Article(id=1194613944703754402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0447.2024.0730, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712505600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717948800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-10, onlineDate=1762747759234, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762747759234, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762747759234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762747759234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194613942065533315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='365', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762747758641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749141462, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=341, endPage=350, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194613945039298725, articleId=1194613944703754402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on correlation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bone stress injury, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), commonly utilized analgesics, are extensively employed for managing pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders or injuries. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated a heightened risk of bone stress injuries (BSI) in soldiers and athletes, particularly during high-intensity training, due to NSAID usage. Furthermore, the impact of NSAIDs on fracture healing is well-documented; however, the precise mechanism by which their use during training contributes to an increased incidence of stress bone injuries remains unclear. This article aims to summarize potential mechanisms through an extensive review of domestic and international literature in order to standardize the utilization and clinical management of NSAIDs, optimize pain management strategies, and prevent stress bone injuries or fractures in specific populations such as soldiers and elite athletes.

, correspAuthors=Chen-Hui Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)作为一种常用的止痛药物,被广泛用于治疗骨骼肌肉疾病或损伤导致的疼痛。大量临床研究表明,NSAIDs可增加军人和运动员应力性骨损伤(BSI)的发生风险,尤其在高强度训练应用NSAIDs时BSI的发生率更高。NSAIDs会影响骨折愈合过程,但其导致训练过程中BSI发生率增高的潜在机制尚不明确。通过查阅国内外文献,本文总结了NSAIDs增加BSI发生风险可能的机制,旨在规范对NSAIDs的使用和临床管理,在进行疼痛管理的同时,减少军人和高水平运动员等特定人群BSI甚至骨折的发生。

, correspAuthors=董晨辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董晨辉,E-mail:
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强宁,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事运动医学与军事训练伤防控方面的研究

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强宁,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事运动医学与军事训练伤防控方面的研究

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signaling pathway, figureFileSmall=BpT9I7YUDD3j5OS3jdqcWw==, figureFileBig=R3EY/s3Y1sUsxlo+mMeZ1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194634149538534199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NSAIDs通过COX-2/PGE2/EP4信号通路影响骨代谢

NSAIDs. 非甾体抗炎药;COX-2/PGE2/EP4. 环氧合酶-2/前列腺素E2/前列腺素E受体4;COX-1. 环氧合酶-1;PGC2. 前列腺素C2;PGH2. 前列腺素H2;TXA2. 血栓素A2;PGD2. 前列腺素D2;PGF. 前列腺素F;PGI2. 前列腺素I2;EP3. 前列腺素E受体3;EP2. 前列腺素E受体2;EP1. 前列腺素E受体1

, figureFileSmall=BpT9I7YUDD3j5OS3jdqcWw==, figureFileBig=R3EY/s3Y1sUsxlo+mMeZ1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194634149622420280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=NSAIDs impact stress bone injury (BSI) pattern, figureFileSmall=NSHDxgTINqDtFBaXS1vMOg==, figureFileBig=Eh2duazNAyTQdff6sW0F2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194634149693723449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=CN, label=图2, caption=NSAIDs影响应力性骨损伤(BSI)模式图

NSAIDs. 非甾体抗炎药;G0期指成骨细胞处于阻留状态;G1期指成骨细胞从有丝分裂到DNA复制前的一段时期,又称合成前期,为下阶段S期的DNA复制做好能量和物质准备;S期是DNA合成期,除合成DNA外,还合成组蛋白;G2期为DNA合成后期,是有丝分裂的准备期,在这一时期DNA合成终止,大量合成RNA及蛋白质;M期为成骨细胞分裂期

, figureFileSmall=NSHDxgTINqDtFBaXS1vMOg==, figureFileBig=Eh2duazNAyTQdff6sW0F2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194634149765026618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Evidence-based medical research on the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on bone in animals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究发表年份药品名称实验对象用法剂量用药时间结果循证医学证据等级
Pead等[68]1989吲哚美辛鸡(尺骨)口服,40 mg/kg5 d使用单向周期动态负荷来刺激体内适应性成骨作用;加载负荷后5 d的骨膜测量表明吲哚美辛可降低成骨率
Park等[65]2019

萘普生及

阿司匹林

鼠(尺骨)

口服,萘普生10.9 mg/kg,

1次/d;

6 d萘普生可能会增加应力性骨折的风险并延长骨折愈合时间;阿司匹林则不会增加应力性骨折的风险
口服,阿司匹林100 mg/kg,1次/d
Li等[66]2007塞来昔布鼠(尺骨)口服,5 mg/kg,5次/周8周分别在第2、4、8周测量,发现塞来昔布可能会延迟应力性骨折的组织水平修复
Sherk等[67]2017布洛芬鼠(下肢)口服,30 mg/kg,5次/周12周运动前1 h给药,未观察到抑制适应性骨形成
), ArticleFig(id=1194634149861495611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)对动物骨骼影响的循证医学研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究发表年份药品名称实验对象用法剂量用药时间结果循证医学证据等级
Pead等[68]1989吲哚美辛鸡(尺骨)口服,40 mg/kg5 d使用单向周期动态负荷来刺激体内适应性成骨作用;加载负荷后5 d的骨膜测量表明吲哚美辛可降低成骨率
Park等[65]2019

萘普生及

阿司匹林

鼠(尺骨)

口服,萘普生10.9 mg/kg,

1次/d;

6 d萘普生可能会增加应力性骨折的风险并延长骨折愈合时间;阿司匹林则不会增加应力性骨折的风险
口服,阿司匹林100 mg/kg,1次/d
Li等[66]2007塞来昔布鼠(尺骨)口服,5 mg/kg,5次/周8周分别在第2、4、8周测量,发现塞来昔布可能会延迟应力性骨折的组织水平修复
Sherk等[67]2017布洛芬鼠(下肢)口服,30 mg/kg,5次/周12周运动前1 h给药,未观察到抑制适应性骨形成
), ArticleFig(id=1194634149928604476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Evidence-based medical research on the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on human bone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究发表年份药品名称实验对象用法和剂量

用药

时间

结果机械刺激循证医学证据等级研究类型
Adolphson等[74]1993吡罗昔康42例Colles骨折移位的绝经后妇女

口服,20 mg,

1次/d

8周不影响骨折愈合率RCT
Giannoudis等[69]2000双氯芬酸和布洛芬临床试验(99例患者,其中应用NSAIDs导致骨不连32例;对照组67例)

口服,100~150 mg双氯芬酸或200~400 mg布洛芬,

4次/d

4周股骨干骨不连发生率与使用NSAIDs(尤其是超过4周)明显相关。特别是双氯芬酸与布洛芬之间存在明显关联,服用NSAIDs且骨折愈合的患者出现愈合延迟RCT
Drendel等[79]2009布洛芬336例儿童单纯手臂骨折口服,10 mg/kg,4次/d<2周未见骨不连与使用布洛芬之间的关联RCT
Kohrt等[82]2010布洛芬临床试验(95名21~40岁健康、月经正常的女性)

口服,400 mg,

3次/周

9个月,负重运动训练后负重锻炼前服用,导致绝经前患者的骨密度适应受损;运动后立即服用会影响髋部骨密度RCT
Duff等[83]2017布洛芬临床试验(90名绝经后女性)400 mg9个月,抗阻训练后DXA评估胫骨、股骨近端和腰椎骨密度未见明显差异RCT
Aliuskevicius等[77]2020布洛芬95例移位的Colles骨折患者

口服,600 mg,

3次/d

7 d短期布洛芬治疗对Colles骨折的愈合没有影响RCT
Nuelle等[76]2020布洛芬102例儿童患者口服,40 mg/kg,1次/d3周

两组骨折均在治疗后6个月愈合。对照组平均愈合时间为41 d,服用NSAIDs组平均愈合时间为40 d

(P=0.76)

RCT
Aliuskevicius等[75]2021布洛芬96例Colles骨折患者

口服,600 mg,

3次/d

7 d治疗组与对照组在放射学或功能、密度和生化效应方面没有明显差异RCT
Burd等[70]2003吲哚美辛临床试验(282例接受切开复位髋臼骨折内固定术的患者)

口服,25 mg,

3次/d

6周存在骨折延迟愈合或骨不连的风险RCT
Sagi等[72]2014吲哚美辛98例髋臼骨折术后患者

口服,75 mg,

1次/d

6周增高了骨不连发生率RCT
Brewer等[73]2015萘普生临床试验(23名大学生,男性)

口服,400 mg,

2次/周

6周未见影响手臂骨矿物质含量RCT
Brattwall等[78]2010依托考昔100例拇外翻手术患者

口服,120 mg,

1次/d,4 d;90 mg,1次/d,3 d

7 d未见影响骨愈合RCT
), ArticleFig(id=1194634150016684861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613944703754402, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)对人类骨骼影响的循证医学研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究发表年份药品名称实验对象用法和剂量

用药

时间

结果机械刺激循证医学证据等级研究类型
Adolphson等[74]1993吡罗昔康42例Colles骨折移位的绝经后妇女

口服,20 mg,

1次/d

8周不影响骨折愈合率RCT
Giannoudis等[69]2000双氯芬酸和布洛芬临床试验(99例患者,其中应用NSAIDs导致骨不连32例;对照组67例)

口服,100~150 mg双氯芬酸或200~400 mg布洛芬,

4次/d

4周股骨干骨不连发生率与使用NSAIDs(尤其是超过4周)明显相关。特别是双氯芬酸与布洛芬之间存在明显关联,服用NSAIDs且骨折愈合的患者出现愈合延迟RCT
Drendel等[79]2009布洛芬336例儿童单纯手臂骨折口服,10 mg/kg,4次/d<2周未见骨不连与使用布洛芬之间的关联RCT
Kohrt等[82]2010布洛芬临床试验(95名21~40岁健康、月经正常的女性)

口服,400 mg,

3次/周

9个月,负重运动训练后负重锻炼前服用,导致绝经前患者的骨密度适应受损;运动后立即服用会影响髋部骨密度RCT
Duff等[83]2017布洛芬临床试验(90名绝经后女性)400 mg9个月,抗阻训练后DXA评估胫骨、股骨近端和腰椎骨密度未见明显差异RCT
Aliuskevicius等[77]2020布洛芬95例移位的Colles骨折患者

口服,600 mg,

3次/d

7 d短期布洛芬治疗对Colles骨折的愈合没有影响RCT
Nuelle等[76]2020布洛芬102例儿童患者口服,40 mg/kg,1次/d3周

两组骨折均在治疗后6个月愈合。对照组平均愈合时间为41 d,服用NSAIDs组平均愈合时间为40 d

(P=0.76)

RCT
Aliuskevicius等[75]2021布洛芬96例Colles骨折患者

口服,600 mg,

3次/d

7 d治疗组与对照组在放射学或功能、密度和生化效应方面没有明显差异RCT
Burd等[70]2003吲哚美辛临床试验(282例接受切开复位髋臼骨折内固定术的患者)

口服,25 mg,

3次/d

6周存在骨折延迟愈合或骨不连的风险RCT
Sagi等[72]2014吲哚美辛98例髋臼骨折术后患者

口服,75 mg,

1次/d

6周增高了骨不连发生率RCT
Brewer等[73]2015萘普生临床试验(23名大学生,男性)

口服,400 mg,

2次/周

6周未见影响手臂骨矿物质含量RCT
Brattwall等[78]2010依托考昔100例拇外翻手术患者

口服,120 mg,

1次/d,4 d;90 mg,1次/d,3 d

7 d未见影响骨愈合RCT
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非甾体抗炎药与应力性骨损伤的相关研究进展
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强宁 1, 2, 3 , 王瑾 4 , 于健 1 , 许金芳 5 , 王明新 6 , 董晨辉 1, 2, * , 李慎松 1 , 赵晋 2 , 李春宝 6
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025,50(3): 341-350
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2025, 50(3): 341-350
非甾体抗炎药与应力性骨损伤的相关研究进展
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强宁1, 2, 3, 王瑾4, 于健1, 许金芳5, 王明新6, 董晨辉1, 2, * , 李慎松1, 赵晋2, 李春宝6
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,甘肃兰州 730050
  • 2西北民族大学医学部,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 3宁夏永宁县人民医院骨科,宁夏银川 750100
  • 4解放军联勤保障部队第940医院中医康复科,甘肃兰州 730050
  • 5海军军医大学军队卫生统计学教研室,上海 200433
  • 6解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853
  • 强宁,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事运动医学与军事训练伤防控方面的研究

通讯作者:

董晨辉,E-mail:
Research progress on correlation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bone stress injury
Ning Qiang1, 2, 3, Jin Wang4, Jian Yu1, Jin-Fang Xu5, Ming-Xin Wang6, Chen-Hui Dong1, 2, * , Shen-Song Li1, Jin Zhao2, Chun-Bao Li6
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Sports Medicine, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
  • 2Department of Medical Centre, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
  • 3Department of Orthopedics, Yongning People's Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750100, China
  • 4Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
  • 5Department of Military Health Statistics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 6Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0447.2024.0730
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非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)作为一种常用的止痛药物,被广泛用于治疗骨骼肌肉疾病或损伤导致的疼痛。大量临床研究表明,NSAIDs可增加军人和运动员应力性骨损伤(BSI)的发生风险,尤其在高强度训练应用NSAIDs时BSI的发生率更高。NSAIDs会影响骨折愈合过程,但其导致训练过程中BSI发生率增高的潜在机制尚不明确。通过查阅国内外文献,本文总结了NSAIDs增加BSI发生风险可能的机制,旨在规范对NSAIDs的使用和临床管理,在进行疼痛管理的同时,减少军人和高水平运动员等特定人群BSI甚至骨折的发生。

非甾体抗炎药  /  应力性骨损伤  /  骨代谢  /  前列腺素  /  骨细胞

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), commonly utilized analgesics, are extensively employed for managing pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders or injuries. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated a heightened risk of bone stress injuries (BSI) in soldiers and athletes, particularly during high-intensity training, due to NSAID usage. Furthermore, the impact of NSAIDs on fracture healing is well-documented; however, the precise mechanism by which their use during training contributes to an increased incidence of stress bone injuries remains unclear. This article aims to summarize potential mechanisms through an extensive review of domestic and international literature in order to standardize the utilization and clinical management of NSAIDs, optimize pain management strategies, and prevent stress bone injuries or fractures in specific populations such as soldiers and elite athletes.

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs  /  bone stress injuries  /  bone metabolism  /  prostaglandin  /  osteocyte
强宁, 王瑾, 于健, 许金芳, 王明新, 董晨辉, 李慎松, 赵晋, 李春宝. 非甾体抗炎药与应力性骨损伤的相关研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (3) : 341 -350 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0447.2024.0730
Ning Qiang, Jin Wang, Jian Yu, Jin-Fang Xu, Ming-Xin Wang, Chen-Hui Dong, Shen-Song Li, Jin Zhao, Chun-Bao Li. Research progress on correlation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bone stress injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (3) : 341 -350 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0447.2024.0730
非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)是目前全球应用最广泛的止痛药物之一[1],特别是在治疗军人[2]、运动员[3]等高强度运动人群损伤中的应用更为普遍。NSAIDs存在胃肠道[4]、肝、皮肤、肾和心血管等不良反应[5]。虽然NSAIDs的使用率高,但使用人群对其不良反应的了解和认知水平较低[6]。研究发现,应力性骨损伤(bone stress injuries,BSI)是部队常见的训练伤,在国内外军事训练人员、女性新兵、青少年运动员中发生率较高[7-9],明显缩短了运动员的运动寿命和士兵的服役年限[10]。国内有研究分析了2015、2016年度16 959名部队新兵的军事训练伤发生情况,发现BSI是影响军事训练的重要因素[11]。NSAIDs可抑制环氧酶的活性,减少炎性介质前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)的合成,从而起到抗炎、镇痛的作用[12]。PG是机体诱导骨形成的重要介质,对骨愈合至关重要[13],军事训练人员和运动员在训练受伤后服用NSAIDs止痛时,可能导致骨愈合延迟、新骨形成减少及骨骼抗疲劳性降低等,再次高强度训练将导致BSI的发生风险增加[14]。本文综述了NSAIDs与BSI发生的相关性,以期为NSAIDs的合理应用提供参考。
NSAIDs因其有效的抗炎镇痛效果在全球范围内被广泛使用,是目前常用的镇痛药物。据统计,2010年美国人群中约19.0%每周至少服用3次阿司匹林超过3个月,12.1%的成年人常规使用NSAIDs;与2005年相比,5年间阿司匹林使用率总体增长57%,NSAIDs使用率总体增长41%[1,15]。国内解放军总医院2010-2012年门、急诊处方中NSAIDs的使用率为9.02%[16]。军事人员中NSAIDs使用率增高更为明显。2006年美国军队中约69%的士兵接受NSAIDs处方,2011年为77%,2014年增高至82%。每年有80%的美国现役士兵至少服用一种NSAID[17]。调查数据显示,NSAIDs是运动员最常用的药物,60%的亚特兰大奥运会垒球运动员及100%的悉尼奥运会体操运动员在奥运会上使用过该药[3]。一项系统评价筛选了4381名15~24岁的青少年运动员作为研究对象,比赛期间其NSAIDs的使用率高达92%[18]。一项针对体育生使用NSAIDs态度的调查显示,29%的学生运动员认为在比赛当天(受伤后)使用NSAIDs来缓解赛后疼痛及不适对身体没有影响[19]。以上结果表明,NSAIDs使用广泛且频率较高,但其在BSI发生中的作用机制仍需进一步明确,特别是其对机体诱导骨形成和骨代谢的影响及用药后的体内残留情况等仍有待深入探讨。
流行病学调查显示,随着训练伤防治工作的逐步推进,我军的BSI发生率有所下降,但仍处于较高水平[20]。BSI常发生于高强度、长时间训练的基层官兵和田径类竞技比赛的运动员,损伤部位的疼痛长期困扰着此类军人和运动员[21]。美国军方的一项流行病学调查显示,男性新兵BSI的发生率为0.8%~6.9%,女性新兵为2.4%~21.0%[8];另外一项调查显示,美国大学生运动员的应力性骨折复发率高达21.5%[22]。有研究发现,女性运动员及15~19岁的青少年运动员均为BSI的高风险人群[7,23]。2017年,我军新兵BSI的发生率为13.2%~14.0%[9,24]。目前国内BSI的发生率和复发率均较高,应加以重视。
BSI好发部位在不同地域有一定的差异,在美国、澳大利亚等国家依次为胫骨(23.6%)、足舟骨(17.6%)、跖骨(16.2%)、股骨(6.6%)、骨盆(1.6%)[25],在我国依次为跖骨(52.8%)、胫骨(34.7%)、股骨干(6.2%)、股骨颈(4.2%)、骨盆(2.1%)[9]。因此,在预防和处理BSI时,应考虑好发部位的差异,加强对易患BSI部位的保护,并对高风险人群如女性运动员和青少年运动员实施定制化的管理措施,尤其是对于已明确的BSI风险因素,如性别、内分泌及激素水平、钙含量、体重指数、下肢力学结构等[26]。此外,有研究表明,在缺氧状态下运动是应力性骨折发生的危险因素[27];低强度的机械刺激可增强间充质干细胞的增殖,从而促进骨细胞形成,同时使骨密度增加[28];另有研究发现,骨质疏松症家族史与青年跑步者发生BSI密切相关[29],骨密度较低的患者发生应力性骨折的风险增加[30],表明BSI与骨质疏松密切相关;对女性运动员三联征进行分析发现,能量摄入不足也是BSI发生的危险因素之一[31]。随着对BSI研究的不断深入,其风险因素逐渐被发现。
BSI是一种由于运动过度造成的骨骼损伤,主要经历骨应变、骨应激及应力性骨折3个阶段[32-33]。BSI包括骨组织紊乱以及部分或完全骨折[34],其诱因尚不完全清楚,目前认为主要包括两个方面:一方面由于骨骼肌肉长时间运动引起疲劳导致持续的应力经过骨传导进而引起骨骼微骨折[35];另一方面在持续高强度运动刺激下,骨吸收的速度快于骨形成,骨代谢平衡被打破,骨骼发生微损伤,当骨骼得不到充分的休息时,微损伤逐渐累积,形成较大面积的骨损伤,最终发展为应力性骨折[36]。当骨骼受到外力刺激时可能会发生微小骨损伤,小于100 μm的裂纹一般会停止延伸,当外力继续增大时会形成较大的显微裂隙,该裂隙的累积最终导致骨折[37]。一项应用计算生物力学模型的病理生理学研究发现,骨小梁结构的破坏累积达到一定阈值后,可导致宏观结构上整体骨折的发生[38]。因此,骨代谢失衡被认为是BSI发生的主要机制。
1899年拜耳公司首次生产阿司匹林,此后的100多年各种NSAIDs被引入市场。2003年Harder等[39]发现,NSAIDs可能会影响骨愈合;2018年Lisowska等[40]认为,使用NSAIDs会影响骨愈合。目前人们对使用NSAIDs的临床共识不断加深,但药物作用影响骨愈合的分子机制仍未明确,需要更广泛的循证医学证据指导临床使用。
在机械或化学损伤的刺激下,骨骼肌肉组织可释放前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)、缓激肽(bradykinin,BK)、P物质(substance P,SP)等炎性介质并作用于感觉神经末梢引起疼痛,其中PGE2是由环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)催化花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)形成的代谢物,PGE2也是目前生物活性最强的一类PG[41];PGE2由前列腺素H2(prostaglandin H2,PGH2)通过特异性前列腺素合成酶进一步催化产生,并同时产生另外4种PGs:前列腺素D2(prostaglandin D2,PGD2)、前列腺素F(prostaglandin F,PGF)、前列腺素I2(prostaglandin I2,PGI2)和血栓素A2(thromboxane A2,TXA2)。NSAIDs可通过抑制COX途径阻止AA转化为PGE2、前列环素和血栓素,发挥解热、镇痛和抗炎的作用。人体内主要有两种类型的COX:COX-1和COX-2。其中COX-1为组成型,主要存在于血管、胃、肾等组织中,参与调节血管舒缩、血小板聚集、胃黏膜血流、胃黏液分泌及肾功能等,其功能与保护胃黏膜、调节血小板聚集、调节外周血管阻力和调节肾血流量分布有关;COX-2为诱导型,由炎症反应诱导产生,可增强疼痛受体的敏感性、升高体温及向组织损伤区域募集炎性细胞。目前,NSAIDs分为非选择性COX抑制药和选择性COX-2抑制药,抑制COX-2是在运动损伤中使用NSAIDs缓解疼痛的基础。骨组织内骨细胞的生长、发育、代谢和衰老主要表现为骨量增加或减少,在组织学上则以骨塑建(bone modeling)和骨重建(bone remodeling)两种方式进行:骨塑建是以新骨形成为主的骨修复模式,破骨细胞与成骨细胞之间没有偶联关系;骨重建以骨结构重建为主,破骨细胞与成骨细胞之间存在紧密的偶联关系。骨组织中主要包括骨祖细胞、成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞,其中骨细胞由成骨细胞分化而来,可整合协调破骨细胞[42]与成骨细胞的分化,通过机械刺激和生化信号的反馈来直接或间接调节骨稳态[43];骨细胞通过感知机械刺激,在不同的运动强度和压力作用下分别对破骨细胞和成骨细胞发出信号[44-45],该信号通路中包括COX-2、前列腺素(如PGE2)和胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1),它们均在成骨细胞的募集中发挥作用,刺激骨细胞上调成骨细胞活性,促进成骨细胞释放PGE2,进一步增强成骨细胞的合成代谢[46];在骨折修复的早期炎症阶段激活COX-2/PGE2/前列腺素E受体4(prostaglandin E receptors 4,EP4)信号通路也有利于骨折愈合及修复[47]。PG为骨细胞机械转导中关键的次级信使,可引发并参与炎症反应,增加成骨细胞的活性并促进新骨形成[48]。NSAIDs可导致骨细胞机械转导中关键次级信使PG生成减少,从而抑制骨代谢。骨细胞通过操控成骨细胞和破骨细胞响应机械刺激的分化、激活和募集来协调骨代谢[49]。在骨折修复的早期炎症阶段,PGE2主要由成骨细胞产生[50],可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)向成骨细胞分化,促进新骨形成和骨量增加[51]。NSAIDs通过改变信号分子PGE2的合成而影响骨代谢[52],具体如图1所示。骨微损伤后产生的疼痛有助于防止更严重的应力性骨折的发生,而使用NSAIDs抑制COX导致PG合成减少,阻断负荷诱导的骨形成,在BSI早期发生微损伤后,PG合成减少会增加应力性骨折的发生风险[53]
NSAIDs通过阻滞细胞周期和诱导凋亡阻止成骨细胞生长,降低成骨细胞的数量及其产生新骨的能力,从而影响骨代谢。一项用大鼠顶骨制备成骨细胞培养物的研究发现,不同浓度的酮咯酸、吲哚美辛、吡罗昔康和双氯芬酸作用不同时间后均可诱导成骨细胞凋亡[54];另一项研究制备人成骨细胞培养物,发现吲哚美辛、酮咯酸、吡罗昔康、双氯芬酸和塞来昔布均可显著抑制成骨细胞的增殖,使其停滞在G0/G1期而死亡[55]。但西班牙学者用颌骨截骨术或下智齿手术切除的人骨碎片制备成骨细胞培养物发现,塞来昔布对成骨细胞的细胞周期、凋亡和(或)坏死没有明显影响[56]。目前NSAIDs对成骨细胞周期影响的研究数据非常有限,值得进一步探究。
骨祖细胞依次分化为前成骨细胞和成骨细胞,最后成骨细胞转化为成熟的骨细胞[57-58]。骨基质由有机成分和无机矿物质组成,完全成熟的成骨细胞负责形成骨基质的有机成分,包括Ⅰ型胶原、骨结合蛋白、骨桥蛋白、骨钙素(osteocalcin,OC)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、生长因子、核因子-κB配体的受体激活剂和甲状旁腺激素受体等[59]。成骨细胞分泌以上蛋白进行矿化,并转化为成熟的骨细胞[57];同时成熟的成骨细胞通过控制无机盐的沉积来合成矿化基质。在成骨细胞的增殖、骨基质合成以及矿化3个发育阶段中,ALP活性和OC浓度会影响成骨细胞分化。成骨细胞分化的3个关键标志物为ALP、OC和Runt相关转录因子2。NSAIDs可能影响成骨细胞的分化。选择性COX-2抑制剂美洛昔康可增加ALP的表达,非选择性COX抑制剂双氯芬酸钠可降低ALP的表达,而帕瑞考昔、氯诺昔康和对乙酰氨基酚对ALP的表达无明显影响,美洛昔康、帕瑞考昔、氯诺昔康、双氯芬酸和对乙酰氨基酚对OC的表达无明显影响[60]
有研究发现,吲哚美辛和双氯芬酸等非甾体抗炎药可增强成骨细胞的黏附并减少其迁移,导致骨细胞生成减少[59]。若某些NSAIDs可增加成骨细胞的黏附能力且对成骨细胞没有不利影响,则可广泛应用于骨折患者的治疗中。
NSAIDs影响骨代谢的作用机制较复杂。氧化应激累积是与年龄相关的骨质流失的重要因素,有研究发现骨髓内皮细胞在维持骨稳态中起着重要作用[61]。有学者探讨了疲劳过程中骨小梁中心凹陷的形成机制及其与老年骨质疏松症生物力学改变的相关性,发现撕脱的胶原蛋白和小凹在椎板骨中的直接矿化可引起老年骨质疏松,使骨小梁的脆性和刚度增加,同时可能影响BMSCs成骨-成脂分化的平衡[62]。成骨细胞来源于BMSCs,骨组织内环境中多种激素和细胞因子扮演着重要的角色,均可对骨代谢进行直接或间接的调节,但具体机制仍有待进一步研究。基于文献分析,本文总结并提出NSAIDs除可通过抑制PG合成、阻滞细胞周期和诱导细胞凋亡干扰骨代谢平衡外,还具有通过影响成骨细胞分化和成骨细胞黏附而干扰骨代谢平衡的潜在作用(图2),但仍有待进一步临床验证。
虽然以上研究提示NSAIDs可能抑制骨形成,但不能直接证实NSAIDs与机械刺激后BSI发生之间的相关性,而利用动物模型可明确NSAIDs对负荷诱导的骨形成的影响。有研究在公鸡尺骨单次机械负荷刺激前1 h给予40 mg/kg吲哚美辛,连续用药5 d,发现负荷前口服药物可抑制适应性骨形成,且这种抑制作用在骨膜表面最显著,表明适应性骨形成被抑制可能发生在应力刺激的区域;此外,NSAIDs阻断PG的合成可降低成骨细胞活性,从而抑制新骨生成,并可能通过延迟成骨细胞的活化和前成骨细胞的募集来延迟成骨反应[63]。有研究给予第8尾椎模型大鼠2 mg/(kg.d)吲哚美辛,比较椎体机械负荷前后的骨形成情况,发现单次给药组在负荷后6 h骨形成被完全抑制,连续8 d给药组无论是否存在负荷刺激均可见骨形成明显减少,表明在高强度体力活动期间,长期使用吲哚美辛可抑制骨形成[64]。有研究在小鼠尺骨模型中给予非选择性COX抑制剂萘普生10.9 mg/(kg.d),同时对小鼠尺骨施加机械负荷,发现负荷后6 d小鼠前肢使用减少,表明NSAIDs对适应性骨形成具有明显的抑制作用;非选择性COX抑制药阿司匹林100 mg/(kg.d)可能不会增加应力性骨折的风险,而萘普生则可能增加应力性骨折的风险并延长骨折愈合时间[65]。另有研究对48只成年雌性大鼠每周连续5 d给予塞来昔布5 mg/kg,发现其可延迟应力性骨折的恢复[66]。有研究对大鼠进行连续12周、每周5 d的锻炼以刺激其皮质骨形成,发现在每次运动前1 h服用30 mg/kg的非选择性COX抑制剂布洛芬对大鼠皮质骨的形成无明显影响[67]。目前尚不清楚部分研究未观察到NSAIDs抑制适应性骨形成的原因,但可能与NSAIDs的剂量及种类有关。总之,NSAIDs通常被认为会抑制动物在机械负荷下的成骨反应,其对动物骨骼影响的循证医学研究见表1[65-68]
研究发现,骨折后骨不连的发生可能与使用NSAIDs有关[69-72]。虽然部分临床试验未观察到NSAIDs对骨折愈合产生不利影响[73-79],但有Meta分析探讨了NSAIDs应用于骨折患者的疗效及安全性,发现虽然其对骨折围手术期患者具有良好的镇痛效果,但会影响骨折的愈合[80]。新近研究发现,NSAIDs对骨代谢具有抑制作用,可增加BSI甚至应力性骨折的风险[14]。一项队列研究发现,服用NSAIDs的士兵发生BSI的风险增加了2.9倍,而在士兵进行高强度体能训练时BSI的风险可增加5倍以上[2]。一项公共卫生研究评估了使用NSAIDs的美国现役军人发生应力性骨折的相对风险,结果显示,与对照组相比,使用NSAIDs的军人应力性骨折发生风险增加了1.7倍[81]。另有研究发现,在负重锻炼前以每周3次的频率服用9个月布洛芬(剂量400 mg)可导致更年期患者的骨密度下降;相反,运动后立即服用NSAIDs则会增加髋部骨密度[82],表明NSAIDs的使用时机是抑制骨形成的关键。若在负重训练前服用NSAIDs,骨形成会受到抑制,而在负重训练后服用NSAIDs则不会抑制骨形成。一项研究纳入女大学生开展为期6周、每周2次的上身抗阻运动,在训练期间服用400 mg萘普生,结果显示,与接受安慰剂的女生相比,服用萘普生并未影响手臂骨骼矿物质的沉积[73]。另有研究发现,绝经女性每天口服400 mg布洛芬治疗,经过9个月抗阻训练,其胫骨、股骨近端和腰椎骨密度与安慰剂组比较无明显差异,然而两组桡骨远端的骨含量比较有明显差异,布洛芬治疗组的骨含量降低了1.5%,安慰剂组则增加了0.6%[83],同时有多项研究证实NSAIDs可干扰骨折愈合[40,84-88]且是BSI的诱因。但目前相关研究的混杂因素控制不理想,多数研究仅限于年龄、性别因素,甚至只对单一的医学影像诊断[89]和治疗措施进行控制,其他潜在的混杂因素尚不清楚[90]。研究发现,使用阿司匹林和其他NSAIDs可使髋关节及腰椎的骨密度增加,但骨吸收的标志物Ⅰ型胶原交联N末端肽排泄水平正常[91],表明NSAIDs并没有抑制破骨细胞的活性。一项前瞻性研究表明,女性服用阿司匹林或其他NSAIDs后骨折的发生风险与未服药组比较没有明显差异[92]。NSAIDs对人类骨骼影响的循证医学研究见表2[69-70,72-79,82-83]
NSAIDs可能引起的不良反应值得进一步探讨并给予足够的关注,因其可能会影响术后肌腱与骨骼的愈合[93-94],甚至有研究发现使用双氯芬酸钠改变了雄性大鼠的生殖代谢状态[95]。对于急性踝关节扭伤、韧带扭伤、肌肉和肌腱损伤等,短期的规范用药是有效的,可减少药物不良反应[96]。对于军人和高水平运动员人群,NSAIDs对骨折愈合和负荷训练下骨重建的影响不容忽视,有研究显示选择性COX-2抑制药延迟骨折愈合的程度低于非选择性COX抑制药[97];也有学者认为对于可能出现骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的患者,应尽可能避免使用包括选择性COX抑制药在内的所有NSAIDs药物[86,98]。然而,在NSAIDs与BSI风险的相关性研究中,仍缺乏针对高危人群的大规模前瞻性研究或随机对照临床试验。未来需要通过高分辨率CT成像技术提供更加直观的影像证据,以期更深入地研究NSAIDs与BSI发生风险的相关性;在做出临床决策时,应充分考虑患者的风险因素和健康状况,以确保NSAIDs治疗的有效性和安全性。
综上所述,目前有研究表明,NSAIDs可能会增加BSI的发生风险,进一步明确NSAIDs与BSI的相关性可为临床使用NSAIDs提供更多的循证医学依据,规范使用NSAIDs有利于减少军人和运动员等特殊人群BSI的发生。
  • 军队后勤科研项目(CLB21J035)
  • 军队医学科研项目(2021YXKY020)
  • 中央高校重大需求培育资助项目(31920220108)
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2025年第50卷第3期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0447.2024.0730
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 录用日期:2024-06-10
基金
Military Logistics Research Project(CLB21J035)
军队后勤科研项目(CLB21J035)
Military Medical Scientific Research Project(2021YXKY020)
军队医学科研项目(2021YXKY020)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of MCF Project(31920220108)
中央高校重大需求培育资助项目(31920220108)
作者信息
    1解放军联勤保障部队第940医院运动医学科,甘肃兰州 730050
    2西北民族大学医学部,甘肃兰州 730030
    3宁夏永宁县人民医院骨科,宁夏银川 750100
    4解放军联勤保障部队第940医院中医康复科,甘肃兰州 730050
    5海军军医大学军队卫生统计学教研室,上海 200433
    6解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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