Article(id=1194613943764226437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0931.2024.0328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688486400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1703692800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-28, onlineDate=1762747759047, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762747759047, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762747759047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762747759047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194613942065533315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2025', volume='50', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='365', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762747758641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762749141462, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194619742100103440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1194613942065533315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=269, endPage=276, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194613944036856203, articleId=1194613943764226437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=The research progress on the correlation between gut microbiota and Graves' ophthalmopathy, columnId=1194613943957164424, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Role of Gut Microbiota in Disease Occurrence and Treatment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a specific autoimmune disease occurring in orbital tissues and is closely related to hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (GD). Its disabling and disfiguring features significantly impact the quality of life of patients. The exact mechanism of GO still remains to be fully elucidated. In recent years, gene sequencing and medical microbiology studies have shown that changes in the gut microbiota may play a role in the development and progression of GO, with gut dysbiosis altering immune system regulatory signals and causing immune damage to organs. Clarifying the correlation between gut microbiota and GO helps to understand the disease's pathogenic mechanism and provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of GO. This review summarizes the impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of GO and promising therapeutic approaches, including research progress in aspects such as gut microbiota experiments, case studies, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies.

, correspAuthors=Kai-Jun Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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格雷夫斯眼病(GO)是一种发生在眼眶组织的特异性自身免疫性疾病,与格雷夫斯病(GD)所致的甲状腺功能亢进症密切相关;其致残及毁容性严重影响患者的生活质量。GO的确切机制仍有待充分阐明。近年来,基因测序及医学微生物学研究显示,肠道菌群的改变可能在GO发生发展中发挥作用,肠道生态失调可改变免疫系统的调节信号,造成器官的免疫损害。明确肠道菌群与GO的相关性有助于了解疾病的致病机制,为GO的诊疗提供理论依据。本文综述肠道菌群失调在GO发病过程中的影响及有前景的相关治疗方法,包括肠道菌群实验、病例研究及发病机制和治疗等方面的研究进展。

, correspAuthors=李凯军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李凯军,E-mail:
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李悦颖,硕士研究生,主要从事甲状腺相关眼病方面的研究

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李悦颖,硕士研究生,主要从事甲状腺相关眼病方面的研究

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GO. 格雷夫斯眼病;SFB. 分节状菌;SCFA. 短链脂肪酸;OF. 眼眶成纤维细胞;TSHR. 促甲状腺激素受体;DC. 树突状细胞;Th17. 辅助性T细胞;Treg. 调节性T细胞;IL-6. 白细胞介素-6;IL-17. 白细胞介素-17;IL-23. 白细胞介素-23

, figureFileSmall=3kn3zGJJHJPzvyj8oByfqw==, figureFileBig=BgozXr/ik5viNyyUCcBnTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194634124720841076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613943764226437, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Research progress on gut microbiota and Graves' ophthalmopathy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究类型研究对象结果参考文献
2018动物实验BALB/C小鼠不同中心(英国、德国)存在GO诱导异质性及肠道菌群差异[18]
2018动物实验BALB/C、C57BL/6J小鼠不同品系小鼠存在肠道菌群组成差异[20]
2021动物实验BALB/C小鼠万古霉素降低GD/GO的严重程度,来自GO供体的FMT增加 GD/GO的严重程度[21]
2019临床试验33例GO/32名HCGO群落多样性降低,F/B比值↓,琥珀酸弧菌科和罕见小球菌属的丰度与TRAb呈正相关,狄氏副拟杆菌的丰度与TRAb呈负相关[2]
2019临床试验31例GOGO肠道普雷沃氏菌和拟杆菌的丰度与TRAb水平呈明显正相关[27]
2021临床试验30例GD/33例GO/32名HCGD与GO各自存在特定肠道菌群,随机森林分析鉴定特定菌群识别不同疾病[16]
2023临床试验105例GD合并GO/41名HCGO F/B比值增高,厚壁菌门与TRAb呈正相关,拟杆菌分与TSH呈正相关,与FT4呈负相关,吸烟者拟杆菌属减少[22]
2023临床试验62例GO/18名HC肺炎克雷伯菌的丰度与GO严重程度呈正相关[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1194634124808921466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1194613943764226437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肠道菌群与格雷夫斯眼病的相关研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份研究类型研究对象结果参考文献
2018动物实验BALB/C小鼠不同中心(英国、德国)存在GO诱导异质性及肠道菌群差异[18]
2018动物实验BALB/C、C57BL/6J小鼠不同品系小鼠存在肠道菌群组成差异[20]
2021动物实验BALB/C小鼠万古霉素降低GD/GO的严重程度,来自GO供体的FMT增加 GD/GO的严重程度[21]
2019临床试验33例GO/32名HCGO群落多样性降低,F/B比值↓,琥珀酸弧菌科和罕见小球菌属的丰度与TRAb呈正相关,狄氏副拟杆菌的丰度与TRAb呈负相关[2]
2019临床试验31例GOGO肠道普雷沃氏菌和拟杆菌的丰度与TRAb水平呈明显正相关[27]
2021临床试验30例GD/33例GO/32名HCGD与GO各自存在特定肠道菌群,随机森林分析鉴定特定菌群识别不同疾病[16]
2023临床试验105例GD合并GO/41名HCGO F/B比值增高,厚壁菌门与TRAb呈正相关,拟杆菌分与TSH呈正相关,与FT4呈负相关,吸烟者拟杆菌属减少[22]
2023临床试验62例GO/18名HC肺炎克雷伯菌的丰度与GO严重程度呈正相关[23]
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肠道菌群与格雷夫斯眼病相关性的研究进展
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李悦颖 , 袁善思 , 汪洋 , 李凯军 *
解放军医学杂志 | 肠道菌群在疾病发生及治疗中的作用专题 2025,50(3): 269-276
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解放军医学杂志 | 肠道菌群在疾病发生及治疗中的作用专题 2025, 50(3): 269-276
肠道菌群与格雷夫斯眼病相关性的研究进展
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李悦颖, 袁善思, 汪洋, 李凯军*
作者信息
  • 广西医科大学第一附属医院眼科,广西南宁 530021
  • 李悦颖,硕士研究生,主要从事甲状腺相关眼病方面的研究

通讯作者:

李凯军,E-mail:
The research progress on the correlation between gut microbiota and Graves' ophthalmopathy
Yue-Ying Li, Shan-Si Yuan, Yang Wang, Kai-Jun Li*
Affiliations
  • Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0931.2024.0328
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格雷夫斯眼病(GO)是一种发生在眼眶组织的特异性自身免疫性疾病,与格雷夫斯病(GD)所致的甲状腺功能亢进症密切相关;其致残及毁容性严重影响患者的生活质量。GO的确切机制仍有待充分阐明。近年来,基因测序及医学微生物学研究显示,肠道菌群的改变可能在GO发生发展中发挥作用,肠道生态失调可改变免疫系统的调节信号,造成器官的免疫损害。明确肠道菌群与GO的相关性有助于了解疾病的致病机制,为GO的诊疗提供理论依据。本文综述肠道菌群失调在GO发病过程中的影响及有前景的相关治疗方法,包括肠道菌群实验、病例研究及发病机制和治疗等方面的研究进展。

格雷夫斯眼病  /  肠道菌群  /  发病机制  /  治疗

Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a specific autoimmune disease occurring in orbital tissues and is closely related to hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (GD). Its disabling and disfiguring features significantly impact the quality of life of patients. The exact mechanism of GO still remains to be fully elucidated. In recent years, gene sequencing and medical microbiology studies have shown that changes in the gut microbiota may play a role in the development and progression of GO, with gut dysbiosis altering immune system regulatory signals and causing immune damage to organs. Clarifying the correlation between gut microbiota and GO helps to understand the disease's pathogenic mechanism and provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of GO. This review summarizes the impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of GO and promising therapeutic approaches, including research progress in aspects such as gut microbiota experiments, case studies, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies.

Graves' ophthalmopathy  /  gut microbiota  /  pathogenesis  /  treatment
李悦颖, 袁善思, 汪洋, 李凯军. 肠道菌群与格雷夫斯眼病相关性的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2025 , 50 (3) : 269 -276 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0931.2024.0328
Yue-Ying Li, Shan-Si Yuan, Yang Wang, Kai-Jun Li. The research progress on the correlation between gut microbiota and Graves' ophthalmopathy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2025 , 50 (3) : 269 -276 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0931.2024.0328
格雷夫斯眼病(Graves' ophthalmopathy,GO)是一种由促甲状腺素受体抗体(thyrotropin receptor antibody,TRAb)引起的器官特异性自身免疫性疾病,与格雷夫斯病(Graves' disease,GD)密切相关[1],可严重影响患者的面容、视功能和生活质量。GO的确切机制仍不清楚,已有研究显示与多种因素相关,包括遗传易感性及多种环境因素(如年龄、性别及吸烟等),这些因素通过复杂的相互作用致病[2-3]
肠道菌群对人体内环境稳定起重要作用,其不仅保护肠道屏障,还具有免疫调节功能[4]。肠道菌群紊乱可导致内环境失调,并改变免疫系统调节信号,使器官遭受免疫损害[3,5-6]。研究显示,肠道内环境失调可能通过分子拟态机制影响TRAb的分泌水平,导致辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)/调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)失衡,进而促进GO的发生和发展;这些过程会使眼眶成纤维细胞(orbital fibroblasts,OFs)活化并产生透明质酸,导致眼眶组织的炎症和纤维化[7]。因此,充分认识肠道菌群在GO中的变化及其潜在致病机制,通过调节其组成可能对当前的治疗方案产生增益效果。本文综述肠道菌群在GO中的变化及其致病机制的研究进展,旨在为GO治疗的相关研究提供参考。
肠道菌群是所有寄生于肠道中微生物的统称,是由数万亿微生物形成的复杂微生态系统[8]。研究显示,肠道菌群由细菌、真菌、病毒和寄生虫等微生物组成,其中以细菌最丰富[9-10]。在健康成人肠道中,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的细菌较为常见,约占肠道菌群的90%;厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(F/B)的比例是维持肠道稳态的重要指标[11]。宿主与肠道菌群之间存在共生关系。宿主为微生物提供营养促进其生长,而微生物则通过保护肠道屏障和调节免疫系统回报宿主[12-13]。然而,这种互利关系也可能受到破坏。肠道菌群的组成和丰度处于动态平衡中,这种平衡易受遗传和环境因素的破坏,进而损害宿主正常的生理功能并导致相关疾病发生。近年来,越来越多的研究关注肠道菌群与自身免疫性疾病之间的相互作用[14]。尤其是高通量测序技术的发展,促进了肠道菌群在健康和疾病方面研究的深入。研究显示,肠道菌群失调与多种自身免疫性疾病密切相关,包括系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)、类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)和炎症性肠病等[15];自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(autoimmune thyroid disease,AITD;包括GD、桥本甲状腺炎和GO)与肠道菌群之间存在关联。肠道生态失调会导致肠黏膜屏障结构的破坏,增加肠道通透性,并释放大量促炎因子到肠道外部,从而引发炎症,降低机体对免疫的耐受性,导致免疫应答发生变化,进而使得抗原暴露增加并引发局部炎症反应[13-14,16-17]
动物的饲养环境可影响其肠道菌群,进而影响自身免疫诱导模型的变化。Berchner-Pfannschmidt等[18]使用雌性BALB/c小鼠在英国中心和德国中心接受相同的免疫方案诱导GO模型,发现两个中心诱导的疾病存在异质性,甲状腺功能也存在差异。Masetti等[19]对上述两个中心的GO模型小鼠的肠道内容物和粪便进行16S rRNA基因测序和传统微生物培养,结果显示,类杆菌和双歧杆菌在英国中心丰富,而乳酸菌属在德国中心丰富;研究还显示,厚壁菌门与促甲状腺素受体(thyroid stimulating hormone receptor,TSHR)免疫的小鼠眼眶脂肪形成呈正相关,而拟杆菌门与后者呈负相关;提示两个中心的GO模型小鼠肠道微生物组成存在明显差异,肠道菌群可能在GO诱导反应的异质性方面发挥重要作用。
因遗传背景的差异,不同品系动物体内的肠道菌群组成可能会有所不同,进而导致疾病模型诱导的差异。Moshkelgosha等[20]使用hTSHR A亚单位质粒对不同雌性近交系BALB/c和C57BL/6J无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)小鼠进行免疫,结果显示,与BALB/c小鼠相比,C57BL/6J小鼠的甲状腺功能亢进症发生率降低,无法成功诱导GO眼眶病理学表型,对特异性抗原的T细胞增殖反应较差,同时伴有抗炎性白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)增高及促炎性γ干扰素(IFN-γ)降低;小鼠肠内容物的基因测序结果显示,与BALB/c免疫小鼠相比,C57BL/6J小鼠沼泽杆菌属与异形杆菌属的丰度明显增高;另外,尽管 Robinsoniella菌属在两个品系小鼠中丰度相似,但在BALB/c小鼠中该菌属与甲状腺刺激阻断性抗体(thyroid stimulation blocking antibody,TSBAb)水平呈正相关,而在C57BL/6J小鼠中与甲状腺刺激抗体(thyroid stimulating antibody,TSAb)水平呈正相关;不同品系小鼠接受相同的免疫方案后,其甲状腺功能和眼眶病理学表现出现差异;同时,临床特征与肠道菌群差异存在相关性,提示肠道菌群可能在免疫调节中扮演重要角色。
研究显示,不同环境、不同品系的GO小鼠与肠道微生物组成存在相关性。然而,相关性不一定意味着具有因果关系。因此,可通过调节剂改变肠道微生物的组成,以研究微生物对疾病表型的作用。Moshkelgosha等[21]对接受TSHR A亚单位或β-半乳糖苷酶(beta-galactosidase,βgal)免疫的BALB/c小鼠分别给予万古霉素、Lab4益生菌(包括乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌)或重度GO患者粪便微生物移植物(human fecal microbiota transplant,hFMT),诱导小鼠GD/GO模型;与接受βgal的小鼠相比,接受TSHR的小鼠呈现类似GD的症状,GO眼眶病理学比例也增高,同时厚壁菌门数量增加,拟杆菌门数量减少;与其他干预组相比,万古霉素明显降低了肠道菌群的丰度及多样性,也降低了GO和GD的发生率及严重程度,同时增加了肠道中阿克曼菌(Akkermansia)数量,且与眼眶病变减少呈正相关;接受hFMT的小鼠肠道菌群组成与GO供体相似,但GD的严重程度加重,且TSHR免疫小鼠眼眶棕色脂肪的体积增加。另一方面,Lab4处理后,Lab4-βgal小鼠眼眶引流淋巴结中的抗炎Treg细胞数量增加,而Lab4-TSHR小鼠中未增加;此外,Lab4诱导的GD和GO样表型加剧。上述结果提示,肠道菌群在GO的发生发展中可发挥关键作用,改变患者的肠道菌群组成有望成为GO的新疗法。
目前关于GO患者肠道菌群的相关研究较少。Shi等[2]进行了一项横断面研究,对33例重度活动性GO患者和32名健康对照者(health control,HC)粪便的测序结果显示,与HC相比,GO患者的肠道菌群多样性降低,且肠道菌群组成有明显差异;在GO患者中,拟杆菌门和普雷沃菌科的比例明显增高,而厚壁菌门、布劳特菌属及梭形杆菌属的比例明显降低。Shi等[16]进一步对GO、GD患者和HC的粪便进行对比分析,结果显示,与GO患者相比,GD患者的异常球菌-栖热菌和绿弯菌比例明显增高;而GO患者的罕见小球菌比例相较GD患者明显升高;这3种细菌在两组间存在明显差异,可能成为与疾病相关的生物标志物。然而,Biscarini等[22]的欧洲靓蓝多中心研究显示,与HC相比,GO患者肠道放线菌明显增多,而拟杆菌明显减少,且F/B的比例明显增高。Zhang等[23]分析严重程度不同的GO患者肠道菌群发现,肺炎克雷伯菌是GO的潜在致病菌,其丰度与疾病严重程度呈正相关。
有研究显示,TRAb是GO的独立危险因素,对疾病的发展起关键作用;其不仅与疾病的活动程度相关,还能预测疾病的严重程度及结局[24-26]。Shi等[2]研究显示,琥珀酸弧菌科与罕见小球菌属的比例与TRAb呈正相关,而狄氏副拟杆菌与TRAb呈负相关。进一步研究显示,普雷沃菌和拟杆菌与TRAb呈明显正相关,可能与眼眶的活动性炎症有关;通过检测普雷沃菌,可明显区分GO患者与HC[27]。然而,Biscarini等[22]的多中心研究显示,在GO患者中,TRAb与厚壁菌门呈正相关(表1)。
吸烟是GO的主要危险因素之一,可增高GD患者发展为眼眶病的概率[25,28]。与非吸烟患者相比,吸烟患者往往病情较严重,其临床活动评分(clinical activity score,CAS)较高,且治疗效果和预后较差[24-25]。研究显示,吸烟可改变肠道菌群的组成,降低其多样性,包括增加变形杆菌门和拟杆菌门的数量,减少放线菌门和厚壁菌门的数量[29-30]。Biscarini等[22]报道,拟杆菌属是GO的一种重要生物标志物,且与患者的吸烟行为明显相关;与从不吸烟者相比,当前吸烟者和既往吸烟者肠道拟杆菌属数量更少,并影响患者的自身免疫过程。戒烟可能是GO患者最重要的可改变风险因素,戒烟后患者眼球突出和复视的风险降低[26,31]。因此,欧洲GO专家组(European Group of Graves' Orbitopathy,EUGOGO)的临床实践指南强烈建议GO患者戒烟。
上述多项关于肠道菌群与GO的研究结果一致性不高,其中涉及原因较多。首先,各项研究的样本数量、研究设计及测序平台存在差异,限制了结果的普遍性。其次,肠道菌群的组成与多种因素相关,除遗传易感性外,环境因素似乎发挥着主导作用[32]。不同的动物饲养环境以及不同国家(亚洲、欧洲)可能导致GO的研究结果不一致。笔者认为,地理差异是研究中应考虑的重要因素。近期一项研究显示,在肠道菌群组成上,来自不同国家、地区及地点的人粪便样本表现差异较大,而相同地点的样本具有更高的肠道菌群遗传相似性[33];这提示相同地点的人群可能形成特定肠型,而饮食习惯在特定肠型的形成中发挥重要作用[14,22,32]。例如,富含脂肪、糖类、蛋白质且低纤维的欧洲“西方饮食”与肠道拟杆菌属的增多有关;而中国和邻近亚洲国家以蛋白质和植物性食物为主的“东方饮食”与肠道普雷沃菌的增多有关[34]。不同的饮食习惯会引起GO患者特定肠型优势菌的成分和数量发生改变。此外,受试者的饮食偏好、生活方式、社会经济地位、健康状况和医疗保障等因素会导致肠道菌群在个体间出现差异[32,34],而肠道菌群与宿主的相互作用会导致疾病的差异。因此,未来有必要进行多中心、大样本研究,运用创新的技术方法(如高通量测序、代谢组学),进一步探讨肠道菌群与GO之间的相关机制。
分子拟态广泛存在于自然界中。病原微生物与宿主体内某些蛋白分子的结构或序列相似,从而能适应宿主,逃避宿主免疫系统的监控和清除;此外,微生物与宿主抗原存在同源或相似性时,可诱导产生自身免疫性疾病的反应性抗体,发生分子拟态[3,35-36]
分子拟态存在于多种疾病中,与自身免疫性疾病密切相关,如RA、SLE、多发性硬化、视神经脊髓炎等疾病[37]。视神经脊髓炎是一种自身免疫性疾病,可产生针对星形胶质细胞水通道蛋白4(AQP4)的自身抗体[38]。研究显示,视神经脊髓炎患者肠道中产气荚膜梭菌的数量相较HC增加[39]。此外,产气荚膜梭菌表达的腺苷三磷酸结合盒(ABC)转运蛋白通透酶的序列与AQP4的T细胞表位的氨基酸序列具有同源性[40]。这一发现支持肠道微生物通过分子拟态参与视神经脊髓炎的发病过程。
双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌被广泛认可为有益菌,因其免疫调节活性,用于小鼠可预防自身免疫性疾病,包括1型糖尿病和结肠炎[41]。然而,双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌似乎具有两面性,由于它们的特定菌株与人甲状腺过氧化物酶(thyroid peroxidase, TPO)、甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)和TSHR同源而存在潜在的交叉反应性,可能通过分子拟态触发AITD[14,42]。这为研究AITD的分子拟态致病机制提供了一定的参考。此外,有研究显示,可引起肠炎的沙门菌有类似于TSHR的抗原表位,感染后可能产生TRAb[7]。Shi等[2,27]发现,血清TRAb 水平较高的患者普雷沃菌及拟杆菌丰度也较高,且普雷沃菌的丰度与血清TRAb水平呈正相关。研究显示,高滴度的TRAb与GD患者的眼眶病变相关;TRAb可刺激眼眶及眶周组织,并对GO的活动性评估具有重要意义[27]。普雷沃菌与植物性饮食有关,在一些慢性炎症性疾病中也存在,包括RA和人类免疫缺陷病毒感染等[27,43-44]。Pianta等[45-46]发现普雷沃菌与RA的发展相关,并与RA患者的自身抗原如N-乙酰葡糖胺-6硫酸酯酶(GNS)、丝蛋白A(FLNA)具有相似的抗原表位,从而触发关节的分子拟态,引发自身免疫。普雷沃菌与人TSHR是否存在相似性仍有待确定;如果存在相似性,可能会影响TRAb的分泌并通过激活浆细胞产生TRAb,使其与OFs上的TSHR结合,进而促进OFs增殖、分化,引起眼内容物扩张和突出。普雷沃菌与GO的相关致病机制尚待进一步的研究验证。
研究显示,肠道菌群及其代谢产物可通过调控Th17与Treg之间的平衡影响免疫系统[7]。促炎的Th17和抗炎的Treg均由活化的CD4+ T细胞分化而来,它们在免疫应答中具有相反的作用。Th17是自身免疫相关细胞中最重要的一种,其分泌的促炎细胞因子IL-17参与自身免疫性疾病。而Treg则对自身免疫产生负性调节作用,帮助维持免疫稳态[3,47]
肠道菌群与抗原提呈细胞(如树突状细胞)的相互作用可促进Th17与Treg的平衡。正常情况下,肠道树突状细胞会分泌TGF-β1促进Th17和Treg的分化,同时分泌维甲酸促进Treg的发育并抑制Th17。然而,当肠道菌群发生失调时,肠道树突状细胞会分泌IL-6和IL-23,从而促进Th17的分化并增加IL-17的分泌。除此之外,肠道中的分节丝状菌(segmented filamentous bacteria,SFB)也可促进Th17细胞的分化与成熟[48]。这会降低机体的免疫耐受性,并可能在具有遗传倾向的个体中导致GO的发生[28]
代谢产物是肠道菌群调控免疫系统的重要桥梁,短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFA)是其中之一。SCFA来源于微生物对膳食纤维性食物的发酵,包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸[49]。丁酸可降低肠道通透性并维持肠道屏障的完整性[50],其含量减少则会抑制Treg的分化[51]。人体肠道内产生丁酸的细菌主要来源于厚壁菌门[52]。如前所述,GO患者厚壁菌门明显减少,同时布劳特菌[53]、丁酸球菌[53]、粪厌氧棒杆菌[54]及梭形杆菌[55]等产生SCFA的菌属也减少;这可能会影响Treg的生长和分化,破坏Th17与Treg的平衡。
因此,当肠道菌群紊乱时,Th17与Treg的平衡会倾向于支持Th17的作用。Fang等[56]指出,与对照组比较,GO眼眶组织产生更多的IL-17A,IL-17A能增强成纤维细胞的促炎功能,并诱导其产生细胞外基质,引起更严重的纤维化改变;后续研究显示,GO患者眼眶组织中产生IL-17A的T细胞增多,而Treg减少,且IL-17A的表达水平与CAS及视力损害程度呈正相关[57]
肠道菌群及其代谢产物可能通过影响Th17与Treg之间的免疫平衡在GO的发生和发展中发挥作用,提示通过恢复肠道菌群稳态及增加产SCFA菌可能促进Treg的生长和分化,使Th17与Treg之间的失衡得到恢复,从而为GO的治疗开辟新的途径。肠道生态失调通过分子拟态、Th17与Treg失衡导致GO的潜在机制,见图1
多数研究显示,肠道菌群改变与GO的发生发展存在因果关系[2,22-23]。遗传易感性和环境因素可导致肠道微生物的改变,进而促成 GO的发生和发展。在动物实验中,肠道菌群的差异会影响GO小鼠模型的建立[20],并且来自GO供体的FMT可加重GO小鼠的病情[21],提示肠道菌群的改变是GO的重要致病因素。在发病机制上,肠道菌群可通过分子拟态机制和改变Th17/Treg之间的平衡来影响免疫系统,从而触发GO。此外,GO的危险因素也可影响肠道菌群的组成,进而影响 GO的发生发展。例如,吸烟可改变肠道菌群的组成,减少拟杆菌属的数量,进而影响自身免疫过程[22];而硒缺乏则会损害先天性和适应性免疫应答,导致炎性细胞因子水平升高[58]。Zhai等[59]发现,补充硒可增加小鼠肠道微生物的多样性,增加抗炎活性的Turicibacter菌属和免疫调节活性的Akkermansia菌属的丰度,因此,硒的缺乏除了导致抗炎和抗氧化等效能降低外,还可能通过生态失调引起GO。GO作为一种多基因遗传病,其发生与遗传易感性有关。遗传多态性可能会对肠道菌群产生影响;Xu等[60]研究显示,宿主基因的差异可导致肠道菌群的不同。目前,遗传易感基因与GO肠道菌群的相关研究尚不充分。未来可借助孟德尔随机化方法,更好地探究肠道菌群与GO之间的因果关系。
不同的调节剂在GO小鼠模型的研究中已取得初步进展,然而,目前尚未实现在GO患者中通过改善肠道菌群的方法获得切实疗效。肠道菌群的失调与GO的发生发展关系密切,微生态疗法可能为患者提供健康益处,有助于GO的治疗。
FMT是一种改善受体菌群失衡的方法,即将健康供体的粪便微生物转移到受体的消化道中[61-62]。如前所述,接受GO患者hFMT的GO小鼠疾病会加重。而溃疡性结肠炎患者经健康供体的FMT后,肠道菌群多样性增加,种类与供体趋于一致,病情得到改善[50];这为FMT在 GO治疗中的应用提供了启示。益生菌是活的微生物,而益生元是一种有效的膳食补充剂,将两者结合起来形成合生元能够更好地发挥协同作用[63-64]。对于GO来说,选择产SCFA菌和具有免疫调节能力的Akkermansia可能是更好的选择,而应避免使用乳杆菌属和普雷沃菌属。由于宿主之间的肠道菌群存在差异,个体化的合生元制备可能是治疗GO的较好方法。抗生素可改变肠道微生物的组成[65]。万古霉素可降低小鼠GD/GO模型的疾病严重程度[21],提示抗生素对GO可能具有一定的疗效。然而,抗生素的使用会引发肠道菌群失调和耐药性等问题。因此,在使用抗生素后,可考虑应用FMT或益生菌来恢复肠道菌群的组成,或者研发高度靶向特异性的抗生素替代物[65]
综上所述,肠道菌群的组成在不同地区、不同品系及不同个体中存在差异,其细菌群落的多样性及丰富度降低,可能参与GO的发生发展。肠道菌群的改变与吸烟有关,与TRAb存在不同的相关性。万古霉素可降低GO/GD小鼠的疾病严重程度,而来自GO供体的FMT可加重疾病。另外,乳酸菌属可能在GO发病中发挥重要作用。分子拟态及Th17/Treg失衡可能是肠道菌群失调后触发GO的机制。虽然肠道菌群与GO的相关性已经确定,但其因果关系尚未完全明确。目前对GO患者的相关研究数据较少,样本数量有限;此外,地区差异致拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门数量的变化对发病机制的影响仍不明确。普雷沃菌及拟杆菌调节TRAb相关免疫应答的关系仍需要进一步探索和阐明。因此,未来需要进行更多样本的多中心研究,并采用更全面的方法研究肠道菌群与GO之间的潜在关系。肠道菌群与GO的相关性研究为疾病的诊疗提供了新的见解,是否可以通过菌群差异来诊断GO,并通过调节肠道菌群组成进行个体化治疗,是未来需要深入研究的方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82160206)
  • 广西自然科学基金(2018GXNSFAA281234)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0931.2024.0328
  • 接收时间:2023-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-05
  • 录用日期:2023-12-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82160206)
国家自然科学基金(82160206)
Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2018GXNSFAA281234)
广西自然科学基金(2018GXNSFAA281234)
作者信息
    广西医科大学第一附属医院眼科,广西南宁 530021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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