Article(id=1194613944036856202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0056.2024.0620, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712851200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-12, onlineDate=1762747759111, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762747759111, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762747759111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762747759111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194613942065533315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='365', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762747758641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749141462, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=277, endPage=283, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194613944271737229, articleId=1194613944036856202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Association between intestinal flora and secondary resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, columnId=1194613943957164424, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Role of Gut Microbiota in Disease Occurrence and Treatment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most prevalent mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, with imatinib serving as the first-line drug for metastatic GIST due to its good clinical efficacy. However, the majority of patients exhibit tumor progression within several years of drug therapy, primarily due to the high rate of drug resistance, which significantly impedes drug therapeutic outcome and patient prognosis. Traditional approaches to counteract resistance, including dosage increase and subsequent line therapy yielded suboptimal results. As a research hotspot, intestinal flora has been proven to be closely related to drug resistance of various tumors. In recent years, it has been observed that specific intestinal flora could serve as biomarkers for early GIST patient screening or as potential drug targets, and modulating the intestinal flora through interventions may delay or even reverse the progression of imatinib secondary drug resistance in GIST. This review delineates the drug resistance of GIST, correlations between intestinal flora and drug resistance of tumors, as well as the relationship between intestinal flora and drug resistance of GIST, aiming to provide novel perspectives and methodologies for clinical application.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Jun Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Email:
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胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤。伊马替尼因具有良好的临床疗效而被用作转移性GIST的一线治疗药物,但多数患者在治疗后数年间出现肿瘤进展,高耐药率成为限制其临床应用的重要因素,而增加药量及后线治疗等传统治疗方式的效果均不理想。肠道菌群作为当前的研究热点,已被证实与多种肿瘤的耐药密切相关。近年来发现,特定肠道菌群可作为GIST的生物标志物或潜在的治疗靶点,而干预肠道菌群可延缓甚至逆转GIST伊马替尼继发耐药的进程。本文就GIST耐药性、肠道菌群与肿瘤耐药的相关性,以及肠道菌群与GIST耐药的关系等进行综述,旨在为GIST的临床治疗提供新的思路和方法。

, correspAuthors=杨建军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨建军,E-mail:
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李昊霖,主要从事消化道肿瘤的临床与基础研究

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李昊霖,主要从事消化道肿瘤的临床与基础研究

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肠道菌群与胃肠道间质瘤伊马替尼继发耐药的关系研究进展
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李昊霖 1, 2, 3 , 王舒 1, 2 , 赵燕 1, 2 , 杨建军 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 肠道菌群在疾病发生及治疗中的作用专题 2025,50(3): 277-283
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解放军医学杂志 | 肠道菌群在疾病发生及治疗中的作用专题 2025, 50(3): 277-283
肠道菌群与胃肠道间质瘤伊马替尼继发耐药的关系研究进展
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李昊霖1, 2, 3, 王舒1, 2, 赵燕1, 2, 杨建军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1空军军医大学第一附属医院/西京消化病医院消化外科,陕西西安 710032
  • 2空军军医大学西京消化病医院消化系肿瘤整合防治全国重点实验室,陕西西安 710032
  • 3空军军医大学基础医学院学员五大队,陕西西安 710032
  • 李昊霖,主要从事消化道肿瘤的临床与基础研究

通讯作者:

杨建军,E-mail:
Association between intestinal flora and secondary resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Hao-Lin Li1, 2, 3, Shu Wang1, 2, Yan Zhao1, 2, Jian-Jun Yang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Digestive Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University/Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
  • 3The Fifth Cadet Brigade of School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0056.2024.0620
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胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤。伊马替尼因具有良好的临床疗效而被用作转移性GIST的一线治疗药物,但多数患者在治疗后数年间出现肿瘤进展,高耐药率成为限制其临床应用的重要因素,而增加药量及后线治疗等传统治疗方式的效果均不理想。肠道菌群作为当前的研究热点,已被证实与多种肿瘤的耐药密切相关。近年来发现,特定肠道菌群可作为GIST的生物标志物或潜在的治疗靶点,而干预肠道菌群可延缓甚至逆转GIST伊马替尼继发耐药的进程。本文就GIST耐药性、肠道菌群与肿瘤耐药的相关性,以及肠道菌群与GIST耐药的关系等进行综述,旨在为GIST的临床治疗提供新的思路和方法。

胃肠道间质肿瘤  /  胃肠道微生物组  /  伊马替尼  /  耐药性

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most prevalent mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, with imatinib serving as the first-line drug for metastatic GIST due to its good clinical efficacy. However, the majority of patients exhibit tumor progression within several years of drug therapy, primarily due to the high rate of drug resistance, which significantly impedes drug therapeutic outcome and patient prognosis. Traditional approaches to counteract resistance, including dosage increase and subsequent line therapy yielded suboptimal results. As a research hotspot, intestinal flora has been proven to be closely related to drug resistance of various tumors. In recent years, it has been observed that specific intestinal flora could serve as biomarkers for early GIST patient screening or as potential drug targets, and modulating the intestinal flora through interventions may delay or even reverse the progression of imatinib secondary drug resistance in GIST. This review delineates the drug resistance of GIST, correlations between intestinal flora and drug resistance of tumors, as well as the relationship between intestinal flora and drug resistance of GIST, aiming to provide novel perspectives and methodologies for clinical application.

gastrointestinal stromal tumor  /  gastrointestinal microbiome  /  imatinib mesylate  /  drug resistance
李昊霖, 王舒, 赵燕, 杨建军. 肠道菌群与胃肠道间质瘤伊马替尼继发耐药的关系研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (3) : 277 -283 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0056.2024.0620
Hao-Lin Li, Shu Wang, Yan Zhao, Jian-Jun Yang. Association between intestinal flora and secondary resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (3) : 277 -283 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0056.2024.0620
胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)起源于Cajal细胞,是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤,可发生于消化道的任何部位,其中以胃(60%~65%)和小肠(20%~25%)最为常见。GIST的年发病率约为1.2/10万[1]。伊马替尼是一种小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI),是治疗转移性GIST的一线药物[2],但多数患者在治疗后出现继发性耐药。一项长期随访研究显示,每天接受400 mg伊马替尼治疗的晚期GIST患者10年无进展生存率仅为9.5%,高耐药率是限制其临床应用的重要因素[3]。目前虽可采用加大药物剂量、给予后线治疗等方法应对耐药问题,但效果均不甚理想[4]。特定的肠道菌群已被证实与多种胃肠道肿瘤耐药密切相关[5]。本文综述了特定肠道菌群与GIST伊马替尼耐药之间的关系,旨在为GIST的临床治疗提供新的思路和方法。
2001年Joensuu等[6]首次使用靶向药物伊马替尼治疗1例转移性GIST患者,并取得了良好的效果。此后,伊马替尼被广泛应用于治疗原发不可切除或复发转移的GIST[7]。然而,14%的GIST患者在首次用药后即表现出对伊马替尼的耐药,50%的患者在用药2年后出现病情进展[8]。目前认为GIST耐药大致可分为两类,即原发耐药和继发耐药。
原发耐药指GIST患者首次用药即表现出对伊马替尼不敏感,与GIST基因突变类型有关。该类耐药主要是由于干细胞生长因子受体(KIT)/血小板源性生长因子受体α(platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha,PDGFRA)某些特定位点的改变导致GIST对伊马替尼不敏感。如PDGFRA第18外显子的替代突变在原发性突变中最为常见,其中含有D842突变的异构体(如D842V、RD841-842KI、DI842-843IM等)通常对伊马替尼无反应[9-10],发生在该位点的多数罕见突变也显示出耐药性[11]KIT第17外显子的点突变与上述突变类似,可通过改变其编码的激酶Ⅱ结构域的构象引起对药物的抵抗[12]。而KIT第9外显子突变的GIST表现出对伊马替尼的低反应性,需提高用药剂量才能对此类患者有一定治疗效果[13]
此外,部分罕见位点的突变也与GIST耐药有关,包括琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)亚基基因突变(SDHASDHBSDHCSDHD),SDH下游分子通路中原癌基因蛋白质类p21(proto-oncogene proteins p21,RAS)家族的基因突变,BRAF、神经纤维瘤病因子1(neurofibromatosis type 1,NF1)基因突变,以及涉及神经营养因子受体酪氨酸激酶3(neuro trophin receptor kinase-3,NTRK3)/纤维母细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1,FGFR1)的基因融合等[1]
继发耐药指在初次使用伊马替尼治疗后GIST病情缓解或稳定,但经过长期治疗后肿瘤出现进展,如在初始药物治疗有效的基础上出现肿瘤生长,向肝、腹膜等部位广泛转移等临床表现[12,14]。目前主流的观点认为,KIT/PDGFRA的获得突变是GIST继发耐药的最主要机制。
KIT/PDGFRA获得突变是指用药后发生在同一基因序列的二次突变,特定位点继发的错义突变导致GIST对伊马替尼不敏感。Antonescu等[15]对伊马替尼治疗后患者的GIST标本进行基因分析发现,部分存在KIT第11外显子点突变的患者术后标本中检测到二次突变,这些突变主要发生在KIT第17外显子(包括N822KD820Y、Y823D)、第13外显子(V654A)和第14外显子(T670I),并首次提出KIT/PDGFRA继发突变是GIST的可能耐药机制。同时有研究发现,发生二次突变的点位与编码激酶结构域的类型密切相关,发生在KIT第13、14、17外显子以及PDGFRA的第14、18外显子上的突变较为多见[9,16-17]。此外,有研究报道了1例具有原发KIT G565R突变的GIST在用药后检出PDGFRA D842V点突变[18]
研究发现,并非所有对伊马替尼耐药的患者都能检出获得突变,因此KIT/PDGFRA获得突变不能完全解释继发耐药的发生。KIT/PDGFRA过表达也被认为是导致继发耐药的可能因素[19]。基因扩增会使受体表达增加,导致TKIs的有效浓度相对不足,继而引发耐药问题[20]。Debiec-Rychter等[18]在继发耐药的GIST中检测到KIT基因扩增,该类GIST在药物治疗后仍进展迅速。Liegl等[21]收集53例GIST转移灶样本,在部分缺乏获得突变的样本中也检测到了KIT基因扩增。基因扩增理论也解释了部分患者能通过增加服药剂量改善耐药的现象。
在上述可能的耐药机制中,KIT/PDGFRA获得突变是GIST继发耐药的关键因素。KIT与PDGFRA同属于受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase,RTK)家族,分别通过与相应配体结合激活下游信号通路,调控细胞增殖、分化等多种生物学功能,KIT/PDGFRA基因突变会导致肿瘤细胞的异常增殖,引起GIST的发生和进展。因此,在传统TKIs治疗效果受限的前提下,通过其他有效途径应对GIST继发耐药具有重要意义。
人体正常肠道中约有100万亿个共生细菌,包含超过330万个基因,有人类“第二基因组”之称[22]。肠道菌群及其代谢产物在机体的消化吸收、物质代谢中均发挥重要作用,与宿主形成彼此互利的共生关系。此外,肠道菌群还能维持肠黏膜屏障的完整性,与机体的免疫调节功能密切相关[23]。正常肠道中各菌群比例保持相对固定,其相互作用共同维持了肠道内环境的稳态。
有研究分析了GIST患者、胃腺癌患者与健康人群肠道菌群结构的差异,发现与健康人群相比,肠杆菌科在GIST和胃腺癌患者的肠道菌群中均显示出了较高丰度,提示肠杆菌科可能作为胃恶性肿瘤预后的潜在标志物;同时发现GIST患者体内乳酸菌科和振荡杆菌的丰度降低[24]。乳酸菌科被认为是可抑制肿瘤进展的一类益生菌,其丰度降低与恶性肿瘤进展密切相关[25-26]。此外,Ravegnini等[27]通过对GIST与微小GIST(micro GIST,GIST临床前形式)患者的粪便菌群进行分析发现,GIST患者肠道菌群中酸硫杆状菌科和理研菌科含量较多,普雷沃菌相对富集,提示特定菌群可作为生物标志物,为GIST的诊断和预后评估提供可能。多项研究分析了常见胃肠道肿瘤患者与健康人群肠道菌群的差异,如Wang等[28]对比了结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)患者与健康人群的肠道菌群组成,发现CRC患者体内肠球菌属、志贺菌属、克雷伯菌属等11个菌属的丰度明显增高,而罗斯菌属和毛螺菌科等可产生丁酸盐的细菌丰度降低。丁酸盐是一种短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs),可维持微生物群的稳态和肠道屏障的完整性,与抑制炎症和癌症的发生有关[29]。胃癌患者与健康人群的肠道菌群也存在明显差异。有研究发现,与健康人群相比,胃癌患者中硝化螺旋菌、放线菌及梭杆菌等菌群的丰度明显增高[30];放线菌等胃黏膜细菌的存在可能与胃癌癌前病变和胃癌本身相关[31]
Sarhadi等[24]发现,GIST患者的肠道菌群α多样性较健康人群有所降低,而菌群丰度则明显降低。Ravegnini等[27]认为,较低的肠道菌群多样性提示低分化、晚期或侵袭性肿瘤,可作为胃部肿瘤预后的潜在标志;肠道菌群在门水平上具有明显差异,变形菌门在GIST中呈优势分布,梭杆菌门和脱硫杆菌门的数量分别在低危和高危GIST中呈优势分布。常见胃肠道肿瘤患者的菌群分布与健康人群具有一定的差异。如散发性年轻结直肠癌(yCRC)患者肠道内微生物多样性增高,其中梭杆菌属和黄酮杆菌属呈优势分布,被认为是yCRC发生的关键菌属[32];与慢性胃炎患者相比,胃癌患者肠道菌群多样性降低,幽门螺杆菌丰度降低,而门杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、红球菌属等其他菌属呈优势分布,提示幽门螺杆菌可能在胃癌中发挥启动作用,与多种致病菌共同促进胃癌的进展[33]
研究发现,GIST患者体内乳酸菌科丰度降低,而在胃肠道恶性肿瘤的相关研究中已证实乳酸菌科具有增强免疫细胞活性、改善肿瘤微环境等作用[34-35]。此外,有研究发现,GIST患者肠道菌群中4个主要菌门(变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门)与健康人群存在明显不同;线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)结果显示,GIST中存在多种参与前体代谢物生物合成和能量生成的途径以及糖酵解相关途径,这与肿瘤细胞提高葡萄糖通量以促进合成代谢的需求相适应[27]。特定肠道菌群的变化已被证实与多种胃肠道肿瘤的临床进展密切相关[具体表现为益生菌(如乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等)丰度降低,致病菌(如大肠杆菌、艰难梭菌等)菌群数量增加],并通过多种机制影响肿瘤耐药性。如核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatumF. nucleatum)及相关微生物群(包括拟杆菌、硒单胞菌和普雷沃菌)的富集可促进CRC的发生和进展,影响免疫治疗和化疗的疗效[36-37]F. nucleatum通过靶向Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)和髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MYD88)信号通路以及特异性microRNAs,激活自噬途径并诱导CRC耐药[5]。此外,有研究发现,在γ‐变形菌纲中,绝大部分表达胞苷脱氨酶(enzyme cytidine deaminase,CDDL)长异构体的菌种通过将吉他西滨(一种化疗药物)代谢为非活性形式来介导CRC的耐药[38]
当前,高通量测序技术和宏基因组学的发展为肿瘤患者的肠道菌群研究提供了有效的基因检测方法。然而,人们对GIST耐药性与肠道菌群间的关系仍知之甚少。多项研究发现,以特定细菌分类群作为生物标志物对GIST的早期筛查和预后评估具有潜在的应用价值[24,27]
研究发现,不同危险度分级的GIST患者肠道菌群丰度存在明显差异,提示特征菌群可能作为GIST的潜在生物标志物用于预后判断[27]。micro GIST作为GIST的临床前形式,分析两类患者菌群结构的差异对于判断其为良性、恶性或处于过渡期具有重要作用。比较分析服用伊马替尼后效果良好与肿瘤进展的GIST患者的菌群结构,可能对评估GIST严重程度和指导用药具有积极意义。有研究表明,低危与高危GIST患者的菌群结构存在差异,如梭杆菌属在低危GIST中呈过表达,这种结构差异可能与GIST的不同危险度分级有关,并与GIST的预后密切相关[27]。不同危险度分级GIST的患者肠道菌群结构差异明显,提示后者可能发挥了特定功能,并可能作为GIST的生物标志物用于其预后评估。
腹泻是TKIs治疗GIST的常见不良反应,其发生率为30%~50%,且症状呈剂量依赖性,而服用益生菌可缓解TKIs引起的腹泻症状。如有研究报道,益生菌可用于缓解表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)-TKIs治疗肺腺癌后引起的腹泻等不良反应[39];中国专家共识也明确指出TKIs治疗GIST后引起的腹泻症状可通过服用益生菌调节肠道菌群来改善[40]
部分GIST患者在经历一段时间的伊马替尼治疗后表现出对该药物不敏感。因此,临床上常采取其他TKIs(如舒尼替尼、瑞伐替尼等)作为后线治疗以使患者获益[41]。分析TKIs治疗后耐药患者菌群结构的变化,进而通过补充益生菌或进行粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)等方式缓解TKIs治疗后出现的肿瘤耐药,均能有效增强TKIs的疗效或抑制肿瘤进展。血管内皮生长因子受体-TKIs是治疗转移性肾细胞癌(metastatic renal cell carcinoma,mRCC)的一线药物,但多数患者在用药后仍会出现临床进展[42]。Derosa等[43]发现,接受舒尼替尼(一种作为GIST二线治疗药物的TKI)治疗的RCC患者与健康人群的肠道菌群组成存在明显差异;采用FMT能明显逆转RCC荷瘤小鼠对TKIs的耐药性。Dizman等[44]发现,补充双歧杆菌可使接受TKIs治疗后的mRCC患者明显获益。此外,Zhao等[45]利用FMT联合呋喹替尼和PD-1抑制剂的方法治疗难治性微卫星稳定转移性CRC,结果显示其可明显提高转移性CRC患者的生存率。这些研究表明,通过分析耐药性GIST患者与健康人群菌群结构的差异,筛选出特征细菌分类群并明确其在耐药GIST进展中的作用,进而采取益生菌疗法或抗生素治疗等针对性措施调控其丰度,或通过FMT等手段重塑患者肠道菌群结构,可增强TKIs的疗效,缓解甚至逆转GIST对伊马替尼等TKIs耐药性的问题。
许多研究指出,肠道菌群相关治疗方法在肿瘤治疗中显示出了良好效果,特定菌群可能通过多种调节机制如与致病菌群竞争、改善宿主免疫反应以及抑制RTK异常表达等在肿瘤预防和治疗中发挥积极作用。例如,CRC的发生与F. nucleatum感染有关,同时伴有肠道菌群失调[46]F. nucleatum主要通过表面的毒力蛋白(如FadA、Fap2等)促进肿瘤生长并介导免疫逃逸[47-48]。在CRC患者的临床治疗中,改善肠道菌群对于减少术后并发症和防止CRC转移均具有重要意义[49]
益生菌疗法被认为是一种有效且不易产生并发症的新兴疗法,可通过口服多种功能菌群的混合物改善肠道菌群构成,以抑制肿瘤进展或改善预后。多项临床研究表明,乳杆菌属(包括干酪乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌等)在抑制CRC转移中发挥重要作用,而双歧杆菌属(包括长双歧杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌、四源双歧杆菌等)可抑制CRC的生长[50]。Li等[51]研究发现,饲喂益生菌能明显提升小鼠振荡杆菌与普雷沃菌的丰度,并丰富其菌群多样性,这类益生菌可通过产生抗炎代谢物有效抑制肝细胞癌的生长。
FMT也是一种有效改善患者肠道菌群的手段,能通过将健康供者粪便中的菌群转移到患者体内,重构并恢复患者正常肠道微生物群落的结构和功能。Shao等[52]发现,FMT能改变多种与炎性细胞因子相关菌种(属)的丰度,逆转肠道微生物紊乱并抑制小鼠模型CRC的进展。de Clercq等[53]对接受FMT治疗的24例晚期胃食管癌患者进行分析发现,异体FMT提高了疾病控制率并明显延长了患者生存期。
研究发现,GIST患者体内乳酸菌科与振荡杆菌的丰度较低,而提高这些特定菌群的丰度可抑制肿瘤生长并改善患者预后[24]。因此,补充GIST患者体内低表达的有益菌数量可能是一种目标治疗策略。
在GIST继发耐药机制中,KIT/PDGFRA继发突变是导致下游磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phospho-inositide 3-kinase,PI3K)、有丝分裂原蛋白活化激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路异常激活和肿瘤细胞持续增殖的主要原因,且可介导耐药性的产生。近期有研究发现,在伊马替尼耐药的GIST细胞系中,KIT和胰岛素受体(insulin receptor,IR)同时被激活;进一步使用特异性IR/胰岛素样生长因子1受体(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)抑制剂林西替尼处理后发现,林西替尼以不依赖KIT的方式抑制耐药GIST细胞中PI3K/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶(serine-threonine protein kinase,Akt)信号通路的转导,表明GIST中IR的激活可能引起KIT下游通路异常,促使细胞异常增殖,从而导致GIST耐药[54]
有研究显示,厄洛替尼耐药胆管癌细胞的IR/IGF1R、胰岛素样生长因子2(insulin like growth factor 2,IGF2)表达上调,而抑制IR/IGF1R能有效减缓肿瘤的生长[55]。此外有研究发现,IGF1R在无KIT/PDGFRA基因突变的野生型和儿童GIST中过表达[56-57],提示干预IR/IGF1R可能缓解TKIs治疗引起的GIST继发耐药。
目前,已有多项研究显示可通过改善肠道菌群抑制IR/IGF1R及其下游通路,进而抑制肿瘤增殖,为缓解GIST耐药提供了可能。如Matsushita等[58]发现,在前列腺癌小鼠模型中,饲喂抗生素混合物可改变小鼠肠道菌群(包括理研菌和梭菌)的组成,降低SCFA、IGF1水平及RTK家族下游MAPK/PI3K的活性,抑制癌细胞增殖。此外,也有研究聚焦于生物提取物对肿瘤的抑制作用,即通过服用相应物质调节菌群结构,抑制PI3K的表达和Akt磷酸化以发挥其功能[59-60]
伊马替尼继发耐药是影响GIST患者预后的关键因素,其机制复杂,主流观点认为KIT/PDGFRA获得突变在其中发挥了重要作用。IR作为RTK家族的成员,在KIT突变的继发耐药GIST中被激活,通过改变肠道菌群组成抑制IR或IGF1/2R下游通路PI3K/MAPK/Akt的活性,能够抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,因此调节肠道菌群有望成为GIST的潜在治疗手段。通过合理膳食、益生菌疗法、FMT、服用特定抗生素或生物提取物等方式调整GIST患者的肠道菌群结构,如下调与IR或IGF1/2R表达相关的特定细菌分类群数量,可延缓或逆转耐药进程。此外,增加有益菌(如GIST患者体内低丰度的乳酸菌及振荡杆菌)的丰度,减少有害菌(如部分介导肿瘤生长和免疫逃逸的细菌)的数量,也可能是缓解耐药性的一种安全有效的策略。
肠道菌群不仅能作为肿瘤耐药的干预手段,也可作为肿瘤筛查的标志物。明确耐药GIST患者肠道菌群的组成对于GIST的诊治具有积极意义,相较于其他方法,肠道菌群的相关检测和治疗更为简便、安全、可靠,更易被患者接受。然而,需要注意的是,由于GIST具有发病部位多样、肿瘤异质性高、术后转移范围广等特点,导致其临床样本缺乏,对GIST患者肠道菌群结构的研究仍不明确。同时,由于GIST的耐药机制复杂,相关的下游分子通路仍处于研究阶段。此外,改善菌群的相关益生菌混合物和生物提取物目前多数处于试验阶段,肿瘤患者因此获益的临床报道较少。如何筛选出特定的菌属(种)作为有效治疗靶点,并通过改变菌群构成影响耐药性的有效通路等问题也亟待解决。因此,对GIST耐药相关分子通路以及耐药性GIST患者菌群结构的研究尤为关键,也对研究特定菌群相关作用的机制以及菌群相关治疗手段的有效性提出了新的挑战。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2022ZDLSF03-04)
  • 肿瘤生物学国家重点实验室创新性探索课题(CBSKL2022ZZ41)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0056.2024.0620
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
  • 录用日期:2024-04-12
基金
Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2022ZDLSF03-04)
陕西省重点研发计划(2022ZDLSF03-04)
Innovative Exploratory Project of the State Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology(CBSKL2022ZZ41)
肿瘤生物学国家重点实验室创新性探索课题(CBSKL2022ZZ41)
作者信息
    1空军军医大学第一附属医院/西京消化病医院消化外科,陕西西安 710032
    2空军军医大学西京消化病医院消化系肿瘤整合防治全国重点实验室,陕西西安 710032
    3空军军医大学基础医学院学员五大队,陕西西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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