸入嗜肺军团菌污染的气溶胶时,可导致被称为军团病的严重肺炎,病死率5%~30%[6-7]。吞噬是机体针对病原体入侵和组织损伤的先天性免疫反应[8],在此过程中,微生物被内吞并输送到吞噬小体(phagosome)[9];内吞后,新形成的吞噬小体不断与早期和晚期的内吞小体融合和裂变,并与溶酶体融合,吞噬的病原体被吞噬溶酶体降解[10-11]。嗜肺军团菌可阻断吞噬小体成熟而导致感染性疾病[12]。因此,了解吞噬作用及吞噬小体成熟过程对探究嗜肺军团菌感染的致病机制非常重要。巨噬细胞吞噬嗜肺军团菌后:一方面质膜来源的早期吞噬小体与内吞小体融合为成熟吞噬小体,杀灭细菌[13];另一方面巨噬细胞内形成一个膜结合的囊泡(legionella-containing vacuole,LCV),将细菌包裹起来[14]。嗜肺军团菌可通过Ⅳ型分泌系统(type Ⅳ secretion system,T4SS)将效应物输送到宿主细胞质中[14],阻止吞噬小体成熟,促进内质网来源的分泌小泡和LCV膜融合,进而逃避与溶酶体的融合[15],但其具体机制尚不清楚。
本研究采用嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠巨噬细胞和肺,并通过转录组测序分析感染前后的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs);采用KEGG富集分析筛选出体内外均参与吞噬小体途径的重要基因——微管蛋白β1(tubulin beta 1,Tubb1)基因,并采用RT-qPCR和Western blotting进行验证,旨在为阐明吞噬相关基因Tubb1在嗜肺军团菌感染中的作用提供证据,为防治军团病探索新靶点。
巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF,P00085)、活性炭酵母琼脂(BCYE,LA7680)购自北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;苏木精-伊红(HE,BSBA-4027)、DAB显色液(ZLI-9017)购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;抗F4/80(ab6640)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO;ab208670)和L. pneumophila抗体(ab20943)购自英国Abcam公司;抗溶酶体相关膜蛋白1(LAMP1;AG2482)、GAPDH(AF2811)、Rab7蛋白(AF2458)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS;AF7281)、β微管蛋白(β-tubulin;AF2835)抗体,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L) (A0208),HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG(H+L)(A0216),Alexa Fluor 488标记山羊抗小鼠IgG(H+L)(A0428)和Cy3标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(A0516)购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;抗Rab1(11671-1-AP)、LAMP2(66301-1-Ig)抗体购自美国Proteintech公司。反转录试剂盒PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit(RR037A)购自日本TaKaRa Bio公司。Nucleospin RNA提取试剂盒(740984)购自德国Macherey-Nagel公司。
12只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(8~10周龄)购自宁夏医科大学实验动物中心[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(宁)2020-0001],随机分为对照组与嗜肺军团菌感染组(n=6),并在无特定病原体条件下饲养。本研究动物实验方案获宁夏医科大学动物保护与使用委员会批准(2020-334)。
嗜肺军团菌(L. pneumophila serogroup 1,No. 35133,美国ATCC生物标准品资源中心)在BCYE琼脂平板上37 ℃培养3 d后,接种于10 ml BCYE液体培养基中,于摇床上35 ℃、230 r/min培养16 h,用浊度仪测量菌液浓度。
麻醉后,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠通过滴鼻法接种嗜肺军团菌悬液30 μl(1×107 CFU/只),对照组小鼠经鼻滴注30 μl生理盐水。随后连续3 d监测小鼠体重及症状(皮毛蓬松、弓形外观和对光反应迟钝等)。
小鼠麻醉致死,取肺组织,用PBS冲洗,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定24 h。梯度乙醇脱水、石蜡包埋,切片,行HE染色。
将肺组织切片脱蜡后进行高温高压修复,3%过氧化氢阻断内源性过氧化物酶,PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min。加入MPO一抗(1:400),4 ℃孵育过夜,洗涤后加入HRP偶联二抗(1:1000),37 ℃孵育30 min。PBS洗涤后滴加新配制的DAB显色液,镜下观察,底色出现棕黄色后,放入蒸馏水中终止显色。然后苏木精染色3 min,梯度乙醇脱水,最后用中性树脂封片。用ImageJ软件计算MPO阳性面积百分比。
小鼠麻醉致死,取出胫骨和股骨。用1 ml注射器抽取PBS(1×,pH 7.4)反复冲洗骨髓腔得到骨髓细胞悬液。将细胞悬液加入含有20 ng/ml重组小鼠M-CSF、10%胎牛血清和100 U/ml青霉素-链霉素的完整DMEM培养液中,并置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养7 d,每3 d更换一次培养基,得到小鼠骨髓巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages,BMDMs)。将嗜肺军团菌[感染复数(MOI)=10]加入无抗生素培养基中与BMDMs(嗜肺军团菌感染组)共培养1 h,对照组加入等体积的PBS,随后加入克拉霉素(8 μg/ml)培养1 h。用PBS彻底清洗细胞,除去克拉霉素和未吞噬的嗜肺军团菌,并加入新鲜培养基培养6 h。
BMDMs在4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定15 min,用0.3% TritonX-100通透10 min;PBS清洗3次,加入5%牛血清白蛋白在37 ℃敷箱孵育30 min后,分别滴加F4/80(1:400)、L. pneumophila (1:400)、LAMP1(1:200)、Rab1(1:200)一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜。PBS洗涤后,滴加对应的荧光二抗(1:500),37 ℃孵育1 h,细胞核用DAPI染色。甘油封片,荧光显微镜下观察。
使用Nucleospin RNA试剂盒提取肺组织匀浆或细胞中的总RNA;按照试剂盒说明书操作,使用Prime Script RT reagent kit合成cDNA。通过NCBI网站设计引物并由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成,所有步骤均按照说明书进行。引物序列见表1
分别将对照组、嗜肺军团菌感染组的肺组织和细胞在RIPA裂解液中匀浆。蛋白提取物4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清,使用蛋白测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。等量的蛋白质行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺(SDS-PAGE)凝胶电泳分离并转移到PVDF膜上;5%脱脂奶粉常温封闭90 min,将Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2、MPO和iNOS的一抗分别加入稀释液(1:1000),4 ℃孵育过夜。将膜用TBST洗涤3次,HRP标记山羊抗鼠/兔IgG抗体(1:2000)在室温下孵育1 h。使用化学发光溶液对蛋白印迹进行曝光,用ImageJ软件进行蛋白定量分析。
采用TRIzol试剂依照说明书提取总RNA。使用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计鉴定RNA纯度并定量,使用Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer评估RNA完整性。转录组测序和分析由深圳华大基因科技有限公司完成。
采用 llumina Novaseq 6000 测序平台对文库进行测序,并生成150 bp双端序列;fSOAPnuke(v1.4.0)进行过滤,去除低质量的序列后获得待分析数据。使用HISAT2软件参考基因组比对,并进行基因表达量(FPKM)计算,然后通过HTSeq-count获得每个基因的序列计数值。使用R软件(v3.2.0)对基因序列计数值进行PCA分析并绘图,以评估样本的生物学重复性。本研究所使用的转录组测序原始数据已存放在中国生物信息中心(https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsub/)序列读取档案(GSA:013298)。
利用DESeq2软件进行DEGs分析,其中符合|log2差异倍数(FC)|≥1且P<0.05的基因被定义为DEGs。使用pheatmap函数绘制差异基因聚类热图并对DEGs进行层次聚类分析,以展示基因在不同组和样本中的表达模式。使用R软件ggradar包绘制火山图,以展示上调或下调基因的表达变化情况。随后,使用David网站对DEGs进行京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genesand Genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析,筛选错误发现率(FDR)<0.05的通路条目,建立蛋白互作(PPI)网络,并利用R软件ggplot2包进行可视化。
用PBS将培养皿中的培养基洗净,弃上清,每孔加入1 ml无菌ddH2O破细胞10 min。准备4个无菌的1.5 ml离心管,编号为1-4,在2-4号管中分别加入900 μl无菌ddH2O。将孔板中的菌液完全吸入1号管中,充分混匀后吸取100 μl加入2号管,依次进行倍比稀释直至4号管。充分混匀后从4号管中取50 μl菌液加到BCYE平板上,用无菌涂布棒均匀涂抹,每管菌液涂3个平板,平板置于35 ℃培养48 h,根据不同时间点的菌落数(colony forming unit,CFU)绘制生长曲线。
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析。对于测序数据,从每个文库获得的原始读数归一化为FPKM。计量数据均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
嗜肺军团菌感染后2 d、3 d,与对照组比较,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠体重明显下降(P<0.001,图1A),且左右肺均出现肺组织水肿及红色肝样变,病变区域由肺门向肺周边蔓延,具有明显的分界(图1B)。HE染色结果显示,对照组小鼠肺组织中肺泡大小正常,毛细血管无扩张;嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠可见肺泡腔炎性细胞浸润、肺泡间隔增厚、纤维蛋白渗出等典型病理表现(图1C)。免疫组化染色结果显示,与对照组比较,嗜肺军团菌感染组小鼠肺组织MPO阳性面积百分比明显增高(P<0.001,图1D)。
将嗜肺军团菌感染3 d的小鼠肺组织和对照组小鼠肺组织进行转录组测序,生物信息学分析筛选出满足|log2FC|≥1且P<0.05的DEGs 2550个,其中上调基因1444个,下调基因1106个,由火山图和聚类热图表示(图2A、B)。KEGG富集分析显示,富集通路主要涉及病毒蛋白与细胞因子及其受体的相互作用、结核病、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、类风湿关节炎、Rap1信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路和吞噬体通路等(图2C)。
免疫荧光染色结果显示,经诱导分化的小鼠BMDMs均呈绿色,而感染BMDMs的嗜肺军团菌呈红色。镜下观察显示,与对照组比较,嗜肺军团菌感染后小鼠BMDMs可见红色和绿色重合而出现黄色,提示嗜肺军团菌被巨噬细胞吞噬(图3)。
嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠BMDMs 6 h后,收集嗜肺军团菌感染组和对照组细胞进行转录组测序;测序结果经生物信息学分析,共筛选出满足|log2FC|≥1且P<0.05的DEGs 2550个,其中上调基因1677个,下调基因873个,由火山图和聚类热图表示(图4A、B)。KEGG富集分析显示,主要通路是癌症中的转录失调、PI3K-Akt信号通路和吞噬体通路等(图4C)。
体内外转录组测序结果的KEGG富集分析显示,吞噬小体在嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠体内外实验中均起重要作用。筛选出富集在吞噬反应集群中的DEGs,并将参与吞噬信号通路的47个肺组织中的基因和37个BMDMs中的基因进行韦恩图(Venn)可视化分析,得到重叠的共表达基因13个及其在肺组织和BMDMs中的mRNA表达水平(图5A、B);将这些基因用于构建PPI网络,其中Thbs4Tubb1基因的信息较少(图5C)。采用GeneMANIA数据库分析共表达基因,共表达率为32.85%,共定位率为3.87%,预测率为36.66%,共同蛋白结构域率为26.62%(图5D)。
根据2.5中共表达基因在小鼠肺组织和BMDMs中的mRNA表达水平,选取mRNA表达水平相对较高的7个基因(Thbs4、Fcgr1、CD14、Tap1、Fcgr4、Tubb1、Clec7a)进行RT-qPCR验证,结果显示,CD14、Tap1、Clec7a在肺组织和BMDMs实验验证中表现出不同趋势,而Fcgr1Fcgr4Tubb1Thbs4的表达趋势一致,其中Tubb1在肺组织和BMDMs中的mRNA表达水平均较对照组明显降低(P<0.001,图6)。故选择Tubb1基因作为嗜肺军团菌调控吞噬体通路的研究对象。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,嗜肺军团菌感染组Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),MPO和iNOS蛋白表达水平均明显增高(P<0.05,P<0.01或P<0.001,图7A)。免疫荧光染色观察LAMP1和Rab1在嗜肺军团菌感染BMDMs后的共定位情况,结果显示,与对照组比较,Rab1在嗜肺军团菌感染后表达增加(P<0.05),而LAMP1表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图7B)。嗜肺军团菌胞内增殖实验结果显示,嗜肺军团菌感染BMDMs 24 h内,随着时间的增加,细胞内嗜肺军团菌逐渐增多(图7C)。
嗜肺军团菌在人肺泡巨噬细胞内增殖是军团菌肺炎的重要表现,其在巨噬细胞内的生存完全依赖于内质网与LCV的重塑以及对溶酶体降解途径的逃避。本研究采用嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠肺和BMDMs,并通过转录组测序分析了体内和体外感染的DEGs,选择KEGG富集到的吞噬信号通路进一步分析并进行相关验证。笔者推测嗜肺军团菌可通过下调Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2抑制内体溶酶体的形成,促进细菌繁殖(图8)。本研究有助于了解吞噬体通路相关基因Tubb1在嗜肺军团菌感染中的作用,为后续研究奠定了基础。
Tubb1是微管的主要构成蛋白之一,溶酶体沿着微管双向移动,与内吞、分泌和自噬等相关[16-17]。本研究中,嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠肺组织和BMDMs的KEGG富集分析结果显示,PI3K-Akt、IL-17及吞噬信号通路显著富集。巨噬细胞与嗜肺军团菌之间的相互作用与PI3K的激活密切相关[18]。有研究显示,嗜肺军团菌感染网柄菌属后不仅能稳定复制,还可调节嗜肺军团菌感染过程中PI3K抑制的表型差异[19]。由于磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸的积累,PI3K丢失可促进网柄菌属中嗜肺军团菌的复制,从而促进早期LCV的重塑,并减少与吞噬蛋白相关的天然抗性(natural resistant associated macrophage protein,Nramp+)囊泡的融合[20]。而在一些肺部感染中,IL-17细胞因子家族在炎症和宿主防御中可发挥至关重要的作用[21]。IL-17A/F缺陷小鼠感染嗜肺军团菌后,中性粒细胞迁移、存活能力降低且促炎细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α)和趋化因子(KC、CXCL5、CXCL2)的产生减少[22]。有研究显示,IL-17A在调节中性粒细胞介导的宿主防御嗜肺军团菌感染中较IL-17F起着更为关键的作用[23]
T4SS是嗜肺军团菌致病的关键毒力因子,其可逃避吞噬溶酶体的融合,使细菌在细胞内复制[24]。GTP酶Rab7对于晚期吞噬小体和溶酶体之间的融合是必不可少的,在吞噬细胞对病原体和凋亡细胞的清除中起重要作用[25]。有研究报道,敲低PI3激酶-110a不能阻止Rab7招募到吞噬体,也不能阻止其下游RILP、TUBB等分子的激活,因为Rab7效应分子同型液泡融合和液泡蛋白分选复合体(homotypic vacuole fusion and protein sorting,HOPS)和Rab溶酶体相互作用蛋白(Rab-interacting lysosomal protein,RILP)的招募不受影响[26]。上述研究提示,单独招募Rab7及其效应分子不能驱动吞噬溶酶体的融合,需ⅠA类磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3KIA)的额外作用来介导吞噬溶酶体的形成。超分辨率显微镜分析结果显示,溶酶体以一种依赖于马达蛋白kinesin-1的方式积聚在微管的去酪氨酸片段上,并优先与这些片段上的自噬体融合[16];也有研究认为,成纤维细胞中的表皮生长因子和转铁蛋白在细胞内的囊泡运输发生的变化,可能与Tubb在细胞微管依赖的囊泡运输的作用有关[27]。LAMP2通过促进微管上的囊泡融合事件来促进自噬空泡的成熟,并参与内体/溶酶体胆固醇的运输,其丢失可延迟早期内体到溶酶体的液相标志物的运输[28]。但在嗜肺军团菌感染RAW264.7巨噬细胞的过程中,缺乏效应蛋白RavD可显著增加晚期内体/溶酶体标记LAMP-1的空泡数量[14]。而许多细胞内的细菌病原体可通过操纵宿主GTP酶Rab的功能来改变囊泡的运输,Rab1在LCV中通过允许内质网来源的囊泡上的v-SNARE Sec22b与质膜突出融合蛋白的非典型配对来发挥重要作用[29-30]。本研究显示,嗜肺军团菌在感染小鼠肺组织和BMDMs后,Rab7、Tubb1、LAMP2蛋白表达水平均降低,而Rab1表达水平升高,提示嗜肺军团菌感染后期可抑制溶酶体的合成,推测与Tubb在细胞微管依赖的囊泡运输中的作用有关。
MPO是哺乳动物过氧化物酶家族的一员,主要表达于中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞[31]。巨噬细胞可与中性粒细胞相互作用,通过吞噬作用清除受损组织和其他炎性细胞,从而抑制炎症活动[32]。当中性粒细胞被激活后可吞噬病原体并在吞噬溶菌体中释放杀菌剂[31];活化的中性粒细胞不仅释放中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)来实现其宿主防御作用,还释放核DNA到细胞外环境,以捕获和杀死病原体,这一过程被称为中性粒细胞炎性死亡(neutrophil extracellular trapsosis,NETosis)[33]。当患者体内长期缺乏MPO时,由其他具有杀菌作用的细胞分子替代,如蛋白酶、其他颗粒蛋白、活性氮或活性氧[34]。而NO的产生是巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应的重要特征,巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应导致细胞氧化损伤,并受到iNOS的调节[35]iNOS基因的转录受多种转录因子的调控,包括核因子-κB(NF-κB)、激活蛋白-L(AP-L)、干扰素调节因子-1、信号转导和转录激活因子-1[36]
综上所述,本研究通过对嗜肺军团菌感染小鼠体内外转录组测序结果进行分析,筛选出满足|log2FC|≥1且P<0.05的DEGs。KEGG富集分析显示,吞噬体通路参与了体内外嗜肺军团菌感染的过程。在体内外共同调控的吞噬体通路中筛选出13个共表达基因,其中Tubb1是嗜肺军团菌介导的吞噬体通路的重要基因。推测Tubb1与嗜肺军团菌抑制内体溶酶体融合,促进其繁殖有关。本研究存在一定的局限性,如采用鼻滴法建立小鼠肺部感染模型难以控制肺部嗜肺军团菌的感染量,在一定程度上削弱了数据的可靠性,且在嗜肺军团菌感染过程中Tubb1调控巨噬细胞内体溶酶体的具体分子机制尚不清楚。因此,后续须针对上述不足,进一步改进建模方法,并深入探究Tubb1调控巨噬细胞内体溶酶体的分子机制。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82060362)
  • 宁夏自然科学基金(2023AAC03182)
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2025年第50卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0108.2024.0805
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 录用日期:2024-03-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060362)
国家自然科学基金(82060362)
Ningxia Natural Science Foundation(2023AAC03182)
宁夏自然科学基金(2023AAC03182)
作者信息
    1宁夏医科大学基础医学院病原生物学与医学免疫学系,宁夏银川 750004
    2宁夏医科大学生育力保持省部级共建教育部重点实验室,宁夏银川 750004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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