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Article(id=1194613947430048195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0891.2024.1225, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719244800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733760000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-10, onlineDate=1762747759921, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762747759921, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762747759921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762747759921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194613942065533315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='365', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762747758641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749141462, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=351, endPage=357, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194613948382155215, articleId=1194613947430048195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe hypertensive disorder during pregnancy that seriously affects the health of pregnant women and fetuses. Currently, the treatment is merely symptomatic, with unsatisfactory efficacy and often resulting in an increased incidence of therapeutic preterm birth. An increasing number of studies on PE suggest that the "unitary" theory is no longer adequate to elucidate its pathogenesis. PE is regarded as a syndrome influenced by multiple factors, featuring a complex pathogenesis and the potential to affect multiple organs and systems. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and research models (including animal and in vitro models) of PE, aiming to provide references for subsequent research and offer assistance in clinical prevention, screening, and treatment.

, correspAuthors=Li Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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子痫前期(PE)是妊娠期高血压疾病中一种严重影响孕妇及胎儿健康的疾病，目前的治疗仅为对症治疗，疗效不佳且常导致治疗性早产增多。越来越多关于PE的研究提示，“一元化”理论已不足以解释其发病机制，并认为PE是一种受多种因素影响，发病过程复杂，可引起多器官、多系统受累的综合征。本文对近期关于PE类别、病因、发病机制及研究模型(包括动物模型和体外模型)的最新进展进行综述，以期为后续研究提供参考，为临床预防、筛查及治疗工作提供帮助。

, correspAuthors=李力, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李力，E-mail：
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黄洁，硕士研究生，主要从事妇产科疾病方面的研究

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黄洁，硕士研究生，主要从事妇产科疾病方面的研究

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黄洁，硕士研究生，主要从事妇产科疾病方面的研究

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VEGF. 血管内皮生长因子；PLGF. 胎盘生长因子；sFLT1. 可溶性fms样酪氨酸激酶-1

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子痫前期发病机制研究进展
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黄洁 , 韩健 , 郭建新 , 刁戈 , 李力 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(3): 351-357
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(3): 351-357
子痫前期发病机制研究进展
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黄洁, 韩健, 郭建新, 刁戈, 李力*
作者信息
  • 陆军军医大学大坪医院妇产科，重庆 400042

    • 黄洁，硕士研究生，主要从事妇产科疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

李力，E-mail：
Research progress in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia
Jie Huang, Jian Han, Jian-Xin Guo, Ge Diao, Li Li*
Affiliations
  • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0891.2024.1225
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摘要
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子痫前期(PE)是妊娠期高血压疾病中一种严重影响孕妇及胎儿健康的疾病，目前的治疗仅为对症治疗，疗效不佳且常导致治疗性早产增多。越来越多关于PE的研究提示，“一元化”理论已不足以解释其发病机制，并认为PE是一种受多种因素影响，发病过程复杂，可引起多器官、多系统受累的综合征。本文对近期关于PE类别、病因、发病机制及研究模型(包括动物模型和体外模型)的最新进展进行综述，以期为后续研究提供参考，为临床预防、筛查及治疗工作提供帮助。

子痫前期  /  发病机制  /  动物模型  /  体外模型

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe hypertensive disorder during pregnancy that seriously affects the health of pregnant women and fetuses. Currently, the treatment is merely symptomatic, with unsatisfactory efficacy and often resulting in an increased incidence of therapeutic preterm birth. An increasing number of studies on PE suggest that the "unitary" theory is no longer adequate to elucidate its pathogenesis. PE is regarded as a syndrome influenced by multiple factors, featuring a complex pathogenesis and the potential to affect multiple organs and systems. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and research models (including animal and in vitro models) of PE, aiming to provide references for subsequent research and offer assistance in clinical prevention, screening, and treatment.

preeclampsia  /  pathogenesis  /  animal model  /  in vitro model
黄洁, 韩健, 郭建新, 刁戈, 李力. 子痫前期发病机制研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (3) : 351 -357 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0891.2024.1225
Jie Huang, Jian Han, Jian-Xin Guo, Ge Diao, Li Li. Research progress in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (3) : 351 -357 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0891.2024.1225
正文
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子痫前期(preeclampsia，PE)是常见的妊娠期并发症之一，严重危害母胎健康，我国发病率约为2.7%，且西部地区发病率略高，该病患者死产率约为4.6%[1-2]。与正常妊娠相比，PE、子痫患者后代死亡风险分别增加29%(HR=1.29，95%CI 1.20~1.38)和188%(HR=2.88，95%CI 1.79~4.63)[3]。PE定义为妊娠20周后出现收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg，伴或不伴蛋白尿但出现重要器官及系统损伤。PE孕妇、胎儿死亡发生率及医学指征早产率均明显增高，分别为非PE孕妇的3.73倍、3.12倍及4.51倍[4]。由于该疾病具有多因素、多机制、多通路的发病特征[5]，临床诊断和治疗时需要医师进行综合评判及孕妇的高度配合，目前公认的“对症治疗结合终止妊娠”的治疗方式有一定改善作用，但效果并不理想。本文针对PE的分类、病因、发病机制及PE体内外研究模型的最新进展进行综述，旨在加深对PE的认识，并为PE的临床筛查、预防及治疗提供依据[6]。
1 PE的分类
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目前PE的分类并不统一，根据不同的标准将其分为不同的类型。国际妊娠期高血压研究学会(International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy，ISSHP)根据发生临床症状时的胎龄将PE分为早产型(分娩时<37周)、足月型(分娩时≥37周)及产后PE。临床上更倾向于根据发生临床症状时的孕周将PE分为早发型(妊娠<34周)和晚发型(妊娠≥34周)。另外，无论PE发病时间如何，均有快速恶化和发生并发症的风险，目前ISSHP和我国指南均不再支持临床中使用“重度”“轻度”对PE进行分类。最近有研究根据不同的表型特征(包括病因、病理生理、发病时间、胎儿受累及对母体和后代的影响)将PE分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型，其中，Ⅰ型PE的主要特征是胎盘功能障碍或灌注不良，以可溶性fms样酪氨酸激酶-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1，sFlt-1)/胎盘生长因子(placental growth factor，PLGF)比值升高为标志，而Ⅱ型PE的特征是母体对妊娠所需的心血管功能变化不耐受，通常与巨大儿、多胎妊娠或妊娠期延长等因素相关[7]。另有研究通过分析母体血浆蛋白质组学、人口统计学、临床特征及胎盘组织病理学数据，将PE概括为“胎盘”“免疫”“母体”及“代谢”4个亚类，认为早发型PE以“胎盘”和“代谢”亚类为主，而迟发型PE中4个亚类的出现概率相近，鉴于该研究样本量较小，且区域限制明显，其分类依据稍显不足[8]。
2 病因
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长期以来，PE被认为是一种胎盘源性疾病，并围绕胎盘开展了大量研究。然而，有研究认为，PE是一种多因素、多机制、多通路的综合征疾病，其与心血管疾病共有相似的危险因素，包括肥胖、糖尿病、慢性肾病、慢性高血压、先天性心脏病等；母体自身心血管功能紊乱可能先于胎盘功能障碍的发生，胎盘功能障碍可能仅为PE发病过程中的某一环节，胎盘血管重塑与胎盘组织中反复发生的缺血再灌注关系不大[9]。目前认为，早发型和早产型PE的发生可能与胎盘早期发育不良相关，而晚发型和足月型PE的胎盘通常发育正常，其发病可能与合体滋养层应激相关[10-11]。此外，有研究显示，母体肠道和阴道微生物菌群的变化、有毒物质环境的暴露均与PE的发生相关[12-13]。
总结近期的研究报道，PE的发病原因大概可分为4类：(1)母体基础病理因素。慢性高血压孕妇中20%~40%可能发生PE。使用易卒中型自发性高血压大鼠进行子宫灌注减少手术，发现滋养细胞中核心1O-糖基减少，蜕膜唾液酸化增加，可能是慢性高血压叠加PE时胎盘糖氧化还原失调的新机制[14]。女性糖尿病患者中重度氧化、糖基化的低密度脂蛋白可增加滋养细胞抗血管生成因子的释放，损害胎盘的屏障功能，从而促进PE的发展[15]。(2)胎盘病理因素。胎盘滋养层中核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体激活后导致白细胞介素-1β过量产生，线粒体活性氧增加，氧化应激、炎症加重及线粒体功能障碍是PE胎盘功能障碍的主要病理机制，也是多种PE防治手段的关键靶点[16]。(3)胎儿病理因素。近期有研究报道，PE患者的胎盘绒毛滋养层存在性别二态性，雌性胎盘中增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen，PCNA)阳性核密度增加，而PCNA阴性核密度减少，但在雄性胎盘中未发现该现象，猜测这可能是女性胎儿的母亲更易发生PE的原因之一[17]。含有差异甲基化CpG位点的区域称为差异甲基化区域(DMR)，等位基因的转录活性受这些区域的甲基化状态调节。Nair等[18]研究了PE患者伴侣精子中印记基因的甲基化水平，发现PE患者伴侣精子钾离子通道DMR(KvDMR)、PEG3 DMR、PEG10 DMR和DLK1-GTL2 IG-DMR甲基化水平与胎盘绒毛KvDMR甲基化水平相关，因此，PE胎盘中异常的甲基化模式可能起源于精子。还有研究表明，精子脱氧核糖核酸碎裂指数(DNA fragmentation index，DFI)升高与PE发生相关[19]。(4)孕期环境不良因素。内分泌干扰化学物质(endocrine disrupting chemicals，EDC)能够模仿激素与受体结合，从而阻止特定受体与其内源性激素的结合。孕期通过加工食品、乳制品和化妆品等途径持续暴露于EDC环境中，可能引发大脑、心脏和肾等关键器官功能障碍，进而导致PE病情恶化[20]。孕期摄入阿斯巴甜可能会损害胎盘线粒体的功能，导致氧化应激增加，引发不良妊娠结局[21]。另外，孕期昼夜节律紊乱可能通过影响Bmal1、Clock及REV-ERBs等生物钟分子的功能而引起脂质代谢异常，从而导致PE的发生[22]。总之，上述几种病因之间存在协同作用，但无论是胎盘因素还是母体自身原因，都无法单独解释所有PE类型的病因及发病机制。
3 发病机制
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关于PE发病机制的研究由来已久，形成了各种学说，包括“遗传印记学说”“免疫失衡学说”“胎盘缺血学说”“内皮功能障碍及氧化应激学说”等。Redman等[23]于2009年提出的“二阶段模型”是目前比较公认的学说，该学说认为在妊娠初期临床症状表现不明显，而此时缺血缺氧导致滋养细胞功能障碍，使子宫螺旋动脉重塑不足，导致胎盘发育功能异常；继续妊娠时胎盘的氧化应激和炎症状态使胎盘源性不良因子大量释放，母体出现过度炎症反应及血管内皮受损，最终导致一系列临床症状。2014年Redman[24]又提出了“六阶段模式”：(1)受精至胚胎着床期，母体对胚胎父源性基因出现免疫不耐受；(2)子宫螺旋动脉重塑期，是胎盘形成的关键时期，血管重塑障碍则进入第三阶段；(3)胎盘应激期，由于胎盘形成不良导致应激反应；(4)胎盘因子释放期，胎盘源性不良因子进入母体血液循环；(5)临床症状显现期，出现高血压等临床症状；(6)病情加重期，胎盘灌注持续减少并形成血栓及梗死。该学说将“二阶段模型”进一步细化，但仍是以胎盘滋养细胞病理生理变化为基础进行阐释，而大量的晚发型PE病例中并未发现螺旋动脉重塑及胎盘灌注异常，甚至有约0.5%的孕妇出现产后PE症状，因此仍不能解释所有类型PE的发病机制。目前关于PE发病机制的研究多集中于以下5个方向。
3.1 血管重塑及胎盘发育异常
关于血管形成及胎盘发育异常的研究包括血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF)、sFlt-1、PLGF等血管生成因子及滋养细胞侵袭、凋亡和自噬的改变等[25]。Moldovan等[26]认为，YAP1和WWTR1突变导致子宫内膜基质细胞蜕膜化异常可能与PE发生相关。有研究发现，叉头框P2基因(FOXP2)能够上调滋养细胞中层粘连蛋白α4(LAMA4)的表达，抑制细胞凋亡，促进细胞迁移、侵袭及血管生成，为PE的治疗提供了潜在靶点[27]。目前临床上应用sFlt-1/PLGF的比值来识别血管生成失衡，是实现PE筛查的重要指标之一，但该指标仅适用于妊娠23周~34周+6，仅可评估高危患者2周内发展为PE的可能性，因此有学者对该指标筛查作用的普适性提出质疑，亟需开发更为有效的预测指标。本研究团队发现，在妊娠第11~14周时，PE孕妇外周血中irisin水平明显降低，且irisin浓度越低，首次出现高血压的孕周数、首次出现尿蛋白异常的孕周数和诊断PE的时间越早，是实现PE早期筛查的潜力指标分子；irisin能够激活信号转导和转录激活因子4(STAT4)/葡萄糖转运蛋白3(GLUT-3)通路促进胚胎着床和胎盘血管重塑，从而缓解PE症状[28]。目前已有关于构建irisin纳米药物的研究，这为后期的临床研究开展奠定了基础。
3.2 过度氧化应激及炎症反应
缺氧/复氧可引起滋养层细胞的氧化应激和Na+-K+泵的抑制，增加内皮型一氧化氮合酶的S-谷胱甘肽化，从而使NO合成向O2合成转换，抑制滋养层迁移。而β1肾上腺素受体激动剂消除了这些变化，是PE治疗的潜在候选者[29]。亚硝酸钠可能抵消胎盘灌注减少模型大鼠中的NO降低，减轻血压升高，缓解血管和内皮功能障碍，也是PE的保护性因素[30]。此外，内质网应激可降低滋养层蛋白N-糖基化的复杂性和唾液酸化，进而使母体肝脏葡萄糖代谢适应不良，是早发性PE导致母体代谢紊乱的可能机制之一[31]。临床已批准的药物如阿司匹林，以及正在进行临床试验的普伐他汀、二甲双胍、埃索美拉唑等均被证实可通过改善内皮功能障碍使血管舒张增加，从而减轻PE的症状。
3.3 母胎免疫失衡
关于母胎免疫失衡的研究，包括T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、巨噬细胞等免疫细胞与蜕膜基质细胞、滋养细胞之间的免疫应答障碍等[32]。Wang等[33]通过孟德尔随机化分析系统评估了免疫细胞的731种性状与PE的关系，发现CD24+ CD27+ B细胞上的CD27、浆细胞样树突(DC)细胞上的CD80，以及CD33+人类白细胞抗原(HLA) DR+ CD14dim、CD33+ HLA DR+ CD14-和CD33+ HLA DR+细胞的数量是PE发病的危险因素，而树突细胞上的HLA DR则对PE起保护性作用。
3.4 遗传因素
关于遗传因素的研究，包括基因多态性、DNA甲基化、组蛋白翻译后修饰、非编码RNA及胎儿游离DNA的异常等[34-35]。Shinde等[36]分析了早发型PE孕妇外周血细胞外囊泡中印记基因的甲基化情况，发现在孕早期前列腺素E3(PGE3)、前列腺素E10(PGE10)和中胚层特异性转录物(MEST)的平均甲基化水平及mRNA表达与健康孕妇无明显差异，而在孕晚期PGE3、PGE10和差异甲基化区域(intergenic differentially methylated region，IGDMR)甲基化水平明显降低，中胚叶特异性转录子(MEST)甲基化水平明显升高，且mRNA表达失调，因此推断这些异常表达可能只是PE发展的结果，而不是PE发生的原因。还有研究发现，MEST具有α1,3-岩藻糖基化位点，Asn163处为二岩藻糖基化聚糖(LeY)，沉默岩藻糖基转移酶4(FUT4)可抑制LeY的生物合成，阻碍MEST与真核翻译起始因子4E家族成员2(eIF4E2)结合，抑制胚胎植入相关基因的翻译启动，最终抑制滋养层细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[37]。迄今为止，已发现一些候选遗传变异与PE发病风险增加相关，结合多个遗传变异位点进行综合评分，可帮助识别针对特定药物反应良好或不佳的患者，从而优化临床策略，实现PE的精准预防、管理和治疗。
3.5 代谢异常
关于代谢功能改变的研究，包括能量代谢、葡萄糖代谢、脂代谢和铁代谢紊乱，以及关于母体及胎盘微生物组学变化的研究等[38-39]。Zhou等[40]通过双向孟德尔随机化分析发现，PE血浆中Omega-6脂肪酸(特别是亚油酸)水平降低，单不饱和脂肪酸水平升高是PE的危险因素，而二十二碳六烯酸、多不饱和脂肪酸/单不饱和脂肪酸的比例升高可能是PE的保护因素。此外，葛根素可能通过抑制环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)信号，影响血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)启动子的活性，从而抑制滋养层细胞铁死亡，缓解N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)诱导的模型小鼠PE症状[41]。随着研究技术平台的更新发展，越来越多的研究聚焦于代谢异常与身体机能改变的关系，体内基因、蛋白质的变化被代谢调控进一步放大，对PE症状及胎儿的生长发育产生直接影响，因此，研究胎盘“营养传感器”功能失衡的原因并进行纠正，有助于预防PE的发生发展。
总结各类关于PE发病机制的研究发现，胎盘血管重塑障碍可能并不是PE发病的起始因素，而是母体功能异常致使疾病发生和发展的中间环节，多种发病机制后续均可引发合体滋养层应激，并最终汇聚于共同的病理终点，导致PE临床症状的出现(图1)。最近有学者提出“暮光胎盘”的概念[42]，即正常妊娠时合体滋养层的维持依赖于细胞融合和细胞衰老两种生物学过程，当滋养层细胞融合为合体滋养层时，即停止复制，衰老相关异染色质簇集(SAHF)形成等衰老相关表型增加，进入半衰老状态，从而使胎盘被覆盖在相对稳定的细胞屏障中，在妊娠后期细胞衰老逐渐占据主导地位，足月时，合体滋养层细胞的应激标志增加，包括细胞凋亡、焦亡、自噬、坏死和合胞体结节，因此将具有这种表型的胎盘称为“暮光胎盘”。当细胞滋养层融合受阻时，合体滋养层更新失败，胎盘过早出现“暮光”状态，导致合体滋养层过早发生应激反应，胎盘功能下降，从而引发PE。多种因素、多条通路均可导致PE的发生，并表现出多种临床症状，这种综合征特性意味着不能用单一学说解释其发病机制，因此需要针对不同的发病原因制定不同的预防及治疗方案。
4 PE发病机制的研究模型
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4.1 PE动物模型
构建理想的动物模型对于确定病因及发病机制、开发新的治疗方法、评估预防和治疗措施的有效性及安全性至关重要。非人类灵长类动物在进化、基因组、结构、生理和代谢方面与人类具有保守的相似性，是研究PE发病的最佳模型，但其饲养条件苛刻，研究周期过长，因此相关研究仍较少。啮齿类动物因易获取、生命力强、妊娠周期短、经济实惠等原因，目前已广泛应用于各种动物实验中。现今已知的PE动物模型有胎盘灌注减少模型、血管生成-血管抑制失衡模型、氧化应激模型、炎症免疫过度激活模型、高凝血模型、疾病遗传背景模型等，其中L-NAME、sFlt-1、IL-4、脂多糖等药物诱导模型操作简便，成功率高，因此应用更为广泛。最近，Faulkner等[43]发现，妊娠中晚期输注瘦素可诱导小鼠内皮功能障碍，触发胎盘应激反应，从而出现PE症状。另外，子宫灌注减少模型大鼠的F1雌性子代大鼠孕期氧化应激水平增加，并出现PE症状，可能是一种新的表观遗传模型[44]。还有研究者构建了胎盘滋养细胞合体微绒毛膜诱导模型、唾液酸结合免疫球蛋白样凝集素6(Siglec-6)胎盘特异性过表达模型及内分泌激素失衡模型，并进行了相关研究[45-49]。但由于PE的病因及发病机制尚未明确，动物模型的构建及表型尚不能统一，目前已有的模型均不能完全呈现PE的所有症状，仅能模拟某一方面的病理生理特征，需要根据不同的研究方向及实验条件选择合适的模型。
4.2 体外研究模型
以往关于PE发病机制的体外研究多局限于永生化滋养细胞株、原代滋养层细胞及内皮细胞，或者将滋养层细胞和血管内皮细胞共培养来模拟胎盘屏障，但这些细胞模型不能准确反映全身性内皮功能障碍及血流动力学等生物学特征，而类器官技术的突破为体外研究提供了新的思路[50]。2018年Turco等[51]应用人类孕早期组织进行滋养层细胞类器官的3D培养，该培养物能够自分化为合体滋养层细胞，并能模拟部分胎盘结构，与人类孕早期胎盘非常相似，且具有遗传稳定性，能够长期传代及保存。由于组织来源有限，不能进行大量培养，Karvas等[52]从人类多能干细胞中分离出滋养细胞并进行3D培养，诱导其生成滋养细胞类器官，该模型能够模拟妊娠早期胎盘组织中相关突变带来的影响，为研究胎盘对病原体的易感性提供了良好的平台。近期有研究者分离卵黄囊并诱导生成类器官，用来研究妊娠前3个月母胎交换界面的功能变化[53]。类器官的建立在胚胎早期发育、胎盘形成及母胎相互作用等研究领域具有重要的应用价值。近年来，利用3D微流控系统建立的器官芯片模型能够模拟器官水平的结构和功能，胎膜-蜕膜器官芯片、胎盘-胎膜器官芯片、胎膜-蜕膜-胎盘器官芯片、阴道-子宫颈-蜕膜器官芯片等多种芯片已被用来模拟妊娠时的生理和病理状态，为深入研究母胎界面相互作用、药物/毒物的渗透等提供了新的研究模型，但因其取材及制作困难，暂时难以广泛应用[54-56]。
5 总结与展望
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PE是一种严重的妊娠期高血压疾病，可造成多器官、多系统损伤，严重威胁孕产妇及围生期胎儿的近期和远期身体健康。由于其发病原因复杂且多样，每个PE病例都可能是不同病理途径激活的结果，因而为全面系统研究PE的发病机制带来了极大的困难。由于样本来源单一、模型应用局限等原因，尽管已经做了大量体外实验及动物实验，但能够进入临床试验的干预方法仍十分有限，研究中涉及的标志物也很难转化为临床监测指标。随着单细胞测序、空间转录组、空间蛋白组、空间代谢组、微生物组、蛋白修饰组等多种高通量检测技术的出现及模型平台的发展与突破，包括应用多维度、多组学分析方法对细胞、组织、器官甚至个体进行网络联合研究已逐步实现。应用新的研究手段，同时联合多中心，整合资源开展大规模临床研究，从多角度深入分析PE的病因及发病机制，开发个体化诊断治疗手段，对PE的筛查、预防及治疗具有重要意义。
基金
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  • 军委后勤保障部卫生局计划生育专项课题(21JSZ03)
  • 军委后勤保障部卫生局计划生育专项课题(22JSZ01)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0449)
文献
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0891.2024.1225
  • 接收时间：2024-06-25
  • 首发时间：2025-11-10
  • 出版时间：2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-25
  • 录用日期：2024-12-10
基金
Military Family Planning Project(21JSZ03)
军委后勤保障部卫生局计划生育专项课题(21JSZ03)
Military Family Planning Project(22JSZ01)
军委后勤保障部卫生局计划生育专项课题(22JSZ01)
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0449)
重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0449)
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    陆军军医大学大坪医院妇产科，重庆 400042

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李力，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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